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283:, is normally located on the left side of the pilot's seat with an adjustable friction control to prevent inadvertent movement. The collective changes the pitch angle of all the main rotor blades collectively (i.e., all at the same time) and is independent of their position in the rotational cycle. Therefore, if a collective input is made, all the blades change equally, and as a result, the helicopter increases or decreases its total lift derived from the rotor. In level flight this would cause a climb or descent, while with the helicopter pitched forward an increase in total lift would produce an acceleration together with a given amount of ascent.
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collective (power) while maintaining a constant airspeed induces a climb, while decreasing collective (power) makes the helicopter descend. Coordinating these two inputs, down collective plus aft (back) cyclic or up collective plus forward cyclic causes airspeed changes while maintaining a constant altitude. The pedals serve the same function in both a helicopter and an airplane, to maintain balanced flight. This is done by applying a pedal input in the direction necessary to center the ball in the
240:
350:' use an air stream to provide anti-torque control instead of a tail rotor. This air stream is generated in the fuselage by a small fan or turbine, and directed out of the rear of the tail-boom through vent holes. Internal control vanes can vary this flow, allowing the yaw axis to be controlled. NOTAR systems are safer than using a spinning tail rotor, and the absence of the rotor also removes its associated drag, potentially increasing efficiency.
1234:
179:, a mechanical or hydraulic device that combines the inputs from both and then sends along the "mixed" input to the control surfaces to achieve the desired result. The manual throttle may also be considered a flight control because it is needed to maintain rotor speed on smaller helicopters without governors. The governors also help the pilot control the collective pitch on the helicopter's main rotors, to keep a stable, more accurate flight.
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is, to rotate slightly along its long axis, in sequence as it passes the same point. If that point is dead ahead, the blade pitch increases briefly in that direction. Thus, If the pilot pushes the cyclic forward, the rotor disk tilts forward, and the helicopter is drawn straight ahead. If the pilot pushes the cyclic to the right, the rotor disk tilts to the right.
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helicopter at a desired location and altitude. The pilot's use of control inputs in a hover is as follows: the cyclic is used to eliminate drift in the horizontal plane (e.g., forward, aft, and side to side motion); the collective is used to maintain desired altitude; and the tail rotor (or anti-torque system) pedals are used to control nose direction or
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In forward flight, a helicopter's flight controls behave more like those in a fixed-wing aircraft. Moving the cyclic forward makes the nose pitch down, thus losing altitude and increasing airspeed. Moving the cyclic back makes the nose pitch up, slowing the helicopter and making it climb. Increasing
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of each main rotor blade according to its position in the cycle. The pitch is changed so that each blade will have the same angle of incidence as it passes the same point in the cycle, changing the lift generated by the blade at that point and causing each blade to change its angle of incidence, that
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In a stationary hover, each rotor blade will experience the same airspeed at a constant RPM. In forward flight conditions, one rotor blade will be moving into the oncoming air stream while the other moves away from it. At certain airspeeds, this can create a dangerous condition in which the receding
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when it occurs from two separate points on the same airframe—but have the rotors on separate drive shafts through masts at the nose and tail. This configuration uses differential collective pitch to change the overall pitch attitude of the aircraft. When the pilot moves the cyclic forward to pitch
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in order to change the helicopter's direction of movement. In a hover, the cyclic controls the movement of the helicopter forward, back, and laterally. During forward flight, the cyclic control inputs cause flight path changes similar to fixed-wing aircraft flight; left or right inputs cause the
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controls the power of the engine, which is connected to the rotor by a transmission. The throttle setting must maintain enough engine power to keep the rotor speed within the limits where the rotor produces enough lift for flight. In many helicopters, the throttle control is a single or dual
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Some pilots consider hovering the most challenging aspect of helicopter flight. Because helicopters are generally dynamically unstable, deviations from a given attitude are not corrected without pilot input. Thus, frequent control inputs and corrections must be made by the pilot to keep the
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Forward flight in a helicopter has limitations different from a fixed-wing aircraft. In a fixed-wing aircraft the maximum airspeed is limited by the stress that the airframe can withstand; in a helicopter it is limited by the RPM of the rotor and the effective airspeed over each blade.
506:. It is the interaction of these controls that can make learning to hover difficult, since often an adjustment in any one control requires adjustment of the other two, necessitating pilot familiarity with the coupling of control inputs needed to produce smooth flight.
558:—spinning in opposite directions on a shared axis—and make yaw changes by increasing the collective pitch of the rotor spinning in the direction of the desired turn while simultaneously reducing the collective pitch of the other, creating dissymmetry of torque.
