66:
369:
arrest data, focus group interviews and interviews with local police, community leaders and residents pointed to substantial reductions in concentrations of prostitution and unlicensed vending. Arrests for prostitution in the
Midtown neighborhood dropped by 56 percent over the first 18 months and arrests for unlicensed vending fell by 24 percent, reflecting a visible reduction in criminal activity on the streets. Community members also reported a marked reduction in
129:
425:– Hennepin County Community Court (opened in June 1999); St. Paul (Minnesota) Community Court (opened in 2000); Babylon (New York) Community Court, (opened in September 2006); Harlem Community Justice Center (opened in May 2001); Hempstead (New York) Community Court (opened in June 1999); Red Hook ( Brooklyn, New York) Community Justice Center (opened in April 2000); Syracuse (New York) Community Court (opened in July 2001); Gresham (
25:
365:
Midtown Court produced significantly more intermediate sanctions than the city's conventional arraignment court. Intermediate sanctions included immediate assignment to community restitution projects (with offenders often beginning their sentences within 24 hours of their arraignments) to mandatory participation in social services, such as drug treatment or job training.
377:
work per year. The
Midtown Court's emphasis on immediacy—offenders must report to the Court's community service or social service center immediately after sentencing—also improved compliance rates. Nearly 75 percent complete their community restitution sentences as mandated, the highest rate in the city.
303:
By the end of 2010, there had been at least 19 separate evaluations conducted of community courts in the U.S., including 11 impact studies, nine process evaluations, and three cost-benefit analyses. A 2012 evaluation of the
District of Columbia Superior Court's East of the River Community Court found
376:
By 1997, the Court was arraigning an average of 65 cases per day for an annual total of over 16,000 cases. This volume made the
Midtown Court one of the busiest arraignment courts in the city. In addition, sentenced offenders were performing the equivalent of $ 175,000 worth of community restitution
385:
Over 30 community courts, inspired by the model of the
Midtown Community Court, are in operation or planning around the U.S. Although different in many ways, the various U.S. community courts all strive to create new relationships, both within the justice system and with outside stakeholders, such
368:
In addition, the researchers found "substantial evidence" that the
Midtown Court contributed to improvements in quality-of-life conditions in Times Square and surrounding neighborhoods. Together, ethnographic observations of local crime and safety "hot spots," interviews with offenders, analysis of
364:
The researchers also credited the
Midtown Court with changing conventional sentencing practices for low-level offenses, which were typically either sentences of "time served" (i.e., the time spent in jail between arrest and appearing in court) or short-term jail (a month or less). Sentencing at the
360:
on the implementation and early effects of the
Midtown Community Court over its first 18 months found that the project achieved its key operational objectives: to provide speedier justice; to make justice visible in the community where crimes take place; to encourage enforcement of low-level crime;
502:
neighborhood. The court seeks both to reduce the harm caused to the community by crime and use collaborative case management to help offenders make long-term changes to their behavior. However, Laura Track, a lawyer and housing campaigner for
Vancouver's Pivot Society, says there's a legal log jam
352:
Offenders at the
Midtown Community Court are sentenced to pay back the community through work projects in the neighborhood—caring for street trees, getting rid of graffiti, cleaning subway stations and sorting recycled cans and bottles. At the same time, wherever possible, the court uses its legal
344:
The Midtown Court experiment was born of a profound frustration with the conventional response to quality-of-life crime. Supporters of the initiative, which included justice system innovators, business leaders and neighborhood residents, felt that the justice system did not take community concerns
251:
that applies a problem-solving approach to local crime and safety concerns. Community courts can take many forms, but all strive to create new relationships, both within the justice system and with outside stakeholders such as residents, merchants, churches and schools. Community courts emphasize
348:
Court planners sited the new court in a renovated 1896 building. The building featured clean, bright holding rooms secured with glass panels rather than bars, a pointed contrast to the typical holding pens. The new courthouse also included a full floor of office space for social workers to assist
493:
Seventeen community court projects are in operation in South Africa. (In South Africa, the term "community court" also refers to a form of tribunal also known as Courts for Chiefs and Headmen; in these courts, an authorised African headman or his deputy may decide cases using indigenous law and
468:
Interest in the American community court model has increased abroad. A report by the Open Society Institute issued in 2008 found that by the end of 2007, 52 community courts were operational around the globe. The report said an additional 27 new courts were slated to open in coming years.
