362:
104:. Involuntary commitment is used in some degree for each of the following although different jurisdictions have different criteria. Some jurisdictions limit involuntary treatment to individuals who meet statutory criteria for presenting a danger to self or others. Other jurisdictions have broader criteria. The legal process by which commitment takes place varies between jurisdictions. Some jurisdictions have a formal court hearing where testimony and other evidence may also be submitted and the subject of the hearing is typically entitled to legal counsel and may challenge a commitment order through
930:(APA) strongly oppose the practice. The Task Force on Sexually Dangerous Offenders, a component of APA's Council on Psychiatry and Law, reported that "in the opinion of the task force, sexual predator commitment laws represent a serious assault on the integrity of psychiatry, particularly with regard to defining mental illness and the clinical conditions for compulsory treatment. Moreover, by bending civil commitment to serve essentially non-medical purposes, statutes threaten to undermine the legitimacy of the medical model of commitment."
117:
under law. The extension of first aid training to cover mental health problems and crises is a quite recent development. A mental health first aid training course was developed in
Australia in 2001 and has been found to improve assistance provided to persons with an alleged mental illness or mental health crisis. This form of training has now spread to a number of other countries (Canada, Finland, Hong Kong, Ireland, Singapore, Scotland, England, Wales, and the United States).
470:
are generally set by the individual states, and often have both short- and long-term types of commitment. Short-term commitment tends to be a few days or less, requiring an examination by a medical professional, while longer-term commitment typically requires a court hearing, or sentencing as part of a criminal trial. Indefinite commitment is rare and is usually reserved for individuals who are violent or present an ongoing danger to themselves and others.
654:
596:
135:
555:
746:"There they stand, isolated, majestic, imperious, brooded over by the gigantic water-tower and chimney combined, rising unmistakable and daunting out of the countryside - the asylums which our forefathers built with such immense solidity to express the notions of their day. Do not for a moment underestimate their powers of resistance to our assault. Let me describe some of the defenses which we have to storm."
1111:"The chair of each Mental Health Tribunal is a legal member who is known as a tribunal judge. There are usually three tribunal members at a hearing, one legal member, one medical member, and one other member, as defined above. Any three or more such members, constituted in this manner, may exercise the jurisdiction of a Mental Health Tribunal"
2876:, 361 (1997) ("The thrust of Hendricks' argument is that the Act establishes criminal proceedings; hence confinement under it necessarily constitutes punishment. He contends that where, as here, newly enacted 'punishment' is predicated upon past conduct for which he has already been convicted and forced to serve a prison sentence, the Constitution's Double Jeopardy and
275:
services, critics say that deinstitutionalization has led to large numbers of people who would once have been inpatients as instead being incarcerated or becoming homeless. In some jurisdictions, laws authorizing court-ordered outpatient treatment have been passed in an effort to compel individuals with chronic, untreated severe mental illness to take
2303:
412:
disappointed. Psychiatrists were pressured by an ever-increasing patient population. The average number of patients in asylums kept increasing. Asylums were quickly becoming almost indistinguishable from custodial institutions, and the reputation of psychiatry in the medical world had was at an extreme low.
469:
established that the mere presence of mental illness and the necessity for treatment are not sufficient by themselves to justify involuntary commitment, if the patient is capable of surviving in freedom and does not present a danger of harm to themselves or others. Criteria for involuntary commitment
761:
During the 1970s and 1990s the hospital population started to fall rapidly, mainly because of the deaths of long-term inmates. Significant efforts were made to re-house large numbers of former residents in a variety of suitable or otherwise alternative accommodation. The first 1,000+ bed hospital to
274:
Starting in the 1960s, there has been a worldwide trend toward moving psychiatric patients from hospital settings to less restricting settings in the community, a shift known as "deinstitutionalization". Because the shift was typically not accompanied by a commensurate development of community-based
240:
such as childhood adversity and poverty are correlated with both schizophrenia and violence it can be difficult to determine whether this effect is due to schizophrenia or other factors. In an attempt to avoid these confounding factors, researchers have tried comparing the rates of violence amongst
99:
For most jurisdictions, involuntary commitment is applied to individuals believed to be experiencing a mental illness that impairs their ability to reason to such an extent that the agents of the law, state, or courts determine that decisions will be made for the individual under a legal framework.
82:
Criteria for civil commitment are established by laws which vary between nations. Commitment proceedings often follow a period of emergency hospitalization, during which an individual with acute psychiatric symptoms is confined for a relatively short duration (e.g. 72 hours) in a treatment facility
917:
Patients are able to sue if they believe that they have been wrongfully committed. In one instance, Junius Wilson, an
African American man, was committed to Cherry Hospital in Goldsboro, North Carolina in 1925 for an alleged crime without a trial or conviction. He was castrated. He continued to be
541:", is a non-binding resolution advocating certain broadly drawn procedures for the carrying out of involuntary commitment. These principles have been used in many countries where local laws have been revised or new ones implemented. The UN runs programs in some countries to assist in this process.
