1120:
1096:
363:
497:
1144:
816:
33:
857:
1132:
830:
845:
68:
869:
45:
487:
881:
381:
which was filled with ice. In 1825, ice harvesting by use of a horse drawn ice cutting device was invented by
Nathaniel J. Wyeth. The cut blocks of uniform size ice was a cheap method of food preservation widely practiced in the United States. Also developed in 1855 was a steam powered device to haul 600 tons of ice per hour. More innovations ensued. Devices using compressed air as a refrigerants were invented.
57:
1108:
380:
in 1810 to carry butter in an oval shaped wooden tub. The tub was provided with a metal lining in its interior and surrounded by a packing of ice. A rabbit skin was used as insulation. Moore also developed an ice box for domestic use with the container built over a space of 6 cubic feet (0.17 m)
137:
of the random motion of the particle constituents of matter, an object will have less thermal energy when it is colder and more when it is hotter. If it were possible to cool a system to absolute zero, all motion of the particles in a sample of matter would cease and they would be at complete rest in
291:
Even in ancient times, Shachtman says, in Egypt and India, night cooling by evaporation of water and heat radiation, and the ability of salts to lower the freezing temperature of water was practiced. The ancient people of Rome and Greece were aware that boiled water cooled quicker than the ordinary
436:
is one of the first physiological responses to cold. Even at low temperatures, the cold can massively disrupt blood circulation. Extracellular water freezes and tissue is destroyed. It affects fingers, toes, nose, ears and cheeks particularly often. They discolor, swell, blister, and bleed. The
348:
who followed him in this quest for knowledge of cold. Boyle did extensive experimentation during the 17th century in the discipline of cold, and his research on pressure and volume was the forerunner of research in the field of cold during the 19th century. He explained his approach as "Bacon's
312:
as a magician to perform tricks such as producing thunder, lightning, lions, birds, trembling leaves and so forth. In 1620 he gave a demonstration in
Westminster Abbey to the king and his courtiers on the power of cold. On a summer day, Shachtman says, Drebbel had created a chill (lowered the
441:
leads to local frostbite or even to the death of entire body parts. Only temporary cold reactions of the skin are without consequences. As blood vessels contract, they become cool and pale, with less oxygen getting into the tissue. Warmth stimulates blood circulation again and is painful but
2019:
Weidner, George; King, John; Box, Jason E.; Colwell, Steve; Jones, Phil; Lazzara, Matthew; Cappelen, John; Brunet, Manola; Cerveny, Randall S. (23 September 2020). "WMO evaluation of northern hemispheric coldest temperature: −69.6 °C at Klinck, Greenland, 22 December 1991".
336:(or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its own cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold snow." This explanation on the cold inducing aspects of
343:
Shachtman says it was the lack of scientific knowledge in physics and chemistry that had held back progress in the beneficial use of ice until a drastic change in religious opinions in the 17th century. The intellectual barrier was broken by
Francis Bacon and
761:, known as the tundra region, experiences an annual snow fall of a few inches and temperatures recorded are as low as 203.15 K (−70 °C, −94 °F). Only a few small plants survive in the generally frozen ground (thaws only for a short spell).
353:
on cold by experimenting on transmission of cold from one material to the other. He proved that water was not the only source of cold but gold, silver and crystal, which had no water content, could also change to severe cold condition.
1497:
407:
in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s. Home freezers as separate compartments (larger than necessary just for ice cubes) were introduced in 1940. Frozen foods, previously a luxury item, became commonplace.
1254:
313:
temperature by several degrees) in the hall of the Abbey, which made the king shiver and run out of the hall with his entourage. This was an incredible spectacle, says
Shachtman. Several years before,
1505:
688:, despite being close to the Sun, is actually cold during its night, with a temperature of about 93.15 K (−180 °C, −290 °F). Mercury is cold during its night because it has no
288:
gave him a gift of ice from a mountain. The
Emperor was so happy with the gift that he named the first of June as the "Day of Ice" and ceremoniously gave blocks of ice to his officials.
