Diesel engine - Knowledge

1720:.) During this compression, the volume is reduced, the pressure and temperature both rise. At or slightly before 2 (TDC) fuel is injected and burns in the compressed hot air. Chemical energy is released and this constitutes an injection of thermal energy (heat) into the compressed gas. Combustion and heating occur between 2 and 3. In this interval the pressure remains constant since the piston descends, and the volume increases; the temperature rises as a consequence of the energy of combustion. At 3 fuel injection and combustion are complete, and the cylinder contains gas at a higher temperature than at 2. Between 3 and 4 this hot gas expands, again approximately adiabatically. Work is done on the system to which the engine is connected. During this expansion phase the volume of the gas rises, and its temperature and pressure both fall. At 4 the exhaust valve opens, and the pressure falls abruptly to atmospheric (approximately). This is unresisted expansion and no useful work is done by it. Ideally the adiabatic expansion should continue, extending the line 3–4 to the right until the pressure falls to that of the surrounding air, but the loss of efficiency caused by this unresisted expansion is justified by the practical difficulties involved in recovering it (the engine would have to be much larger). After the opening of the exhaust valve, the exhaust stroke follows, but this (and the following induction stroke) are not shown on the diagram. If shown, they would be represented by a low-pressure loop at the bottom of the diagram. At 1 it is assumed that the exhaust and induction strokes have been completed, and the cylinder is again filled with air. The piston-cylinder system absorbs energy between 1 and 2 – this is the work needed to compress the air in the cylinder, and is provided by mechanical kinetic energy stored in the flywheel of the engine. Work output is done by the piston-cylinder combination between 2 and 4. The difference between these two increments of work is the indicated work output per cycle, and is represented by the area enclosed by the pV loop. The adiabatic expansion is in a higher pressure range than that of the compression because the gas in the cylinder is hotter during expansion than during compression. It is for this reason that the loop has a finite area, and the net output of work during a cycle is positive. 424:

burning or igniting point. To make this more clear, let it be assumed that the subsequent combustion shall take place at a temperature of 700°. Then in that case the initial pressure must be sixty-four atmospheres, or for 800° centigrade the pressure must be ninety atmospheres, and so on. Into the air thus compressed is then gradually introduced from the exterior finely divided fuel, which ignites on introduction, since the air is at a temperature far above the igniting-point of the fuel. The characteristic features of the cycle according to my present invention are therefore, increase of pressure and temperature up to the maximum, not by combustion, but prior to combustion by mechanical compression of air, and there upon the subsequent performance of work without increase of pressure and temperature by gradual combustion during a prescribed part of the stroke determined by the cut-oil.

552:, albeit that Diesel substantially improved the system. On 17 February 1894, the redesigned engine ran for 88 revolutions – one minute; with this news, Maschinenfabrik Augsburg's stock rose by 30%, indicative of the tremendous anticipated demands for a more efficient engine. On 26 June 1895, the engine achieved an effective efficiency of 16.6% and had a fuel consumption of 519 g·kW·h. However, despite proving the concept, the engine caused problems, and Diesel could not achieve any substantial progress. Therefore, Krupp considered rescinding the contract they had made with Diesel. Diesel was forced to improve the design of his engine and rushed to construct a third prototype engine. Between 8 November and 20 December 1895, the second prototype had successfully covered over 111 hours on the test bench. In the January 1896 report, this was considered a success. 3160: 1736:, and the lack of intake air restrictions (i.e. throttle valves). Theoretically, the highest possible efficiency for a diesel engine is 75%. However, in practice the efficiency is much lower, with efficiencies of up to 43% for passenger car engines, up to 45% for large truck and bus engines, and up to 55% for large two-stroke marine engines. The average efficiency over a motor vehicle driving cycle is lower than the diesel engine's peak efficiency (for example, a 37% average efficiency for an engine with a peak efficiency of 44%). That is because the fuel efficiency of a diesel engine drops at lower loads, however, it does not drop quite as fast as the Otto (spark ignition) engine's. 1681:

in the combustion chamber, the droplets continue to vaporise from their surfaces and burn, getting smaller, until all the fuel in the droplets has been burnt. Combustion occurs at a substantially constant pressure during the initial part of the power stroke. The start of vaporisation causes a delay before ignition and the characteristic diesel knocking sound as the vapour reaches ignition temperature and causes an abrupt increase in pressure above the piston (not shown on the P-V indicator diagram). When combustion is complete the combustion gases expand as the piston descends further; the high pressure in the cylinder drives the piston downward, supplying power to the crankshaft.

354: 2021:

a four-stroke diesel engine: As the piston passes through bottom centre and starts upward, compression commences, culminating in fuel injection and ignition. Instead of a full set of valves, two-stroke diesel engines have simple intake ports, and exhaust ports (or exhaust valves). When the piston approaches bottom dead centre, both the intake and the exhaust ports are "open", which means that there is atmospheric pressure inside the cylinder. Therefore, some sort of pump is required to blow the air into the cylinder and the combustion gasses into the exhaust. This process is called

3423: 2194:

start and usually require the use of glow plugs. IDI engines may be cheaper to build but generally require a higher compression ratio than the DI counterpart. IDI also makes it easier to produce smooth, quieter running engines with a simple mechanical injection system since exact injection timing is not as critical. Most modern automotive engines are DI which have the benefits of greater efficiency and easier starting; however, IDI engines can still be found in the many ATV and small diesel applications. Indirect injected diesel engines use pintle-type fuel injectors.

53: 1348: 1995: 2203: 2384:, especially turbocharging is commonly used on diesel engines because it greatly increases efficiency and torque output. Diesel engines are well suited for forced induction setups due to their operating principle which is characterised by wide ignition limits and the absence of fuel during the compression stroke. Therefore, knocking, pre-ignition or detonation cannot occur, and a lean mixture caused by excess supercharging air inside the combustion chamber does not negatively affect combustion. 1639: 341: 330: 2364: 1921: 2151:(CR) direct injection systems do not have the fuel metering, pressure-raising and delivery functions in a single unit, as in the case of a Bosch distributor-type pump, for example. A high-pressure pump supplies the CR. The requirements of each cylinder injector are supplied from this common high pressure reservoir of fuel. An Electronic Diesel Control (EDC) controls both rail pressure and injections depending on engine operating conditions. The injectors of older CR systems have 1631: 881: 3435:

electric generators that put out an alternating current, usually operate with alternating load, but fixed rotational frequency. This is due to the mains' fixed frequency of either 50 Hz (Europe), or 60 Hz (United States). The engine's crankshaft rotational frequency is chosen so that the mains' frequency is a multiple of it. For practical reasons, this results in crankshaft rotational frequencies of either 25 Hz (1500 per minute) or 30 Hz (1800 per minute).

2113: 2003: 2171: 3063: 1700: 9519: 4018: 9528: 2616: 687: 3396: 3414:. Fuel efficiency, reliability and ease of maintenance are very important for such engines, whilst high power output and quiet operation are negligible. Therefore, mechanically controlled fuel injection and air-cooling are still very common. The common power outputs of non-road diesel engines vary a lot, with the smallest units starting at 3 kW, and the most powerful engines being heavy duty lorry engines. 1069: 3448:

with combustion chamber parts lined with ceramic thermal barrier coatings. Some make use of pistons and other parts made of titanium which has a low thermal conductivity and density. Some designs are able to eliminate the use of a cooling system and associated parasitic losses altogether. Developing lubricants able to withstand the higher temperatures involved has been a major barrier to commercialization.

1716:. Starting at 1, the piston is at bottom dead centre and both valves are closed at the start of the compression stroke; the cylinder contains air at atmospheric pressure. Between 1 and 2 the air is compressed adiabatically – that is without heat transfer to or from the environment – by the rising piston. (This is only approximately true since there will be some heat exchange with the 1581: 4994: 4055: 3034:

injection significantly improved the smooth torque generation, and starting in the early 1990s, car manufacturers began offering their high-end luxury vehicles with diesel engines. Passenger car diesel engines usually have between three and twelve cylinders, and a displacement ranging from 0.8 to 6.0 litres. Modern powerplants are usually turbocharged and have direct injection.