473:
New York City officials under several administrations have implemented programs involving the involuntary hospitalization of people with mental illnesses in the city. Some of these policies have involved reinterpreting the standard of "harm to themselves or others" to include neglecting their own
116:
Training is gradually becoming available in mental health first aid to equip community members such as teachers, school administrators, police officers, and medical workers with training in recognizing, and authority in managing, situations where involuntary evaluations of behavior are applicable
411:
At the turn of the century, England and France combined had only a few hundred individuals in asylums. By the late 1890s and early 1900s, those so detained had risen to the hundreds of thousands. However, the idea that mental illness could be ameliorated through institutionalization was soon
921:
In many U.S. states, sex offenders who have completed a period of incarceration can be civilly committed to a mental institution based on a finding of dangerousness due to a mental disorder. Although the United States
Supreme Court determined that this practice does not constitute
392:, focusing on reform of the legislation concerning lunacy. The commission consisted of eleven Metropolitan Commissioners who were required to carry out the provisions of the Act; the compulsory construction of asylums in every county, with regular inspections on behalf of the
742:, when Minister for Health in the early 1960s, was a later opponent who was appalled by what he witnessed on his visits to the asylums, and his famous "water tower" speech in 1961 called for the closure of all NHS asylums and their replacement by wards in general hospitals:
108:. Other jurisdictions have delegated these power to physicians, though may provide an appeal process that involves the judiciary but may also involve physicians. For example, in the UK a mental health tribunal consists of a judge, a medical member, and a lay representative.
317:
developed a systematic approach for training individuals with mental deficiencies, and, in 1839, he opened the first school for intellectually disabled people. His method of treatment was based on the idea that intellectually disabled people did not suffer from disease.
255:
This concern has found expression in the standards for involuntary commitment in every US state and in other countries as the danger to self or others standard, sometimes supplemented by the requirement that the danger be imminent. In some jurisdictions, the
486:
administration program. The trial, which attracted significant media attention, ended in her favor, and while the city won on appeal she was ultimately released after a subsequent case determined she could not be forcibly medicated. In 2022, Mayor
498:, all committals to public psychiatric facilities and most committals to private ones were involuntary. Since then, there have been alternating trends towards the abolition or substantial reduction of involuntary commitment, a trend known as
2747:
886:, were wrongfully certified as being mentally ill and as a result were committed to psychiatric institutions where they were allegedly forced to take psychiatric medication that they did not need and were abused. They were named after
354:- its officers were eventually dismissed and national attention was focused on the routine use of bars, chains and handcuffs and the filthy conditions in which the inmates lived. However, it was not until 1828 that the newly appointed
450:
In the United States and most other developed societies, severe restrictions have been placed on the circumstances under which a person may be committed or treated against their will as such actions have been ruled by the
4012:
1726:
Harding, C.M.; Brooks, G.W.; Ashikaga, T.; Strauss, J.S.; Breier, A. (June 1987). "The
Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness, I: Methodology, study sample, and overall status 32 years later".
235:
to harm themselves or others. Research has found that those with schizophrenia are between 3.4 and 7.4 times more likely to engage in violent behaviour than members of the general public. However, because other
2931:
2076:
75:, including involuntary administration. In many jurisdictions, people diagnosed with mental health disorders can also be forced to undergo treatment while in the community; this is sometimes referred to as
3657:
1270:
The law provides a process known as
Involuntary Commitment. Involuntary commitment is the use of legal means to commit a person to a mental hospital or psychiatric ward against their will or over their
2739:
83:
for evaluation and stabilization by mental health professionals who may then determine whether further civil commitment is appropriate or necessary. Civil commitment procedures may take place in a
2769:
504:. In many currents, individuals can voluntarily admit themselves to a mental health hospital and may have more rights than those who are involuntarily committed. This practice is referred to as
1093:
See table 2, many countries such as
Australia, Denmark, England and Spain do not require the involvement of the judiciary for commitment. See for a discussion of mental-health tribunals.
195:
Observation is sometimes used to determine whether a person warrants involuntary commitment. It is not always clear on a relatively brief examination whether a person should be committed.
3300:
782:, led to considerable criticism in the press, as some individuals slipped through the net into homelessness or were discharged to poor quality private sector mini-institutions.
1153:
Rains, Luke
Sheridan; Zenina, Tatiana; Dias, Marisa Casanova; Jones, Rebecca; Jeffreys, Stephen; Branthonne-Foster, Stella; Lloyd-Evans, Brynmor; Johnson, Sonia (2019-05-01).
2605:
821:, who was wrongfully committed that year and filed a lawsuit and won thereafter, highlighted the issue of wrongful involuntary commitment. In 1887, investigative journalist
3080:
Spitzer, Robert L. (October 1975). "On pseudoscience in science, logic in remission, and psychiatric diagnosis: A critique of
Rosenhan's 'On being sane in insane places'".
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about the relationship between a patient and his doctor in one of these hospitals. Stoppard was inspired by a meeting with a
Russian exile. In 1927, after the execution of
538:
2572:
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movement in the 1960s and 1970s led in Italy to the first successful legislative challenge to the authority of the mental institutions, culminating in their closure.
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209:
Austria, Belgium, Germany, Israel, the
Netherlands, Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, Russia, Taiwan, Ontario (Canada), and the United States have adopted
2066:
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was sent to a mental health facility for psychiatric evaluation after she participated in a rally in support of the anarchists. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s in
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Scandal after scandal followed, with many high-profile public inquiries. These involved the exposure of abuses such as unscientific surgical techniques such as
420:
2664:
662:
875:
3997:
914:, which at the time was white, for summer classes; the local police secretly arrested and involuntarily committed him to a mental hospital for 12 days.
3755:
853:
1214:"Are mental health tribunals operating in accordance with international human rights standards? A systematic review of the international literature"
2325:
3211:
Report of the Committee of Inquiry into allegations of ill-treatment of patients and other irregularities at the Ely Hospital, Cardiff, HMSO 1969
2099:
1283:
Thom, Katey; Nakarada-Kordic, Ivana (2013-05-22). "Mental Health Review Tribunals in Action: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature".
