27:
36:
720:, not as a sequence of bits or bytes (see RFC 2046, section 4.1). For example, the numeric quantity 65535 may be represented as the 5 ASCII characters "65535" (or perhaps other forms such as "0xFFFF", "000065535.000E+00", etc.); but not as a sequence of 2 bytes intended to be treated as a single binary integer rather than as two characters (e.g. the numbers 11264–11519 have a comma as their high order byte:
625:(OKF) and various partners created a data protocols working group, which later evolved into the Frictionless Data initiative. One of the main formats they released was the Tabular Data Package. Tabular Data package was heavily based on CSV, using it as the main data transport format and adding basic type and schema metadata (CSV lacks any type information to distinguish the string "1" from the number 1).
473:) as with ASCII (although particular programs that support CSV may have their own limitations). CSV files normally will even survive naïve translation from one character set to another (unlike nearly all proprietary data formats). CSV does not, however, provide any way to indicate what character set is in use, so that must be communicated separately, or determined at the receiving end (if possible).
640:"CSV on the Web" working group began to specify technologies providing higher interoperability for web applications using CSV or similar formats. The working group completed its work in February 2016 and is officially closed in March 2016 with the release of a set of documents and W3C recommendations for modeling "Tabular Data", and enhancing CSV with
828:
According to RFC 4180, spaces outside quotes in a field are not allowed; however, the RFC also says that "Spaces are considered part of a field and should not be ignored." and "Implementers should 'be conservative in what you do, be liberal in what you accept from others' (RFC 793, section 2.10) when
546:
Other implementation differences include the handling of more commonplace field separators (such as space or semicolon) and newline characters inside text fields. One more subtlety is the interpretation of a blank line: it can equally be the result of writing a record of zero fields, or a record of
280:
Within these general constraints, many variations are in use. Therefore, without additional information (such as whether RFC 4180 is honored), a file claimed simply to be in "CSV" format is not fully specified. As a result, some applications supporting CSV files have text import wizards that allow
538:
The name "CSV" indicates the use of the comma to separate data fields. Nevertheless, the term "CSV" is widely used to refer to a large family of formats that differ in many ways. Some implementations allow or require single or double quotation marks around some or all fields; and some reserve the
175:
The lack of adherence to the CSV standard RFC 4180 necessitates the support for a variety of CSV formats in data input software. Despite this drawback, CSV remains widespread in data applications and is widely supported by a variety of software, including common spreadsheet applications such as
514:
systems often include utilities that can "rotate" such data; for example, a "parent" record that includes information about five children can be split into five separate records, each containing (a) the information on one child, and (b) a copy of all the non-child-specific information. CSV can
211:
include the option to export data to CSV for long-term storage. Benefits of CSV for data storage include the simplicity of CSV makes parsing and creating CSV files easy to implement and fast compared to other data formats, human readability making editing or fixing data simpler, and high
847:
The first record may be a "header", which contains column names in each of the fields (there is no reliable way to tell whether a file does this or not; however, it is uncommon to use characters other than letters, digits, and underscores in such column names).
953:
Year,Make,Model,Description,Price 1997,Ford,E350,"ac, abs, moon",3000.00 1999,Chevy,"Venture ""Extended
Edition""","",4900.00 1999,Chevy,"Venture ""Extended Edition, Very Large""","",5000.00 1996,Jeep,Grand Cherokee,"MUST SELL! air, moon roof, loaded",4799.00
768:). If this "plain text" convention is not followed, then the CSV file no longer contains sufficient information to interpret it correctly, the CSV file will not likely survive transmission across differing computer architectures, and will not conform to the
442:) characters around values that contain reserved characters (such as commas, double quotes, or less commonly, newlines). Embedded double quote characters may then be represented by a pair of consecutive double quotes, or by prefixing a double quote with an
559:"text/csv" for the handling of text-based fields. However, the interpretation of the text of each field is still application-specific. Files that follow the RFC 4180 standard can simplify CSV exchange and should be widely portable. Among its requirements:
418:
The format dates back to the early days of business computing and is widely used to pass data between computers with different internal word sizes, data formatting needs, and so forth. For this reason, CSV files are common on all computer platforms.