1556:
Clark, Jeremy B.; Lecocq, Florent; Simmonds, Raymond W.; Aumentado, José; Teufel, John D. (11 January 2017). "Sideband cooling beyond the quantum backaction limit with squeezed light".
1246:
1962:
978:
325:. His demonstration was not taken seriously as it was considered one of his magic tricks, as there was no practical application then. Drebbel had not revealed his secrets.
376:
In the United States from about 1850 till end of 19th century export of ice was second only to cotton. The first ice box was developed by Thomas Moore, a farmer from
1474:
731:
of around 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). The lowest reliably measured temperature on Earth of 183.9 K (−89.2 °C, −128.6 °F) was recorded there at
332:, published in the late 1620s, to explain the artificial freezing experiment at Westminster Abbey, though he was not present during the demonstration, as "
1635:
1314:
442:
harmless. Comprehensive protection against the cold is particularly important for children and for sports. Extreme cold temperatures may lead to
509:
1439:
1899:
1843:
1817:
1621:
1284:
1738:
1929:
52:), it is nonetheless used by many schools of diving and propagated through diving websites as one of the more useful additional signals
1970:
396:
was introduced into the home. Most municipally consumed ice was harvested in winter from snow-packed areas or frozen lakes, stored in
1787:
764:
Cold deserts of the
Himalayas are a feature of a rain-shadow zone created by the mountain peaks of the Himalaya range that runs from
1947:
1224:
403:
In 1913, refrigerators for home use were invented. In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit. The introduction of
172:. This could be accomplished by removing heat from a system, or exposing the system to an environment with a lower temperature.
2005:
1877:
1765:
1539:
1697:
192:. This will only work if the air is at a lower temperature than the object, and the process can be enhanced by increasing the
2200:
2179:
2158:
2137:
2116:
652:
1194:
516:, making it the coldest object on record. Theoretically, using this technique, an object could be cooled to absolute zero.
349:
identification of heat and cold as the right and left hands of nature". Boyle also refuted some of the theories mooted by
1470:
1170:
2095:
585:. Orbiting at an average distance of 84 billion miles, Sedna has an average surface temperature of -400°F (-240°C).
317:
had demonstrated at the Abbey "ice fantasy gardens, intricate ice sculptures" and also iced drinks for banquets in
1119:
296:
and other gases, which are deterrents to cooling, are removed; but this fact was not known till the 17th century.
829:
463:
1719:
1526:
254:
invented the ice bucket to chill wines instead of adding it to wine to make it cold as it would dilute it.
597:
572:
524:
226:
1643:
856:
142:
sense. The object could be described as having zero thermal energy. Microscopically in the description of
1306:
1086:
512:
in
Boulder, Colorado using a new technique, managed to chill a microscopic mechanical drum to 360 micro
63:, a common physiological response to cold, aiming to reduce the loss of body heat in a cold environment
1247:"When you add energy to an object and the object warms, what exactly is happening inside the object?"
281:(770–256 BC) by 94 workmen employed for "Ice-Service" to freeze everything from wine to dead bodies.
273:. In the 7th century BC the Chinese had used icehouses to preserve vegetables and fruits. During the
111:
1447:
314:
1903:
1617:
370:
277:
in China (618–907 AD) a document refers to the practice of using ice that was in vogue during the
2269:
1847:
1821:
1276:
1010:
750:
543:
on 5 June 1995. They did this by cooling a dilute vapor consisting of approximately two thousand
2228:
1734:
815:
1925:
568:
560:
2106:
844:
2127:
1100:
789:
362:
328:
Shachtman says that Lord
Chancellor Bacon, an advocate of experimental science, had tried in
151:
21:
626:
is one of the coldest known objects in our solar system. With a
Temperature of -401 degrees
1575:
949:
278:
1795:
219:; the heat is transferred from the relatively warm object to the relatively cold coolant.
