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time in the vehicle increases, which is generally observed when operating a vehicle. Fatigue and hazardous road conditions add to this risk. Second, while income from employment is greater in other cities, stress from commuting factors become a factor for personal health. Ironically, stress from having to locate employment or being placed in a low-income situation might lead to a similar outcome. However, this is dichotomous with the satisfaction of a sustainable income and good employment, which is clearly the goal of an individual who is faced with commuting.
426:. Where Los Angeles is infamous for its automobile gridlock, commuting in New York is closely associated with the subway; in London and Tokyo and several European cities, "commuter" is automatically associated with rail passengers. In the near future there may be another move away from the traditional "commute" with the introduction of flexible working. Some have suggested that many employees would be far more productive and live healthier, stress-free lives if the daily commute is removed completely.
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Since commuting largely stems from a need to travel outside a home community to sustain a household income while facing a bleak local employment market, this comes with additional social and health implications. First, there is the increased risk of injury and accident while driving as distance and
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must be sustained and this leads to a wider field of job search beyond a local area to the next nearest city or metropolitan area, resulting in the requirement for commuting. Hence, in areas where little or no transit options exist that can facilitate a journey to work to meet the requirements of a
711:
In a study involving 10 universities in Canada, 61% of students reported that their commute was a challenge to campus participation, while 30% perceived it as a barrier to academic success. Factors influencing satisfaction included commute mode, duration, travel attitudes, and campus type. Notably,
690:
Operations
Specialists (30.2), while those in the military had the shortest commute (21). In general, urban and suburban workers in the US have similar commute times (about 30 minutes), while rural workers have significantly shorter commutes (22.6 minutes). In the US, over 90% of workers commute by
385:
Before the 19th century, most workers lived less than an hour's walk from their work. The
Industrial Revolution brought specialization of work and workplaces, and relocated most paid work from households and rural areas to factories in urban areas. Today, many people travel daily to work a long way
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have either closed or laid off workers, with no other employers to absorb that loss) and, in general, the sheer lack of local employment. More specifically, wages from local employers are often insufficient for a worker household to sustain itself. As a result, the needs of worker
326:, leaves the boundary of their home community. By extension, it can sometimes be any regular or often repeated travel between locations, even when not work-related. The modes of travel, time taken and distance traveled in commuting varies widely across the globe. Most people in
670:(ACS) collects data on commuting times, allowing an analysis of average commute time by industry, location, and vehicle. According to the 2014 ACS, the average commute time for adults in the United States was 26.8 minutes. The occupations with the longest commutes were
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377:
derives from the early days of rail travel in US cities, such as New York, Philadelphia, Boston and
Chicago, where, in the 1840s, the railways engendered suburbs from which travelers paid a reduced or 'commuted' fare into the city. Later, the
382:"commute" and "commuter" were coined therefrom. Commuted tickets would usually allow the traveler to repeat the same journey as often as they liked during the period of validity: normally, the longer the period the cheaper the cost per day.
349:, often for a week or more at a time rather than the more typical daily commute. Transportation links that enable commuting also impact the physical layout of cities and regions, allowing a distinction to arise between mostly-residential
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The number of students who commute to college continues to increase significantly as the years go by. From 1996 to 2006 alone, the percentage of undergraduate students who commuted to campus began to increase at a rate of 30% to 50%.
334:, so this is common in low-income countries but is also increasingly practised by people in wealthier countries for environmental and health reasons. In middle-income countries, motorcycle commuting is very common.
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in the United States. Commuters may sit up to two hours in traffic during rush hour. Construction work or collisions on the freeway distract and slow down commuters, contributing to even longer delays.
361:), but the specifics of how that distinction is realized remain drastically different between societies, with Eurasian "suburbs" often being more densely populated than North American "urban cores".
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Commuting has had a large impact on modern life. It has allowed cities to grow to sizes that were previously not practical, and it has led to the proliferation of suburbs. Many large cities or
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worker schedule, the use of a car is therefore made necessary. This is a personal choice driven by financial need, highlighting the broader issue of sustaining local economies.