212:
compressibility leading to smaller data files. Alternatively, CSV does not support more complex data relations and makes no distinction between null and empty values, and in applications where these features are needed other formats are preferred.
1019:
also supports a dialect of CSV with restrictions in comparison to other spreadsheet software (e.g., as of 2019 Excel still cannot export CSV files in the commonly used UTF-8 character encoding, and separator is not enforced to be the comma).
438:"^" to be the separator instead of comma ","). Simple CSV implementations may prohibit field values that contain a comma or other special characters such as newlines. More sophisticated CSV implementations permit them, often by requiring " (
709:
A record ends at a line terminator. However, line terminators can be embedded as data within fields, so software must recognize quoted line-separators (see below) in order to correctly assemble an entire record from perhaps multiple
821:
In some CSV implementations, leading and trailing spaces and tabs are trimmed (ignored). Such trimming is forbidden by RFC 4180, which states "Spaces are considered part of a field and should not be ignored."
329:
Comma separated files are used for the interchange of database information between machines of two different architectures. The plain-text character of CSV files largely avoids incompatibilities such as
628:
The
Frictionless Data Initiative has also provided a standard CSV Dialect Description Format for describing different dialects of CSV, for example specifying the field separator or quoting rules.
319:
spreadsheet, documents the CSV quoting convention that allows strings to contain embedded commas, but the manual does not specify a convention for embedding quotation marks within quoted strings.
192:
format that is widely supported by consumer, business, and scientific applications. Among its most common uses is moving tabular data between programs that natively operate on incompatible (often
543:(BOM) to enforce Unicode interpretation (sometimes even a UTF-8 BOM). Files that use the tab character instead of comma can be more precisely referred to as "TSV" for tab-separated values.
522:(such as an ID number or name for the parent). In markup languages such as XML, such groups are typically enclosed within a parent element and repeated as necessary (for example, multiple
973:
The latter format is not RFC 4180 compliant. Compliance could be achieved by the use of a comma instead of a semicolon as a separator and by quoting all numbers that have a decimal mark.
430:
to separate values (many implementations of CSV import/export tools allow other separators to be used; for example, the use of a "Sep=^" row as the first row in the *.csv file will cause
1688:
518:
In a relational database, similar issues are readily handled by creating a separate relation for each such group, and connecting "child" records to the related "parent" records using a
204:
can export data as CSV. Most spreadsheet programs can read CSV data, allowing CSV to be used as an intermediate format when transferring data from a database to a spreadsheet.
1619:
1120:) can split files on a comma delimiter, and can therefore process simple CSV files. However, this method does not correctly handle commas or new lines within quoted strings.
841:
Double quote processing need only apply if the field starts with a double quote. Note, however, that double quotes are not allowed in unquoted fields according to RFC 4180.
172:
even when the field separator is not a comma. Many applications or libraries that consume or produce CSV files have options to specify an alternative delimiter.
1436:
157:, and these are separated by commas in the CSV file. If the field delimiter itself may appear within a field, fields can be surrounded with quotation marks.
326:) than fixed-column-aligned data, and they were less prone to producing incorrect results if a value was punched one column off from its intended location.
1458:
506:
in various fields often have a generally relation-like structure, but with some repeatable groups of fields. For example, health databases such as the
407:
CSV formats are best used to represent sets or sequences of records in which each record has an identical list of fields. This corresponds to a single
1209:
Programs that work with CSV may have limits on the maximum number of rows CSV files can have. Below is a list of common software and its limitations:
196:
or undocumented) formats. For example, a user may need to transfer information from a database program that stores data in a proprietary format, to a
2092:(Has file descriptions of delimited ASCII (.DEL) (including comma- and semicolon-separated) and non-delimited ASCII (.ASC) files for data transfer.)