8:
1943:
1693:
1216:
1040:
868:
773:
744:
740:
637:
564:
528:
397:
1579:
1599:
1565:
955:
496:
1993:
1869:
1761:
2236:
2196:
2175:
2154:
2133:
2112:
2091:
1591:
720:
333:
243:
216:
147:
143:
139:
49:
880:
1603:
1583:
1112:
934: – Study of the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures
685:
608:
589:
490:
309:
119:
1666:
1186:
1143:
772:; however this mountain range is also the reason for the monsoon rain fall in the
647:
Absent any other source of heat, the temperature of the
Universe is roughly 2.725
2217:
2190:
2169:
2148:
2001:
1174:
1069:
1013: – Deviation from the normal change of an atmospheric property with altitude
901:
769:
520:
470:. No scientific evidence of this has been found, although the disease, alongside
285:
247:
212:
2219:
Soldier's Handbook for Individual Operations and Survival in Cold-Weather Areas
1148:
1136:
1124:
961:
732:
305:
293:
284:
Shachtman says that in the 4th century AD, the brother of the Japanese emperor
134:
130:
2264:
2258:
2240:
1167:
1022:
943:
928: – Machine that removes heat from a liquid coolant via vapor compression
663:
552:
501:
322:
222:
163:
123:
115:
99:
80:
32:
1072: – Polar climate where no mean monthly temperature exceeds 0 °C (32 °F)
1595:
1060: – Persistent body of ice that is moving downhill under its own weight
995:
736:
702:
with a black-body temperature of 110.0 K (−163.2 °C, −261.67 °F).
582:
532:
393:
345:
274:
193:
95:
708:
with a black-body temperature of 210.1 K (−63.05 °C, −81.49 °F).
600:
as the "coldest known place in the Solar System", with temperatures at 26
321:. The only reference to the artificial freezing created by Drebbel was by
998: – Sports or recreational activities which are played on snow or ice
801:
792:. In addition, there are inner valleys within the main Himalayas such as
776:. This zone is located in an elevation of about 3,000 m, and covers
682:
with a black-body temperature of 81.1 K (−192.0 °C, −313.7 °F).
578:
536:
467:
451:
262:
185:
169:
91:
60:
17:
1587:
392:
were in widespread use from the mid-19th century to the 1930s, when the
182:
used to cool objects, prevent freezing and prevent erosion in machines.
1016:
937:
931:
821:
765:
758:
724:
716:
693:
689:
673:
627:
556:
475:
429:
428:, as well as on other organisms. Cold environments may promote certain
425:
417:
76:
1131:
67:
1075:
972:
547:
atoms to below 170 nK (one nK or nanokelvin is a billionth (10) of a
471:
443:
433:
421:
350:
270:
258:
44:
1527:
This is how cold protection works in winter (German) - Alpin 01/2007
246:
but used to cool wine which the Romans had also done. According to
1792:
NASA: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
1570:
983:
897:
728:
656:
612:
544:
486:
438:
377:
318:
2192:
Origin Myth of Me: Reflections of Our Origins Creation of the Lulu
900:
was a realm of primordial ice and cold with nine frozen rivers in
644:(−273.05 °C, −459.49 °F) via passive and active cooling.
83:, it is representative of the majority of the continent's surface.
1063:
1057:
1043: – Form of precipitation consisting of rain and melting snow
989:
925:
908:
797:
793:
699:
666:
has a surface temperature of 38.15 K (−235 °C, −391 °F)
631:
466:
states that cold weather itself can induce the identically named
432:
traits, as well as having direct effects on the ability to move.
208:
175:
94:, especially in the atmosphere. In common usage, cold is often a
37:
836:
805:
781:
777:
679:
669:
648:
641:
623:
616:
601:
548:
513:
447:
389:
168:
Cooling refers to the process of becoming cold, or lowering in
107:
72:
1066: – Ice mass that covers less than 50,000 km² of land area
56:
1446:. Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers. Archived from
1028:
785:
712:
404:
400:, and delivered domestically as iceboxes became more common.