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to expose the terrible conditions that mental patients at the time had to deal with. She published her findings and experiences as articles in
389:
365:
2693:
3596:
3307:
2043:
2932:"Assessing the Real Risk of Sexually Violent Predators: Doctor Padilla's Dangerous Data, Tamara Rice Lave and Franklin E. Zimring, 2018"
2010:
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In the first half of the twentieth century there were a few high-profile cases of wrongful commitment based on racism or punishment for
1008:
475:
802:
There are instances in which mental health professionals have wrongfully deemed individuals to have been displaying the symptoms of a
431:
In the United States, the erection of state asylums began with the first law for the creation of one in New York, passed in 1842. The
3506:
1016:
1012:
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began in the early 19th century with a state-led effort. Public mental asylums were established in Britain after the passing of the
1462:
Kitchener, Betty A.; Jorm, Anthony F. (February 2008). "Mental health first aid: an international program for early intervention".
667:
245:. In these studies people with schizophrenia are found to be between 1.3 and 1.8 times more likely to engage in violent behaviour.
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3000:
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1950:
1918:
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Extracts of the Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Normansfield Hospital - British Medical Journal, 1978, 2, 1560-1563
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done by Courtenay M. Harding and associates, about two-thirds of the ex-patients did well after deinstitutionalization.
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257:
210:
204:
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2422:
2213:"A/RES/46/119: Principles for the protection of persons with mental illness and the improvement of mental health care"
1380:"Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behaviour"
37:
This article is about involuntary hospitalization for those with severe mental disorder. For voluntary treatment, see
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182:
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Clauses are violated. We are unpersuaded by Hendricks' argument that Kansas has established criminal proceedings.").
164:
1967:
1155:"Variations in patterns of involuntary hospitalisation and in legal frameworks: an international comparative study"
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was a landmark in the treatment of the mentally ill, as it explicitly changed the status of mentally ill people to
313:
In 1838, France enacted a law to regulate both the admissions into asylums and asylum services across the country.
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3217:
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Fazel, Seena; Gulati, Gautam; Linsell, Louise; Geddes, John R.; Grann, Martin (2009-08-11). McGrath, John (ed.).
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361:
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to house the many "pauper lunatics". Nine counties first applied, and the first public asylum opened in 1812 in
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held at Cherry Hospital for the next 67 years of his life. It turned out he was deaf rather than mentally ill.
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is a legal process through which an individual who is deemed by a qualified person to have symptoms of severe
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3601:
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may be used in an emergency room to make a determination about potential risk and apply treatment protocols.
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was opened approximately in 1850. The creation of this hospital, as of many others, was largely the work of
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process that does involve the judiciary in some capacity, though potentially through a specialist court.
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Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care
260:
has been broadened in recent years to include need-for-treatment criteria such as "gravely disabled".
3717:
3529:
985:
911:
2740:"Can an involuntary commitment be false imprisonment if it is not malpractice?: Thompson O'neil Law"
902:
from the federal government. Decades later in the 1990s, several of the orphans sued Quebec and the
3977:
3967:
3916:
3492:
3243:
The Production and Reproduction of Scandals in Chronic Sector Hospitals Amy Munson- Barkshire 1981
2067:"New NYC policy to address mental illness will force more people to hospitals. Here's what to know"
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31:
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announced a similar compulsory hospitalization program, relying on similar legal interpretations.
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606:
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and the widespread neglect and abuse of vulnerable patients in the US and Europe. The growing
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2000:
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Mind, State and Society: Social History of Psychiatry and Mental Health in Britain 1960–2010
1940:
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For a discussion of the role of physicians in mental health tribunals and its effects see
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505:
432:
405:
249:
118:
64:
38:
3851:
3198:
1683:"Kendra's Law: Results from New York's First Ten Years with Assisted Outpatient Treatment"
770:, swiftly followed by many more across the UK. The haste of these closures, driven by the
8:
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3410:
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2867:
2208:
2006:
1034:
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was an outspoken and high-profile early critic, and several of his novels, in particular
674:
534:
512:
396:. All asylums were required to have written regulations and to have a resident qualified
314:
237:
3048:
1715:. The California Treatment Advocacy Coalition & The Treatment Advocacy Center. 2009.
1507:"Almost a Revolution: An International Perspective on the Law of Involuntary Commitment"
87:
or only involve physicians. If commitment does not involve a court there is normally an
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The protection of persons with mental illness and the improvement of mental health care
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72:
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2500:
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2141:
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1975:
1946:
1914:
1869:
1859:
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1744:
1662:
1623:
1582:
1564:
1520:
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1475:
1444:
1434:
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1312:
1300:
1243:
1235:
1194:
1176:
990:
950:
887:
883:
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775:
443:. Many state hospitals in the United States were built in the 1850s and 1860s on the
385:
369:
368:, a vigorous campaigner for the reform of lunacy law in England, and the Head of the
3244:
2917:
Dangerous Sex Offenders: A Task Force Report of the American Psychiatric Association
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898:
at the time, who deliberately committed these children to misappropriate additional
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3155:
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demonstrate his insight into the damage that institutions can do to human beings.
716:
The potential dangers of institutions have been noted and criticized by reformers/
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well-being or posing a harm to themselves or others in the future. In 1987–88, a
439:, whose philanthropic efforts extended over many states, and in Europe as far as
377:
343:
284:
60:
3972:
3947:
3841:
3697:
3621:
3574:
3436:
3224:
3221:
3020:"The ADA and Persons with Mental Disabilities: Can Sanist Attitudes Be Undone?"
2916:
1039:
831:
531:
444:
440:
393:
327:
280:
3212:
2326:"UNC study: Mental illness by itself does not predict future violent behavior"
4036:
3856:
3801:
3786:
3584:
3415:
3158:(Fall 1998). "Protecting Children Against Unnecessary Institutionalization".