775:
Adjacent fields must be separated by a single comma. However, "CSV" formats vary greatly in this choice of separator character. In particular, in
308:, approved in 1978. List-directed input used commas or spaces for delimiters, so unquoted character strings could not contain commas or spaces.
1024:
CSV importer is actually a more generic delimited text importer, supporting multiple separators at the same time as well as field trimming.
539:
first record as a header containing a list of field names. The character set being used is undefined: some applications require a
Unicode
1667:
2080:
1360:
338:. The files are largely human-readable, so it is easier to deal with them in the absence of perfect documentation or communication.
2329:
1258:
1390:
380:
to CSV documents. RFC 7111 specifies how row, column, and cell ranges can be selected from a CSV document using position indexes.
2117:
281:
users to preview the first few lines of the file and then specify the delimiter character(s), quoting rules, and field trimming.
273:(typically a single reserved character such as comma, semicolon, or tab; sometimes the delimiter may include optional spaces),
1128:, but differ from interchange format ("export/import only") because it is not necessary to create a copy in another format:
231:
for the CSV format; however, actual practice often does not follow the RFC and the term "CSV" might refer to any file that:
996:
As a data interchange format: the CSV file format is supported by almost all spreadsheets and database management systems,
835:
In CSV implementations that do trim leading or trailing spaces, fields with such spaces as meaningful data must be quoted.
2348:
2233:
815:
Fields with embedded line breaks must be quoted (however, many CSV implementations do not support embedded line breaks).
665:
488:
data. This is because every CSV record is expected to have the same structure. CSV is therefore rarely appropriate for
228:
2358:
957:
Example of a USA/UK CSV file (where the decimal separator is a period/full stop and the value separator is a comma):
566:
An optional header record (there is no sure way to detect whether it is present, so care is required when importing).
510:
typically repeat some questions for each child of a given parent (perhaps up to a fixed maximum number of children).
1637:
For users familiar with the predecessor FORTRAN IV G and H processors, these are the major new language capabilities
1572:
1428:
1326:
2185:
2135:
609:
programs may confuse the optional header with data or interpret the first data line as an optional header, and
507:
1523:
2308:
312:
2110:
1263:
964:
809:
Each of the embedded double-quote characters must be represented by a pair of double-quote characters.
776:
423:
161:
83:
779:
where the comma is used as a decimal separator, a semicolon, TAB, or other character is used instead.
1910:
1125:
637:
622:
150:
1649:
311:
The term "comma-separated value" and the "CSV" abbreviation were in use by 1983. The manual for the
681:
266:
154:
98:
1957:
states, "Within the header and each record, there may be one or more fields, separated by commas."
1710:
70:
1547:
1383:"CSV Comma Separated Value File Format - How To - Creativyst - Explored,Designed,Delivered.(sm)"
2103:
2048:
1291:
111:
601:
The format can be processed by most programs that claim to read CSV files. The exceptions are
2353:
2223:
1004:
717:
180:. Benefits cited in favor of CSV include human readability and the simplicity of the format.
1988:
843:
Los
Angeles,34°03′N,118°15′W New York City,40°42′46″N,74°00′21″W Paris,48°51′24″N,2°21′03″E
1800:
1747:
1340:
1283:
1253:
1194:
1028:
511:
503:
165:
2072:
1870:
1412:
1382:
671:
Rules typical of these and other "CSV" specifications and implementations are as follows:
8:
2163:
1774:, the first W3C recommendation scoped in CSV and filling some of RFC 4180's deficiencies.
1268:
685:
477:
435:
427:
412:
408:
142:
2009:
1967:
365:. Later, in 2013, some of RFC 4180's deficiencies were tackled by a W3C recommendation.