179:
1555:
1498:"Shocked by frostbite amputations, med students take action"
269:
at a location close to his capital city on the banks of the
1873:
1046:
1034:
705:
593:
540:
251:
197:
1694:"Boomerang Nebula boasts the coolest spot in the Universe"
1396:
1384:
1372:
203:
Another common method of cooling is exposing an object to
1671:
1540:"'You'll Catch Your Death!' an Old Wives' Tale? Well . ."
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
964: – Atoms kept at temperatures close to absolute zero
292:
water; the reason for this is that with boiling of water
204:
189:
1408:
1360:
1049: – Precipitation in the form of ice crystal flakes
1000:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
747:
where the lowest air temperatures have been recorded. (
676:
temperature of 58.2 K (−215.0 °C, −354.9 °F).
2028:
1329:
1025: – Rain maintained at temperatures below freezing
196:, increasing the coolant flow rate, or decreasing the
188:
is the process of cooling an object by exposing it to
133:
held by an object or a sample of matter, which is the
2064:
2018:
1348:
1307:"The basic idea of the evaporative cooling is simple"
1084:
481:
2052:
911:
a frozen lake where Virgil and Dante were deposited.
265:
in northwest Iraq had created an "icehouse" called
229:
are techniques used to reach very low temperatures.
1944:"Melting Ice in Antarctica : Image of the Day"
1420:
1696:. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 20 June 1997.
114:scale. This corresponds to −273.15 °C on the
48:Signal "cold" – unofficial (except recommended by
2040:
1735:"Coldest Known Object in Space Is Very Unnatural"
986: – Spherical object made from compacted snow
946: – Temperature at which a solid turns liquid
615:, with a temperature that is estimated at 1
519:The coldest known temperature ever achieved is a
2256:
1636:"Mysterious Sedna | Science Mission Directorate"
1462:
1991:
581:is one of the coldest known objects within the
1963:"Polar explorers reach coldest place on Earth"
1495:
952: – Physical systems hotter than any other
510:National Institute of Standards and Technology
1726:
1468:
940: – Earth's surface where water is frozen
611:is the coldest known natural location in the
1019: – Leading edge of a cooler mass of air
340:and salt was tried then by many scientists.
1998:Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition
958: – Measure of the coldness of a system
907:The "Hell in Dante's Inferno" is stated as
808:which are also categorized as cold deserts.
242:In ancient times, ice was not adopted for
2167:
1994:"New absolute minimum of air temperature"
1569:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
640:spacecraft's instruments are kept at 0.1
2125:
2034:
1489:
891:
768:extending to the southern border of the
495:
485:
411:
361:
299:
66:
55:
43:
40:, which is commonly associated with cold
31:
1960:
1759:
1624:from the original on 24 September 2015.
1187:"An Introduction to Coolant Technology"
2257:
2226:
2171:Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold
2104:
2070:
2008:from the original on 27 February 2009.
1932:from the original on 23 November 2013.
1257:from the original on 16 September 2015
527:which was first theorized to exist by
150:even at absolute zero, because of the
2188:
2085:
2058:
1950:from the original on 19 January 2009.
1732:
1537:
1426:
1197:from the original on 23 February 2016
653:Cosmic microwave background radiation
592:was described after a 2009 survey by
454:, which in turn may result in death.
2146:
2046:
1880:from the original on 2 February 2016
1664:
1477:from the original on 4 February 2016
1317:from the original on 9 December 2015
1287:from the original on 31 January 2016
1078: – Large mass of glacial tulips
719:. The coldest place on Earth is the
555:(a technique that won its inventors
71:A photograph of the snow surface at
2168:Shachtman, Tom (12 December 2000).
1700:from the original on 27 August 2009
1667:"'Coldest place' found on the Moon"
1665:Amos, Jonathan (16 December 2009).
1037: – Form of solid precipitation
723:, an area of Antarctica around the
619:(−272.15 °C, −457.87 °F).
13:
2229:"Tips for Surviving in Antarctica"
2126:Lawrence, Ellen (1 January 2012).