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2601:
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2514:
2463:
2378:
2176:
1979:
1568:
1448:
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1239:
1180:
826:
495:
241:
people diagnosed with schizophrenia to their siblings in a similar manner to
232:
105:
3658:
American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization
3112:"Getting Someone to Psychiatric Treatment Can Be Difficult and Inconclusive"
3010:
2369:
2145:
2100:"New York plan for forced 'removal' of mentally ill tests limits of the law"
1873:
1825:
3942:
3906:
3876:
3871:
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3473:
3171:
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The dancer defects: The struggle for cultural supremacy during the Cold War
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1415:
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861:
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upon such grounds. Claims of wrongful commitment are a common theme in the
739:
726:
460:
456:
242:
4013:
We've Had a Hundred Years of Psychotherapy – and the World's Getting Worse
3101:
3064:
2271:
1911:
The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic
1748:
1740:
1709:
A Guide to Laura's Law: California's Law for Assisted Outpatient Treatment
1524:
1433:(2nd ed.). Parkville, Victoria: ORYGEN Youth Health Resource Centre.
3861:
3771:
3458:
2988:
975:
2304:"Official Inquiry Reports into National Health Service Mental Hospitals"
1856:
A history of psychiatry: from the era of the asylum to the age of Prozac
1326:
Basant Puri; Robert Brown; Heather McKee; Ian Treasaden (28 July 2017).
673:
Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections
3886:
3405:
3355:
2993:
Black Hands of Beijing: Lives of Defiance in China's Democracy Movement
2629:
The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund
822:
779:
620: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
488:
335:
2684:"Detaining patients against wishes carries legal risks - amednews.com"
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1786:
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100:
In some jurisdictions, this is a proceeding distinct from being found
3712:
3263:
3093:
2071:
945:
397:
224:
3285:
3035:
Rosenhan, D.L. (19 January 1973). "On being sane in insane places".
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1506:
595:
213:
based on the presumed danger of the defendant to self or to others.
134:
3826:
3450:
1968:"35 Years of Efforts to Address Mental Illness on New York Streets"
751:
717:
381:
228:
3484:
1658:
Landscapes of Despair: From Deinstitutionalization to Homelessness
3392:
3273:
2104:
1543:"Schizophrenia and Violence: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
906:
for the abuse and wrongdoing. In 1958, black pastor and activist
899:
891:
483:
350:
were established to investigate abuses at private madhouses like
217:
2799:"Deaf Man To Be Released After 67 Years In Psychiatric Hospital"
1942:
The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States
30:"Sectioning" and "Sectioned" redirect here. For other uses, see
3130:
Out of the Shadows: Confronting America's Mental Illness Crisis
1276:
1260:
1023:
895:
879:
494:
Historically, until the mid-1960s in most jurisdictions in the
339:
88:
2962:
Private and Public Protection: Civil Mental Health Legislation
2665:"Negro Pastor Pronounced Sane; Demands Mississippi Apologize".
1212:
Macgregor, Aisha; Brown, Michael; Stavert, Jill (2019-04-16).
3446:
1762:
King, D. Brett; Viney, Wayne; Woody, William Douglas (2007).
84:
2891:"APA Opposes Civil Commitment of Sex Offenders After Prison"
2770:"Locked up and castrated for a crime he wasn't convicted of"
2658:
1725:
2920:, American Psychiatric Association at 173 (1999).
767:
252:
can occasionally present a danger to themselves or others.
3257:
National Resource Center on Psychiatric Advance Directives
482:
to challenge her forced hospitalization under a new Mayor
3256:
1512:
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
1263:"Committed To Healing: Involuntary Commitment Procedures"
515:
established the procedures for a long-term or indefinite
408:, although the body appeared in an earlier form in 1841.
358:
were empowered to license and supervise private asylums.
1540:
1378:
Kitchener, Betty A.; Jorm, Anthony F. (1 October 2002).
455:
and other national legislative bodies as a violation of
447:, an architectural style meant to have curative effect.
2785:"Now 95, deaf man was castrated, locked up for decades"
1787:
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (12 June 2013).
1644:. Arlington, Virginia: Treatment Advocacy Center. 2018.
1429:
Kitchener, Betty; Jorm, Anthony; Kelly, Claire (2010).
423:
in Scotland and other legislation in Northern Ireland.
220:
may act on these impulses and harm or kill themselves.
3279:
421:
Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
3109:
Sulzberger, A.G.; Carey, Benedict (18 January 2011).
2563:"Duplessis orphans seek proof of medical experiments"
1211:
326:
In the United Kingdom, provision for the care of the
2588:"Orphans of the 1950s, Telling of Abuse, Sue Quebec"
1602:"Borderline Personality and Externalized Aggression"
1360:. National Council for Behavioral Health. 2013-10-10
1152:
3998:
The Politics of Experience and The Bird of Paradise
2716:"Involuntary Civil Commitment and Patients' Rights"
2328:. UNC Health Care. February 2, 2009. Archived from
2207:
1282:
835:, and later made the articles into one book called
400:. A national body for asylum superintendents - the
71:. This treatment may involve the administration of
3756:World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry
3110:
2409:
1807:
1600:Sansone, Randy A.; Sansone, Lori (March 9, 2012).
1428:
806:, and committed the individual for treatment in a
785:
404:- was established in 1866 under the Presidency of
1553:(8). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e1000120.
4034:
2499:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 359.
2266:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 306–307.
1536:
1534:
1261:Texas Young Lawyers Association (January 2008).
1105:
3108:
1837:
1835:
2815:
1766:(4 ed.). Allyn & Bacon. p. 214.
1761:
1599:
3597:Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement
3500:
3301:
2632:. University of Illinois Press. p. 119.