353:
leverage to link offenders with social services—drug treatment, health care, education—to help them address their problems. In these ways, the Midtown Community Court seeks to stem the chronic offending that demoralizes law-abiding residents.
340:
the court initially opened as a three-year demonstration project, designed to test the ability of criminal courts to forge closer links with the community and develop a collaborative problem-solving approach to quality-of-life offenses.
361:
to marshal the energy of local residents, organizations and businesses to collaborate on developing community service and social service projects; and to demonstrate that communities are victimized by quality-of-life offenses.
349:
offenders. And the building was wired for an innovative computer system that would allow the judge, attorneys and social service workers to keep in touch with each other and quickly access a defendant's full record.
252:
collaboration, crime prevention, and improved outcomes, including lower recidivism and safer communities. Community courts are also sometimes referred to as community or neighborhood justice centers.
405:) Community Court, opened in October 2000; Washington, D.C. – East of the River Community Court; Washington, D.C. – Traffic and Misdemeanor Community Court (opened in January 2002); West Palm Beach (
1132:
947:
690:
613:
1089:
YOUTH JUSTICE CONFERENCING AND RE-OFFENDING, Hennessey Hayes & Kathleen Daly, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland
844:
329:
neighborhood of Manhattan, targets quality-of-life offenses, such as prostitution, illegal vending, graffiti, shoplifting, farebeating, and vandalism.
1090:
1373:
969:
76:
1099:
Crime Prevention and Socio-Legal Reform on Aboriginal Communities in Queensland by Barbara Miller, Aboriginal Law Bulletin, AboriginalLB 18,
345:
seriously. They also felt that a court could use its leverage to more effectively address the causes and conditions that contribute to crime.
1086:
Marchetti and Daly (2004), 'Indigenous courts and justice practices in Australia', Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No. 277.
503:
ahead unless the government invests millions more in housing and treatment programs. This new court is presided over by Justice Thomas Gove.
694:
940:
617:
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custom, brought before him by an African against another African within his area of jurisdiction.) The Downtown Community Court opened in
260:
656:
1174:
485:, in 2006 the British government announced plans to create 11 new community courts, all of which were up and running by early 2008.
465:
reported in 2008 that interest in community courts was growing, citing new courts in the works in Newark, N.J., among other cities.
1137:
895:
1106:
409:) Community Court, opened in August 1999; Westgate Community Justice Center in Palm Beach County, Florida (opened in May 2006);
193:
1378:
165:
1363:
537:
256:
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869:
1337:
1037:
172:
1077:
576:
230:
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110:
52:
826:
1006:
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146:
38:
1091:
https://web.archive.org/web/20070721212436/http://www.griffith.edu.au/school/ccj/kdaly_docs/daly_pt2_paper_3b.pdf
639:
441:(opened in February 2000); Whitehaven Community Court in Memphis, Tennessee (opened in September 2002); Downtown
179:
867:
For more information about community courts in Great Britain, see the British government's official web site at
673:
767:
150:
386:
as residents, merchants, churches and schools. They also test new and aggressive approaches to public safety.