1788:"Voyager the Interstellar Mission"
1768:from the original on 20 March 2008
1760:Hinshaw, Gary (15 December 2005).
1496:Ellen Goldbaum (2 February 2016).
482:Notable cold locations and objects
98:. A lower bound to temperature is
14:
2281:
2210:
1961:Bignell, Paul (21 January 2007).
1618:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997"
1227:from the original on 2 March 2016
1054:Geographical and climatological:
1031: – Coating or deposit of ice
992: – Figure sculpted from snow
129:Since temperature relates to the
79:. A part of the notoriously cold
1762:"Tests of the Big Bang: The CMB"
1741:from the original on 3 July 2013
1311:cold-atoms.physics.lsa.umich.edu
1142:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1094:
879:
867:
855:
843:
835:Cold desert of the Himalayas in
828:
814:
237:
16:For the infectious disease, see
2111:. University of Chicago Press.
2105:Fowlie, Wallace (15 May 1981).
2012:
2000:(in Russian) (105). Leningrad:
1985:
1954:
1936:
1918:
1892:
1862:
1836:
1810:
1780:
1753:
1712:
1686:
1658:
1628:
1610:
1549:
1538:Zuger, Abigail (4 March 2003).
1531:
1520:
1440:"The Story of the Refrigerator"
1432:
457:
384:
357:
1720:"By the Numbers | Haumea"
1299:
1269:
1239:
1209:
1179:
1161:
1:
2227:Wagner, Tom (28 March 2008).
2189:Toole, S. J. (23 June 2015).
2174:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1281:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
1155:
604:(−413 °F, −247 °C).
531:in 1924 and first created by
2108:A Reading of Dante's Inferno
2022:Royal Meteorological Society
598:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
573:magnetic evaporative cooling
464:common, but false, statement
227:magnetic evaporative cooling
146:, however, matter still has
7:
2090:(2nd ed.). CRC Press.
1168:Scuba Diving – Hand Signals
915:
862:Frozen Saint Lawrence River
10:
2286:
232:
161:
157:
122:, and 0.00 °R on the
15:
711:The coldest continent on
551:) using a combination of
304:Shachtman says that King
257:Some time around 1700 BC
118:, −459.67 °F on the
112:thermodynamic temperature
1992:Budretsky, A.B. (1984).
1969:. London. Archived from
757:The cold deserts of the
525:Bose–Einstein condensate
315:Giambattista della Porta
27:State of low temperature
2132:. Bearport Publishing.
1471:"Hypothermia: Symptoms"
751:List of weather records
90:is the presence of low
2088:Cryogenics Engineering
2086:Flynn, Thomas (2004).
975: – Frozen dessert
922:Technical, scientific
739:are the places in the
569:Nobel Prize in Physics
561:Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
504:
493:
476:increase in prevalence
373:
308:supported the work of
84:
64:
53:
41:
20:. For other uses, see
2150:Cold Deserts of India
1946:. 25 September 2007.
1733:Staff (7 July 2009).
1173:14 April 2009 at the
1011:Atmospheric inversion
892:Mythology and culture
735:on 21 July 1983. The
499:
489:
478:with colder weather.
412:Physiological effects
371:Léon Bazille Perrault
365:
300:From the 17th century
152:uncertainty principle
96:subjective perception
70:
59:
47:
35:
22:Cold (disambiguation)
2153:. Indus Publishing.
1900:"Jupiter Fact Sheet"
969:Entertainment, myth
950:Negative temperature
745:Northern Hemispheres
539:, and co-workers at
279:Eastern Chou Dynasty
2222:. Smashbooks. 1974.
2147:Negi, S.S. (2002).
1870:"Mercury: In Depth"
1844:"Saturn Fact Sheet"
1818:"Uranus Fact Sheet"
1798:on 20 December 2007
1588:10.1038/nature20604
1580:2017Natur.541..191C
1469:Mayo Clinic staff.