1979:. There are two different types of low-speed engines that are commonly used: Two-stroke engines with a crosshead, and four-stroke engines with a regular trunk-piston. Two-stroke engines have a limited rotational frequency and their charge exchange is more difficult, which means that they are usually bigger than four-stroke engines and used to directly power a ship's propeller. 1964: 1143: 9516: 4015: 123: 2350:

position, resulting in the engine not having any compression and thus allowing for turning the crankshaft over with significantly less resistance. When the crankshaft reaches a higher speed, flipping the decompression lever back into its normal position will abruptly re-activate the outlet valves, resulting in compression − the flywheel's

1986:, meaning the bore is smaller than the stroke. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) often have an effective efficiency of up to 55%. Like medium-speed engines, low-speed engines are started with compressed air, and they use heavy oil as their primary fuel. 3172: 2286: 3252:. They installed it in various aircraft of the era—some of which were used in record-breaking distance or endurance flights, and in the first successful demonstration of ground-to-air radiophone communications (voice radio having been previously unintelligible in aircraft equipped with spark-ignition engines, due to 2014:

complicated and expensive built-in lubrication systems and scavenging measures. The cost effectiveness (and proportion of added weight) of these technologies has less of an impact on larger, more expensive engines, while engines intended for shipping or stationary use can be run at a single speed for long periods.

1932:, ship propulsion and mechanical drive applications such as large compressors or pumps. Medium speed diesel engines operate on either diesel fuel or heavy fuel oil by direct injection in the same manner as low-speed engines. Usually, they are four-stroke engines with trunk pistons; a notable exception being the 8652: 4807: 3146:

underfloor installation. Usually, the engine was mated with a pneumatically operated mechanical gearbox, due to the low size, mass, and production costs of this design. Some DMUs used hydraulic torque converters instead. Diesel–electric transmission was not suitable for such small engines. In the 1930s, the

1312:. The car, called 320d, is powered by a 2-litre, straight-four diesel engine with direct injection and a helix-controlled distributor injection pump (Bosch VP 44), producing 180 kW (240 hp). The fuel consumption is 23 L/100 km, only half the fuel consumption of a similar Otto-powered car. 3194:

The requirements for marine diesel engines vary, depending on the application. For military use and medium-size boats, medium-speed four-stroke diesel engines are most suitable. These engines usually have up to 24 cylinders and come with power outputs in the one-digit Megawatt region. Small boats may

2635:

can pump the fuel to the injection nozzles without causing damage to itself or corrosion of the fuel line. At injection, the fuel should form a good fuel spray, and it should not have a coking effect upon the injection nozzles. To ensure proper engine starting and smooth operation, the fuel should be

2611:

in a manifold injection system atomizing fuel into the intake manifold or intake runners as in a petrol engine). Because only air is inducted into the cylinder in a diesel engine, the compression ratio can be much higher as there is no risk of pre-ignition provided the injection process is accurately

2193:

pressures can be lower. Most IDI systems use a single orifice injector. The pre-chamber has the disadvantage of lowering efficiency due to increased heat loss to the engine's cooling system, restricting the combustion burn, thus reducing the efficiency by 5–10%. IDI engines are also more difficult to

2020:

use a combustion cycle which is completed in two strokes instead of four strokes. Filling the cylinder with air and compressing it takes place in one stroke, and the power and exhaust strokes are combined. The compression in a two-stroke diesel engine is similar to the compression that takes place in

1703:

pV diagram for the ideal diesel cycle (which follows the numbers 1–4 in clockwise direction). The horizontal axis is the cylinder volume. In the diesel cycle the combustion occurs at almost constant pressure. On this diagram the work that is generated for each cycle corresponds to the area within the

1526:

Quality torque control. The amount of torque a diesel engine produces is not controlled by throttling the intake air (unlike a traditional spark-ignition petrol engine, where the airflow is reduced in order to regulate the torque output), instead, the volume of air entering the engine is maximised at

3202:

The first diesel engines for ships were made by A. B. Diesels Motorer Stockholm in 1903. These engines were three-cylinder units of 120 PS (88 kW) and four-cylinder units of 180 PS (132 kW) and used for Russian ships. In World War I, especially submarine diesel engine development

2354:

then starts the engine. Other diesel engines, such as the precombustion chamber engine XII Jv 170/240 made by Ganz & Co., have a valve timing changing system that is operated by adjusting the inlet valve camshaft, moving it into a slight "late" position. This will make the inlet valves open with

2247:

in German) combines the injector and fuel pump into a single component, which is positioned above each cylinder. This eliminates the high-pressure fuel lines and achieves a more consistent injection. Under full load, the injection pressure can reach up to 220 MPa. Unit injectors are operated by

2136:

in the plunger which rotates only a few degrees releasing the pressure and is controlled by a mechanical governor, consisting of weights rotating at engine speed constrained by springs and a lever. The injectors are held open by the fuel pressure. On high-speed engines the plunger pumps are together

2057:

Crossflow scavenging is incomplete and limits the stroke, yet some manufacturers used it. Reverse flow scavenging is a very simple way of scavenging, and it was popular amongst manufacturers until the early 1980s. Uniflow scavenging is more complicated to make but allows the highest fuel efficiency;

1947:

The power output of medium-speed diesel engines can be as high as 21,870 kW, with the effective efficiency being around 47-48% (1982). Most larger medium-speed engines are started with compressed air direct on pistons, using an air distributor, as opposed to a pneumatic starting motor acting on

1833:

is used to also reduce the amount of intake air as part of regulating the engine's torque output. Controlling the timing of the start of injection of fuel into the cylinder is similar to controlling the ignition timing in a petrol engine. It is therefore a key factor in controlling the power output,

1680:

depending upon the design of the engine. The fuel injector ensures that the fuel is broken down into small droplets, and that the fuel is distributed evenly. The heat of the compressed air vaporises fuel from the surface of the droplets. The vapour is then ignited by the heat from the compressed air

8529:

June 12, 2012 – After a week-long meeting of international experts, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is part of the World Health Organization (WHO), today classified diesel engine exhaust as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence that exposure is

3456:

In mid-2010s literature, main development goals for future diesel engines are described as improvements of exhaust emissions, reduction of fuel consumption, and increase of lifespan (2014). It is said that the diesel engine, especially the diesel engine for commercial vehicles, will remain the most

2225:. Although the engine was also required to drive an air compressor used for air-blast injection, the efficiency was nonetheless better than other combustion engines of the time. However the system was heavy and it was slow to react to changing torque demands, making it unsuitable for road vehicles. 2032:

or some form of compressor to charge the cylinders with air and assist in scavenging. Roots-type superchargers were used for ship engines until the mid-1950s, however since 1955 they have been widely replaced by turbochargers. Usually, a two-stroke ship diesel engine has a single-stage turbocharger

3317:

Additionally, avgas is a specialty fuel in very low (and declining) demand, compared to other fuels, and its makers are susceptible to costly aviation-crash lawsuits, reducing refiners' interest in producing it. Outside the United States, avgas has already become increasingly difficult to find at

428:

By June 1893, Diesel had realised his original cycle would not work, and he adopted the constant pressure cycle. Diesel describes the cycle in his 1895 patent application. Notice that there is no longer a mention of compression temperatures exceeding the temperature of combustion. Now it is simply

3447:

has been developed over several decades with the goal of improving efficiency by reducing heat loss. These engines are variously called adiabatic engines; due to better approximation of adiabatic expansion; low heat rejection engines, or high temperature engines. They are generally piston engines

2947:

system, by which any excess fuel from the injector pump and injectors is returned to the fuel tank. Once the engine has warmed, returning warm fuel prevents waxing in the tank. Before direct injection diesel engines, some manufacturers, such as BMW, recommended mixing up to 30% petrol in with the

488:

were two of the most prominent critics of Diesel's time. Köhler had published an essay in 1887, in which he describes an engine similar to the engine Diesel describes in his 1893 essay. Köhler figured that such an engine could not perform any work. Emil Capitaine had built a petroleum engine with

433:

1. In an internal-combustion engine, the combination of a cylinder and piston constructed and arranged to compress air to a degree producing a temperature above the igniting-point of the fuel, a supply for compressed air or gas; a fuel-supply; a distributing-valve for fuel, a passage from the air

2647:

Inline mechanical injector pumps generally tolerate poor-quality or bio-fuels better than distributor-type pumps. Also, indirect injection engines generally run more satisfactorily on fuels with a high ignition delay (for instance, petrol) than direct injection engines. This is partly because an

2126:

Most direct injection diesel engines have a combustion cup in the top of the piston where the fuel is sprayed. Many different methods of injection can be used. Usually, an engine with helix-controlled mechanic direct injection has either an inline or a distributor injection pump. For each engine

423:

pure atmospheric air is compressed, according to curve 1 2, to such a degree that, before ignition or combustion takes place, the highest pressure of the diagram and the highest temperature are obtained-that is to say, the temperature at which the subsequent combustion has to take place, not the

3145:

In the 1940s, road vehicle diesel engines with power outputs of 150–200 metric horsepower (110–150 kW; 150–200 hp) were considered reasonable for DMUs. Commonly, regular truck powerplants were used. The height of these engines had to be less than 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) to allow

3037:

Diesel engines do not suffer from intake-air throttling, resulting in very low fuel consumption especially at low partial load (for instance: driving at city speeds). One fifth of all passenger cars worldwide have diesel engines, with many of them being in Europe, where approximately 47% of all

3434:

Stationary diesel engines are commonly used for electricity generation, but also for powering refrigerator compressors, or other types of compressors or pumps. Usually, these engines either run continuously with partial load, or intermittently with full load. Stationary diesel engines powering

1671:

In the diesel engine, only air is initially introduced into the combustion chamber. The air is then compressed with a compression ratio typically between 15:1 and 23:1. This high compression causes the temperature of the air to rise. At about the top of the compression stroke, fuel is injected

241:

burn, which enables heat dissipation by excess air. A small efficiency loss is also avoided compared with non-direct-injection gasoline engines, as unburned fuel is not present during valve overlap, and therefore no fuel goes directly from the intake/injection to the exhaust. Low-speed diesel

3033:

in Europe since the 1980s. They were popular in larger cars earlier, as the weight and cost penalties were less noticeable. Smooth operation as well as high low-end torque are deemed important for passenger cars and small commercial vehicles. The introduction of electronically controlled fuel

418:

was supposed to utilise a constant temperature cycle (with isothermal compression) that would require a much higher level of compression than that needed for compression ignition. Diesel's idea was to compress the air so tightly that the temperature of the air would exceed that of combustion.

206:

so that atomised diesel fuel injected into the combustion chamber ignites. With the fuel being injected into the air just before combustion, the dispersion of fuel is uneven; this is called a heterogeneous air-fuel mixture. The torque a diesel engine produces is controlled by manipulating the

2349:

into the inlet manifold to start combustion. Instead of glowplugs, some diesel engines are equipped with starting aid systems that change valve timing. The simplest way this can be done is with a decompression lever. Activating the decompression lever locks the outlet valves in a slight down

2013:

use the combustion cycle described earlier. Most smaller diesels, for vehicular use, for instance, typically use the four-stroke cycle. This is due to several factors, such as the two-stroke design's narrow powerband which is not particularly suitable for automotive use and the necessity for

307:

Though aviation has traditionally avoided using diesel engines, aircraft diesel engines have become increasingly available in the 21st century. Since the late 1990s, for various reasons—including the diesel's inherent advantages over gasoline engines, but also for recent issues peculiar to

3355:

reported that a diesel engine model for general aviation aircraft is "approaching the finish line." By late 2022, Continental was reporting that its "Jet-A" fueled engines had exceeded "2,000... in operation today," with over "9 million hours," and were being "specified by major OEMs" for

2656:

rely on fuel condensing on the combustion chamber walls. The fuel starts vaporising only after ignition sets in, and it burns relatively smoothly. Therefore, such engines also tolerate fuels with poor ignition delay characteristics, and, in general, they can operate on petrol rated 86

2306:

The distinctive noise of a diesel engine, particularly at idling speeds, is sometimes called "diesel clatter". This noise is largely caused by the sudden ignition of the diesel fuel when injected into the combustion chamber, which causes a pressure wave that sounds like knocking.

2184:

An indirect diesel injection system (IDI) engine delivers fuel into a small chamber called a swirl chamber, precombustion chamber, pre chamber or ante-chamber, which is connected to the cylinder by a narrow air passage. Generally the goal of the pre chamber is to create increased

2938:

in cold weather; both are terms for the solidification of diesel oil into a partially crystalline state. The crystals build up in the fuel system (especially in fuel filters), eventually starving the engine of fuel and causing it to stop running. Low-output electric heaters in

1955:) ferries, passenger ships or small freight ships. Using medium-speed engines reduces the cost of smaller ships and increases their transport capacity. In addition to that, a single ship can use two smaller engines instead of one big engine, which increases the ship's safety. 8850:"FLIES 700 MILES; FUEL COST $ 4.68; Diesel-Motored Packard Plane Goes From Michigan to Langley Field in Under Seven Hours. ENGINE HAS NINE CYLINDERS Oil Burner Is Exhibited Before Aviation Leaders, Met for Conference. Woolson Reports on Flight. Packard Motor Stocks Rise," 3103:

used to be common, due to the relatively low engine mass the V configuration provides. Recently, the V configuration has been abandoned in favour of straight engines. These engines are usually straight-6 for heavy and medium duties and straight-4 for medium duty. Their

2076:, for instance, a gaseous fuel and diesel engine fuel. The diesel engine fuel auto-ignites due to compression ignition, and then ignites the gaseous fuel. Such engines do not require any type of spark ignition and operate similar to regular diesel engines. 489:

glow-tube ignition in the early 1890s; he claimed against his own better judgement that his glow-tube ignition engine worked the same way Diesel's engine did. His claims were unfounded and he lost a patent lawsuit against Diesel. Other engines, such as the

124: 388:

allows conversion of much more of the heat energy into work by means of isothermal change in condition. According to Diesel, this ignited the idea of creating a highly efficient engine that could work on the Carnot cycle. Diesel was also introduced to a

3294:, and resulting pressures for greater fuel economy, reduced carbon and lead in the atmosphere, and other issues, there was a resurgence of interest in diesel engines for aircraft. High-compression piston aircraft engines that run on aviation gasoline (" 3178: 3176: 3174: 540:. On 10 August 1893, the first ignition took place, the fuel used was petrol. In winter 1893/1894, Diesel redesigned the existing engine, and by 18 January 1894, his mechanics had converted it into the second prototype. During January that year, an 125: 2290: 2338:. The minimum starting temperature that allows starting without pre-heating is 40 °C (104 °F) for precombustion chamber engines, 20 °C (68 °F) for swirl chamber engines, and 0 °C (32 °F) for direct injected engines. 3177: 2289: 2293: 2292: 2287: 3329:, began developing diesel engines to replace the 100 horsepower (75 kW) - 350 horsepower (260 kW) gasoline/piston engines in common light aircraft use. First successful application of the Theilerts to production aircraft was in the 567:'s test on 17 February 1897 was the main test of Diesel's engine. The engine was rated 13.1 kW with a specific fuel consumption of 324 g·kW·h, resulting in an effective efficiency of 26.2%. By 1898, Diesel had become a millionaire. 2276:

output. Also, the mass of a diesel engine is typically higher, since the higher operating pressure inside the combustion chamber increases the internal forces, which requires stronger (and therefore heavier) parts to withstand these forces.

3150:

standardised its first DMU engine. It was a 30.3 litres (1,850 cu in), 12-cylinder boxer unit, producing 275 metric horsepower (202 kW; 271 hp). Several German manufacturers produced engines according to this standard.

3108:

design causes lower overall piston speeds which results in increased lifespan of up to 1,200,000 kilometres (750,000 mi). Compared with 1970s diesel engines, the expected lifespan of modern lorry diesel engines has more than doubled.

1825:(ECU) or electronic control module (ECM) to control the fuel delivery. The ECM/ECU uses various sensors (such as engine speed signal, intake manifold pressure and fuel temperature) to determine the amount of fuel injected into the engine. 3117:

Diesel engines for locomotives are built for continuous operation between refuelings and may need to be designed to use poor quality fuel in some circumstances. Some locomotives use two-stroke diesel engines. Diesel engines have replaced

2294: 1554:

air-fuel mixture: In diesel engines, there is no even dispersion of fuel and air inside the cylinder. That is because the combustion process begins at the end of the injection phase, before a homogeneous mixture of air and fuel can be

2131:

that are very precise spring-loaded valves that open and close at a specific fuel pressure. Separate high-pressure fuel lines connect the fuel pump with each cylinder. Fuel volume for each single combustion is controlled by a slanted

2774:

standard was established in May 1993; the modern version of the NATO F 54 standard is mostly identical with it. The DIN 51628 biodiesel standard was rendered obsolete by the 2009 version of the EN 590; FAME biodiesel conforms to the

1828:

Due to the amount of air being constant (for a given RPM) while the amount of fuel varies, very high ("lean") air-fuel ratios are used in situations where minimal torque output is required. This differs from a petrol engine, where a

3094:

Modern diesel engines for lorries have to be both extremely reliable and very fuel efficient. Common-rail direct injection, turbocharging and four valves per cylinder are standard. Displacements range from 4.5 to 15.5 litres, with

3195:

use lorry diesel engines. Large ships use extremely efficient, low-speed two-stroke diesel engines. They can reach efficiencies of up to 55%. Unlike most regular diesel engines, two-stroke watercraft engines use highly viscous

2314:(EGR). Common rail diesel injection systems permit multiple injection events as an aid to noise reduction. Through measures such as these, diesel clatter noise is greatly reduced in modern engines. Diesel fuels with a higher 2137:

in one unit. The length of fuel lines from the pump to each injector is normally the same for each cylinder in order to obtain the same pressure delay. Direct injected diesel engines usually use orifice-type fuel injectors.