1809:"Law and Lunacy in Psychiatry's 'Golden Age'"
1655:Dear, Michael J.; Wolch, Jennifer R. (1987).
1531:
1461:
1377:
1268:. Austin, TX: State Bar of Texas. p. 2.
860:from the rest of society. British playwright
3268:College of Behavioral and Community Sciences
2818:"The Endless Punishment of Civil Commitment"
2537:. Yale University Press Publishers. p.
2446:Testa, Megan; West, Sara G. (October 2010).
2159:Testa, Megan; West, Sara G. (October 2010).
1896:
1894:
1892:
1832:
1319:
1148:
1146:
384:who required treatment. The Act created the
79:and shares legal processes with commitment.
2306:. Socialist Health Association. 6 June 1981
1945:. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press.
1661:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Legacy Library.
583:Learn how and when to remove these messages
163:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3507:
3493:
3308:
3294:
2986:
2840:
2585:
2412:"The antipsychiatry movement: Who and why"
1764:A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context
854:psychiatric hospitals were used as prisons
2471:
2445:
2386:
2368:
2184:
2158:
1998:
1923:
1889:
1880:
1847:
1654:
1617:
1576:
1558:
1504:
1405:
1395:
1229:
1218:Health & Social Care in the Community
1188:
1170:
1143:
704:Learn how and when to remove this message
636:Learn how and when to remove this message
338:to build rate-supported asylums in every
263:
183:Learn how and when to remove this message
3034:
2995:. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2959:
2767:
2286:"Enoch Powell's Water Tower Speech 1961"
2058:
1805:
1789:"Edouard Seguin (American psychiatrist)"
1205:
1133:"Being sectioned (in England and Wales)"
1096:
360:
279:while living outside the hospital (e.g.
198:
3738:Royal Association for Disability Rights
3079:
2713:
2448:"Civil Commitment in the United States"
2353:"Antipsychiatry: Meeting the challenge"
2161:"Civil Commitment in the United States"
2046:from the original on September 30, 2022
2031:
1992:
1903:
1853:
1087:
1009:One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)
1002:
882:, 20,000 Canadian children, called the
519:applicable to people convicted of some
14:
4035:
3154:
3127:
3017:
2782:
2750:from the original on December 20, 2019
2625:
2608:from the original on November 23, 2018
2575:from the original on January 28, 2018.
2527:
2403:
2125:
2119:
2079:from the original on November 30, 2022
2025:
1965:
1017:One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (play)
1013:One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)
3488:
3315:
3289:
2964:. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press.
2494:
2350:
2261:
1938:
1329:Mental Health Law 2EA Practical Guide
3673:Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law
2728:from the original on March 20, 2015.
2696:from the original on August 29, 2018
2410:Henry A. Nasrallah (December 2011).
2097:
2065:Kim, Elizabeth (November 30, 2022).
2034:"Whatever Happened to Billie Boggs?"
1858:. New York: Wiley. pp. 34, 41.
1642:State Standards for Civil Commitment
1606:Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience
663:"criticism" or "controversy" section
647:
618:adding citations to reliable sources
589:
548:
161:adding citations to reliable sources
128:
3678:Citizens Commission on Human Rights
3514:
3280:National Alliance on Mental Illness
2843:"A Backdoor Around Double Jeopardy"
2586:Farnsworth, Clyde H. (1993-05-21).
2064:
941:5150 (involuntary psychiatric hold)
874:in the United States, demonstrator
415:Sectioning is now regulated by the
297:
24:
3637:Self-help groups for mental health
3372:Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion
2952:
2816:Hamilton-Smith, Guy (2018-11-16).
2013:from the original on March 2, 2023
1291:(1). Informa UK Limited: 112–126.
205:Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion
25:
4059:
3703:International Disability Alliance
3250:
2568:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1999:Kasindorf, Jeanie (May 2, 1988).
564:This section has multiple issues.
526:
321:
304:Involuntary commitment by country
258:danger to self or others standard
227:are occasionally driven by their
3272:Provides information related to
3123:from the original on 2022-01-03.
2960:Atkinson, Jacqueline M. (2006).
2646:from the original on May 6, 2020
1913:. Boston: Little Brown, p. 239.
1844:: "Mental Health Timeline", 1999
1505:Appelbaum, Paul S. (June 1997).
1476:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2007.00056.x
1464:Early Intervention in Psychiatry
928:American Psychiatric Association
825:went undercover at an asylum in
652:
594:
553:
476:homeless woman named Joyce Brown
426:
402:Medico-Psychological Association
290:In a study of 269 patients from
133:
3963:Interpretation of Schizophrenia
3688:Disability Rights International
3236:, Doubleday Publishing, 1956. (
3187:United Nations General Assembly
2924:
2908:
2883:
2859:
2841:Signorelli, Nina (2020-07-09).
2834:
2809:
2791:
2776:
2768:Swofford, Stan (Jan 30, 1993).
2761:
2732:
2714:Orlando, James (Jan 24, 2013).
2707:
2676:
2619:
2579:
2555:
2521:
2488:
2439:
2344:
2318:
2296:
2278:
2255:
2238:"Mental Health and Development"
2230:
2201:
2152:
2091:
1959:
1932:
1814:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
1806:Unsworth, Clive (Winter 1993).
1799:
1780:
1755:
1719:
1700:
1675:
1648:
1634:
1593:
1498:
1455:
1422:
1371:
1346:
786:Wrongful involuntary commitment
720:almost since their foundation.
605:needs additional citations for
572:or discuss these issues on the
3751:Socialist Patients' Collective
3612:Psychiatric survivors movement
3535:Controversies about psychiatry
3270:. University of South Florida.