2173:
1847:
1621:
IBM FORTRAN Program
Products for OS and the CMS Component of VM/370 General Information
1320:
1278:
1273:
699:
193:
169:
46:
1825:"Model for Tabular Data and Metadata on the Web – W3C Recommendation 17 December 2015"
967:
file (where the decimal separator is a comma and the value separator is a semicolon):
587:
be quoted. (If they are not, the file will likely be impossible to process correctly.)
1237:
1198:
1012:
362:
290:
208:
555:
The 2005 technical standard RFC 4180 formalizes the CSV file format and defines the
2292:
1790:
1737:
1330:
1137:
1021:
1008:
986:
706:, or line terminator format (some software do not support all line-end variations).
480:
cannot be exported as a single CSV file. Similarly, CSV cannot naturally represent
443:
354:
220:
2143:
1888:
1771:
1016:
563:
MS-DOS-style lines that end with (CR/LF) characters (optional for the last line).
540:
485:
431:
177:
1803:
1784:
1750:
1731:
1343:
373:
358:
224:
2267:
2168:
1287:
692:
304:
supported CSV in 1972. List-directed ("free form") input/output was defined in
2342:
2297:
2287:
2180:
2126:
1597:
982:
458:
189:
1824:
1733:
RFC 4180: Common Format and MIME Type for Comma-Separated Values (CSV) Files
1482:
1942:
1101:
1039:
command, which allows for both saving and loading data to and from a file.
645:
481:
439:
388:
377:
323:
168:, space, and semicolon. Delimiter-separated files are often given a ".csv"
1502:
2282:
2277:
2240:
2215:
2030:
1175:
1133:
1109:
1105:
1000:
593:
double-quotes are used to enclose fields, then a double-quote in a field
519:
197:
2095:
1906:
2313:
1097:
1032:
803:
Fields with embedded commas or double-quote characters must be quoted.
703:
331:
305:
236:
146:
58:
2073:"IBM DB2 Administration Guide - LOAD, IMPORT, and EXPORT File Formats"
1222:
Google Sheets: 5,000,000 cell limit (the product of columns and rows);
793:(that is, enclosed within double-quote characters), while some fields
40:
A simple CSV file listing three people and the companies they work for
1795:
1742:
1368:
1335:
950:
The above table of data may be represented in CSV format as follows:
713:
All records should have the same number of fields, in the same order.
677:
661:
556:
489:
447:
335:
316:
270:
256:
207:
CSV is also used for storing data. Common data science tools such as
130:
970:
Year;Make;Model;Length 1997;Ford;E350;2,35 2000;Mercury;Cougar;2,38
960:
Year,Make,Model,Length 1997,Ford,E350,2.35 2000,Mercury,Cougar,2.38
613:
double-quotes in a field may not be parsed correctly automatically.
1233:
1140:
offers this option, without enforcing user to adopt another format.
688:
641:
515:
represent either the "vertical" or "horizontal" form of such data.
343:
201:
103:
35:
660:
RFC 4180 (summarized above) defines the format for the "text/csv"
530:
node). With CSV there is no widely accepted single-file solution.
26:
2153:
1229:
462:
415:, or to data (though not calculations) in a typical spreadsheet.
349:
322:
Comma-separated value lists are easier to type (for example into
297:
244:
138:
2302:
2260:
2250:
2245:
470:
451:
301:
252:
1930:
1786:
RFC 7111: URI Fragment
Identifiers for the text/csv Media Type
2228:
2190:
1548:"CSV Format: History, Advantages and Why It Is Still Popular"
1201:, character encoding, quoting conventions, date format, etc.
1186:
797:
be quoted, as specified in the following rules and examples:
466:
248:
240:
134:
1216:
Microsoft PowerShell, no row or cell limit. (Memory
Limited)
149:, where each line of the file typically represents one data
2318:
2272:
2255:
2205:
2195:
2158:
1179:
1113:
1093:
657:
656:
Many informal documents exist that describe "CSV" formats.