850:Tree with hoarfrost
774:Indian subcontinent
655:, a remnant of the
565:William D. Phillips
529:Satyendra Nath Bose
110:scale, an absolute
2233:The New York Times
1543:The New York Times
1191:coolantexperts.com
505:
494:
416:Cold has numerous
374:
275:Tang dynastic rule
85:
65:
54:
42:
2202:978-1-329-22607-4
2181:978-0-547-52595-2
2160:978-81-7387-127-6
2139:978-1-61772-401-5
2118:978-0-226-25888-1
1973:on 8 January 2012
1926:"Mars Fact Sheet"
1850:on 18 August 2011
1564:(7636): 191–195.
1405:, pp. 25–26.
1393:, pp. 18–25.
1381:, pp. 12–13.
721:Antarctic Plateau
622:The Dwarf Planet
588:The lunar crater
474:and others, does
244:food preservation
215:. This works by
148:zero-point energy
144:quantum mechanics
102:, defined as 0.00
2277:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2223:
2206:
2185:
2164:
2143:
2129:What Is Climate?
2122:
2101:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1906:on 13 April 2011
1902:. Archived from
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1846:. Archived from
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1820:. Archived from
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1794:. Archived from
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1642:. Archived from
1640:science.nasa.gov
1632:
1626:
1625:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1573:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1535:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1504:. Archived from
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1251:atmo.arizona.edu
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1183:
1177:
1165:
1147:
1146:
1135:
1134:
1123:
1122:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1007:Meteorological:
1001:
883:
871:
859:
847:
832:
818:
796:, some areas of
630:or -241 degrees
609:Boomerang Nebula
491:Boomerang Nebula
310:Cornelis Drebbel
120:Fahrenheit scale
105:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2255:
2254:
2245:
2243:
2216:
2213:
2203:
2182:
2161:
2140:
2119:
2098:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2017:
2013:
2002:Gidrometeoizdat
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1967:The Independent
1959:
1955:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1824:on 21 June 2013
1816:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1554:
1550:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1508:on 4 March 2016
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1473:. Mayo Clinic.
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1450:on 5 March 2016
1438:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1369:, pp. 8–9.
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1277:"Laser Cooling"
1275:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1175:Wayback Machine
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1070:Ice cap climate
999:
918:
902:Norse Mythology
894:
887:
884:
875:
872:
863:
860:
851:
848:
839:
833:
824:
819:
770:Tibetan plateau
662:Neptune's moon
521:state of matter
500:Neptune's moon
484:
460:
424:effects on the
414:
387:
367:Out In The Cold
360:
302:
240:
235:
213:liquid nitrogen
200:of the object.
166:
160:
103:
28:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2283:
2273:
2272:
2270:Thermodynamics
2267:
2253:
2252:
2224:
2212:
2211:External links
2209:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2186:
2180:
2165:
2159:
2144:
2138:
2123:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2076:
2075:
2073:, p. 198.
2063:
2061:, p. 118.
2051:
2039:
2027:
2011:
1984:
1953:
1935:
1917:
1891:
1861:
1835:
1809:
1779:
1752:
1725:
1711:
1685:
1657:
1646:on 16 May 2017
1627:
1609:
1548:
1530:
1519:
1488:
1461:
1431:
1419:
1415:Shachtman 2000
1407:
1403:Shachtman 2000
1395:
1391:Shachtman 2000
1383:
1379:Shachtman 2000
1371:
1367:Shachtman 2000
1359:
1355:Shachtman 2000
1347:
1343:Shachtman 2000
1328:
1298:
1268:
1238:
1221:techopedia.com
1208:
1178:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1101:Earth sciences
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1003:
993:
987:
981:
976:
967:
966:
965:
962:Ultracold atom
959:
953:
947:
944:Freezing point
941:
935:
929:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
905:
893:
890:
889:
888:
885:
878:
876:
874:Winter sea ice
873:
866:
864:
861:
854:
852:
849:
842:
840:
834:
827:
825:
820:
813:
810:
809:
762:
755:
733:Vostok Station
709:
703:
697:
683:
677:
667:
660:
645:
634:
620:
605:
586:
576:
517:
483:
480:
459:
456:
413:
410:
386:
383:
359:
356:
306:James VI and I
301:
298:
294:carbon dioxide
239:
236:
234:
231:
162:Main article:
159:
156:
135:kinetic energy
131:thermal energy
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2282:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2097:0-8247-5367-4
2093:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2037:, p. 16.