3082:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2783:Wright, Gary (June 24, 1993).
2032:Hampson, Rick (June 3, 1991).
2002:The Real Story of Billie Boggs
1729:American Journal of Psychiatry
1431:Mental Health First Aid Manual
1285:Psychiatry, Psychology and Law
1254:
1137:Royal College of Psychiatrists
1125:
1062:
867:Every Good Boy Deserves Favour
480:New York Civil Liberties Union
124:
67:(inpatient) where they can be
13:
1:
3708:Learning Disability Coalition
3602:Political abuse of psychiatry
2130:. W. W. Norton. p. 214.
1172:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30090-2
1050:
792:Political abuse of psychiatry
666:may compromise the article's
248:People with certain types of
3733:Rehabilitation International
3668:Autism Network International
3276:'s Civil Commitment Statute.
3264:"Baker Act Reporting Center"
3057:10.1126/science.179.4070.250
2914:
2721:Connecticut General Assembly
2357:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
1560:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000120
1297:10.1080/13218719.2013.790004
1118:
926:, organizations such as the
544:
111:
7:
3723:National Empowerment Center
3683:Critical Psychiatry Network
3550:History of mental disorders
3018:Perlin, Michael L. (1993).
2626:Tucker, William H. (2002).
2098:Kanu, Hassan (2022-12-08).
1966:Newman, Andy (2022-12-02).
1358:Mental Health First Aid USA
933:
908:Clennon Washington King Jr.
453:United States Supreme Court
53:involuntary hospitalization
10:
4064:
3993:The Myth of Mental Illness
3728:Radical Psychology Network
3238:excerpts from Whyte's book
3128:Torrey, E. Fuller (1998).
795:
789:
463:. The Supreme Court case
419:in England and Wales, the
301:
267:
202:
94:
36:
29:
27:Compulsory hospitalization
4021:
3925:
3764:
3718:MindFreedom International
3650:
3530:Biopsychiatry controversy
3522:
3445:
3424:
3390:
3364:
3323:
3024:Journal of Law and Health
2744:Thompson & O'Neil Law
2534:The Sacco-Vanzetti Affair
2351:Desai, Nimesh G. (2005).
1929:Shorter, E. (1997), p. 65
1900:Shorter, E. (1997), p. 46
1886:Shorter, E. (1997), p. 34
1687:Treatment Advocacy Center
1068:Also known informally as
986:Special commitment center
912:University of Mississippi
308:
3978:Madness and Civilization
3968:Liberation by Oppression
3204: 17 December 1991.
2915:
2126:Hendin, Herbert (1996).
1055:
812:anti-psychiatry movement
348:Parliamentary Committees
3607:Positive disintegration
3545:Hearing Voices Movement
2370:10.4103/0019-5545.43048
1793:Encyclopædia Britannica
1224:(4). Wiley: e494–e513.
1035:film based on the novel
910:tried enrolling at the
838:Ten Days in a Mad-House
356:Commissioners in Lunacy
332:1808 County Asylums Act
4043:Involuntary commitment
3938:Anatomy of an Epidemic
3693:Hearing Voices Network
3565:Martha Mitchell effect
3555:Involuntary commitment
3464:Mental health tribunal
3336:Involuntary commitment
3160:South Texas Law Review
2262:Scull, Andrew (2021).
1909:Rothman, D.J. (1990).
1397:10.1186/1471-244X-2-10
981:Mental Health Act 2007
966:Institutional syndrome
748:
511:In the United States,
501:deinstitutionalisation
417:Mental Health Act 2007
373:
292:Vermont State Hospital
277:psychiatric medication
270:Deinstitutionalisation
264:Deinstitutionalization
45:Involuntary commitment
4008:The Radical Therapist
4003:The Protest Psychosis
3642:Therapeutic community
3617:Psychoanalytic theory
3560:Involuntary treatment
3393:medical interventions
3346:Outpatient commitment
3331:Involuntary treatment
3189: Session 46
2689:American Medical News
2495:Caute, David (2005).
2272:10.1017/9781911623793
1939:Yanni, Carla (2007).
1826:10.1093/ojls/13.4.479
1741:10.1176/ajp.144.6.718
1159:The Lancet Psychiatry
1045:Rebel without a Cause
817:In 1860, the case of
764:Darenth Park Hospital
744:
466:O'Connor v. Donaldson
364:
250:personality disorders
199:Containment of danger
77:outpatient commitment
69:treated involuntarily
3592:Nouthetic counseling
3391:Currently regulated
3351:Voluntary commitment
3234:The Organization Man
3156:Tsesis, Alexander V.
2874:521 U.S. 346
2452:Psychiatry (Edgmont)
2211:(17 December 1991).
2165:Psychiatry (Edgmont)
1854:Shorter, E. (1997).
1003:In the creative arts
846:political dissenters
808:psychiatric hospital
614:improve this article
537:Resolution 46/119, "
506:voluntary commitment
433:Utica State Hospital
406:William A. F. Browne
157:improve this section
119:Mental health triage
65:psychiatric hospital
39:voluntary commitment
18:Compulsory treatment
3632:Rosenhan experiment
3627:Rhetoric of therapy
3540:Critical psychiatry
3411:Chemical castration
3132:. New York: Wiley.
3049:1973Sci...179..250R
2895:Just Future Project
2868:Kansas v. Hendricks
2847:Just Future Project
2822:Just Future Project
2209:UN General Assembly
858:political prisoners
798:Rosenhan experiment
774:governments led by
513:Kansas v. Hendricks
238:confounding factors
211:commitment criteria
3983:Radical Psychology
3958:Doctoring the Mind
3663:Aspies For Freedom
3401:Psychoactive drugs
2593:The New York Times
2419:Current Psychiatry
2128:Suicide in America
2009:. pp. 36–44.