1167:
907:
851:
433:(opened in April 2001); Overland Park Community Court in Clackamas County, Oregon (opened in January 2005);
243:
In several countries including Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and South Africa, a
161:
515:
1105:
Recidivism in the Northern Territory: Adult Prisoners Released in 2001–02, Joe Yick & Peter Warner
742:
449:/Fair Park Community Court (opened in October 2004); West Dallas Community Court (opened November 2008);
337:
272:
801:
533:
1094:
1383:
1368:
1160:
596:
92:
1100:
999:"Northern Territory Indigenous community sentencing mechanisms: an order for substantive equality"
1388:
1322:
1312:
318:
139:
896:
http://www.criminaljusticereform.gov.bc.ca/en/justice_reform_projects/community_court/index.html
1225:
529:
248:
1107:
https://web.archive.org/web/20070902105724/http://www.aic.gov.au/conferences/2005-abs/yick.pdf
186:
998:
845:"Community Courts Across the Globe: A Survey of Goals, Performance Measures and Operations"
88:
44:
1116:
Courting the Community: Legal Transplants, Legal Innovation, and the Community Court Model
8:
1261:
850:. Criminal Justice Initiative of Open Society Foundation for South Africa. Archived from
760:
Dispensing Justice Locally: The Implementation and Effects of the Midtown Community Court
84:
332:
Operated as a public/private partnership among the New York State Unified Court System,
1342:
1279:
743:"How It Works: A Summary of Case Flow and Interventions at the Midtown Community Court"
525:
438:
1119:
1220:
1073:
763:
560:
521:
499:
495:
1307:
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that the program brought down rates of re-offending among misdemeanor defendants.
1200:
783:
564:
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along Ninth Avenue, the commercial strip that serves the residential community.
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to refer to a type of court that is designed to be culturally competent for
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894:
For more information about the Vancouver Community Justice Centre, see
842:
For a comprehensive overview of community courts around the world, see
506:
A community court project is also being planned for Glasgow, Scotland.
970:"'One of the missing links': Indigenous law courts to come back to NT"
437:
Community Court (opened in February 2002); Frayser Community Court in
429:) Community Court (opened in March 1998); Westside Community Court in
1302:
478:
461:
418:
390:
16:
Neighborhood-focused problem-solving courts emphasizing relationships
730:
Center for Court Innovation | Research. Development. Justice. Reform
128:
1095:
http://www.griffith.edu.au/school/ccj/kdaly_docs/kdaly_paper_17.rtf
398:
370:
259:
is the name given to Indigenous court proceedings conducted in the
1152:
1023:
729:
482:
454:
410:
406:
275:, community courts are animated by six key principles. They are:
657:"Community Court: The Research Literature: A Review of Findings"
477:
Based on the success of pilot community court projects in North
1111:
Chief Magistrate's Guidelines on Community Courts, 27 May 2005.
1101:
http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AboriginalLB/1991/18.html
827:"Community Justice Around the Globe: An International Overview"
446:
426:
394:
294:
Building a physical courthouse that reflects these ambitions.
674:"East of the River Community Court Evaluation: Final Report"
974:
929:
The Journal Online : Community court plans for Glasgow
380:
389:
Community courts in the United States include: Downtown
288:
Helping offenders deal with problems that lead to crime;
691:"Midtown Community Court | Center for Court Innovation"
417:
Community Court (opened in April 2001); Dakota County,
317:
The first community court in the United States was the
1148:
North Liverpool Community Justice Centre official site
1143:
Collingwood Neighbourhood Justice Centre official site
401:
Community Court (opened in November 1998); Waterbury (
285:
Knitting together a fractured criminal justice system;
717:"Neighborhood Justice at the Midtown Community Court"
520:
In Australia, the term "community court" was used in
1067:
996:
802:"Alternative courts gain ground for petty criminals"
1120:
http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01r781wj345
1118:. Princeton, New Jersey: Unpublished Thesis, 2015.
153:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1138:Vancouver’s Downtown Community Court official site
1072:. New York, New York: The New Press. p. 237.
640:"Community Court Principles: A Guide for Planners"
540:in the NT (2005–2012), are no longer operational.