2036:
2035:Lawrence 2012
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1767:
1764:. NASA WMAP.
1763:
1756:
1740:
1737:. Space.com.
1736:
1729:
1721:
1715:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1429:, p. 23.
1428:
1423:
1417:, p. 28.
1416:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1345:, p. 17.
1344:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:"Air Cooling"
1212:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:Freezing rain
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
980:
977:
974:
971:
970:
968:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
923:
921:
920:
910:
906:
903:
899:
896:
895:
882:
877:
870:
865:
858:
853:
846:
841:
838:
831:
826:
823:
817:
812:
811:
807:
804:and northern
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:
756:
753:
752:
746:
742:
738:
737:Poles of Cold
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
696:from the Sun.
695:
691:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
671:
668:
665:
661:
658:
654:
651:, due to the
650:
646:
643:
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
618:
614:
610:
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
580:
577:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:laser cooling
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:
511:
507:
506:
503:
498:
492:
488:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
455:
453:
449:
445:
440:
435:
431:
430:psychological
427:
423:
419:
418:physiological
409:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
382:
379:
372:
368:
364:
355:
352:
347:
341:
339:
335:
331:
330:Novum Organum
326:
324:
323:Francis Bacon
320:
316:
311:
307:
297:
295:
289:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
238:Early history
230:
228:
224:
223:Laser cooling
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
181:
177:
173:
171:
165:
164:Refrigeration
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
132:
127:
125:
124:Rankine scale
121:
117:
116:Celsius scale
113:
109:
101:
100:absolute zero
97:
93:
89:
82:
81:Polar Plateau
78:
74:
69:
62:
58:
51:
46:
39:
34:
30:
23:
19:
2244:. Retrieved
2232:
2218:
2195:. Lulu.com.
2191:
2170:
2149:
2128:
2107:
2087:
2080:Bibliography
2079:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2049:, p. 9.
2042:
2030:
2021:
2014:
1997:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1971:the original
1966:
1956:
1938:
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1904:the original
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1848:the original
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1822:the original
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1791:
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1728:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1670:
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1644:the original
1639:
1630:
1612:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:the original
1501:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1448:the original
1443:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1357:, p. 4.
1350:
1319:. Retrieved
1310:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1280:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1250:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1220:
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1190:
1181:
1163:
996:Winter sport
886:Ice climbing
748:
727:that has an
583:Solar System
533:Eric Cornell
461:
458:Common myths
422:pathological
415:
402:
394:refrigerator
388:
385:20th century
375:
366:
358:19th century
346:Robert Boyle