1972:The New York Times
956:Conversion therapy
872:Sacco and Vanzetti
675:through discussion
517:form of commitment
437:Dorothea Lynde Dix
374:
73:psychoactive drugs
4048:Mental health law
4030:
4029:
4024:Psychiatry portal
3988:The Gene Illusion
3892:Elizabeth Packard
3852:Peter C. Gøtzsche
3837:Leonard Roy Frank
3777:Giorgio Antonucci
3482:
3481:
3317:Mental health law
3230:Whyte, William H.
3202: A/RES/46/119
3139:978-0-471-24532-2
3043:(4070): 250–258.
3002:978-0-471-57977-9
2971:978-1-903765-61-6
2936:Prison Legal News
2639:978-0-252-02762-8
2548:978-0-300-12484-2
2506:978-0-19-927883-1
2332:on April 14, 2009
2137:978-0-393-31368-0
1952:978-0-8166-4939-6
1919:978-0-316-75745-4
1440:978-0-9805541-3-7
1339:978-1-4441-4975-3
1231:10.1111/hsc.12749
991:Giorgio Antonucci
951:Civil confinement
888:Maurice Duplessis
884:Duplessis orphans
819:Elizabeth Packard
776:Margaret Thatcher
714:
713:
706:
696:
695:
646:
645:
638:
587:
386:Lunacy Commission
370:Lunacy Commission
334:. This empowered
218:suicidal thoughts
193:
192:
185:
63:is detained in a
16:(Redirected from
4055:
3882:Joanna Moncrieff
3742:Paranoia Network
3509:
3502:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3287:
3286:
3271:
3183:
3151:
3124:
3114:
3105:
3094:10.1037/h0077124
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3031:
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2983:
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2705:
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2702:
2701:
2680:
2674:
2673:20 June 1958: 3.
2670:Sarasota Journal
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2571:. Jun 18, 2004.
2559:
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2519:
2518:
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2436:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2421:. Archived from
2416:
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2400:
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2342:
2341:
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2322:
2316:
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2293:
2290:studymore.org.uk
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2114:
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2018:
1996:
1990:
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1957:
1956:
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996:Ulysses contract
961:Criminal justice
848:. In the former
709:
702:
691:
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682:
656:
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641:
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579:
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549:
535:General Assembly
478:worked with the
390:Lord Shaftesbury
366:Lord Shaftesbury
352:Bethlem Hospital
298:Around the world
188:
181:
177:
174:
168:
137:
129:
49:civil commitment
21:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4017:
3953:Crazy Therapies
3933:Against Therapy
3921:
3917:Robert Whitaker
3912:Stephen Ticktin
3847:James Gottstein
3832:Michel Foucault
3817:Judi Chamberlin
3812:Ted Chabasinski
3797:Richard Bentall
3792:Lauretta Bender
3782:Franco Basaglia
3760:
3646:
3518:
3516:Anti-psychiatry
3513:
3483:
3478:
3469:Judicial review
3441:
3420:
3386:
3377:Duty to protect
3360:
3319:
3314:
3282:(United States)
3262:
3259:(United States)
3253:
3248:
3166:(4): 995–1027.
3140:
3003:
2987:Black, George;
2972:
2955:
2953:Further reading
2950:
2949:
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2826:
2824:
2814:
2810:
2805:. Nov 10, 1992.
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1082:being committed
1074:being sectioned
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1058:
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1005:
1000:
936:
924:double jeopardy
904:Catholic Church
876:Aurora D'Angelo
804:mental disorder
800:
794:
788:
756:anti-psychiatry
722:Charles Dickens
710:
699:
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686:
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661:This article's
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521:sexual offences
429:
378:Lunacy Act 1845
344:Nottinghamshire
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57:hospitalisation
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3973:Mad in America
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3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3897:Sascha Scatter
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3842:Erving Goffman
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3698:Icarus Project
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3622:Recovery model
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3575:Medicalization
3572:
3570:Medical ethics
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3277:
3260:
3252:
3251:External links
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3227:
3222:Erving Goffman
3219:
3214:
3209:
3184:
3152:
3138:
3125:
3117:New York Times
3106:
3088:(5): 442–452.
3077:
3032:
3015:
3001:
2984:
2970:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2923:
2907:
2882:
2858:
2833:
2808:
2790:
2775:
2760:
2731:
2706:
2692:. 2010-08-11.
2675:
2657:
2638:
2618:
2578:
2554:
2547:
2529:Moshik, Temkin
2520:
2505:
2487:
2438:
2402:
2363:(4): 185–187.
2343:
2317:
2295:
2277:
2254:
2242:United Nations
2229:
2217:United Nations
2200:
2151:
2136:
2118:
2090:
2057:
2024:
1991:
1958:
1951:
1931:
1922:
1902:
1888:
1879:
1864:
1846:
1831:
1798:
1779:
1772:
1754:
1718:
1699:
1674:
1667:
1647:
1633:
1592:
1530:
1519:(2): 135–147.
1497:
1454:
1439:
1421:
1384:BMC Psychiatry
1370:
1345:
1338:
1318:
1275:
1253:
1204:
1165:(5): 403–417.
1142:
1139:. August 2013.