605:
programs may not support line-breaks within quoted fields,
493:
369:
1143:
Some relational databases, when using standard SQL, offer
2200:
2076:
1117:
547:
one field of zero length; thus decoding it is ambiguous.
497:
384:
294:
1197:. Most provide some way to specify the field delimiter,
1193:
CSV format is supported by libraries available for many
616:
1365:
Apple
Developer Documentation: Uniform Type Identifiers
1243:
Databases (COPY command and FDW): no row or cell limit.
583:
Fields containing a line-break, double-quote or commas
1524:"pandas.DataFrame.to_csv — pandas 2.0.3 documentation"
1124:
As (main or optional) internal representation. Can be
289:
Comma-separated values is a data format that predates
1627:(first ed.), July 1972, p. 17, GC28-6884-0
989:, exporting and importing CSV. Others use CSV as an
817:
1997,Ford,E350,"Go get one now they are going fast"
262:
consists of records (typically one record per line),
1849:
How To: The Comma
Separated Value (CSV) File Format
1598:"Comma Separated Values (CSV) Standard File Format"
1189:
editor can operate on CSV files using csv-nav mode.
850:Year,Make,Model 1997,Ford,E350 2000,Mercury,Cougar
716:Data within fields is interpreted as a sequence of
500:, or other markup or word-processing technologies.
276:
where every record has the same sequence of fields.
1573:"Comparison of different file formats in Big Data"
573:contain the same number of comma-separated fields.
341:The main standardization initiative—transforming "
2340:
1225:OpenOffice and LibreOffice: 1,048,576 row limit;
164:. Delimiters frequently used include the comma,
1668:"SuperCalc², spreadsheet package for IBM, CP/M"
1943:Model for Tabular Data and Metadata on the Web
597:be represented by two double-quote characters.
550:
200:that uses a completely different format. Most
106:information organized as field separated lists
2111:
1689:"Comma-Separated-Value Format File Structure"
153:. Each record consists of the same number of
1954:
1459:"Import or export text (.txt or .csv) files"
1318:
1031:support saving query results to a CSV file.
824:1997, Ford, E350 not same as 1997,Ford,E350
631:
457:CSV formats are not limited to a particular
811:1997,Ford,E350,"Super, ""luxurious"" truck"
395:for CSV metadata standards, which began as
2118:
2104:
1845:
1355:
1353:
1204:
1147:(FDW). For example, PostgreSQL offers the
347:fuzzy definition" into a more precise and
2125:
1794:
1741:
1334:
1322:Common Format and MIME Type for CSV Files
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1171:commands to configure any variant of CSV.
2330:Comparison of data-serialization formats
1711:"CSV, Comma Separated Values (RFC 4180)"
1259:Comparison of data-serialization formats
837:1997,Ford,E350," Super luxurious truck "
402:
1989:"Documentation: 14: F.35. postgres_fdw"
1350:
805:1997,Ford,E350,"Super, luxurious truck"
698:A CSV file does not require a specific
141:to separate records. A CSV file stores
2341:
1303:
976:
920:Venture "Extended Edition, Very Large"
315:Executive computer, which bundled the
2099:
1213:Microsoft Excel: 1,048,576 row limit;
963:Example of an analogous European CSV/
617:OKF frictionless tabular data package
387:, in an attempt to enhance CSV with
2010:"Documentation: 14: F.14. file_fdw"
1219:Apple Numbers: 1,000,000 row limit;
1178:offer the option to express CSV or
239:using a character encoding such as
160:The CSV file format is one type of
93:multi-platform, serial data streams
13:
2065:
2049:"Understanding CSV and row limits"
1066:'/home/wikipedia/file.csv'
533:
300:(level H extended) compiler under
75:public.comma-separated-values-text
71:Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)
14:
2370:
1439:from the original on 26 July 2023
1429:"Which are the available formats"
1393:from the original on 1 April 2021
1319:Shafranovich, Y. (October 2005).