393:Community Court Project (opened in October 2002);
1070:Good Courts: The Case for Problem-Solving Justice
291:Providing the courts with better information; and
1355:
445:Community Court (opened in October 1999); South
282:Bridging the gap between communities and courts;
614:"Community Court | Center for Court Innovation"
559:, in Queensland (2002-2012, 2016–present); and
1168:
997:Anthony, Thalia; Crawford, Will (2013–2014).
908:"Community court first of its kind in Canada"
551:(the oldest of its type, established 1999);
532:; however As of July 2022 both of these, the
73:The examples and perspective in this article
740:For an overview of how the court works, see
421:, Community Court (opened in October 2002);
397:Community Court (opened in September 2003);
261:Magistrates Court of the Northern Territory
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1175:
1161:
543:Equivalents in other states have been the
312:
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
213:Learn how and when to remove this message
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
962:
933:
799:
457:Community Court (opened in March 2005).
413:Community Court (opened in March 2000);
381:Replication of the community court model
1374:Northern Territory courts and tribunals
597:"Principles of Problem-Solving Justice"
1356:
453:Community Court (opened in May 2006);
1156:
1133:Midtown Community Court official site
1068:Berman, Greg; John Feinblatt (2005).
784:"Community Courts: An Evolving Model"
832:. Crime & Justice International.
789:. U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance.
498:, in 2008. The court addresses the
151:adding citations to reliable sources
122:
59:
18:
1338:Truth and reconciliation commission
1182:
13:
14:
1400:
1126:
941:"First Nations Specialist Courts"
577:Indigenous court (disambiguation)
472:
34:This article has multiple issues.
1007:Australian Indigenous Law Review
948:Law Society of Western Australia
719:. National Institute of Justice.
358:National Center for State Courts
307:
127:
64:
23:
1030:
990:
922:
900:
888:
861:
836:
819:
800:Leinwand, Donna (9 June 2008).
793:
776:
752:
555:, in Victoria (2002–present);
488:
138:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
748:. Center for Court Innovation.
734:
723:
709:
683:
666:
662:. Center for Court Innovation.
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645:. Center for Court Innovation.
632:
606:
602:. Center for Court Innovation.
589:
325:. The court, which serves the
1:
582:
266:
1379:Courts of the United Kingdom
536:in WA (2006–2015), and the
516:Indigenous court (Australia)
509:
7:
1364:Courts in the United States
570:
338:Center for Court Innovation
298:
273:Center for Court Innovation
87:, discuss the issue on the
10:
1405:
1060:
534:Aboriginal Community Court
513:
356:Research conducted by the
247:is a neighborhood-focused
1288:
1234:
1188:
1038:"Nunga Court Bench Book"
279:Restoring the community:
1323:Human rights commission
1313:Domestic violence court
319:Midtown Community Court
313:Midtown Community Court
1226:Problem-solving courts
530:Indigenous Australians
321:, launched in 1993 in
514:Further information:
249:problem-solving court
147:improve this article
93:create a new article
85:improve this article
75:may not represent a
1262:Mental health court
978:. 12 September 2019
762:. Routledge. 2000.
620:on 21 December 2008
1343:Small claims court
946:. Briefing Paper.
526:Northern Territory
439:Memphis, Tennessee
1351:
1350:
1271:
1221:Arbitral tribunal
857:on 22 April 2011.
561:Youth Koori Court
522:Western Australia
500:Downtown Eastside
496:Vancouver, Canada
271:According to the
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162:"Community court"
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95:, as appropriate.
57:
1396:
1384:Criminal justice
1369:Courts in Canada
1308:Livability court
1269:
1177:
1170:
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1154:
1153:
1083:
1054:
1053:
1051:
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876:on 7 August 2008
872:. Archived from
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693:. Archived from
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616:. Archived from
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538:Community Courts
431:Portland, Oregon
255:In Australia, a
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1280:Veterans' court
1242:Community court
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1201:Appellate court
1184:
1183:Types of courts
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1044:. 26 April 2022
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245:community court
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1298:Court of Honor
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1127:External links
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1079:1-56584-973-6
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950:. August 2021
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