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A UK study, published in 2009, found that on average women suffer four times as much psychological stress from their work commute as men do. An Indian study conducted in
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indicate that in addition to demographics and work duration, commute time is one of the most important determinants of discretionary time allocation by individuals.
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have also been proposed to reap the energy-efficiency benefits of a mass transit system while maintaining the speed and convenience of individual transport.
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456:, dormitory towns, or bedroom communities. The prototypical commuter lives in one of these areas and travels daily to work or to school in the core city.
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72% of students had one-way commutes of one hour or less, 22% had commutes lasting between 60 and 90 minutes, and 9% faced commutes exceeding 90 minutes.
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578:. Carpool lanes can help commuters reach their destinations more quickly, encourage people to socialize, and spend time together, while reducing air
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Misra, Rajul (1999). "Discretionary activity time allocation of individuals between in-home and out-of-home and between weekdays and weekends".
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541:, with congestion on roads and public transport systems not designed or maintained well enough to cope with the peak demands. As an example,
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policy requires to be developed to protect women while commuting as they felt stressed and scared to travel alone, particularly at night.
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The next technology adopted as countries develop is more dependent on location: in more populous, older cities, especially in
Eurasia
341:(rail, bus, etc.) predominates, while in smaller, younger cities, and large parts of North America and Australasia, commuting by
1199:"Study of commuter problems and opinions in a fast developing coastal city of Mangalore in India: A gender perspective analysis"
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in some large cities. The major culprits from transportation sources are carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO and NO
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582:. Some governments and employers have introduced employee travel reduction programs that encourage such alternatives as
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is more common. A small number of very wealthy people, and those working in remote locations around the world, also
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1623:"Commuters," a poetic rendition of the New Jersey-to-New York commuting life by Steve Peacock (2011) InDigestMag.com
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who lives in a core city but works in the suburbs, and to a type of secondary commuter who lives in a more distant
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The first separation between workplace and place of residence occurred as a result of the invention of the
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1574:"Commute satisfaction and its relationship to post-secondary students' campus participation and success"
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1281:(Press release). Boston, Massachusetts: United States Environmental Protection Agency. 30 April 2008.
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1463:"The Regional Transport of Ozone: New EPA Rulemaking on Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (EPA-456/F-98-006)"
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is often made necessary due to local employment market factors which may stem from the decline of
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Fernandes, Edmond; Nirgude, Abhay; Naik, Poonam; Dsouza, Neevan; Shetty, Soumya (1 April 2017).
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It’s driving her mad: gender differences in the effects of commuting on psychological well-being
929: – Refers to highly mobile individuals who take frequent trips, often over great distances.
1349:"Smog – Who Does It Hurt? What You Need to Know About Ozone and Your Health (EPA-452/K-99-001)"
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between a place of residence and place of work or study, where the traveler, referred to as a
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Smoothly from Harrow: A Compendium for the London
Commuter by Chris Moss (Blue Guides, 2013)
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Periodically recurring travel between one's place of residence and place of work, or study
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Most commuters travel at the same time of day, resulting in the morning and evening
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continue to walk to work. The cheapest method of commuting after walking is usually
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590:. Some are also carpooling using Internet sites to save money. Alternatives like
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629:, sulfur dioxide, and hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are the main components of
1255:. The Surface Transportation Policy Project. 19 August 2003. Archived from
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Heblich, Stephan; Redding, Stephen J.; Sturm, Daniel M. (1 November 2020).
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1451:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 14 February 2013.
1486:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013.
1393:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013.
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1468:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 1998.
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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Five Maps That Reveal New Truths About
America's Megaregions
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1293:"Sprawl Report 2001: Measuring Vehicle Contribution to Smog"
1354:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. July 1999.