1123:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1040:Cool Hand Luke
1037:
1027:
1020:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
937:
935:
932:
832:New York World
790:Main article:
787:
784:
712:
711:
694:
693:
660:
658:
651:
644:
643:
602:
600:
593:
588:
562:
561:
559:
552:
546:
543:
532:United Nations
528:
527:United Nations
525:
445:Kirkbride Plan
441:Constantinople
428:
425:
394:Home Secretary
323:
322:United Kingdom
320:
315:Édouard Séguin
310:
307:
302:Main article:
299:
296:
268:Main article:
265:
262:
233:hallucinations
200:
197:
191:
190:
141:
139:
132:
126:
123:
113:
110:
96:
93:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4060:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
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3910:
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3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:Peter Lehmann
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:Jacques Lacan
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Peter Breggin
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3787:Ernest Becker
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3752:
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3714:
3711:
3709:
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3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:Organizations
3649:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
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3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3585:medical model
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
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3538:
3536:
3533:
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3510:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3416:Psychosurgery
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3380:
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3367:
3363:
3357:
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3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3311:
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3292:
3291:
3288:
3281:
3278:
3275:
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3258:
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3242:
3239:
3235:
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3213:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2918:
2911:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2879:
2878:Ex Post Facto
2875:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2764:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2458:(10): 30–40.
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2428:on 2015-02-07
2424:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2389:
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2327:
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2269:
2265:
2258:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:(10): 30–40.
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2050:September 28,
2045:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1865:0-471-15749-X
1861:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1842:Wright, David
1838:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1773:9780205512133
1769:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1735:(6): 718–26.
1734:
1730:
1722:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1670:
1668:9781400858965
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1547:PLOS Medicine
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1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
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1349:
1341:
1335:
1332:. CRC Press.
1331:
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1079:
1075:
1071:
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1061:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1029:Forrest Gump
1028:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
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989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
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959:
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952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
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925:
919:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
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869:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
839:
834:
833:
828:
827:New York City
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
799:
793:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
759:
757:
753:
747:
743:
741:
737:
735:
734:
729:
728:
723:
719:
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705:
690:
680:
676:
670:
669:
664:
659:
650:
649:
640:
637:
629:
619:
615:
609:
608:
603:This section
601:
597:
592:
591:
586:
584:
577:
576:
571:
570:
565:
560:
551:
550:
542:
540:
536:
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503:
502:
497:
496:United States
492:
490:
485:
481:
477:
471:
468:
467:
462:
458:
454:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
427:United States
424:
422:
418:
413:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
372:for 40 years.
371:
367:
363:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
319:
316:
305:
295:
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246:
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196:
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166:
162:
158:
152:
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142:This section
140:
136:
131:
130:
122:
120:
109:
107:
106:habeas corpus
103:
92:
90:
86:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
33:
19:
3943:Anti-Oedipus
3926:Publications
3907:Thomas Szasz
3877:Loren Mosher
3872:Kate Millett
3822:David Cooper
3807:Paula Caplan
3580:of sexuality
3554:
3474:Human rights
3432:Kendra's Law
3335:
3267:
3233:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3163:
3159:
3129:
3116:
3085:
3081:
3040:
3036:
3030:(15): 15–45.
3027:
3023:
2992:
2989:Munro, Robin
2961:
2939:. Retrieved
2935:
2926:
2910:
2899:. Retrieved
2897:. 2019-11-08
2894:
2885:
2877:
2866:
2861:
2850:. Retrieved
2846:
2836:
2825:. Retrieved
2821:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2778:
2763:
2752:. Retrieved
2743:
2734:
2719:
2709:
2698:. Retrieved
2687:
2678:
2668:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2628:
2621:
2610:. Retrieved
2591:
2581:
2566:
2557:
2533:
2523:
2496:
2490:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2430:. Retrieved
2423:the original
2418:
2405:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2330:the original
2320:
2308:. Retrieved
2298:
2289:
2280:
2263:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2241:
2232:
2220:. Retrieved
2216:
2203:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2127:
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2103:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2070:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2037:
2027:
2017:December 11,
2015:. Retrieved
2001:
1994:
1983:. Retrieved
1971:
1961:
1941:
1934:
1925:
1910:
1905:
1882:
1855:
1849:
1817:
1813:
1801:
1792:
1782:
1763:
1757:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1708:
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1686:
1677:
1657:
1650:
1641:
1636:
1612:(3): 23–26.
1609:
1605:
1595:
1550:
1546:
1516:
1510:
1500:
1470:(1): 55–61.
1467:
1463:
1457:
1430:
1424:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1362:. Retrieved
1357:
1348:
1328:
1321:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1269:
1256:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1162:
1158:
1136:
1127:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1022:
920:
916:
865:
862:Tom Stoppard
850:Soviet Union
843:
836:
830:
816:
801:
772:Conservative
760:
749:
745:
740:Enoch Powell
738:
731:
727:Oliver Twist
725:
715:
700:
684:
665:
632:
623:
612:Please help
607:verification
604:
580:
573:
567:
566:Please help
563:
530:
510:
499:
493:
472:
464:
461:human rights
457:civil rights
449:
430:
414:
410:
401:
388:, headed by
375:
328:mentally ill
325:
312:
289:
285:Kendra's Law
273:
254:
247:
243:twin studies
223:People with
222:
216:People with
215:
208:
194:
179:
173:October 2017
170:
155:Please help
143:
115:
98:
81:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:
3902:David Smail
3862:R. D. Laing
3772:Linda Andre
3459:Court order
3437:Laura's Law
2310:21 December
2083:December 1,
976:Medical law
856:to isolate
336:magistrates
281:Laura's Law
125:Observation
102:incompetent
4037:Categories
3887:David Oaks
3406:Castration
3382:Automatism
3365:Principles
3356:Psychiatry
3340:by country
3191:Resolution
2941:2020-12-03
2901:2020-11-18
2852:2020-11-18
2827:2020-11-18
2754:2020-07-13
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2612:2020-07-14
2432:2013-08-14
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