476:Databases that include multiple
215:
34:
25:
2083:from the original on 2016-12-13
2041:
2023:
2002:
1981:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1899:
1881:
1863:
1838:
1817:
1777:
1764:
1724:
1703:
1681:
1660:
1642:
1612:
1590:
1565:
1540:
1160:
1148:
1040:
981:Some applications use CSV as a
580:be quoted (with double quotes).
183:
162:delimiter-separated file format
51:
1907:"CSV on the Web Working Group"
1516:
1495:
1483:"CSV - Comma Separated Values"
1475:
1451:
1421:
1405:
1375:
1240:, etc.): no row or cell limit;
651:
461:. They work just as well with
399:in December of the same year.
376:describing the application of
265:with the records divided into
16:File format used to store data
1:
1654:Fortran 77 Language Reference
1297:
1081:saves the content of a table
508:Demographic and Health Survey
1414:IBM DB2 Administration Guide
1182:as an internal table format.
84:public.delimited-values-text
7:
1247:
551:RFC 4180 and MIME standards
434:to open the file expecting
293:by more than a decade: the
145:data (numbers and text) in
10:
2375:
2349:Delimiter-separated format
1264:Delimiter-separated values
904:Venture "Extended Edition"
856:
284:
247:character encodings (e.g.
2327:
2214:
2134:
1968:"Documentation: 14: COPY"
1931:CSV on the Web Repository
1092:Many utility programs on
721:
632:W3C tabular data standard
623:Open Knowledge Foundation
393:drafts of recommendations
110:
97:
89:
79:
69:
57:
45:
33:
24:
2359:Spreadsheet file formats
2012:. PostgreSQL. 2022-02-10
1991:. PostgreSQL. 2022-02-10
1772:sparql11-results-csv-tsv
1096:-style systems (such as
1087:/home/wikipedia/file.csv
465:character sets (such as
137:to separate values, and
59:Internet media type
1893:Frictionless Data Specs
1875:Frictionless Data Specs
1205:Software and row limits
983:data interchange format
829:processing CSV files."
695:terminated by newlines.
391:, publicized the first
1871:"Tabular Data Package"
1292:invisible comma U+2063
1228:Text Editors (such as
941:air, moon roof, loaded
526:nodes within a single
426:text file that uses a
353:one—was in 2005, with
123:Comma-separated values
20:Comma-separated values
1195:programming languages
680:data format that has
504:Statistical databases
403:General functionality
80:UTI conformation
2031:"EmacsWiki: Csv Nav"
1945:(W3C Recommendation)
1361:"commaSeparatedText"
1284:Substitute character
1254:Tab-separated values
1145:foreign-data wrapper
1029:Relational databases
799:"1997","Ford","E350"
664:registered with the
512:Statistical analysis
361:, defining CSV as a
1955:Shafranovich (2005)
1846:Creativyst (2010),
1650:"List-Directed I/O"
1387:Creativyst Software
1269:Delimiter collision
977:Application support
413:relational database
372:published RFC
21:
1279:Simple Data Format
1274:Flat-file database
831:1997, "Ford" ,E350
700:character encoding
291:personal computers
99:Container for
47:Filename extension
19:
2336:
2335:
2035:www.emacswiki.org
1528:pandas.pydata.org
1463:Microsoft Support
1199:decimal separator
1126:native or foreign
1085:to a file called
1013:Apache OpenOffice
948:
947:
684:separated by the
363:MIME Content Type
202:database programs
133:format that uses
120:
119:
2366:
2293:Protocol Buffers
2120:
2113:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1985:
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1885:
1879:
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1860:
1859:
1857:
1852:, creativyst.com
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1798:
1796:10.17487/RFC7111
1781:
1775:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1745:
1743:10.17487/RFC4180
1728:
1722:
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1707:
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378:URI fragments
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324:punched cards
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2354:Open formats
2148:
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2052:. Retrieved
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1970:. PostgreSQL
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1913:CSV WG. 2013
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1576:
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1554:. 2021-09-15
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184:Applications
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122:
121:
2283:MessagePack
2278:FlatBuffers
2268:Cap'n Proto
1933:(on GitHub)
1631:February 5,
1503:"CSV Files"
1176:Apache Hive
873:Description
750:','
729:','
652:Basic rules
520:foreign key
227:proposes a
198:spreadsheet
194:proprietary
2343:Categories
2087:2016-12-12
2016:2022-03-04
1995:2022-03-04
1974:2024-05-12
1917:2015-04-22
1583:2023-08-16
1558:2023-08-16
1533:2023-08-16
1488:2017-12-02
1468:2023-08-16
1298:References
1136:including
1033:PostgreSQL
939:MUST SELL!
