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1439:, encouraging reform within the Warsaw Pact, especially Poland. A new generation of young people who had not borne witness to the brutal crackdown on Solidarity was also coming of age but still held much anti-communist sentiment, as exemplified by the Freedom and Peace Movement (WiP): a pacifist movement born from student organizers in 1980 who opposed the nuclear arms race and championed human rights, independence and
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essentially all of the country's history, reminding Poles that they were, at their core, a very spiritual people. The
Solidarity protests at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk reflected this with religious imagery prevalent throughout, such as pictures of the pope on display. John Paul II's pilgrimage led to a revitalization of religious and nationalist fervor within the country, two aspects which formed the backbone of
1460:, as an agreement which the Kremlin would agree to. By the next year when presidential elections were held however, Jaruzelski was soundly defeated by Wałęsa, establishing Poland's first non-communist government in roughly 45 years. This landmark event would lead to the subsequent removal of the regimes in the other Warsaw Pact countries, eventually culminating in the
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including Wałęsa himself as crackdowns seemed to push
Solidarity further underground, but when John Paul II made another visit to Poland in 1983, whose presence fueled another wave of fervor for the distinctly Catholic union, martial law was lifted in July as Wałęsa earned the Nobel Peace Prize in October.
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Poland was one of the first Warsaw Pact countries to abandon the totalitarianism of Stalin's regime, in part due to the stronger nationalist ideas present within it. Krushchev emphasized the continued role of communism - but in a new, revitalized form - whereas
Gomulka's government established their
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with approval from the United States and UK due to changes in its borders; ceding territories in its east in exchange for formerly German lands in the west. Beginning with the expulsion of minorities to neighboring countries such as
Belarus, by the time of the war's end in 1945 and the ascendancy of
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at the Stalin
Factory (ZiSPO). Its workers and many residents of the city all marched towards the city center on June 28 in expression of their many grievances such as wage cuts, demanding to meet with party leaders - leaders who did not show up. Further incensing the crowd, they stormed the prison
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with the PPR, legalizing its status as an independent trade union, and reached 10 million members by 1981, the government imposed martial law that same year on
December 12 in an attempt to crush the rapidly growing anti-communist movement. The following year saw several thousand civilians arrested
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incited a strike amongst
Walentynowicz's coworkers in response one week later, and presented their manifesto "Twenty-one Demands" on 17 August 1980. While mostly focusing on the rights of trade unions and their members, it also included demands for the recognition of the right to free speech and
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actively worked to push
Germans out of positions within the church and the newly acquired land in tandem with the Party, but asserted its autonomy when it held a Mass in 1945 attracting up to four million people. This independence also allowed the Church to establish its own institutions such as
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began his pilgrimage to his native country of Poland seeking to reinvigorate faith in the country after decades of encouraged atheism by the Soviet government. Beginning in Warsaw, John Paul II made frequent connections to Polish identity and the
Catholic faith which had been intertwined for
1443:. It was students like these who helped revive Solidarity, and by 1988 the PPR was willing to compromise with its leadership with Wałęsa by entering discussions rather than utilizing the armed forces in order to stop the strikes. This would eventually result in the
1308:, a mass scale rebuilding program, and progressive social policies. The popular support eventually eroded because of repressions, economic difficulties, and lack of freedoms, however the PZPR was kept in power for four decades under Soviet influence.
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to send 10,000 troops in to quell the revolt, resulting in 73 deaths as order was restored to the city. Unrest still lingered within a population desperate for reform, leading the PPR to elevate Gomułka as the new leader to assuage the population.
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to outside parties. On the day of the elections on June 4, Solidarity won almost every single senate seat available. Realizing how much power this new opposition had, another compromise was formed where the PPR would provide a president,
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to
General-Secretary of the PPR, it had begun cementing its tenuous power by exuding an ethno-nationalist ethos to unite a homogenizing Poland against threats to the country, i.e. minorities such as Germans.
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movement. These efforts to create a bridge between Poland's history and Marxist ideology were mildly successful, especially in comparison to similar attempts elsewhere in the
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and seized its weapons as well as freeing many inmates before descending upon the radio station. The Politburo approved action by
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other reforms for liberalization, forming the roots for what would become the Solidarity movement. Though it signed the
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have had a minimal impact on the political and economical life of the country and are ostracized. However,
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Reassessing Communism: Concepts, Culture, and Society in Poland 1944–1989
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Chmielewska, K., Mrozik, A., & Wołowiec, G. (Eds.). (2021).
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of the PZPR, remained active on the political scene after the
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McDermott, Kevin; Stibbe, Matthew, eds. (29 March 2016).
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soon became its leader. In the Soviet Union, Stalin and
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position as being one serving the interests of Poland.
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Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania
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as a communist organization under Soviet control. As
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can trace its origins to the late 19th century: the
1456:, and Solidarity would provide the prime minister,
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1637:"Dethroning Stalin: Poland 1956 and Its Legacy"
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1889:. Central European University Press.
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121:Class conflict
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30:
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21:
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2258:
2256:
2255:Faroe Islands
2253:
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2245:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:South Ossetia
2225:
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2215:
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2209:
2207:
2201:
2195:
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2110:
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2100:
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2079:Liechtenstein
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2018:
2015:
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1870:0-231-06608-2
1867:
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1352:secret speech
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1089:War communism
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805:Moufawad-Paul
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389:Organisations
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107:
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61:
51:
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41:
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29:
20:
19:
16:
2232:Transnistria
2128:
1861:
1832:
1822:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1743:(4): 27–46.