2216:

Early diesel engines injected fuel with the assistance of compressed air, which atomised the fuel and forced it into the engine through a nozzle (a similar principle to an aerosol spray). The nozzle opening was closed by a

1816:

adjusts the amount of fuel injected into the engine. Mechanical governors have been used in the past, however electronic governors are more common on modern engines. Mechanical governors are usually driven by the engine's

1187:, (anyfuel direct-injection), for its diesel engines. AD-diesels can operate on virtually any kind of liquid fuel, but they are fitted with an auxiliary spark plug that fires if the ignition quality of the fuel is too low. 126: 3175: 563:", had finished the drawings by 30 April 1896. During summer that year the engine was built, it was completed on 6 October 1896. Tests were conducted until early 1897. First public tests began on 1 February 1897. 2330:). However, many diesel engines include some form of preheating for the combustion chamber, to assist starting in cold conditions. Engines with a displacement of less than 1 litre per cylinder usually have 2291: 434:

supply to the cylinder in communication with the fuel-distributing valve, an inlet to the cylinder in communication with the air-supply and with the fuel-valve, and a cut-oil, substantially as described.

919:

1929: The first passenger car with a diesel engine appears. Its engine is an Otto engine modified to use the diesel principle and Bosch's injection pump. Several other diesel car prototypes follow.

1789:

In principle, a diesel engine does not require any sort of electrical system. However, most modern diesel engines are equipped with an electrical fuel pump, and an electronic engine control unit.

2972:, which is an indication of evaporation rate. The Material Safety Data Sheet for ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel indicates a vapour explosion hazard for diesel fuel indoors, outdoors, or in sewers. 1688:

greatly increases the engine's efficiency. Increasing the compression ratio in a spark-ignition engine where fuel and air are mixed before entry to the cylinder is limited by the need to prevent

300:

and overall emissions are more difficult to control in diesel engines compared to gasoline engines, and the use of diesel auto engines in the U.S. is now largely relegated to larger on-road and

6095: 3457:

important vehicle powerplant until the mid-2030s. Editors assume that the complexity of the diesel engine will increase further (2014). Some editors expect a future convergency of diesel and

1774:

emissions, because motor vehicle diesel fuel has been sulfur-free since 2003. Helmut Tschöke argues that particulate matter emitted from motor vehicles has negative impacts on human health.

6892:

Hemmerlein, Norbert; Korte, Volker; Richter, Herwig; Schröder, Günter (February 1, 1991). "Performance, Exhaust Emissions and Durability of Modern Diesel Engines Running on Rapeseed Oil".

2652:

depositions can condense on the cylinder walls of a direct-injection engine if combustion temperatures are too low (such as starting the engine from cold). Direct-injected engines with an

2623:

diesel engine is a petrol engine (designed to run on NATO F 46/F 50 petrol), but it also runs on jet fuel, (NATO F 40/F 44), kerosene, (NATO F 58), and diesel engine fuel (NATO F 54/F 75)

292:, demand for higher fuel efficiency has resulted in most major automakers, at some point, offering diesel-powered models, even in very small cars. According to Konrad Reif (2012), the 6185: 3046:

produced diesel-powered passenger cars starting in 1936. The popularity of diesel-powered passenger cars in markets such as India, South Korea and Japan is increasing (as of 2018).

477:

Diesel was attacked and criticised over several years. Critics claimed that Diesel never invented a new motor and that the invention of the diesel engine is fraud. Otto Köhler and

127: 454:

for "Method of and Apparatus for Converting Heat into Work". In 1894 and 1895, he filed patents and addenda in various countries for his engine; the first patents were issued in

6435:

Stock, Dieter; Bauder, Richard (February 1, 1990). "The New Audi 5-Cylinder Turbo Diesel Engine: The First Passenger Car Diesel Engine with Second Generation Direct Injection".

1912:. On bigger ships, high-speed diesel engines are often used for powering electric generators. The highest power output of high-speed diesel engines is approximately 5 MW. 246:(Brayton and Rankine cycle) is a combustion engine that is more efficient than a diesel engine, but due to its mass and dimensions, is unsuitable for many vehicles, including 3173: 2288: 2159:

actuators that have less moving mass and therefore allow even more injections in a very short period of time. Early common rail system were controlled by mechanical means.

3267:. However, noxious exhaust fumes, cold-start and vibration problems, engine structural failures, the death of its developer, and the industrial economic contraction of the 2478: 787: 2465: 2272:

The average diesel engine has a poorer power-to-mass ratio than an equivalent petrol engine. The lower engine speeds (RPM) of typical diesel engines results in a lower

983:, the first mass-produced diesel engine for passenger cars, and one of the few marketable passenger car diesel engines of its time. It is rated 45 PS (33 kW). 944:

1933: General Motors uses its new roots-blown, unit-injected two-stroke Winton 201A diesel engine to power its automotive assembly exhibit at the Chicago World's Fair (

308:

aviation—development and production of diesel engines for aircraft has surged, with over 5,000 such engines delivered worldwide between 2002 and 2018, particularly for

3091:

In 1893, Rudolf Diesel suggested that the diesel engine could possibly power "wagons" (lorries). The first lorries with diesel engines were brought to market in 1924.

1692:, which would cause engine damage. Since only air is compressed in a diesel engine, and fuel is not introduced into the cylinder until shortly before top dead centre ( 419:

However, such an engine could never perform any usable work. In his 1892 US patent (granted in 1895) #542846, Diesel describes the compression required for his cycle:

373: 6973: 2310:

Engine designers can reduce diesel clatter through: indirect injection; pilot or pre-injection; injection timing; injection rate; compression ratio; turbo boost; and

1821:

or a gear-drive system and use a combination of springs and weights to control fuel delivery relative to both load and speed. Electronically governed engines use an

518: 990:, the biggest aircraft ever made, takes off for the first time. It is powered by four V16 Daimler-Benz LOF 6 diesel engines, rated 1,200 PS (883 kW) each. 8098: 4108: 2648:

indirect injection engine has a much greater 'swirl' effect, improving vaporisation and combustion of fuel, and because (in the case of vegetable oil-type fuels)

6701:"EPA, California Notify Volkswagen of Clean Air Act Violations / Carmaker allegedly used software that circumvents emissions testing for certain air pollutants" 1770:

pollutants. About 90 per cent of the pollutants can be removed from the exhaust gas using exhaust gas treatment technology. Road vehicle diesel engines have no

8830:

Flugmotoren und Strahltriebwerke: Entwicklungsgeschichte der deutschen Luftfahrtantriebe von den Anfängen bis zu den internationalen Gemeinschaftsentwicklungen

3608: 1109: 211:; instead of throttling the intake air, the diesel engine relies on altering the amount of fuel that is injected, and thus the air-fuel ratio is usually high. 344:

Diesel's second prototype. It is a modification of the first experimental engine. On 17 February 1894, this engine ran under its own power for the first time.

667:

1898: March, the first commercial diesel engine, rated 2×30 PS (2×22 kW), is installed in the Kempten plant of the Vereinigte Zündholzfabriken A.G.

254:. The world's largest diesel engines put in service are 14-cylinder, two-stroke marine diesel engines; they produce a peak power of almost 100 MW each. 202:, "EGR"). Air is inducted into the chamber during the intake stroke, and compressed during the compression stroke. This increases air temperature inside the 2691:

and kerosene for further testing purposes, as petroleum proved to be too viscous. In addition to kerosene and petrol, Diesel's engine could also operate on

2127:

cylinder, the corresponding plunger in the fuel pump measures out the correct amount of fuel and determines the timing of each injection. These engines use

9735: 242:

engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can reach effective efficiencies of up to 55%. The

8028: 6744: 6391:

Kawai, Mitsuo; Miyagi, Hideo; Nakano, Jiro; Kondo, Yoshihiko (1985). "Toyota's New Microprocessor-Based Diesel Engine Control System for Passenger Cars".