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pedals in an airplane, and serve a similar purpose—they control the direction that the nose of the aircraft points. Applying the pedal in a given direction changes the tail rotor blade pitch, increasing or reducing tail rotor thrust and making the nose
596:) have two large horizontal rotor assemblies mounted side by side, and use differential collective pitch to affect the roll of the aircraft. Like tandem rotors, differential cyclic pitch is used to control movement about the yaw axis.
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A typical helicopter has three flight control inputs: the cyclic stick, the collective lever, and the anti-torque pedals. Depending on the complexity of the helicopter, the cyclic and collective may be linked together by a
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transmit mechanically to the rotor, producing aerodynamic effects on the rotor blades that make the helicopter move in a desired way. To tilt forward and back (pitch) or sideways (roll) requires that the controls alter the
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or other electro-mechanical control systems to maintain rotor speed and relieve the pilot of routine responsibility for that task. (There is normally also a manual reversion available in the event of a governor failure.)
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the nose down and accelerate forward, the helicopter responds by decreasing collective pitch on the front rotor and increasing collective pitch on the rear rotor proportionally, pivoting the two ends around their common
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Any rotor system has a delay between the point in rotation where the controls introduce a change in pitch and the point where the desired change in the rotor blade's flight occurs. This difference is caused by
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has a "teetering" cyclic design connected to a central column located between the two seats. Helicopters with fly-by-wire systems allow a cyclic-style controller to be mounted to the side of the pilot seat.
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For helicopters with two horizontally-mounted rotors, changes in attitude often require having the two rotors behave inversely in response to the standard control inputs from the pilot. Those with
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helicopter to roll into a turn in the desired direction, and forward and back inputs change the pitch attitude of the helicopter resulting in altitude changes (climbing or descending flight).
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If a helicopter suffers a power failure a pilot can adjust the collective pitch to keep the rotor spinning, generating enough lift to touch down and skid in a relatively soft landing.
211:, is similar in appearance on most helicopters to a control stick from a fixed-wing aircraft. The cyclic stick commonly rises up from beneath the front of each pilot's seat. The
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Increase/decrease torque. In some helicopters the throttle control(s) is a part of the collective stick. Rotor speed is kept basically constant throughout the flight.
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pitch, the front rotor altering cyclic pitch in the direction desired and the opposite pitch applied to the rear, once again pivoting the craft around its center.
259:. A rotor is an oscillatory system that obeys the laws that govern vibration—which, depending on the rotor system, may resemble the behaviour of a gyroscope.
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321:-powered helicopters, the pilot manipulates the throttle to maintain rotor speed. Turbine engine helicopters, and some piston helicopters, use
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at different points in the cycle. To increase or decrease overall lift requires that the controls alter the angle of attack for all blades
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mounted on the collective control (rotation is opposite of a motorcycle throttle), while some multi-engine helicopters have power levers.
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by equal amounts at the same time, resulting in ascent, descent, acceleration and deceleration.
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The control is called the cyclic because it independently changes the mechanical
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Helicopters and
Autogiros: a History of Rotating-Wing and V/STOL Aviation.
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There are three basic flight conditions for a helicopter: hover, forward
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Increase/decrease torque and engine speed (less than collective)
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666:"How Helicopters Glide to the Ground When the Engine Cuts Out"
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The anti-torque pedals are located in the same place as the
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Varies main rotor blade pitch with left and right movement
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Varies main rotor blade pitch with fore and aft movement
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are used to achieve and maintain controlled aerodynamic
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
448:To adjust power through rotor blade pitch setting
412:Tilts main rotor disk left and right through the
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762:Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: FAA Manual H-8083-21
396:To adjust forward speed and control rolled-turn
387:Tilts main rotor disk forward and back via the
163:during rotation, creating differing amounts of
711:. pp. Chapter 2 - Aerodynamics of Flight.
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783:AOPA: Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association
707:FAA, US Department of Transportation (2019).
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527:rotor blade stalls, causing unstable flight.
764:. Washington, DC: Flight Standards Service,
722:Frankovic, I.; Rados, B.; Rados, J. (2005).