342:
337:
329:
327:
303:
290:
283:
266:
263:Mari Kingdom
256:
252:Emperor Nero
241:
221:
202:
194:surface area
184:
174:
167:
128:
87:
86:
29:
2246:15 February
2071:Fowlie 1981
1884:15 February
1802:15 February
1678:17 December
1650:28 February
1512:15 February
1502:UB Reporter
1481:15 February
1454:16 February
1321:15 February
1291:15 February
1261:16 February
1231:16 February
1201:15 February
979:Indrid Cold
802:Pithoragarh
692:to trap in
579:90377 Sedna
545:rubidium-87
537:Carl Wieman
523:called the
468:common cold
452:hypothermia
267:bit shurpin
186:Air cooling
170:temperature
92:temperature
61:Goose bumps
18:Common cold
2259:Categories
2059:Toole 2015
1571:1606.08795
1427:Flynn 2004
1156:References
1017:Cold front
938:Cryosphere
932:Cryogenics
822:Antarctica
766:Pamir Knot
759:North Pole
725:South Pole
717:Antarctica
690:atmosphere
674:black-body
628:Fahrenheit
557:Steven Chu
437:so-called
426:human body
398:ice houses
261:, king of
217:conduction
77:Antarctica
2241:0362-4331
2047:Negi 2002
1772:9 January
1113:Geography
1076:Ice sheet
973:Ice cream
567:the 1997
472:influenza
444:frostbite
434:Shivering
351:Aristotle
271:Euphrates
259:Zimri-Lim
140:classical
106:K on the
75:Station,
2006:Archived
1977:30 April
1948:Archived
1930:Archived
1910:2 August
1878:Archived
1854:2 August
1828:2 August
1766:Archived
1739:Archived
1698:Archived
1622:Archived
1596:28079081
1475:Archived
1444:aham.org
1315:Archived
1285:Archived
1255:Archived
1225:Archived
1195:Archived
1171:Archived
984:Snowball
956:Coldness
916:See also
898:Niflheim
741:Southern
729:altitude
657:Big Bang
613:universe
439:frostnip
390:Iceboxes
378:Maryland
319:Florence
176:Coolants
1604:4443249
1576:Bibcode
1149:Weather
1137:Science
1125:Physics
1087:Portals
1064:Ice cap
1058:Glacier
990:Snowman
926:Chiller
909:Cocytus
798:Kinnaur
794:Chamoli
700:Jupiter
686:Mercury
672:with a
649:kelvins
632:Celsius
602:kelvins
590:Hermite
514:kelvins
286:Nintoku
233:History
209:dry ice
158:Cooling
38:iceberg
2239:
2199:
2178:
2157:
2136:
2115:
2094:
1745:3 July
1704:8 July
1602:
1594:
1558:Nature
837:Ladakh
806:Sikkim
782:Lahaul
778:Ladakh
680:Saturn
670:Uranus
664:Triton
638:Planck
624:Haumea
571:) and
563:, and
549:kelvin
502:Triton
450:, and
448:sepsis
180:fluids
108:Kelvin
104:
73:Dome C
1600:S2CID
1566:arXiv
1041:Sleet
1029:Frost
786:Spiti
713:Earth
405:Freon
338:nitre
334:Nitre
248:Pliny
211:, or
2265:Cold
2248:2016
2237:ISSN
2197:ISBN
2176:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2113:ISBN
2092:ISBN
1979:2010
1912:2012
1886:2016
1874:NASA
1856:2012
1830:2012
1804:2016
1774:2007
1747:2013
1706:2009
1680:2009
1652:2023
1592:PMID
1514:2016
1483:2016
1456:2016
1323:2016
1293:2016
1263:2016
1233:2016
1203:2016
1047:Snow
1035:Hail
790:Pooh
788:and
749:See
743:and
706:Mars
694:heat
636:The
607:The
594:NASA
541:JILA
508:The
420:and
225:and
198:mass
178:are
138:the
88:Cold
50:CMAS
1672:BBC
1584:doi
1562:541
715:is
596:'s
205:ice
190:air
36:An
2261::
2235:.
2231:.
2004:.
1996:.
1965:.
1928:.
1876:.
1872:.
1790:.
1669:.
1638:.
1620:.
1598:.
1590:.
1582:.
1574:.
1560:.
1500:.
1442:.
1331:^
1313:.
1309:.
1283:.
1279:.
1253:.
1249:.
1223:.
1219:.
1193:.
1189:.
800:,
784:,
780:,
754:).
559:,
535:,
462:A
446:,
369:,
250:,
207:,
154:.
126:.
2250:.
2205:.
2184:.
2163:.
2142:.
2121:.
2100:.
2024:.
1981:.
1914:.
1888:.
1858:.
1832:.
1806:.
1776:.
1749:.
1722:.
1708:.
1682:.
1654:.
1606:.
1586::
1578::
1568::
1545:.
1516:.
1485:.
1458:.
1325:.
1295:.
1265:.
1235:.
1205:.
1089::
1002:s
904:.
659:.
642:K
617:K
575:.
24:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