2564:

Diesel engines can combust a huge variety of fuels, including several fuel oils that have advantages over fuels such as petrol. These advantages include:

4181:, U.S. Patent number 608845, Filed Jul 15 1895, Issued August 9, 1898, Inventor Rudolf Diesel, Assigned to the Diesel Motor Company of America (New York) 1544:: At combustion, oxygen first has to diffuse into the flame, rather than having oxygen and fuel already mixed before combustion, which would result in a 9008: 1712:(pV) diagram is a simplified and idealised representation of the events involved in a diesel engine cycle, arranged to illustrate the similarity with a 10404: 8849: 3387:

In recent years (2016), diesel engines have also found use in unmanned aircraft (UAV), due to their reliability, durability, and low fuel consumption.

1796:(which can interfere with navigation and communication equipment), which is why only diesel-powered vehicles are allowed in some parts of the American 2058:

since the early 1980s, manufacturers such as MAN and Sulzer have switched to this system. It is standard for modern marine two-stroke diesel engines.

6563:

Employability – Herausforderungen für die strategische Personalentwicklung: Konzepte für eine flexible, innovationsorientierte Arbeitswelt von morgen

3203:

advanced quickly. By the end of the War, double acting piston two-stroke engines with up to 12,200 PS (9 MW) had been made for marine use.

1112:, a 4.6 litre straight-6 series-production industrial diesel engine with a turbocharger, rated 115 PS (85 kW). It proves to be unreliable. 7577: 4934: 4164: 2671: 1599: 1119:

produces a small batch series of 200 units of a turbocharged version of the TD 96 engine. This 9.6 litre engine is rated 136 kW (185 PS).

587: 478: 407: 6722: 1982:

Four-stroke engines on ships are usually used to power an electric generator. An electric motor powers the propeller. Both types are usually very

690:

An MAN DM trunk piston diesel engine built in 1906. The MAN DM series is considered to be one of the first commercially successful diesel engines.

6583: 2189:

for better air / fuel mixing. This system also allows for a smoother, quieter running engine, and because fuel mixing is assisted by turbulence,

1256:

is the first passenger car in the world with a turbocharged, intercooled, direct-injected, and electronically controlled diesel engine. It has a

720: 2968:

Diesel fuel can create an explosive air/vapour mix under the right conditions. However, compared with petrol, it is less prone due to its lower

9124: 9092: 7933: 7028: 2965:

than petrol, because its flash point is 55 °C, leading to a lower risk of fire caused by fuel in a vehicle equipped with a diesel engine.

2760: 2612:

timed. This means that cylinder temperatures are much higher in a diesel engine than a petrol engine, allowing less volatile fuels to be used.

896:

with a direct-injected diesel engine is tested by MAN. The same year, Benz builds a lorry with a pre-combustion chamber injected diesel engine.

800:

1911: The Germania shipyard in Kiel builds 850 PS (625 kW) diesel engines for German submarines. These engines are installed in 1914.

6700: 3898: 1471: 1149:, one of the first direct injected Mercedes-Benz diesel engines. It was introduced in 1963, but mass production only started in summer 1964. 7249: 889:

1923: At the Königsberg DLG exhibition, the first agricultural tractor with a diesel engine, the prototype Benz-Sendling S6, is presented.

11481: 7289: 5184:

World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection

2764: 2756: 2498: 1180: 447: 17: 11299: 7315: 7275: 4134: 3535: 3134:

because they use an electric transmission: the diesel engine drives an electric generator which powers electric traction motors. While

2140:

Electronic control of the fuel injection transformed the direct injection engine by allowing much greater control over the combustion.

1410: 1320: 8961: 3520: 2627:

Therefore, diesel engines can operate on a huge variety of different fuels. In general, fuel for diesel engines should have a proper

2452: 638:

1895: November 8 – December 20, a series of tests with the second prototype is conducted. In total, 111 operating hours are recorded.

6674: 5709: 11320: 9728: 9087: 6947: 6280: 3256:). Additional advantages cited, at the time, included a lower risk of post-crash fire, and superior performance at high altitudes. 1651: 9177: 623:

1894: January 18, after the first prototype was modified to become the second prototype, testing with the second prototype begins.

11154: 9067: 3751: 3632:"Critical evaluation of the European diesel car boom - global comparison, environmental effects and various national strategies," 3462: 607:

1893: April 24, both Krupp and the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg decide to collaborate and build just a single prototype in Augsburg.

11292: 10397: 9555: 9130: 8653:

Theorie und Konstruktion eines rationellen Wärmemotors zum Ersatz der Dampfmaschine und der heute bekannten Verbrennungsmotoren

7946:

Hans-Hermann Braess (ed.), Ulrich Seiffert (ed.): Vieweg Handbuch Kraftfahrzeugtechnik, 6th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2012,

4808:

Theorie und Konstruktion eines rationellen Wärmemotors zum Ersatz der Dampfmaschine und der heute bekannten Verbrennungsmotoren

3352: 3333:

light twin, which exhibited exceptional fuel efficiency surpassing anything in its class, and its single-seat predecessor, the

3167:. This was the highest powered diesel engine yet (1920) installed in a ship. Note man standing lower right for size comparison. 9159: 7219: 3351:

has reported that "by 2007, various jet-fueled piston aircraft had logged well over 600,000 hours of service". In early 2019,

284:, agricultural equipment and electricity generation plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in some 11334: 11313: 11306: 10303: 9439: 9418: 9397: 9224: 9211: 8816: 8795: 8774: 8753: 8729: 8708: 8682: 8661: 8635: 8611: 8590: 8569: 8461: 8423: 8399: 8378: 8357: 8332: 8304: 8280: 8256: 8231: 8206: 8181: 8157: 8136: 8083: 7993: 7972: 7951: 7909: 7887: 7854: 7833: 7786: 7750:"Diesel injection pumps, Diesel injectors, Diesel fuel pumps, turbochargers, Diesel trucks all at First Diesel Injection LTD" 7736: 7694: 7673: 7652: 7631: 7610: 7560: 7539: 7515: 7494: 7456: 7432: 7411: 7390: 7366: 7340: 7163: 7130: 7097: 7075: 7054: 7004: 6927: 6868: 6846: 6825: 6804: 6783: 6620: 6534: 6490: 6466: 6378: 6354: 6333: 6172: 6117: 6081: 6053: 5959: 5938: 5917: 5872: 5848: 5824: 5803: 5767: 5743: 5693: 5665: 5622: 5598: 5574: 5534: 5510: 5486: 5465: 5444: 5423: 5375: 5354: 5330: 5309: 5288: 5267: 5243: 5219: 5192: 5168: 5147: 5126: 5102: 5081: 5060: 5039: 4981: 4957: 4939: "Verbrennungskraftmaschine mit veränderlicher Dauer der unter wechselndem Überdruck stattfindenden Brennstoffeinführung" 4917: 4893: 4869: 4845: 4816: 4773: 4749: 4723: 4702: 4681: 4657: 4636: 4612: 4588: 4564: 4543: 4522: 4501: 4474: 4448: 4427: 4406: 4379: 4355: 4334: 4313: 4292: 4268: 4247: 4226: 4202: 4042: 4002: 3978: 3957: 3936: 3884: 3857: 3833: 3809: 3782: 3656: 3594: 3570: 2948:

diesel by fuelling diesel cars with petrol to prevent the fuel from gelling when the temperatures dropped below −15 °C.

8481: 11348: 11327: 2547: 2544: 1231:

1985: December, road testing of a common rail injection system for lorries using a modified 6VD 12,5/12 GRF-E engine in an

620:

1893: November 30, Diesel applies for a patent (RP 82168) for a modified combustion process. He obtains it on 12 July 1895.

8913: 3163:

One of the eight-cylinder 3200 I.H.P. Harland and Wolff – Burmeister & Wain diesel engines installed in the motorship

3138:

have replaced the diesel locomotive for passenger services in many areas diesel traction is widely used for cargo-hauling

594:

1893: February 21, Diesel and the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg sign a contract that allows Diesel to build a prototype engine.

11355: 11341: 9721: 6981: 2718:, as well as mixtures of these fuels, were used. Typical fuels specifically intended to be used for diesel engines were 2603:

In diesel engines, a mechanical injector system atomizes the fuel directly into the combustion chamber (as opposed to a

1523:

Internal mixture formation. In diesel engines, the mixture of air and fuel is only formed inside the combustion chamber.