1740:
1736:
1695:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1505:
1501:
1471:
1427:
1410:
1398:
1389:Eastern Bloc
1366:
1349:
1345:
1331:August Hlond
1328:
1318:Polonization
1315:
1301:
1293:
1268:created the
1257:
1246:Soviet Union
1235:
1214:Soviet Union
1209:
1191:
1178:
1159:
1158:
1042:LGBTQ rights
1000:Anti-fascism
880:Soviet Union
874:
251:Gift economy
208:Wage slavery
64:
55:
36:
15:
2270:Isle of Man
2205:recognition
2179:Switzerland
2114:Netherlands
1792:(2): 3–14.
1437:perestroika
1417:Lech Wałęsa
1342:Post-Stalin
1306:land reform
1222:Great Purge
1204:formed the
1192:During the
1084:Trade union
870:Philippines
313:Pre-Marxist
306:Libertarian
50:introducing
2295:Categories
2149:San Marino
2109:Montenegro
2089:Luxembourg
2069:Kazakhstan
1972:Azerbaijan
1536:References
1406:Solidarity
1202:socialists
1189:Marxists.
685:Berlinguer
575:Khrushchev
33:references
2260:Gibraltar
2084:Lithuania
1902:, at the
1841:1231-1413
1806:0032-2970
1759:0032-2970
1715:947925280
1677:145262511
1661:0966-8136
1622:144269587
1606:0034-6705
1486:Politburo
1429:Gorbachev
1236:In 1939,
1064:Red Scare
822:By region
800:Hatherley
630:Althusser
565:Togliatti
515:Kollontai
510:Luxemburg
495:Pannekoek
490:Malatesta
485:Kropotkin
335:Christian
330:Religious
325:Primitive
291:Anarchist
271:Use value
240:Economics
93:Communism
58:July 2015
2280:Svalbard
2265:Guernsey
2212:Abkhazia
2164:Slovenia
2159:Slovakia
2134:Portugal
1992:Bulgaria
1849:41969421
1669:20451317
1514:See also
1433:glasnost
1260:, PPR).
1035:New Left
1030:Old Left
920:Red star
833:Colombia
750:Gordillo
725:Holloway
670:Guattari
640:Pasolini
625:Hobsbawm
610:Beauvoir
570:Benjamin
545:Bukharin
535:Thälmann
301:Leninist
284:Variants
110:Concepts
85:a series
83:Part of
2189:Ukraine
2139:Romania
2099:Moldova
2057:Ireland
2052:Iceland
2047:Hungary
2037:Germany
2032:Georgia
2022:Finland
2017:Estonia
2012:Denmark
1997:Croatia
1982:Belgium
1977:Belarus
1967:Austria
1962:Armenia
1957:Andorra
1952:Albania
1614:1408010
1216:during
1200:, some
1196:in the
1164:Marxist
1057:Romania
903:Symbols
890:Vietnam
885:Sumatra
828:Britain
795:Prashad
775:Graeber
755:Gilmore
740:Sankara
730:Hampton
665:Guevara
615:Nkrumah
595:Padmore
555:Gramsci
525:Trotsky
500:Du Bois
460:Meslier
350:History
318:Utopian
296:Marxism
156:Commune
46:improve
2275:Jersey
2217:Kosovo
2184:Turkey
2174:Sweden
2154:Serbia
2144:Russia
2129:Poland
2124:Norway
2104:Monaco
2074:Latvia
2042:Greece
2027:France
2002:Cyprus
1868:
1847:
1839:
1812:
1804:
1765:
1757:
1713:
1703:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1379:, and
1356:Poznań
1187:Polish
875:Poland
848:Kerala
838:France
790:Fisher
785:Kelley
780:Lordon
760:Marcos
745:Öcalan
710:Newton
700:Badiou
695:Guzmán
675:Debord
660:Berger
655:Castro
645:Mandel
635:Freire
600:Sartre
540:Makhno
530:Lukács
520:Stalin
480:Morris
475:Engels
465:Babeuf
450:Mazdak
443:People
35:, but
2250:Åland
2169:Spain
2094:Malta
2064:Italy
1874:p.19+
1845:JSTOR
1810:JSTOR
1763:JSTOR
1673:S2CID
1665:JSTOR
1618:S2CID
1610:JSTOR
860:Nepal
855:Korea
843:India
810:Saito
765:Hardt
735:Zizek
720:Davis
705:Sison
690:Negri
650:Fanon
605:Hoxha
590:James
505:Lenin
1866:ISBN
1837:ISSN
1802:ISSN
1755:ISSN
1711:OCLC
1701:ISBN
1657:ISSN
1602:ISSN
1507:Sejm
1449:Sejm
1435:and
865:Peru
770:Dean
680:Amin
585:Zhou
560:Tito
470:Marx
455:More
425:WFSW
420:WIDF
410:WFDY
405:WFTU
1794:doi
1745:doi
1649:doi
1594:doi
1563:doi
1472:In
1248:in
1220:'s
715:Ali
620:Kim
580:Mao
430:IOR
415:IUS
400:WPC
2297::
1872:,
1843:.
1831:.
1808:.
1800:.
1790:58
1788:.
1784:.
1761:.
1753:.
1741:57
1739:.
1735:.
1723:^
1709:.
1699:.
1685:^
1671:.
1663:.
1655:.
1645:58
1643:.
1639:.
1616:.
1608:.
1600:.
1590:58
1588:.
1584:.
1559:16
1557:.
1553:.
1476:,
1408:.
1375:,
1371:,
550:Ho
87:on
1932:e
1925:t
1918:v
1851:.
1816:.
1796::
1769:.
1747::
1717:.
1679:.
1651::
1624:.
1596::
1569:.
1565::
1500:(
1300:(
1292:(
1256:(
1208:(
1177:(
1148:e
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931:"
928:"
924:"
71:)
65:(
60:)
56:(
42:.
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