1073:"The Making of the Modern Metropolis: Evidence from London"
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from their own towns, cities, and villages, especially in
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Transportation
Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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stated that creating a gender sensitive commuter-centric
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
982: – Study of air pollutant transport from a roadway
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1480:"State and County Emission Summaries: Nitrogen Oxides"
1387:"State and County Emission Summaries: Carbon Monoxide"
574:. Commuting by car is a major factor contributing to
1416:. Queensland Government. 4 April 2013. Archived from
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International
Journal of Health & Allied Sciences
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located in
Southern California is one of the busiest
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Platform 11 – Ireland's
National Rail Commuter Group
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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or low or no student housing populations are called
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Some Commuters are travelling from France to London
1559:
Understanding and Addressing Commuter Student Needs
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167:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1279:"EPA Tools Available as Summer Smog Season Starts"
961: – Car park with public transport connections
912: – Workers who commute from Mexico to the US
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1115:"There and Back Again: The soul of the commuter"
19:"Commuter" redirects here. For other uses, see
1499:"Which Professions Have the Longest Commutes?"
991: – Vehicle with low maximum capable speed
716:Commuting and the scarcity of local employment
617:and are a major ingredient in the creation of
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1237:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
1164:How a bad commute is worse for women than men
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641:. These molecules react with sunlight, heat,
87:The examples and perspective in this article
944: – Form of passenger urban rail transit
1572:Taylor, Ryan; Mitra, Raktim (1 July 2021).
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1021: – Urban planning prioritising transit
845:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
807:Social and health implications of commuting
793:(i.e., in cities where large manufacturing
754:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
67:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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774:Learn how and when to remove this message
245:Learn how and when to remove this message
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
125:Learn how and when to remove this message
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658:Commuting trends in the United States
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463:pushes farther and farther away from
263:Ring Road, Vienna, Austria, June 2005
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843:adding citations to reliable sources
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649:, and particles that comprise smog.
558:Cars carrying only one occupant use
165:adding citations to reliable sources
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1323:The Environment: A Global Challenge
1295:. Sierra Club. 2001. Archived from
13:
1113:Paumgarten, Nick (16 April 2007),
1080:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
891: – Use of a bicycle to travel
479:and works in the outlying city or
471:, leading to the existence of the
353:and the more economically focused
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916:Environmental impact of transport
48:This article has multiple issues.
1561:. J. Patrick Biddix. p. 80.
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1497:Kopf, Dan (23 February 2016).
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1019:Transit-oriented development
605:, also contribute. Airborne
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357:of a city (process known as
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519:in the United States, like
511:Institutions that have few
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1219:(inactive 20 March 2024).
1216:10.4103/ijhas.IJHAS_168_16
703:Commuting College Students
662:In the United States, the
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318:is periodically recurring
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1598:10.1016/j.trd.2021.102890
1414:"Motor vehicle pollution"
1143:. Routledge. p. 138.
668:American Community Survey
328:least-developed countries
21:Commuter (disambiguation)
1141:Encyclopedia of the City
388:industrialised societies
1537:10.1023/A:1005192230485
1185:University of Sheffield
1367:Cite journal requires
927:Hypermobility (travel)
592:personal rapid transit
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1179:Roberts, J., et al, "
1139:Caves, R. W. (2004).
989:Short Commute Vehicle
980:Roadway air pollution
693:public transportation
347:commute by air travel
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1484:Air emission sources
1391:Air Emission Sources
1162:Walsh, Meghan Ozy, "
954:Motorcycle commuting
948:Marchetti's constant
839:improve this section
748:improve this section
273:New York City Subway
161:improve this article
107:create a new article
99:improve this article
26:For other uses, see
1590:2021TRPD...9602890T
1299:on 15 November 2001
1092:10.1093/qje/qjaa014
343:personal automobile
1420:on 5 December 2019
1329:on 19 January 2001
1259:on 8 February 2007
1253:"Clearing the Air"
1170:, 20 February 2015
1121:, pp. para 14
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373:. The word
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176:"Commuting"
1652:Categories
1584:: 102890.
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1426:2017
1373:help
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830:any
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