10242: 9693: 9112: 7799: 6660: 6643: 6570: 6513: 6236: 6215: 6001: 5980: 5896: 4112: 3341: 828: 198:

Diesel engines work by compressing only air, or air combined with residual combustion gases from the exhaust (known as

8096: 6131: 4150:, United States Patent No. 542,846, Filed Aug 26, 1892, Issued July 16, 1895, Inventor Rudolf Diesel of Berlin Germany 1684:

As well as the high level of compression allowing combustion to take place without a separate ignition system, a high

1531: 208: 10390: 8837: 8436: 5781: 1792:

However, there is no high-voltage electrical ignition system present in a diesel engine. This eliminates a source of

1617: 811: 384:. Linde explained that steam engines are capable of converting just 6–10% of the heat energy into work, but that the 3618: 357:

First fully functional diesel engine, designed by Imanuel Lauster, built from scratch, and finished by October 1896.

3490: 3340:

In subsequent years, several other companies have developed aircraft diesel engines, or have begun to—most notably

3283:

co-designer Karl H. Bergey argued that "the likelihood of a general aviation diesel in the near future is remote."

3159: 2984: 1732:

of diesel engines is better than most other types of combustion engines, due to their high compression ratio, high

1162: 4787: 9074: 3348: 3279:

From then, until the late 1970s, there had not been many applications of the diesel engine in aircraft. In 1978,

1261: 166:; thus, the diesel engine is called a compression-ignition engine (CI engine). This contrasts with engines using 9455: 6600:

At the recent Frankfurt motor show, Siemens, Bosch and Delphi all launched piezoelectric fuel injection systems.

11455: 9920: 8988: 3131: 2425: 1416:

2008: Volkswagen starts series production of the biggest passenger car diesel engine, the Audi 6-litre V12 TDI.

651:

1897: February 1, Diesel's prototype engine is running and finally ready for efficiency testing and production.

11212: 10159: 8506: 7187: 6254:

Der VW-Konzern präsentiert seine neuesten Golf-Variante – den ersten Wolfsburger Personenwagen mit Dieselmotor

1733: 536:. Contracts were signed in April 1893, and in early summer 1893, Diesel's first prototype engine was built in 11108: 10584: 10217: 3530: 1983: 1483: 1475: 1395: 1155: 860: 770: 9015: 4348:

Nicolaus August Otto Rudolf Diesel, Biographien hervorragender Naturwissenschaftler, Techniker und Mediziner

3950:

Nicolaus August Otto Rudolf Diesel, Biographien hervorragender Naturwissenschaftler, Techniker und Mediziner

3929:

Nicolaus August Otto Rudolf Diesel, Biographien hervorragender Naturwissenschaftler, Techniker und Mediziner

3310:

can, theoretically, provide a net reduction in atmospheric carbon compared to avgas. For these reasons, the

2252:

and the quantity of fuel injected is controlled either mechanically (by a rack or lever) or electronically.

11114: 9801: 7475:. ASME 1951 Annual Meeting. Atlantic City, New Jersey: Electro-Motive Division, General Motors Corporation. 3325:

By the late 1990s / early 2000s, diesel engines were beginning to appear in light aircraft. Most notably,

3253: 2489: 1793: 1467: 1377: 2658: 2636:

willing to ignite and hence not cause a high ignition delay, (this means that the fuel should have a high

613:

1893: August 10, Diesel injects fuel (petrol) for the first time, resulting in combustion, destroying the

11486: 3264: 2483: 1709: 933:

in Germany start production of the most successful mass-produced aviation diesel engine of all time, the

7585: 3669: 1842:

There are several different ways of categorising diesel engines, as outlined in the following sections.

11496: 11372: 11174: 9744: 9657: 9548: 9504: 9493: 8032: 7707: 3746: 3689: 1399: 1205: 1146: 243: 148: 66: 6587: 3631: 2587:) which can run directly in many diesel engines, while gasoline engines either need adaptation to run 1086: 1056: 11148: 10353: 10267: 10232: 10212: 10164: 10072: 7753: 5012: 3334: 3024: 2475: 2469: 2408: 2331: 2311: 1797: 1427:

diesel engine to be fitted to a passenger car. It is a 2-litre common rail engine, rated 110 kW.

1198: 1102: 199: 9047: 8061: 4930: 4160: 3075: 2155:-driven plungers for lifting the injection needle, whilst newer CR injectors use plungers driven by 2067: 1238:

1987: Daimler-Benz introduces the electronically controlled injection pump for lorry diesel engines.

11491: 11103: 11059: 10561: 10348: 10189: 9898: 9615: 6229:

Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff

6208:

Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff

3906: 3485: 2429: 2418: 2017: 1388: 1031: 732: 502: 313: 9335:

Nanlin, Zhang; Shengyuan, Zhong; Jingtu, Feng; Jinwen, Cai; Qinan, Pu; Yuan, Fan (March 1, 1993).

9283:"Low Heat Rejection From High Output Ceramic Coated Diesel Engine and Its Impact on Future Design" 1535: 629:

1895: March 30, Diesel applies for a patent (RP 86633) for a starting process with compressed air.

11476: 11184: 11159: 10778: 10123: 8875: 8542:

Pirotte, Marcel (July 5, 1984). "Gedetailleerde Test: Citroën BX19 TRD" [Detailed Test].

6552:, in MTZ – Motortechnische Zeitschrift, Springer, September 2002, Volume 63, Issue 9, pp. 696–704 3426:

Three English Electric 7SRL diesel-alternator sets being installed at the Saateni Power Station;

3222:

Diesel engines had been used in aircraft before World War II, for instance, in the rigid airship

2888: 2101: 1822: 972: 187: 10963: 9475: 6548: 3029:

Diesel engines have long been popular in bigger cars and have been used in smaller cars such as

2683:

using coal dust (as well as liquid fuels and gas); his actual engine was designed to operate on

1527:

all times, and the torque output is regulated solely by controlling the amount of injected fuel.

1305: 1281:

1993: First passenger car diesel engine with four valves per cylinder, the Mercedes-Benz OM 604.

661:

1897: 29 October, Rudolf Diesel obtains a patent (DRP 95680) on supercharging the diesel engine.

604:

1893: April 10, Diesel and Krupp sign a contract that allows Diesel to build a prototype engine.

414:

Diesel was heavily criticised for his essay, but only a few found the mistake that he made; his

11407: 11179: 11089: 11016: 10589: 9945: 8006: 7253: 5182: 3719: 3475: 3411: 3407: 3330: 3291: 3212: 2779:

standard. Watercraft diesel engines usually operate on diesel engine fuel that conforms to the

2351: 2088:, "swirl chamber" or "pre-chamber," unlike petrol engines where the fuel is often added in the 1166: 353: 10505: 8513: 7293: 5547: 5500: 2733:

Heating oil: 10,000 kcal·kg (41.8 MJ·kg) up to 10,200 kcal·kg (42.7 MJ·kg)

1781:

or "probable carcinogen" and is known to increase the risk of heart and respiratory diseases.

10908: 10773: 10528: 10062: 9903: 9541: 9034: 8930: 8048: 5655: 5564: 3241: 3127: 3096: 3004: 2730:

Diesel oil: 10,200 kcal·kg (42.7 MJ·kg) up to 10,250 kcal·kg (42.9 MJ·kg)

2537: 2458: 2447: 2121: 2097: 1909: 1902: 1517: 1446: 1442: 1052:

that incorporates separate components for generating injection pressure and injection timing.

946: 163: 86: 5233: 3318:

airports (and generally), than less-expensive, diesel-compatible fuels like Jet-A and other

2028:

Due to the lack of discrete exhaust and intake strokes, all two-stroke diesel engines use a

1211:

1979: First prototype of a low-speed two-stroke crosshead engine with common rail injection.

1098:, a design that incorporates a central sphere combustion chamber in the piston (DBP 865683). 950:). The engine is offered in several versions ranging from 600–900 hp (447–671 kW). 709:

1903: Two first diesel-powered ships are launched, both for river and canal operations: The

11402: 11366: 10057: 9829: 9610: 6013:

Fleet Owner, Volume 59, Primedia Business Magazines & Media, Incorporated, 1964, p. 107

3422: 2719: 2133: 1968: 1898: 1513: 1424: 1201:

becomes the first compact passenger sedan/saloon to be offered with a diesel engine option.