577:. Changes in yaw are made with differential
136:Location of flight controls in a helicopter
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592:counter rotating rotorcraft (such as the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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203:The cyclic control, commonly called the
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343:in the direction of the applied pedal
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451:To adjust skid height/vertical speed
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27:Instruments used in helicopter flight
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
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878:Number of helicopters and heliports
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1172:Helicopter height–velocity diagram
436:for the rotor main blades via the
289:The collective pitch control in a
219:The cyclic is used to control the
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1195:Mars Sample Retrieval Helicopters
728:Annals of DAAAM & Proceedings
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279:The collective pitch control, or
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1116:Loss of tail-rotor effectiveness
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821:Helicopters and other rotorcraft
418:Induces roll in direction moved
354:Helicopter controls and effects
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766:Federal Aviation Administration
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45:needs additional citations for
1101:Mast bumping and other hazards
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393:Induces pitch nose down or up
152:aircraft flight control system
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908:Wire strike protection system
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459:Collective pitch supplied to
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770:U.S. Dept. of Transportation
478:To control yaw rate/heading
421:To create movement to sides
69:"Helicopter flight controls"
7:
1210:Radio-controlled helicopter
939:Russian helicopter airlines
741:Learning to Fly Helicopters
639:Gablehouse, Charles (1969)
599:
594:Bell/Boeing V-22 tilt rotor
399:To move forwards/backwards
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760:Flight Standards Service.
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709:Helicopter Flying Handbook
542:Differential pitch control
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141:Helicopter flight controls
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692:at www.helicopterpage.com
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159:of the main rotor blades
1182:Human-powered helicopter
1069:Manufacturers by country
961:U.S. Air Force squadrons
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606:Aeronautical engineering
590:transverse-mounted rotor
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346:Later designs known as '
271:Collective control in a
929:Active Russian military
924:Accidents and incidents
517:turn and bank indicator
371:Used in forward flight
1220:Transverse flow effect
1126:Retreating blade stall
743:, see section titled:
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255:, often confused with
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1279:Helicopter components
374:Used in hover flight
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257:gyroscopic precession
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1079:Used in World War II
946:NATO reporting names
566:Boeing CH-47 Chinook
291:Boeing CH-47 Chinook
243:Cyclic control in a
196:Cyclic control in a
54:improve this article
672:. 14 November 2017.
653:Flying a Helicopter
456:Anti-torque pedals
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275:(viewed from above)
1141:Servo transparency
688:2010-10-30 at the
562:Tandem-rotor craft
493:and autorotation.
362:Directly controls
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330:Anti-torque pedals
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1284:Aircraft controls
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1215:Search and rescue
1136:Vortex ring state
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1026:Piasecki Aircraft
1016:Juan de la Cierva
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778:978-1-56027-404-9
745:First Lesson: Air
670:Popular Mechanics
643:Lippincott. p.206
485:Flight conditions
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368:Secondary effect
310:motorcycle-style
150:. Changes to the
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1205:List of aircraft
1111:Ground resonance
1106:Dynamic rollover
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43:This article
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1011:CarterCopter
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863:Disk loading
853:Autorotation
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655:at helis.com
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52:Please help
47:verification
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1258:WikiProject
956:Ultralights
828:Helicopters
586:synchropter
552:Kamov Ka-50
432:Collective
429:Collective
229:pitch angle
177:mixing unit
1273:Categories
1146:Tailstrike
1064:Rotorcraft
1048:Rotor kite
1043:Monocopter
991:rotorcraft
843:Amphibious
730:: 131–133.
622:References
472:To adjust
461:tail rotor
438:swashplate
414:swashplate
389:swashplate
381:(lateral)
312:twist grip
263:Collective
221:main rotor
161:cyclically
145:helicopter
80:newspapers
1200:Jesus nut
1188:Ingenuity
1167:Cyclogyro
466:Yaw rate
323:governors
253:phase lag
110:June 2009
1177:Helitack
1038:Gyrodyne
1006:Autogyro
999:Articles
934:Airlines
888:Military
868:Dynamics
858:Backpack
836:Articles
772:, 2001.
686:Archived
611:Autogyro
600:See also
317:In many
307:throttle
301:Throttle
273:Cabri G2
207:or just
183:Controls
1248:Commons
1155:Related
1094:Hazards
903:Utility
754:Sources
504:heading
463:blades
94:scholar
848:Attack
776:
579:cyclic
491:flight
404:Cyclic
379:Cyclic
336:rudder
209:cyclic
188:Cyclic
148:flight
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1057:Lists
988:Other
917:Lists
893:Rotor
627:Notes
497:Hover
359:Name
348:NOTAR
101:JSTOR
87:books
774:ISBN
588:and
198:H145
165:lift
73:news
341:yaw
231:or
56:by
1275::
768:,
726:.
697:^
668:.
519:.
814:e
807:t
800:v
780:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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