785:Any field
772:MIME type.
718:characters
704:byte order
576:Any field
454:Central).
446:such as a
332:byte-order
306:FORTRAN 77
271:delimiters
243:, various
237:plain text
147:plain text
2169:Web Token
1830:March 23,
1552:ByteScout
1443:22 August
1397:22 August
1369:Apple Inc
1165:EXTENSION
689:character
678:delimited
676:CSV is a
662:MIME type
646:semantics
557:MIME type
490:documents
478:relations
448:backslash
424:delimited
422:CSV is a
336:word size
317:SuperCalc
257:Shift JIS
170:extension
131:text file
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2081:Archived
1656:, Oracle
1437:Archived
1433:Eurostat
1391:Archived
1248:See also
1234:TextEdit
1168:file_fdw
1083:articles
1057:articles
1027:Various
944:4799.00
925:5000.00
909:4900.00
893:3000.00
770:text/csv
642:metadata
621:In 2011
409:relation
383:In 2015
368:In 2014
344:de facto
139:newlines
116:RFC 4180
112:Standard
104:database
64:text/csv
2154:EDIFACT
2129:formats
2054:Feb 28,
1856:May 24,
1716:June 4,
1604:June 4,
1508:June 4,
1230:WordPad
1180:.csv.gz
1153:FOREIGN
1005:Numbers
857:Example
777:locales
463:Unicode
350:de jure
313:Osborne
298:Fortran
285:History
245:Unicode
143:tabular
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2303:Cyphal
2298:Thrift
2261:UBJSON
2251:Base64
2246:Base32
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1691:. 1983
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1162:CREATE
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1015:Calc.
1011:, and
876:Price
791:quoted
710:lines.
585:should
571:should
471:UTF-16
452:Sybase
357:
302:OS/360
267:fields
253:EBCDIC
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155:fields
151:record
135:commas
2229:ASN.1
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1625:(PDF)
1187:emacs
1156:TABLE
1132:Some
1102:paste
917:Chevy
901:Chevy
870:Model
686:comma
467:UTF-8
436:caret
432:Excel
428:comma
411:in a
255:, or
249:UTF-8
241:ASCII
2319:yEnc
2305:DSDL
2273:CBOR
2256:BSON
2241:Avro
2206:YAML
2196:TOML
2159:JSON
2144:Atom
2056:2021
1858:2010
1832:2016
1811:2020
1804:7111
1770:See
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1751:4180
1718:2014
1697:2017
1675:2017
1633:2016
1606:2014
1510:2014
1445:2023
1399:2023
1344:4180
1327:IETF
1185:The
1159:and
1114:uniq
1110:sort
1106:join
1094:Unix
1054:FROM
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1037:COPY
933:Jeep
930:1996
914:1999
898:1999
887:E350
884:Ford
881:1997
867:Make
864:Year
795:must
691:and
666:IANA
658:IETF
644:and
595:must
494:HTML
374:7111
370:IETF
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334:and
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2309:XDR
2234:SMI
2224:AMF
2201:XML
2186:RDF
2149:CSV
2077:IBM
1911:W3C
1801:RFC
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1075:csv
965:DSV
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765:255
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744:ord
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638:W3C
611:(c)
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484:or
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385:W3C
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295:IBM
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