980: 548:

argues that, it can be presumed that Diesel copied the concept of air-blast injection from

35: 9108: 6655:

Brian Long: Zero Carbon Car: Green Technology and the Automotive Industry, Crowood, 2013,

2072:

So-called dual-fuel diesel engines or gas diesel engines burn two different types of fuel

1808:

To control the torque output at any given time (i.e. when the driver of a car adjusts the

1672:

directly into the compressed air in the combustion chamber. This may be into a (typically

1287:

1996: First diesel engine with direct injection and four valves per cylinder, used in the

405:. After several years of working on his ideas, Diesel published them in 1893 in the essay 296:

average for diesel cars at the time accounted for half of newly registered cars. However,

8: 11260: 10981: 10793: 10538: 10207: 10105: 9835: 9704: 9630: 9605: 3899:"Origin of Diesel Engine is in Fire Piston of Mountainous People Lived in Southeast Asia" 3381: 3287: 3230: 3147: 3135: 2641: 2584: 2393: 2211: 1924:

Stationary 12 cylinder turbo-diesel engine coupled to a generator set for auxiliary power

1225: 994: 766: 541: 289: 230: 226: 76: 6940: 6635:

Advanced Direct Injection Combustion Engine Technologies and Development: Diesel Engines

6505:

Advanced Direct Injection Combustion Engine Technologies and Development: Diesel Engines

4081: 2255:

Due to increased performance requirements, unit injectors have been largely replaced by

1750:

Diesel engines are combustion engines and, therefore, emit combustion products in their

1689: 1335: 11392: 11270: 11242: 10986: 10918: 10422: 10128: 9925: 9575: 9181: 8788:

Der Aufbau schnellaufender Verbrennungskraftmaschinen für Kraftfahrzeuge und Triebwagen

8767:

Der Aufbau schnellaufender Verbrennungskraftmaschinen für Kraftfahrzeuge und Triebwagen

8129:

Der Aufbau schnellaufender Verbrennungskraftmaschinen für Kraftfahrzeuge und Triebwagen

7927: 7022: 6723:"'It Was Installed For This Purpose,' VW's U.S. CEO Tells Congress About Defeat Device" 5952:

Der Aufbau schnellaufender Verbrennungskraftmaschinen für Kraftfahrzeuge und Triebwagen

5910:

Der Aufbau schnellaufender Verbrennungskraftmaschinen für Kraftfahrzeuge und Triebwagen

5887:

Kevin EuDaly, Mike Schafer, Steve Jessup, Jim Boyd, Andrew McBride, Steve Glischinski:

5682: 3525: 2530: 2335: 2179: 2089: 2085: 2010: 1595: 1204:

1978: Daimler-Benz produces the first passenger car diesel engine with a turbocharger (

1077: 1001: 930: 832: 501:

says that the diesel engine is Diesel's "very own work" and that any "Diesel myth" is "

238: 215: 9432:

Thermodynamik des Kraftfahrzeugs: Grundlagen und Anwendungen – mit Prozesssimulationen

8105:"Detroit Diesel Introduces DDEC Ether Start", March 13, 1995, accessed March 14, 2011. 6249: 2162:

The injection pressure of modern CR systems ranges from 140 MPa to 270 MPa.

1660:

by using highly compressed hot air to ignite the fuel rather than using a spark plug (

1394:

2006: Daimler-Chrysler launches the first series-production passenger car engine with

1387:, equipped with a 5.5-litre V12-TDI engine, rated 476 kW (638 hp), wins the 968: 564: 514: 11417: 11280: 11265: 11252: 11232: 11207: 11051: 9930: 9870: 9821: 9435: 9414: 9393: 9207: 8833: 8812: 8791: 8770: 8749: 8725: 8704: 8678: 8657: 8631: 8607: 8586: 8565: 8457: 8419: 8395: 8374: 8353: 8328: 8300: 8276: 8252: 8227: 8202: 8177: 8153: 8132: 8079: 7989: 7968: 7947: 7915: 7905: 7883: 7850: 7829: 7782: 7732: 7690: 7669: 7648: 7627: 7606: 7556: 7535: 7511: 7490: 7452: 7428: 7407: 7386: 7362: 7336: 7309: 7269: 7169: 7159: 7136: 7126: 7103: 7093: 7071: 7050: 7010: 7000: 6923: 6874: 6864: 6842: 6821: 6800: 6779: 6656: 6639: 6616: 6566: 6530: 6509: 6486: 6462: 6404: 6374: 6350: 6329: 6232: 6211: 6168: 6113: 6077: 6049: 5997: 5976: 5955: 5934: 5913: 5892: 5868: 5844: 5820: 5799: 5763: 5739: 5689: 5661: 5618: 5594: 5570: 5530: 5506: 5482: 5461: 5440: 5419: 5371: 5350: 5326: 5305: 5284: 5263: 5239: 5215: 5188: 5164: 5143: 5122: 5098: 5077: 5056: 5035: 4977: 4953: 4913: 4889: 4865: 4841: 4812: 4769: 4745: 4719: 4698: 4677: 4653: 4632: 4608: 4584: 4560: 4539: 4518: 4497: 4470: 4463: 4444: 4423: 4402: 4375: 4351: 4330: 4309: 4288: 4264: 4243: 4222: 4198: 4128: 4038: 3998: 3974: 3953: 3932: 3880: 3853: 3829: 3805: 3778: 3724: 3652: 3590: 3566: 3480: 3224: 3123: 3099:

of 2.5–3.5 kg·kW for heavy duty and 2.0–3.0 kg·kW for medium duty engines.

3043: 2527: 2437: 2051: 1929: 1813: 1809: 1717: 1685: 1491: 1438: 1005: 987: 913: 847: 614: 549: 483: 258: 220: 203: 31: 9310:"Thermomechanical Stress Analysis of Novel Low Heat Rejection Cylinder Head Designs" 8790:. In: Hans List (ed.): Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine. Vol. 11. Springer, Wien 1942, 8769:. In: Hans List (ed.): Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine. Vol. 11. Springer, Wien 1942, 8131:. In: Hans List (ed.): Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine. Vol. 11. Springer, Wien 1942, 6941:"Medium and Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle Modeling Using a Fuel Consumption Methodology" 5912:. In: Hans List (ed.): Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine. Vol. 11. Springer, Wien 1942, 3314:

community has begun to fear the possible banning or discontinuance of leaded avgas.

3015:

The characteristics of diesel have different advantages for different applications.

2341:

In the past, a wider variety of cold-start methods were used. Some engines, such as

1850:

Günter Mau categorises diesel engines by their rotational speeds into three groups:

1347: 797:

1911: November 27, the Allgemeine Gesellschaft für Dieselmotoren A.-G. is dissolved.

513:

Diesel sought out firms and factories that would build his engine. With the help of

52: 11222: 11169: 11099: 10996: 10873: 10703: 10222: 10179: 10138: 10087: 10052: 9973: 9960: 9481: 9371: 9344: 9317: 9290: 9263: 9254:

Schwarz, Ernest; Reid, Michael; Bryzik, Walter; Danielson, Eugene (March 1, 1993).

9163: 7212: 6901: 6440: 6396: 3510: 3365: 3311: 3268: 3260: 3234: 3119: 2604: 2533: 2434: 2422: 2381: 2327: 2326:

In warmer climates, diesel engines do not require any starting aid (aside from the

2156: 1952: 1479: 934: 856:

1914: MAN builds 900 PS (662 kW) two-stroke engines for Dutch submarines.

670:

1898: September 17, the Allgemeine Gesellschaft für Dieselmotoren A.-G. is founded.

523: 301: 10823: 9308:

Danielson, Eugene; Turner, David; Elwart, Joseph; Bryzik, Walter (March 1, 1993).

9232: 8933:

1940, reproduced at Aviation Engine Historical Society, retrieved December 5, 2022

5954:. In: Hans List (ed.): Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine. V. 11. Springer, Wien 1942, 3071: 1445:

1.8 L DOHC I4, the world's first passenger car diesel engine that features a

1221:

1981/82: Uniflow scavenging for two-stroke marine diesel engines becomes standard.

11412: 11237: 11227: 11217: 10848: 10333: 10044: 9893: 9850: 9652: 9580: 9523: 8980: 8944: 8917: 8474: 8102: 7470: 6634: 6504: 6139: 5638: 5612: 4022: 3403: 3373: 3369: 3357: 3303: 3299: 2943:

and around fuel lines were used to solve this problem. Also, most engines have a

2740:: 9,150 kcal·kg (38.3 MJ·kg) up to 9,250 kcal·kg (38.7 MJ·kg) 2715: 2540: 2273: 2249: 2206:

Typical early 20th century air-blast injected diesel engine, rated at 59 kW.

2202: 2096:. Engines where the fuel is injected into the main combustion chamber are called 2029: 1994: 1975:

Low-speed diesel engines are usually very large in size and mostly used to power

1951:

Medium-speed engines intended for marine applications are usually used to power (

1818: 1767: 1755: 1729: 1696:), premature detonation is not a problem and compression ratios are much higher. 1693: 1541: 1045: 1027: 993:

1936: Manufacture of the first mass-produced passenger car with a diesel engine (

903: 843: 711: 642: 556: 490: 281: 234: 9362:

Kamo, Lloyd; Kleyman, Ardy; Bryzik, Walter; Schwarz, Ernest (February 1, 1995).

2355:

a delay, forcing the inlet air to heat up when entering the combustion chamber.

1777:

The particulate matter in diesel exhaust emissions is sometimes classified as a

674: 11163: 10953: 10928: 10913: 10818: 10765: 10447: 10199: 10169: 10024: 9791: 9590: 8923: 8910: 8854: 7866: 3674: 3500: 3361: 3280: 3245: 2992: 2980: 2969: 2632: 2608: 2588: 2507: 2342: 2128: 1890: 1771: 1745: 1545: 1452:

2012: BMW introduces dual-stage turbocharging with three turbochargers for the

1020: 1016: 959: 864: 655: 545: 498: 494: 402: 381: 309: 293: 9498: 9487: 8956: 8954: 7919: 7173: 2100:(DI) engines, while those which use a swirl chamber or pre-chamber are called 1122:

1955: Turbocharging for MAN two-stroke marine diesel engines becomes standard.

738:

1905: January 14: Diesel applies for a patent on unit injection (L20510I/46a).

664:

1898: February 1, the Diesel Motoren-Fabrik Actien-Gesellschaft is registered.

497:, also use an operating cycle that is different from the diesel engine cycle. 11470: 11450: 11432: 11144: 10991: 10943: 10933: 10683: 10637: 10533: 10472: 10371: 10262: 10255: 10077: 10009: 9968: 9885: 9825: 9786: 9776: 9713: 9662: 9640: 9625: 8894: 8647: 8292: 8268: 7140: 7107: 7014: 6878: 6408: 4969: 4905: 4881: 4857: 4833: 4802: 4394: 4178: 4147: 3872: 3845: 3821: 3797: 3770: 3515: 3444: 3344:

which, by 2018, was reporting it had sold over 5,000 such engines worldwide.

3249: 3139: 3130:

soon after. Nearly all modern diesel locomotives are more correctly known as

2823: 2711: 2637: 2346: 2315: 2299: 2234: 1638: 1563: 1559: 1551: 1534:. Diesel engines run at global air-fuel ratios significantly leaner than the 1360: 1324: 899:

1923: The first two-stroke diesel engine with counterflow scavenging appears.

839: 791: 582: 560: 471: 451: 439: 369: 340: 333: 329: 297: 171: 144: 96: 10898: 9104: 9102: 8897:(reproductions of early media articles and photos, with added information), 6400: 6186:

Vorkammer Adieu: Im Jahr 1964 kommen erste Direkteinspritzer bei Lkw und Bus

2363: 1920: 1169:

and nicknamed the "Jake Brake", is invented and patented by Clessie Cummins.

1129:

becomes the first mass-produced passenger sedan/saloon manufactured outside

916:

introduces the first inline injection pump for motor vehicle diesel engines.

632:

1895: June 26, the second prototype passes brake testing for the first time.

10893: 10888: 10798: 10642: 10617: 10467: 9988: 9983: 9950: 9855: 9845: 9781: 9765: 9675: 9635: 9281:

Bryzik, Walter; Schwarz, Ernest; Kamo, Roy; Woods, Melvin (March 1, 1993).

9256:"Combustion and Performance Characteristics of a Low Heat Rejection Engine" 9147: 8951: 7986:

Handbuch Maschinenbau – Grundlagen und Anwendungen der Maschinenbau-Technik

6384: 6136:

The 403, launched half a century ago, established Peugeot as a global brand

5657:

Medium/Heavy Duty Truck Engines, Fuel & Computerized Management Systems

5614:

The History of J & H McLaren of Leeds: Steam & Diesel Engine Makers

3662: 3495: 3039: 2962: 2524: 2376: 2218: 2170: 1763: 1759: 1713: 1647: 1630: 1406: 1384: 1130: 1059:(KHD) introduces an air-cooled mass-production diesel engine to the market. 976: 954: 938: 909:

1925: Sendling starts mass-producing a diesel-powered agricultural tractor.

880: 742: 696: 385: 269: 268:. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary 9517:

Method of and Apparatus for Converting Heat into Work. # 542846 filed 1892

9411:

Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik

9390:

Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik

9364:"Recent Development of Tribological Coatings for High Temperature Engines" 8746:

Handbuch Verbrennungsmotor: Grundlagen, Komponenten, Systeme, Perspektiven

8722:

Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik

8675:

Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik

8628:

Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik

8416:

Handbuch Verbrennungsmotor: Grundlagen, Komponenten, Systeme, Perspektiven

7893: 7880:

Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik

7532:

Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik

7472:

History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine

6920:

Handbuch Verbrennungsmotor: Grundlagen, Komponenten, Systeme, Perspektiven

6347:

Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik

6326:

Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik

5502:

Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates

5347:

Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik

2726:

such as the following; these fuels have specific lower heating values of:

1356:

2000: Peugeot introduces the diesel particulate filter for passenger cars.

941:, over 900 examples are produced. Its rated take-off power is 645 kW. 11445: 11387: 11382: 11199: 11139: 11124: 11079: 11011: 10948: 10903: 10808: 10693: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10556: 10462: 10366: 10250: 10067: 10019: 9978: 9935: 9865: 9680: 9600: 9585: 9564: 9099: 9080: 8890: 8888: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8865: 6549:

Neues Common-Rail-Einspritzsystem mit Piezo-Aktorik für Pkw-Dieselmotoren

6257: 3505: 3458: 3105: 2988: 2771: 2559: 2502: 2442: 2256: 2148: 1906: 1751: 1487: 1460: 1331: 1298: 1288: 1191: 1126: 818: 803:

1912: MAN builds the first double-acting piston two-stroke diesel engine.

746: 443: 394: 390: 277: 262: 183: 156: 3638:

volume 25, Article number: 15, retrieved December 5, 2022

3625: 2486:, Mitsui Mazda IHI Kawasaki Honda Suzuki Subaru Isuzu Nissan plus others 2002: 1656:

The diesel internal combustion engine differs from the gasoline powered

159:

is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to

11041: 11026: 11021: 10788: 10627: 10609: 10520: 10482: 10457: 10338: 10298: 10277: 10272: 10174: 10082: 10014: 9940: 9880: 9811: 9620: 9595: 8843: 8371:

Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren: Funktionsweise, Simulation, Messtechnik

3461:

operating principles due to Otto engine development steps made towards

2514: 2398: 2186: 2112: 2093: 1882: 1778: 1657: 1316: 1242: 807: 555:

In February 1896, Diesel considered supercharging the third prototype.

285: 247: 179: 167: 152: 9142:

Rik D Meininger et al.: "Knock criteria for aviation diesel engines",

9136: 8885: 8862: 7965:

Basiswissen Verbrennungsmotor: Fragen – rechnen – verstehen – bestehen

3070:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

1928:

Medium-speed engines are used in large electrical generators, railway

11189: 11129: 11069: 11036: 10938: 10923: 10883: 10878: 10858: 10838: 10783: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10622: 10599: 10495: 10452: 10293: 10034: 10029: 9816: 9796: 9645: 9459: 8948:, Report for U.S. Department of Transportation, September 1978, p. 19 3694: 3307: 3183: 3030: 2940: 2684: 2676: 2628: 2580: 1905:. Many modern engines, particularly in on-highway applications, have 1245:

becomes the first mass-produced passenger car in the world to have a

1024: 728: 398: 273: 160: 132: 9003: 9001: 8512:. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Archived from 1754:. Due to incomplete combustion, diesel engine exhaust gases include 429:

stated that the compression must be sufficient to trigger ignition.

11427: 11422: 11397: 11134: 10863: 10853: 10843: 10828: 10803: 10647: 10632: 10594: 10566: 10510: 10500: 10437: 10316: 10312: 10184: 9915: 9840: 9806: 9375: 9348: 9321: 9294: 9267: 7902:

Dieselmotor-Management Systeme, Komponenten, Steuerung und Regelung

6905: 6444: 3613: 3427: 3326: 3319: 3196: 3100: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2743: 2737: 2723: 2703: 2653: 2620: 2403: 2222: 2190: 2152: 1830: 1253: 1094: 1073: 648:

1896: October 6, the third and final prototype engine is completed.

601:" (Working Methods and Techniques for Internal Combustion Engines). 537: 251: 175: 5796: