2283:, and that taper between measurement points is even. Also, only the volume of the trunk (including the restored volume of basal fire scars) is taken into account, and not the volume of wood in the branches or roots. The volume measurements also do not take cavities into account. Most coast redwoods with volumes greater than 850 m (30,000 cu ft) represent ancient fusions of two or more separate trees, which makes determining whether a coast redwood has a single stem or multiple stems difficult. Starting in 2014, more record-breaking coast redwood trees were discovered. The largest disclosed was a massive redwood called Grogan's Fault/Spartan, which has been measured to have a volume of 38,300 cubic feet. In 2021 during a meeting presentation titled Redwoods 101 run by Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park, an even larger redwood was revealed, allegedly surpassed only by 3 giant sequoias in size. This tree is popularly known as 'Hail Storm', and has a volume of 44,750 cubic feet.
2315:
these wet soils, providing a water source removed from the forest floor. This creates a unique ecosystem within old growth trees full of fungi, vascular plants, and small creatures. An example of a creature that lives there are the
Clouded Salamanders that has been discovered up to 40 meters high. Evidence shows they breed and are born in the canopy soil of Redwood trees. Due to the sheer mass height of these trees and the canopy layer, it was almost never explored for the last century. Due to the mass of these trees and the amount of trees in the surrounding area different molds of moss form on these canopies that are called epiphytes. These epiphytes have different characteristics but all of said species are very adaptable to the tough treetop weather and characteristics. After hundreds of years these trees have been shaped into making it possible for these epiphytes to survive through the winter rain and the fall fog.
1335:
1326:
1436:, and are commonly called "flowers" by professional foresters, although this is not strictly correct. Coast redwoods produce many cones, with redwoods in new forests producing thousands per year. The cones themselves hold 90β150 seeds, but viability of seed is low, typically well below 15% with one estimate of average rates being 3 to 10 percent. The viability does increase with age, trees under 20 years old have a viability of about 1%, and do not generally reach the highest levels of viability until age 250. The rates decrease as the tree starts to get very old, with trees over 1,200 not reaching viability rates over 3%. The low viability may discourage seed predators, which do not want to waste time sorting
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under the surface of the bark. The dormant sprouts are stimulated when the main adult stem gets damaged or starts to die. Many sprouts spontaneously erupt and develop around the circumference of the tree trunk. Within a short period after sprouting, each sprout develops its own root system, with the dominant sprouts forming a ring of trees around the parent root crown or stump. This ring of trees is called a "fairy ring". Sprouts can achieve heights of 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) in a single growing season.
1089:, at Cal Poly Humboldt, and ask if moving redwoods north was safe. Sillett thought planting redwoods around Seattle was a fantastic idea. ("It's not like it's going to escape and become a nuisance species," Sillett told me, before adding, "it just has so many benefits.") Another factor encouraged Stielstra too: Millions of years ago, redwoods β or their close relatives β grew across the Pacific Northwest. By moving them, Stielstra reasoned, he was helping the magnificent trees regain lost territory.
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1317:. Fires, moreover, appear to actually benefit redwoods by causing substantial mortality in competing species, while having only minor effects on redwood. Burned areas are favorable to the successful germination of redwood seeds. A study published in 2010, the first to compare post-wildfire survival and regeneration of redwood and associated species, concluded that fires of all severity increase the relative abundance of redwood, and higher-severity fires provide the greatest benefit.
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1602:), and the southeastern United States from eastern Texas to Maryland. It also does well in the Pacific Northwest (Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia), far north of its northernmost native range in southwestern Oregon. Coast redwood trees were used in a display at Rockefeller Center and then given to Longhouse Reserve in East Hampton, Long Island, New York, and these have now been living there for over twenty years and have survived at 2 Β°F (β17 Β°C).
914:, in the 1930s for experimental reasons and have since flourished. The prevailing native elevation range is 30β750 m (100β2,460 ft) above sea level, occasionally down to 0 and up to about 900 m (3,000 ft). They usually grow in the mountains where precipitation from the incoming moisture off the ocean is greater. The tallest and oldest trees are found in deep valleys and gullies, where year-round streams can flow, and fog drip is regular. The
87:
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1440:(empty seeds) from edible seeds. Successful germination often requires a fire or flood, reducing competition for seedlings. The winged seeds are small and light, weighing 3.3β5.0 mg (200β300 seeds/g; 5,600β8,500/ounce). The wings are not effective for wide dispersal, and seeds are dispersed by wind an average of only 60β120 m (200β390 ft) from the parent tree. Seedlings are susceptible to fungal infection and predation by
109:
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1472:, a trait that is extremely rare in conifers. When provoked by damage, dormant buds in the burls sprout new shoots and roots. Burls are also capable of sprouting into new trees when detached from the parent tree, though exactly how this happens is yet to be studied. Shoot clones commonly sprout from burls and are often turned into decorative hedges when found in suburbia.
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upwards into recently deposited sediment layers. A second root system then develops from adventitious buds on the newly buried trunk and the old root system dies. To counter lean, redwoods increase wood production on the vulnerable side, creating a supporting buttress. These adaptations create forests of almost exclusively redwood trees in flood-prone regions.
1715:, obtaining food from green parent trees. While similar mutations occur sporadically in other conifers, no cases are known of such individuals surviving to maturity in any other conifer species. Recent research news reports that albino redwoods can store higher concentrations of toxic metals, going so far as comparing them to organs or "waste dumps".
2045:). Details of the precise locations for most of the tallest trees were not announced to the general public for fear of causing damage to the trees and the surrounding habitat. The tallest coast redwood easily accessible to the public is the National Geographic Tree, immediately trailside in the Tall Trees Grove of Redwood National Park.
1452:. Most seedlings do not survive their first three years. However, those that become established grow rapidly, with young trees known to reach 20 m (66 ft) tall in 20 years. When canopy space is not available, small trees can remain suppressed for up to 400 years before accelerating their growth rate.
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of San
Francisco, that began April 18th, 1906, we succeeded in finally stopping it in nearly all directions where the unburned buildings were almost entirely of frame construction, and if the exterior finish of these buildings had not been of redwood lumber, I am satisfied that the area of the burned
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in redwood leaves, roots, bark, and wood. Despite these chemical defenses, redwoods are still subject to insect infestations; none, however, are capable of killing a healthy tree. Bark is so thick on the bole that bark beetles cannot enter there. However, the canopy branches have thin bark (see photo
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Extensive logging of redwoods began in the early nineteenth century. The trees were felled by ax and saw onto beds of tree limbs and shrubs to cushion their fall. Stripped of their bark, the logs were transported to mills or waterways by oxen or horse. Loggers then burned the accumulated tree limbs,
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Redwoods often grow in flood-prone areas. Sediment deposits can form impermeable barriers that suffocate tree roots, and unstable soil in flooded areas often causes trees to lean to one side, increasing the risk of the wind toppling them. Immediately after a flood, redwoods grow their existing roots
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already offered "narrow strips of optimal habitat" for extending the range of coast redwood. The authors point to a topographical "bottleneck" north of the
California border that could have impeded northward migration during the Holocene. The bottleneck entails a lack of lowland passages through the
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Coast redwoods can also reproduce asexually by layering or sprouting from the root crown, stump, or even fallen branches; if a tree falls over, it generates a row of new trees along the trunk, so many trees naturally grow in a straight line. Sprouts originate from dormant or adventitious buds at or
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Redwood canopy soil forms from leaf and organic material litter shedding from upper portions of the tree, accumulating and decomposing on larger branches. These clusters of soil require a lot of hydration, but they have an incredible amount of retention once saturated. Redwoods can send roots into
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Fairly solid evidence indicates that coast redwoods were the world's largest trees before logging, with numerous historical specimens reportedly over 122 m (400 ft). The theoretical maximum potential height of coast redwoods is thought to be limited to between 122 and 130 m (400 and
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and selection harvesting. Clearcutting involved felling all the trees in a particular area. It was encouraged by tax laws that exempted all standing timber from taxation if 70% of trees in the area were harvested. Selection logging, by contrast, called for the removal 25% to 50% of mature trees in
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Coast redwood is one of the most valuable timber species in the lumbering industry. In
California, 3,640 km (899,000 acres) of redwood forest are logged, virtually all of it second growth. Though many entities have existed in the cutting and management of redwoods, perhaps none has had a more
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of primarily redwoods as redwood seedlings sprout readily in burned areas. The introduction of steam engines let crews drag logs through long skid trails to nearby railroads, furthering the reach of loggers beyond the land near rivers previously used to transport trees. This method of harvesting,
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is exacerbated by long droughts in the summer. Water stress is believed to cause the morphological changes in the leaves, stimulating reduced leaf length and increased leaf succulence. To supplement their water needs, redwoods use frequent summer fog events. Fog water is absorbed through multiple
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keep the forest consistently damp year round. Several factors, including the heavy rainfall, create a soil with fewer nutrients than the trees need, causing them to depend heavily on the entire biotic community of the forest, and making efficient recycling of dead trees especially important. This
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was documented to have a height of 120 m (390 ft) when it was uprooted and felled by a storm in 1905. A tree reportedly 129.2 m (424 ft) tall was felled in
November 1886 by the Elk River Mill and Lumber Company in Humboldt County, yielding 79,736 marketable board feet from 21
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Self-pruning of its lower limbs as height is gained is a crucial adaptation to prevent ground fires from rising into the canopy, where branch bark is thin and leaves are vulnerable. In the millions of years that predated human evolution, this level of protection worked well against natural fires
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was documented to have a height of 120 m (390 ft) and a trunk volume of at least 2,500 cubic meters (90,000 cu ft) when it was uprooted and felled by a storm in 1905. If these measurements are to be believed, the
Lindsey Creek tree was about 3 m (10 ft) taller than
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in
Humboldt Redwoods State Park at 112.84 m (370.2 ft) (as measured in 2004). Until it fell in March 1991, the "Dyerville Giant" was the record holder. It, too, stood in Humboldt Redwoods State Park and was 113.4 m (372 ft) high and estimated to be 1,600 years old. This
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In contrast to cautionary statements made by forestry professionals assessing other tree species for assisted migration, the citizens involved with the group known as
PropagationNation had met with little controversy until in 2023 a national news outlet published a lengthy article that cast a
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in an estimated 810,000 ha (2,000,000 acres) along much of coastal
California (excluding southern California where rainfall is not sufficient) and the southwestern corner of coastal Oregon within the United States. Being the tallest tree species, with a small range and an extremely long
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all natural and human-caused fires, even in parks and wilderness areas, amplified the accumulation of dense undergrowth and woody debris. Thus, even a naturally occurring ground fire could threaten to spread upwards and become a canopy fire spreading uncontrollably over a widening area.
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1497:(1863β2008) of Humboldt County, California, where it owned and managed over 810 km (200,000 acres) of forests, primarily redwood. Coast redwood lumber is highly valued for its beauty, light weight, and resistance to decay. Its lack of resin makes it absorb water and resist fire.
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The oldest known coast redwood is about 2,200 years old; many others in the wild exceed 600 years. The numerous claims of older redwoods are incorrect. Because of their seemingly timeless lifespans, coast redwoods were deemed the "everlasting redwood" at the turn of the century; in
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The ability of Coast
Redwood to live for more than a thousand years, along with its unusual capacity to resprout from its root crown when felled by natural or human causes, have earned this species the label of "carbon-sequestration champion." Its potential to contribute toward
1312:
In response to forest fires, the trees have developed various adaptations. The thick, fibrous bark of coast redwoods is extremely fire-resistant; it grows to at least a foot thick and protects mature trees from fire damage. In addition, the redwoods contain little flammable
3257:"Photography on the Run: Calflora/Google Maps image of coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) distribution in California. The southernmost naturally-occurring coast redwoods are in Monterey County, in the Southern Redwood Botanical Area of Los Padres National Forest"
1105:, professionals were united against large-scale plantings of California redwoods into the Pacific Northwest. The next month, January 2024, carried a regional news article that, once again, showed strong support as well as bold statements by the group's founder.
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A tree reportedly 114.3 m (375 ft) in length was felled in Sonoma County by the Murphy Brothers saw mill in the 1870s, another claimed to be 115.8 m (380 ft) and 7.9 m (26 ft) in diameter was cut down near Eureka in 1914, and the
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The largest known living coast redwood is Grogan's Fault, discovered in 2014 by Chris Atkins and Mario Vaden in Redwood National Park, with a main trunk volume of at least 1,084.5 cubic meters (38,299 cu ft) Other high-volume coast redwoods include
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form in the xylem preventing the transport of water and nutrients. Fog may also collect on redwood leaves, drip to the forest floor, and be absorbed by the tree's roots. This fog drip may form 30% of the total water used by a tree in a year.
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in South Africa, the Knysna Afromontane forests in the Western Cape, Grootvadersbosch Forest Reserve near Swellendam, South Africa and the Tokai Arboretum on the slopes of Table Mountain above Cape Town, a small area in central Mexico
2286:
Details of the precise locations for most of the tallest trees were not announced to the general public for fear of causing damage to the trees and the surrounding habitat. The largest coast redwood easily accessible to the public is
500:
The coast redwood normally reaches a height of 60 to 100 m (200 to 330 ft), but will be more than 110 m (360 ft) in extraordinary circumstances, with a trunk diameter of 9 m (30 ft). Historically, the
1586:. Redwood has been grown in New Zealand plantations for more than 100 years, and those planted in New Zealand have higher growth rates than those in California, mainly because of even rainfall distribution through the year.
5205:"text report and photograph of premier redwood canopy scientist Dr. Stephen C. Sillett from Humboldt State University while measuring the National Geographic Tree ("Nugget") immediately adjacent to the Tall Trees Trail"
1084:
Not wanting to cause ecological problems by planting the trees across the Pacific Northwest, Stielstra would eventually contact one of the foremost experts on the coast redwood, a botanist and forest ecologist named
905:
Coast redwoods occupy a narrow strip of land approximately 750 km (470 mi) in length and 8β75 km (5β47 mi) in width along the Pacific coast of North America; the most southerly native grove is in
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the hopes that the remaining trees would allow for future growth and reseeding. This method, however, encouraged growth of other tree species, converting redwood forests into mixed forests of redwood, grand fir,
889:(baldcypress) of the southeastern USA. Unlike coast redwood, baldcypress loses its leaves in winter. The common name "redwood", applied to both the coast redwood and the giant redwood, is a reference to the red
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Heights of the tallest coast redwoods are measured yearly by experts. Even with recent discoveries of tall coast redwoods above 100 m (330 ft), it is likely that no taller trees will be discovered.
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to the leaves becomes increasingly difficult due to gravity. Despite the high rainfall that the region receives (up to 100 cm), the leaves in the upper canopy are perpetually stressed for water. This
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of coastal fog accounts for a considerable part of the trees' water needs. Fog in the 21st century is, however, reduced from what it was in the prior century, which is a problem that may be compounded by
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that commonly appears on a redwood tree below the soil line, though usually within 3 m (10 ft) in depth from the soil surface. Coast redwoods develop burls as seedlings from the axils of their
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throughout California. Many of the old ties have been recycled for use in gardens as borders, steps, house beams, etc. Redwood burls are used in the production of table tops, veneers, and turned goods.
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component long ago." As to previous redwood range to the north, an upright fossil stump of a coast redwood on a beach in central Oregon was documented 257 km north of the current range.
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Ishii, H. T.; Jennings, Gregory M.; Sillett, Stephen C.; Koch, George W. (July 2008). "Hydrostatic constraints on morphological exploitation of light in tall Sequoia sempervirens trees".
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The Crannell Creek Giant was documented to have a trunk volume of at least 1,744 m (61,573 cu ft) – about 32% larger than Grogan's Fault and 17% larger than
2275:, and is subject to error for various reasons. This is partly due to technical difficulties in measurement, and variations in the shape of trees and their trunks. Measurements of trunk
863:(in which two species hybridize and give rise to a third) among the three genera. However, the long evolutionary history of the three genera (the earliest fossil remains being from the
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is insufficient to transport water to leaves beyond this range. Further studies have indicated that this maximum requires fog, which is prevalent in these trees' natural environment.
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Even before the controversy developed in Washington state, professionals in Canada were documenting horticultural plantings of the California species already in place in southwestern
2913:
Yang, Z.Y.; Ran, J.H.; Wang, X.Q. (2012). "Three Genome-based Phylogeny of Cupressaceae s.l: Further Evidence for the Evolution of Gymnosperms and Southern Hemisphere Biogeography".
592: in) long on shoots in full sun in the upper crown of older trees, with a full range of transition between the two extremes. They are dark green above and have two blue-white
3283:"Assessing impacts of climate change on species range shifts and extirpation on the local scale through Late Pleistocene fossils of Sequoia sempervirens in the Los Angeles Basin"
1247:. Coast redwoods also absorb water directly through their bark. The uptake of water through leaves and bark repairs and reduces the severity of xylem embolisms, which occur when
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910:, and the most northerly groves are in extreme southwestern Oregon. The aforementioned qualification of "native" is because the species was introduced to various locations in
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1669:, reportedly measured 130.1 m (427 ft) in length, and 23.5 m (77 ft) in girth. However, limited evidence corroborates these historical measurements.
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populations from which they harvested acorns, to maintain forest openings, and to boost populations of useful plant species such as those for medicine or basketmaking.
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geologic period. In recent geologic time there have been considerable shifts in the coast redwood's range in North America. Coast redwood bark has been found in the
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922:. The trees above the fog layer, above about 700 m (2,300 ft), are shorter and smaller due to the drier, windier, and colder conditions. In addition,
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Ahuja, MR; Neale, DB (2002). "Origins of Polyploidy in Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and Relationship of Coast Redwood to other Genera of Taxodiaceae".
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can be very thick, up to 35 cm (1.15 ft), and quite soft and fibrous, with a bright red-brown color when freshly exposed (hence the name redwood),
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This fast-growing tree can be grown as an ornamental specimen in those large parks and gardens that can accommodate its massive size. It has gained the
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were disallowed β even in the few places where the first peoples were permitted to continue living. Flammable brush and young trees thus accumulated.
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1711:. About 230 examples (including growths and sprouts) are known to exist, reaching heights of up to 20 m (66 ft). These trees survive like
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A description of the genus Pinus :illustrated with figures, directions relative to the cultivation, and remarks on the uses of the several species
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1035:. The authors of a 2022 paper suggest, "Were it not for the remarkable ability to sprout after fire, many southern forests may have lost their
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bands below. Leaf arrangement is spiral, but the larger shade leaves are twisted at the base to lie in a flat plane for maximum light capture.
1112:. In 2022 a Canadian Forestry Service publication used northward horticultural plantings, along with a review of research detailing redwood's
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1558:, and western hemlock. After World War II, trucks and tractors gradually replaced steam engines, giving rise to two harvesting approaches:
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1432:. Seed production begins at 10β15 years of age. Cones develop in the winter and mature by fall. In the early stages, the cones look like
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The native area provides a unique environment with heavy seasonal rains up to 2,500 mm (100 in) annually. Cool coastal air and
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lifespan, many redwoods are preserved in various state and national parks; many of the largest specimens have their own official names.
1351:. In addition to the customary sprouting of massive numbers of vertical shoots growing at ground-level around the charred trunks, thick
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3985:"The hydrostatic gradient, not light availability drives height-related variation in Sequoia sempervirens (Cupressaceae) leaf anatomy"
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2291:, which stands prominently about 5 meters (16 ft) to the southeast of the Foothill Trail of Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park.
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The ancient range of the genus is considerably greater, with relatives of the coast redwood living in Europe and Asia prior to the
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However, Yang and colleagues in 2010 queried the polyploid state of the redwood and speculate that it may have arisen as an ancient
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679: in) wide. The seeds are released when the cone scales dry and open at maturity. The pollen cones are ovular and 4β6 mm (
4171:"Stem hydraulic properties and xylem vulnerability to embolism in three co-occurring Mediterranean shrubs at a natural CO2 spring"
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greenery appears high up on some of the fire-pruned redwoods. (Photos were taken along the old growth loop trail, September 2022.)
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Today, trees over 60 m (200 ft) are common, and many are over 90 m (300 ft). The current tallest tree is the
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1676:, measuring 115.61 m (379.3 ft). The tree was discovered in Redwood National Park during mid-2006 by Chris Atkins and
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however, disturbed large amounts of soil, producing secondary-growth forests of species other than redwood such as Douglas-fir,
788:. Molecular studies have shown that the three are each other's closest relatives, generally with the redwood and giant sequoia (
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often crowd out redwoods at these elevations. Few redwoods grow close to the ocean, due to intense salt spray, sand, and wind.
3952:"The contribution of fog to the water relations of Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don): foliar uptake and prevention of dehydration"
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Coast redwoods are resistant to insect attack, fungal infection, and rot. These properties are conferred by concentrations of
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3908:"Pushing the limits to tree height: Could foliar water storage compensate for hydraulic constraints in sequoia sempervirens?"
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5229:. Washington, DC: National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on 2015-03-15
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May, Michael R.; Provance, Mitchell C.; Sanders, Andrew C.; Ellstrand, Norman C.; Ross-Ibarra, Jeffrey (23 December 2009).
2361:, also known as the Grandfather, is the last remaining old-growth coastal redwood of the redwood forest that populated the
572:β1 in) long and flat on young trees and shaded lower branches in older trees. The leaves are scalelike, 5β10 mm (
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Earles, J. M.; Sperling, O.; Silva, L. C. R.; McElrone, A. J.; Brodersen, C. R.; North, M. P.; Zwieniecki, M. A. (2015).
3586:"Why we disagree about assisted migration: Ethical implications of a key debate regarding the future of Canada's forests"
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When the first humans arrived in North America, redwoods thrived in regions where ground fires were intentionally set by
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people, who occupied the region before European settlement, regularly burned ground cover in redwood forests to bolster
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means "ever green" or "everlasting". Redwoods must endure various environmental disturbances to attain such great ages.
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exclusively reported criticism from professionals in the region and nationally: While beginning to favor experiments in
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The species name "sempervirens" means "evergreen", thought to be because of its previous placement in the same genus as
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Harris, S. A. (1989). "Relationship of convection fog to characteristics of the vegetation of Redwood National Park".
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1031:, showing that 25,000β40,000 years before the present redwood trees grew as far south as the Los Angeles during the
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5342:"Crannell Creek Giant Coast Redwood. Lindsey Creek Giant Redwood. Largest Sequoia sempervirens Ever Recorded"
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4551:. Berkeley, California: Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley. Archived from
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Stone, Edward C.; Vasey, Richard B. (January 12, 1968). "Preservation of Coast Redwoods on Alluvial Flats".
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Hyperion, the current tallest tree, 213% larger than Grogan's Fault, and 171% larger than General Sherman.
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The northern boundary of its range is marked by two groves on mountain slopes along the north side of the
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2631:. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. 31 January 1978. p. 266
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Other areas of successful cultivation outside of the native range include Great Britain, Italy, France,
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at right) that native bark beetles are able to bore into for egg-laying and larval growth via tunnels.
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is closely tied to fog availability; taller trees become less frequent as fog becomes less frequent. As
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4084:"Fog interception by Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) crowns decouples physiology from soil water deficit"
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3857:"Physiological consequences of height-related morphological variation in Sequoia sempervirens foliage"
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are taken at only a few predetermined heights up the trunk, and assume that the trunk is circular in
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on a seasonal basis. However, when peoples arrived from other continents in the past few centuries,
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originated once and for all a difficult matterβespecially since it in part depends on an incomplete
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One of the largest redwood stumps ever found, measuring 9.4 m (31 ft) in diameter, is in
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3816:"Safety and efficiency conflicts in hydraulic architecture: scaling from tissues to trees. Plant"
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2521:
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at the approximate coordinates 42Β°07'36"N 124Β°12'17"W. The southern boundary of its range is the
831:
in the tree generated with the NLY gene. Further analysis strongly supported the hypothesis that
528:
with diameter of 9.9 metres (32 ft) at breast height. This tree's girth is rivalled by the "
3709:
Koch, G. W.; Sillett, S. C.; Jennings, G. M.; Davis, S. D. (2004). "The limits to tree height".
3093:"Climatic context and ecological implications of summer fog decline in the coast redwood region"
2744:
1428:
Coast redwood reproduces both sexually by seed and asexually by sprouting of buds, layering, or
8346:
7999:
7916:
7761:
7691:
7399:
7376:
7288:
7258:
7218:
7158:
6989:
6919:
6685:
6665:
6532:
6502:
6399:
6379:
5837:
5794:
4890:
3226:
2957:
2344:
1680:, and is thought to be the world's tallest living organism. The previous record holder was the
1662:
1594:
1494:
998:
982:
897:
alone include "California redwood", "coastal redwood", "coastal sequoia", and "coast redwood".
635:
is in late winter with maturation about 8β9 months after. Each cone scale bears three to seven
529:
2626:
1047:
7268:
7188:
7148:
7118:
7088:
7029:
6831:
6605:
6575:
6512:
6462:
6442:
6315:
6225:
6046:
6003:
5642:
4992:"Does size matter? John Driscoll/The Times-Standard, Eureka, California. September 8th, 2006"
4491:
3571:"One man's mission to save the California redwoods by bringing them to the Pacific Northwest"
2529:
2377:
1920:
1895:
1843:
1818:
1793:
1724:
1610:
1206:. Redwood forests provide habitat for a variety of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles.
986:
935:
749:
441:
242:
8126:
5341:
8025:
7857:
7668:
7354:
7346:
7318:
7298:
7238:
7128:
6979:
6899:
6841:
6771:
6472:
6369:
6325:
6305:
6295:
6188:
6066:
6036:
5927:
5867:
5857:
5847:
5714:
4432:
4216:
4040:
3919:
3855:
Mullen, L. P.; Sillett, S. C.; Koch, G. W.; Antonie, K. P.; Antoine, M. E. (May 29, 2009).
3772:
3718:
3395:
3332:
3294:
3104:
3015:
2922:
2833:
1599:
1384:
1264:
1069:
860:
775:
492:
on its own refers to the species covered in this article but not to the other two species.
453:
5369:
4786:
4463:
Lake, F. K., Wright, V., Morgan, P., McFadzen, M., McWethy D., Stevens-Rumann, C. (2017).
3619:"As tree species face decline, 'assisted migration' gains popularity in Pacific Northwest"
1404:
8:
8134:
7735:
7485:
7462:
7308:
7278:
7248:
7228:
7108:
7049:
7019:
6949:
6939:
6889:
6851:
6821:
6452:
6422:
6112:
5957:
5877:
5827:
5615:
5429:
4869:
2369:
2271:
Calculating the volume of a standing tree is the practical equivalent of calculating the
1285:
1268:
A recently fallen canopy branch reveals thin bark and tunnels made by bark beetle larvae.
946:
836:
76:
8162:
7908:
5556:
4436:
4220:
4044:
3923:
3776:
3722:
3399:
3336:
3298:
3108:
2926:
2837:
2510:
536:
with a diameter of 9.8 metres (32 ft) at 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) from the ground.
456:. Before commercial logging and clearing began by the 1850s, this massive tree occurred
8393:
8235:
7725:
7715:
7432:
7208:
7198:
7178:
7168:
7059:
7039:
6811:
6801:
6791:
6738:
6522:
6492:
6482:
6056:
5917:
5887:
4633:
4328:
4232:
4064:
3796:
3742:
3458:
3355:
3320:
3127:
3092:
2418:
2351:
2337:
1980:
1853:
1681:
1666:
1657:
1649:
1248:
1240:
1122:
1086:
1065:
885:
543:, with horizontal to slightly drooping branches. The trunk is remarkably straight. The
126:
4512:
2856:
2821:
2299:
8289:
8121:
7844:
7138:
6999:
6969:
6909:
6207:
5947:
5907:
5817:
5450:
5241:
5107:
4911:
4844:
4651:
4637:
4625:
4344:
4334:
4298:
4288:
4240:
4170:
4151:
4105:
4100:
4083:
4056:
4006:
3968:
3951:
3881:
3837:
3832:
3815:
3788:
3734:
3664:
3360:
3132:
3053:
2963:
2938:
2861:
2599:
2041:
Diameter is measured at 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) above average ground level (
1289:
1175:
1113:
1061:
966:
816:
757:
4068:
3800:
3746:
3462:
3256:
2991:
2897:
2880:
2822:"Chloroplast and Mitochondrial DNA are Paternally Inherited in Sequoia sempervirens"
2709:
2442:
784:
The redwood is one of three living species, each in its own genus, in the subfamily
8398:
8294:
8240:
7849:
7452:
7422:
7009:
6959:
6929:
6861:
6781:
5676:
4617:
4479:
4440:
4224:
4182:
4141:
4095:
4048:
3996:
3963:
3927:
3871:
3827:
3780:
3726:
3638:"Do redwood trees have a place in the future of WA's forests? They're already here"
3597:
3450:
3413:
3403:
3350:
3340:
3122:
3112:
2930:
2851:
2841:
2628:
Hearings, Reports and Prints of the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs
2492:
https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.140518/Sequoia_sempervirens
2460:
2333:
1564:
1550:
1542:
1215:
1117:
1109:
1028:
950:
911:
798:
711:
329:
272:
8281:
7813:
4130:"Bark water uptake promotes localized hydraulic recovery in coastal redwood crown"
2788:
The Redwood Forest : History, Ecology, and Conservation of the Coast Redwoods
847:. Thus, Yang and colleagues hypothesize that the inconsistent relationships among
317:
Redwood cone scales begin to open mid November, with seeds dispersing by the wind.
8267:
8201:
8108:
7560:
7098:
6080:
5980:
5517:
5471:
4991:
4228:
3408:
3379:
3345:
2413:
2306:
2288:
2145:
2112:
2035:
1776:
1712:
1690:
1352:
1235:
1230:
1187:
1179:
762:
408:
219:
8064:
3906:
Ishii, H. T.; Azuma, Wakana; Kuroda, Keiko; Sillett, Stephen C. (May 26, 2014).
3652:
2934:
2565:"Redwood National & State Parks Redwood burl poaching background and update"
1513:
Because of its impressive resistance to decay, redwood was extensively used for
8157:
7584:
6546:
6126:
5937:
5609:
5523:
4601:
3418:
3202:
3020:(California Redwood, Coastal Redwood, Coastal Sequoia, Coast Redwood, Redwood)"
2329:
1700:
1637:
1518:
1203:
940:
540:
478:
457:
156:
68:
5634:
5585:
5566:
5530:
4865:"Climate explains why West Coast trees are much taller than those in the East"
4621:
3876:
3784:
3151:
2996:. Washington, D.C.: Division of Publications National Park Service. p. 19
1567:, and western hemlock. Moreover, the trees left standing were often felled by
1500:
P. H. Shaughnessy, Chief Engineer of the San Francisco Fire Department wrote:
969:, near the CaliforniaβOregon border. The northernmost grove is located within
918:
also made it harder for loggers to get to the trees and to get them out after
30:"California Redwoods" redirects here. For the professional lacrosse team, see
8415:
8020:
7784:
7682:
7613:
7499:
7442:
6340:
6254:
6149:
5742:
5733:
4659:
4629:
4348:
4302:
2451:
2362:
2276:
1693:, with a main trunk volume of 1,033 m (36,470 cu ft), and the
1673:
1555:
1525:
1514:
1314:
1129:, coupled with the absence of coastal landscapes beyond storm salt-spray and
1064:, led to the formation of a citizen group in Seattle, Washington undertaking
544:
521:
502:
444:
on Earth, reaching up to 115.9 m (380.1 ft) in height (without the
96:
4285:
The Redwood Forest: History, Ecology, and Conservation of the Coast Redwoods
3932:
3907:
3117:
2846:
1480:
1396:
8385:
8214:
7650:
7527:
6216:
5785:
5666:
5599:
4483:
4244:
4155:
4109:
4060:
4026:"Fog in the California redwood forest: Ecosystem inputs and used by plants"
4010:
3983:
Oldham, A. R.; Sillett, S. C.; Tomescu, A. M. F.; Koch, G. W. (July 2010).
3885:
3841:
3792:
3738:
3364:
3152:"CTL 9G - Coast Redwoods at Chetco River Oregon (VIDEO of 2019 site visit)"
3136:
2942:
2865:
2358:
2178:
1694:
1559:
1445:
1420:
1412:
1376:
1239:
pathways. Leaves directly take in fog from the surrounding air through the
1126:
1032:
962:
808:
785:
715:
604:
556:
469:
413:
281:
209:
8113:
5567:
One Manβs Mission to Revive the Last Redwood Forests | Short Film Showcase
5447:
The Redwood Forest: history, ecology and conservation of the Coast Redwood
5261:
4971:"Fort Worth Daily Gazette, Fort Worth, Texas. December 9th, 1886 β Page 2"
4960:
Redwood Lumber Industry, Lynwood Carranco. Golden West Books, 1982. p. 21.
4513:"A century of fire suppression is worsening wildfires and hurting forests"
4169:
Tognetti, R. A.; Longobucco, Anna; Rashi, Antonio; Jones, Mike B. (2001).
4052:
1060:, as well as its demonstrated ability to thrive in coastal regions of the
997:, just north of the national forest's Salmon Creek trailhead and near the
8046:
7968:
7793:
7659:
7536:
7390:
7367:
6103:
5485:
5327:
4718:
4445:
4420:
3454:
2676:
1708:
1641:
1590:
1441:
1277:
1211:
1102:
923:
803:
719:
632:
520:(1812-1897) described in 1893 the hollow shell of a coast redwood in the
484:
417:
199:
56:
5605:
5313:
4465:"Returning Fire to the Land: Celebrating Traditional Knowledge and Fire"
4001:
3984:
3730:
3602:
3585:
8307:
7947:
6286:
6017:
5685:
4421:"The role of fire in the competitive dynamics of coast redwood forests"
4236:
3321:"A Pleistocene Clone of Palmer's Oak Persisting in Southern California"
1464:
1429:
1424:
View upward from the center of an old, logged stump (Freshwater Creek).
1207:
1024:
600:
548:
505:
437:
169:
4418:
4146:
4129:
2030:
993:
area of Monterey County, California. The southernmost grove is in the
7973:
7903:
7870:
7476:
6752:
6413:
5808:
5538:
5496:
5490:
5467:
1697:, with a main trunk volume of 988.7 m (34,914 cu ft).
1568:
1469:
1273:
1146:
1116:
and current range conditions, as grounds for proposing that Canada's
890:
735:
707:
509:
433:
259:
7755:
5526:
Photos for largest and tallest Coast Redwoods and other information.
5285:
4186:
2962:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 22.
2272:
8380:
8261:
8209:
7778:
7706:
7622:
6729:
5994:
5501:
5479:
5475:
1449:
1170:
864:
744:
703:
8333:
7986:
7875:
5300:"February 2021 Docent Meeting_Redwoods 101 w/ Zane Moore on Vimeo"
5185:"Mystery Of White Trees Among California's Redwoods May Be Solved"
4549:
UC Berkeley β Biology 1B β Plants & Their Environments (p. 13)
1133:
inundation β for which this conifer species is highly intolerant.
1020:, with the overall majority located in the large Humboldt County.
5971:
4082:
Simonin, K. A.; Santiago, Louis S.; Dawson, Todd E. (July 2009).
1632:
1583:
1130:
990:
919:
915:
440:
tree living 1,200β2,200 years or more. This species includes the
400:
189:
179:
7862:
5563:. This is a short film about the Coastal Redwoods of California.
3380:"Rangewide climatic sensitivities and non-timber values of tall
305:
7821:
4600:
Russell, Will; Lambert, Zuhayl; Woolhouse, Suzie (2019-06-05).
1704:
1485:
1433:
1199:
1183:
931:
872:
5504:
Non-profit organization: education, protection and restoration
5128:"Cotati residents, scientists scramble to save albino redwood"
2785:
2436:
2434:
1621:
1288:
are reported to consume the inner bark of small redwoods, and
388:
373:
347:
7413:
4787:"RHS Plant Selector Sequoia sempervirens AGM / RHS Gardening"
4696:
1626:
1538:
1533:
passing through a cut-out in a fallen California redwood tree
1437:
1297:
1244:
812:
593:
404:
143:
5531:"Science on the SPOT: Albino redwoods, ghosts of the forest"
5507:
4843:. Global Forest Society and University of Washington Press.
4168:
2885:. Vol. 2. London, United Kingdom: J. White. p. 24.
2544:"Sequoia gigantea is of an ancient and distinguished family"
1210:
redwood stands provide habitat for the federally threatened
774:. It is unknown how Endlicher derived the name Sequoia. See
4127:
3318:
2431:
1460:
1379:
further hampered a return to a fire-resistant tall canopy.
1195:
1191:
1101:
of more southerly genetics of the main native timber tree,
1051:
Coast redwood (2016 photo) planted in Seabeck, WA, in 1949.
927:
636:
552:
445:
382:
364:
353:
335:
1165:
Cross section of a Sequoia sempervirens showing tree rings
5330:. California State Parks Office of Historic Preservation.
5189:
2902:. Vol. 1847. St. Gallen: Scheitlin & Zollikofer.
1150:
801:
between ancestors of the giant sequoia and dawn redwood (
5147:"It's no snow job: handful of redwoods are rare albinos"
4697:"Kia Ora β Welcome to The Redwoods Whakarewarewa Forest"
3982:
3854:
3762:
3708:
2703:
2701:
1004:
The largest and tallest populations are in California's
5578:"Redwood Forests β Lumber Felling & Milling 1940's"
4766:
4599:
3905:
3494:
2490:, Redwood. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available
4686:
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.
4326:
2508:
2347:, the current largest tree. It was felled around 1945.
2336:
by sailors to avoid the treacherous Blossom Rock near
5220:
5171:"Ghost Redwoods: Solving the Albino Redwoods Mystery"
4081:
3813:
2819:
2698:
2365:. The tree was seeded sometime between 1549 and 1554.
631: in) long, with 15β25 spirally arranged scales;
391:
361:
358:
344:
341:
332:
4813:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 96
3653:"Potential for Assisted Migration of Coast Redwood (
3378:
Sillett, Stephen C; et al. (15 December 2022).
3203:"The Redwood Nature Trail, Siskiyou National Forest"
2440:
603:, with pollen and seed cones on the same plant. The
385:
379:
370:
4973:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. 1886-12-09. p. 2
4682:
A Review of Redwood Harvesting: Another Look β 1990
4419:Ramage, B.S.; OΚΌHara, K.L.; Caldwell, B.T. (2010).
3091:Johnstone, James A; Dawson, Todd E (9 March 2010).
2993:
Redwood: Official National and State Parks Handbook
1571:; that is, they were often blown over by the wind.
827:in the tree generated using the LFY gene, but with
376:
367:
338:
5262:"Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood) description"
3478:"Intentional forests: Growing Hope for the Future"
2742:
2509:
770:, giving the redwood its current binomial name of
3523:"California Redwoods Thrive in Pacific Northwest"
3497:"Coast Redwoods Thriving at Washington Tree Farm"
2879:Don, David (1824). Lambert, Aylmer Bourke (ed.).
2328:were two especially tall sequoias located in the
1153:is of major importance in coast redwood ecology.
8413:
5573:by National Geographic. Published on 28 May 2016
5101:
3569:Opong, Diana; Anderson, Hans (9 November 2023).
3552:"Can We Save the Redwoods by Helping Them Move?"
3549:
2786:Save-the-Redwoods League, Noss, Reed L. (2013).
2591:
1190:, and other trees, along with a wide variety of
8462:Natural history of Del Norte County, California
5664:
5366:"The Most Massive Tree | Zilkha Biomass Energy"
4602:"Old-Growth Characteristics on a Coast Redwood,
4387:
4385:
3651:Winder, Richard S; et al. (October 2022).
3280:
3090:
3024:North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox
2826:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1259:
1068:of this species hundreds of miles north of its
867:) make resolving the specifics of when and how
8467:Natural history of Humboldt County, California
8457:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
4530:. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
3482:International Dendrology Society Yearbook 2021
3475:
2820:Neale, DB; Marshall, KA; Sederoff, RR (1989).
2595:California, an Environmental Atlas & Guide
562:The leaves are variable, being 15β25 mm (
555:system is composed of shallow, wide-spreading
5650:
5389:
5138:
3949:
3814:Sperry, J. S.; Meinzer; McCulloh (May 2008).
3584:Aubin, Isabelle; et al. (January 2011).
3568:
3495:PropagationNation staff (27 September 2023).
3476:Antoine, Marie E; Sillett, Stephen C (2022).
3227:"Coast Redwood : Los Padres ForestWatch"
2670:
2668:
2666:
2466:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T34051A2841558.en
1685:fallen giant has been preserved in the park.
1549:shrubs, and bark. The repeated fires favored
8452:Trees of the West Coast of the United States
5411:"Hidden Redwood is Remnant of Forest Giants"
5254:
4984:
4954:
4908:Forest giants of the world: past and present
4747:. European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy
4496:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4382:
3550:Velasquez-Manoff, Moises (25 October 2023).
3514:
3371:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
1141:
6215:
4534:
4458:
4456:
3704:
3702:
3545:
3543:
2912:
1284:Redwoods also face herbivory from mammals:
1229:' height increases, transporting water via
900:
669: in) broad, with two wings 1 mm (
350:
5657:
5643:
5602:Humboldt Redwoods Interpretive Association
5286:"5 Largest and Tallest Trees in the World"
5216:
5214:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4412:
4206:
3644:
3063:
2800:
2592:Kreissman, Bern; Lekisch, Barbara (1991).
1509:district would have been greatly extended.
706:makeup is unusual among conifers, being a
271:
107:
85:
55:
5684:
5606:Preston, Richard. "Climbing the Redwoods"
5392:"The 'Grandfather' of Oakland's redwoods"
5144:
5095:
4759:
4519:
4510:
4444:
4145:
4099:
4000:
3967:
3950:Burgess, S. S. O.; Dawson, T. E. (2004).
3931:
3875:
3831:
3629:
3601:
3562:
3433:Gavin, Daniel G; et al. (May 2013).
3417:
3407:
3354:
3344:
3126:
3116:
3050:Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys
2895:
2855:
2845:
2813:
2794:
2643:
2497:
2464:
2318:
893:of the trees. Common names that refer to
34:. For the defunct UFL football team, see
4963:
4838:
4528:World fire: The culture of fire on Earth
4504:
4453:
3699:
3540:
3435:"Potential Late-Holocene Disjunction of
2872:
2298:
2048:
2029:
1718:
1631:
1620:
1524:
1479:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1263:
1160:
1145:
1046:
965:, which is on the western fringe of the
945:
312:
304:
7621:
6090:
5408:
5211:
5106:. Sequoia Natural History Association.
4825:
4650:
4278:
4276:
4274:
3488:
3377:
2955:
1488:redwood, from the Pacific Bonsai Museum
1475:
448:) and up to 8.9 m (29 ft) in
14:
8414:
7594:
6716:
6706:
6696:
6686:
6676:
6666:
6656:
6646:
6636:
6626:
6616:
6606:
6596:
6586:
6576:
6566:
6556:
6136:
5524:Coast Redwoods β Largest & Tallest
5390:Herron Zamora, Jim (August 14, 2006).
5043:"A Giant Redwood for the World's Fair"
4905:
4899:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4175:Australian Journal of Plant Physiology
4023:
3690:
3650:
3616:
3181:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
3149:
2707:
2536:
1998:Montgomery Woods State Natural Reserve
1076:favorable light on their efforts. The
957:, 1872, Oil on paper mounted on canvas
280:Natural range of California subfamily
8427:NatureServe apparently secure species
7760:
7759:
7692:
7509:
6400:
6390:
6380:
6370:
6360:
6350:
6189:
6179:
6169:
6159:
5772:
5762:
5752:
5638:
5582:YouTube video from Historia β Bel99TV
5557:Redwood Timelapse California Redwoods
5427:
4391:
4360:
4358:
4327:Becking, Rudolf Willem (1982-01-01).
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4123:
4121:
4119:
3945:
3943:
3758:
3756:
3583:
3432:
3281:George, J.; MacDonald, G. M. (2017).
2959:Introduction to California Plant Life
2915:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2743:William P. Gibbons (August 1, 1893).
2724:from the original on 14 December 2023
2674:
2053:The following list shows the largest
1347:that burned as high as the canopy in
1042:
794:) as each other's closest relatives.
8228:7eef6dbe-3e4e-46ba-b657-f61abb58d842
8088:280c5830-f56e-4682-888e-8bff3e3c803e
7886:62fc1aa8-5072-4e13-87ab-acbbf173187c
6273:
6236:
6226:
5795:
5612:article about redwoods and climbing.
4910:. Ontario: Fitzhenry and Whiteside.
4606:(D. Don Endl.) Pygmy Forest Ecotone"
4525:
4282:
3661:Canadian Forest Service Publications
3635:
3169:
2708:Watson, Frank D. (5 November 2023).
2530:participating institution membership
1661:cuts. In 1893, a Redwood cut at the
1362:originating from lightning strikes.
7669:
7546:
7400:
7377:
6113:
5314:"Hail Storm Tree - Famous Redwoods"
5102:Wendell D. Flint (1 January 2002).
4666:
4251:
3617:Gilles, Nathan (28 December 2023).
3030:from the original on 19 August 2023
2989:
2878:
2675:Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018).
2452:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2404:Northern California coastal forests
1307:
807:). Using two different single copy
24:
8437:Endemic flora of the United States
7355:
6326:
6316:
6306:
6296:
6067:
6057:
6047:
6037:
6027:
5715:
5705:
5695:
5439:
4841:Forest Giants of the Pacific Coast
4656:A Natural History of Western Trees
4366:"The Redwoods of Coast and Sierra"
4355:
4330:Pocket flora of the redwood forest
4309:
4193:
4116:
4024:Dawson, T. E. (1 September 1998).
3940:
3753:
3520:
3150:Barlow, Connie (6 November 2019).
2906:
2770:
2758:(8). Berkeley, California: 161β166
2745:"The Redwood in the Oakland Hills"
2233:Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park
2202:Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park
2136:Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park
1459:Redwoods may also reproduce using
1292:are known to eat redwood sprouts.
468:sometimes refers to the subfamily
25:
8538:
7486:
7329:
7319:
7309:
7299:
7289:
7279:
7269:
7259:
7249:
7239:
7229:
7219:
7209:
7199:
7189:
7179:
7169:
7159:
7149:
7139:
7129:
7119:
7109:
7099:
7089:
7070:
7060:
7050:
7040:
7030:
7020:
7010:
7000:
6990:
6980:
6970:
6960:
6950:
6940:
6930:
6920:
6910:
6900:
6890:
6862:
6852:
6842:
6832:
6822:
6812:
6802:
6792:
6782:
6772:
6533:
6523:
6513:
6503:
6493:
6483:
6473:
6463:
6453:
6443:
6433:
6423:
5958:
5948:
5938:
5928:
5918:
5908:
5898:
5888:
5878:
5868:
5858:
5848:
5838:
5828:
5818:
5600:Humboldt Redwoods State Park (CA)
5461:
5449:. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
4721:. The New Zealand Redwood Company
4511:Schechter, David (13 July 2023).
4398:Fire Effects Information System,
2264:Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park
2169:Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park
452:. These trees are also among the
8497:Redwood National and State Parks
8477:Extant Miocene first appearances
8422:IUCN Red List endangered species
8373:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263779-1
8189:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263741-1
7736:
7726:
7716:
7632:
6739:
6004:
5421:
4101:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01967.x
3969:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01207.x
3833:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01765.x
3636:Zhou, Amanda (21 January 2024).
3237:from the original on 29 May 2017
3183:. U.S. Department of Agriculture
2598:. Bear Klaw Press. p. 104.
2374:Roberts Regional Recreation Area
2294:
1333:
1324:
1006:Redwood National and State Parks
754:A description of the genus Pinus
659: in) long and 0.5 mm (
328:
130:
7570:
5981:
5545:from the original on 2021-11-07
5402:
5383:
5358:
5334:
5320:
5306:
5292:
5278:
5197:
5177:
5163:
5120:
5065:
5035:
5005:
4924:
4895:. Munn and Company. 1877-01-01.
4892:Scientific American: Supplement
4883:
4857:
4800:
4779:
4733:
4711:
4689:
4644:
4593:
4569:
4162:
4075:
4017:
3976:
3899:
3848:
3807:
3684:
3610:
3577:
3469:
3426:
3312:
3274:
3249:
3219:
3195:
3177:"SPECIES: Sequoia sempervirens"
3143:
3084:
3042:
3008:
2983:
2949:
2889:
2790:. Island Press. pp. 56β58.
2736:
2441:Farjon, A.; Schmid, R. (2013).
1593:, middle elevations of Hawaii,
1391:
995:Southern Redwood Botanical Area
488:(dawn redwood). Here, the term
8517:Garden plants of North America
8507:Trees of mild maritime climate
5409:Fimrite, Peter (May 8, 2013).
5221:National Park Service (1997).
3052:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
3026:. Greensboro, North Carolina.
2619:
2585:
2557:
2480:
1214:and the California-endangered
539:Coast redwoods have a conical
514:California Academy of Sciences
495:
13:
1:
8492:Neogene life of North America
8472:Pacific temperate rainforests
7463:
7453:
7443:
7433:
7423:
5468:Institute for Redwood Ecology
5428:Slack, Gordy (July 1, 2004).
4394:"Sequoia sempervirens (1992)"
4134:Plant, Cell & Environment
3820:Plant, Cell & Environment
3388:Forest Ecology and Management
2425:
2409:Pacific temperate rainforests
2372:, the Berkeley Hills, in the
2326:Blossom Rock Navigation Trees
1616:
1416:Basal regrowth after logging.
1349:Big Basin Redwoods State Park
1099:assisted population migration
454:longest-living trees on Earth
5584:. 2013-02-02. Archived from
5516:sensors installation by Dr.
5497:Muir Woods National Monument
5368:. 2011-07-04. Archived from
5145:Stienstra, T. (2007-10-11).
4679:Lowell, Phillip G. (1990).
4542:"Botanical Garden Logistics"
4229:10.1126/science.159.3811.157
3439:on the Central Oregon Coast"
3409:10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120573
3346:10.1371/journal.pone.0008346
2494:. Accessed 11 November 2021.
2057:by volume known as of 2001.
2023:Humboldt Redwoods State Park
1971:Humboldt Redwoods State Park
1946:Humboldt Redwoods State Park
1871:Humboldt Redwoods State Park
1408:Lignotuber, Roosevelt Grove.
1400:Lignotuber actively budding.
1260:Pest and pathogen resistance
1018:Humboldt Redwoods State Park
7:
5017:Mining and Scientific Press
4088:Plant, Cell and Environment
3956:Plant, Cell and Environment
2935:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.004
2896:Endlicher, Stephan (1847).
2504:Sunset Western Garden Book,
2384:
2273:volume of an irregular cone
1607:Royal Horticultural Society
1578:in New Zealand, notably at
908:Monterey County, California
729:
722:genomes of the redwood are
10:
8543:
5223:"The General Sherman Tree"
4699:. Rotorua District Council
3989:American Journal of Botany
3558:. New York Times Magazine.
3287:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
2393:Bury Me in Redwood Country
1722:
1174:forest community includes
1136:
979:Los Padres National Forest
607:are ovoid, 15β32 mm (
512:and founder member of the
29:
8512:Trees of Northern America
8251:
7768:
7705:
7681:
7658:
7648:
7611:
7583:
7559:
7535:
7525:
7498:
7475:
7412:
7389:
7366:
7345:
6874:
6760:
6751:
6728:
6545:
6412:
6339:
6285:
6262:
6252:
6205:
6148:
6125:
6102:
6079:
6016:
5993:
5970:
5807:
5784:
5741:
5731:
5674:
5445:Noss, R. F., ed. (2000).
5430:"In the Shadow of Giants"
5246:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4839:Van Pelt, Robert (2001).
4808:"AGM Plants β Ornamental"
4622:10.3120/0024-9637-66.1.14
4577:"SequoΓa sempervΓrens (D"
3785:10.1007/s00442-008-1032-z
2517:Oxford English Dictionary
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1371:indigenous fire practices
1343:Two years after the 2020
1142:Fog and flood adaptations
1058:climate change mitigation
971:Alfred A. Loeb State Park
738:described the redwood as
639:, each seed 3β4 mm (
450:diameter at breast height
279:
270:
248:
241:
127:Scientific classification
125:
105:
83:
74:
63:
54:
47:
36:Sacramento Mountain Lions
32:California Redwoods (PLL)
8527:Plants described in 1824
6030:. austrocaledonicus
5535:YouTube video from Quest
5502:Save the Redwoods League
5491:US National Park Service
5470:Includes photo gallery,
5104:To Find the Biggest Tree
5053:(16): 354. 22 April 1893
5023:(15): 230. 15 April 1893
4942:(8): 41. 25 October 1914
2956:Ornduff, Robert (2003).
2399:Save the Redwoods League
1707:that cannot manufacture
1531:Skyline-to-the-Sea Trail
975:Siskiyou National Forest
901:Distribution and habitat
878:
791:Sequoiadendron giganteum
420:). Common names include
296:Sequoiadendron giganteum
7549:. glyptostroboides
5510:Non-profit organization
5415:San Francisco Chronicle
5396:San Francisco Chronicle
5151:San Francisco Chronicle
4652:Peattie, Donald Culross
3933:10.1111/1365-2435.12284
3877:10.1093/treephys/tpp037
3261:photographyontherun.com
3118:10.1073/pnas.0915062107
2847:10.1073/pnas.86.23.9347
2685:The Gymnosperm Database
2522:Oxford University Press
1078:New York Times Magazine
309:Trunk in sectional view
7635:. cryptomerioides
5013:"A Mendocino Big Tree"
4741:"Sequoia sempervirens"
4484:10.5849/jof.2016-043R2
3657:) to Vancouver Island"
3590:The Forestry Chronicle
2718:Flora of North America
2319:Other notable examples
2311:
2038:
1644:
1629:
1534:
1511:
1495:Pacific Lumber Company
1493:storied role than the
1489:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1367:indigenous populations
1269:
1166:
1158:
1093:In December 2023, the
1091:
1052:
999:San Luis Obispo County
983:Silver Peak Wilderness
958:
412:in the cypress family
318:
310:
8502:Symbols of California
8253:Taxodium sempervirens
6436:. austrotibetica
6162:. cedarbergensis
5227:Sequoia National Park
4053:10.1007/s004420050683
3623:Associated Press News
3073:. Bio.net. 1998-12-02
2546:. Nps.gov. 2007-02-02
2378:Redwood Regional Park
2302:
2049:List of largest trees
2033:
1921:Redwood National Park
1896:Redwood National Park
1844:Redwood National Park
1819:Redwood National Park
1794:Redwood National Park
1725:List of tallest trees
1719:List of tallest trees
1635:
1624:
1611:Award of Garden Merit
1574:The coast redwood is
1528:
1502:
1483:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1381:Governmental policies
1267:
1164:
1155:Redwood National Park
1149:
1082:
1050:
987:Santa Lucia Mountains
949:
815:and NLY, to generate
750:Aylmer Bourke Lambert
740:Taxodium sempervirens
416:(formerly treated in
399:) is the sole living
316:
308:
8140:Sequoia sempervirens
7883:Euro+Med PlantBase:
7827:sequoia-sempervirens
7800:Sequoia sempervirens
7770:Sequoia sempervirens
7466:. sutchuenensis
7292:. saltillensis
7262:. occidentalis
7222:. horizontalis
7162:. coahuilensis
6993:. pseudosabina
6923:. foetidissima
6629:. guadalupensis
5901:. neocaledonica
5629:Saga of the Redwoods
5618:Sequoia sempervirens
5207:. 27 September 2014.
5173:. 28 September 2016.
4994:. Times-standard.com
4932:"Pacific Coast News"
4604:Sequoia sempervirens
4446:10.1890/ES10-00134.1
3655:Sequoia sempervirens
3455:10.3955/046.087.0201
3437:Sequoia sempervirens
3382:Sequoia sempervirens
3207:www.redwoodhikes.com
3018:Sequoia sempervirens
2899:Synopsis Coniferarum
2712:Sequoia sempervirens
2679:Sequoia sempervirens
2488:Sequoia sempervirens
2459:: e.T34051A2841558.
2445:Sequoia sempervirens
2304:Clouded Salamander,
2063:Sequoia sempervirens
1880:National Geographic
1736:Sequoia sempervirens
1476:Cultivation and uses
1463:. A burl is a woody
1227:S. sempervirens
1223:S. sempervirens
895:Sequoia sempervirens
861:reticulate evolution
835:was the result of a
772:Sequoia sempervirens
768:Synopsis coniferarum
756:. Austrian botanist
748:", in his colleague
724:paternally inherited
482:(giant sequoia) and
474:S. sempervirens
442:tallest living trees
323:Sequoia sempervirens
288:Sequoia sempervirens
252:Sequoia sempervirens
234:S. sempervirens
65:Sequoia sempervirens
49:Sequoia sempervirens
8442:Flora of California
7573:. sempervirens
7512:. vietnamensis
7436:. occidentalis
7272:. osteosperma
7192:. durangensis
7152:. californica
7122:. barbadensis
7092:. angosturana
7073:. wallichiana
7033:. semiglobosa
6835:. lutchuensis
6719:. stephensonii
6536:. vietnamensis
6506:. sempervirens
6276:. nootkatensis
6007:. cupressoides
5841:. columellaris
5708:. selaginoides
5698:. cupressoides
5486:Gymnosperm Database
5083:: 260. 14 June 1893
5047:Pacific Rural Press
4936:Lumber World Review
4906:Carder, A. (1995).
4870:The Washington Post
4581:www.srs.fs.usda.gov
4526:Pyne, S.J. (1995).
4472:Journal of Forestry
4437:2010Ecosp...1...20R
4283:Noss, Reed (2000).
4221:1968Sci...159..157S
4045:1998Oecol.117..476D
4002:10.3732/ajb.0900214
3924:2014FuEco..28.1087I
3895:on January 9, 2012.
3777:2008Oecol.156..751I
3731:10.1038/nature02417
3723:2004Natur.428..851K
3603:10.5558/tfc2011-092
3419:20.500.11850/578207
3400:2022ForEM.52620573S
3337:2009PLoSO...4.8346M
3299:2017AGUFMGC33C1093G
3109:2010PNAS..107.4533J
3048:Farjon, A. (2005).
2927:2012MolPE..64..452Y
2838:1989PNAS...86.9347N
2520:(Online ed.).
2486:NatureServe. 2020.
2370:Oakland, California
2211:Howland Hill Giant
2065:
1738:
955:California Redwoods
912:Victoria, Australia
859:could be a sign of
837:hybridization event
823:was clustered with
714:(AAAABB). Both the
77:Conservation status
8482:Miocene California
7322:. virginiana
7302:. scopulorum
7242:. monosperma
7132:. bermudiana
6983:. procumbens
6903:. convallium
6845:. macrocarpa
6775:. brevifolia
6516:. tonkinensis
6466:. duclouxiana
6446:. cashmeriana
6393:. taiwanensis
6353:. formosensis
5775:. pyramidalis
4745:Euro+Med-Plantbase
4392:Griffiths, Randy.
3912:Functional Ecology
3556:The New York Times
3071:"Redwood fog drip"
2419:Stephen C. Sillett
2352:Lindsey Creek tree
2338:Yerba Buena Island
2312:
2060:
2039:
1854:Stratosphere Giant
1733:
1682:Stratosphere Giant
1658:Lindsey Creek tree
1650:evapotranspiration
1645:
1630:
1535:
1490:
1426:
1418:
1410:
1402:
1270:
1167:
1159:
1123:Oregon Coast Range
1066:assisted migration
1053:
1043:Assisted migration
959:
886:Taxodium distichum
819:, they found that
817:phylogenetic trees
760:erected the genus
734:Scottish botanist
710:(6n) and possibly
518:William P. Gibbons
430:California redwood
319:
311:
113:Apparently Secure
8409:
8408:
8122:Open Tree of Life
7762:Taxon identifiers
7753:
7752:
7749:
7748:
7739:. mucronatum
7644:
7643:
7607:
7606:
7521:
7520:
7456:. standishii
7426:. koraiensis
7403:. articulata
7380:. orientalis
7341:
7340:
7312:. standleyi
7282:. pinchotii
7252:. monticola
7232:. jaliscana
7112:. arizonica
7081:New World Species
7053:. thurifera
7023:. saltuaria
6953:. phoenicea
6943:. komarovii
6893:. chinensis
6883:Old World Species
6855:. oxycedrus
6825:. formosana
6699:. revealiana
6679:. nevadensis
6659:. macrocarpa
6649:. macnabiana
6639:. lusitanica
6559:. abramsiana
6476:. dupreziana
6363:. lawsoniana
6319:. macrolepis
6248:
6247:
6239:. lanceolata
6208:Cunninghamioideae
6201:
6200:
6050:. chevalieri
5931:. rhomboidea
5871:. macleayana
5861:. endlicheri
5851:. drummondii
5755:. acuminatus
5727:
5726:
5627:, November 1943,
5625:Popular Mechanics
5508:Sempervirens Fund
5113:978-1-878441-09-6
5077:Garden and Forest
4917:978-1-55041-090-7
4850:978-0-295-98140-6
4789:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
4719:"Redwood History"
4431:(6). article 20.
4215:(3811): 157β161.
4147:10.1111/pce.12612
3717:(6985): 851β854.
3527:Torreya Guardians
3501:PropagationNation
3443:Northwest Science
3103:(10): 4533β4538.
2969:978-0-520-23702-5
2832:(23): 9347β9349.
2528:(Subscription or
2269:
2268:
2242:Sir Isaac Newton
2028:
2027:
1930:Federation Giant
1648:427 ft), as
1551:secondary forests
1290:black-tailed deer
1176:coast Douglas-fir
1114:paleobiogeography
1062:Pacific Northwest
967:Klamath Mountains
766:in his 1847 work
758:Stephan Endlicher
742:, the "evergreen
472:, which includes
303:
302:
120:
100:
16:(Redirected from
8534:
8522:Ornamental trees
8402:
8401:
8389:
8388:
8376:
8375:
8363:
8362:
8350:
8349:
8337:
8336:
8324:
8323:
8311:
8310:
8298:
8297:
8285:
8284:
8272:
8271:
8270:
8244:
8243:
8231:
8230:
8218:
8217:
8205:
8204:
8192:
8191:
8179:
8178:
8166:
8165:
8153:
8152:
8143:
8142:
8130:
8129:
8117:
8116:
8104:
8103:
8091:
8090:
8081:
8080:
8068:
8067:
8065:NHMSYS0000463454
8055:
8054:
8042:
8041:
8029:
8028:
8016:
8015:
8003:
8002:
7990:
7989:
7977:
7976:
7964:
7963:
7951:
7950:
7938:
7937:
7925:
7924:
7912:
7911:
7899:
7898:
7889:
7888:
7879:
7878:
7866:
7865:
7853:
7852:
7840:
7839:
7830:
7829:
7817:
7816:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7789:
7788:
7787:
7757:
7756:
7738:
7729:. distichum
7728:
7719:. ascendens
7718:
7694:
7671:
7656:
7655:
7634:
7619:
7618:
7597:. giganteum
7596:
7572:
7548:
7533:
7532:
7511:
7489:. dolabrata
7488:
7465:
7455:
7445:
7435:
7425:
7402:
7379:
7358:. decussata
7357:
7331:
7321:
7311:
7301:
7291:
7281:
7271:
7261:
7251:
7241:
7231:
7221:
7212:. gamboana
7211:
7202:. flaccida
7201:
7191:
7182:. deppeana
7181:
7172:. comitana
7171:
7161:
7151:
7141:
7131:
7121:
7111:
7101:
7091:
7072:
7063:. tibetica
7062:
7052:
7043:. squamata
7042:
7032:
7022:
7012:
7002:
6992:
6982:
6972:
6962:
6952:
6942:
6932:
6922:
6912:
6902:
6892:
6864:
6854:
6844:
6834:
6824:
6814:
6804:
6794:
6784:
6774:
6758:
6757:
6742:. hodginsii
6741:
6718:
6709:. sargentii
6708:
6698:
6688:
6678:
6668:
6658:
6648:
6638:
6628:
6619:. goveniana
6618:
6608:
6598:
6589:. benthamii
6588:
6578:
6569:. arizonica
6568:
6558:
6535:
6525:
6515:
6505:
6495:
6485:
6475:
6465:
6456:. chengiana
6455:
6445:
6435:
6426:. atlantica
6425:
6402:
6392:
6382:
6372:
6362:
6352:
6329:. rupestris
6328:
6318:
6309:. formosana
6308:
6299:. decurrens
6298:
6275:
6260:
6259:
6238:
6228:
6213:
6212:
6191:
6182:. schwarzii
6181:
6172:. nodiflora
6171:
6161:
6138:
6115:
6092:
6070:. yateensis
6069:
6059:
6049:
6040:. bidwillii
6039:
6029:
6006:
5983:
5961:. verrucosa
5960:
5950:
5940:
5930:
5920:
5910:
5900:
5890:
5881:. monticola
5880:
5870:
5860:
5850:
5840:
5831:. canescens
5830:
5820:
5798:. chilensis
5797:
5774:
5765:. arenarius
5764:
5754:
5739:
5738:
5718:. laxifolia
5717:
5707:
5697:
5682:
5681:
5677:Athrotaxidoideae
5659:
5652:
5645:
5636:
5635:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5514:ICT Int. Gallery
5434:
5433:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5266:www.conifers.org
5258:
5252:
5251:
5245:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5218:
5209:
5208:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4836:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4812:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4693:
4687:
4677:
4664:
4663:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4557:
4546:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4495:
4487:
4469:
4460:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4389:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4362:
4353:
4352:
4333:. Island Press.
4324:
4307:
4306:
4287:. Island Press.
4280:
4249:
4248:
4204:
4191:
4190:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4149:
4125:
4114:
4113:
4103:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4030:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4004:
3995:(7): 1087β1097.
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3962:(8): 1023β1034.
3947:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3918:(5): 1087β1093.
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3888:. Archived from
3879:
3861:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3835:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3640:. Seattle Times.
3633:
3627:
3626:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3547:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3521:Barlow, Connie.
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3411:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3348:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3120:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3067:
3061:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2859:
2849:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2749:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2672:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2513:
2501:
2495:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2438:
2334:navigational aid
2066:
2059:
2043:at breast height
1739:
1732:
1484:An example of a
1377:Clearcut logging
1337:
1328:
1308:Fire adaptations
1243:, bypassing the
1241:epidermal tissue
1216:marbled murrelet
1118:Vancouver Island
1110:British Columbia
1095:Associated Press
1029:La Brea Tar Pits
951:Albert Bierstadt
699: in) long.
698:
697:
693:
688:
687:
683:
678:
677:
673:
668:
667:
663:
658:
657:
653:
648:
647:
643:
630:
629:
625:
622:
616:
615:
611:
591:
590:
586:
581:
580:
576:
571:
570:
566:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
356:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
275:
254:
135:
134:
114:
111:
110:
94:
89:
88:
59:
45:
44:
21:
8542:
8541:
8537:
8536:
8535:
8533:
8532:
8531:
8447:Flora of Oregon
8432:Sequoia (genus)
8412:
8411:
8410:
8405:
8397:
8392:
8384:
8379:
8371:
8366:
8358:
8353:
8345:
8340:
8332:
8327:
8319:
8314:
8306:
8301:
8293:
8288:
8280:
8275:
8266:
8265:
8260:
8247:
8239:
8234:
8226:
8221:
8213:
8208:
8200:
8195:
8187:
8182:
8174:
8169:
8161:
8156:
8148:
8146:
8138:
8133:
8125:
8120:
8112:
8109:Observation.org
8107:
8099:
8094:
8086:
8084:
8076:
8071:
8063:
8058:
8050:
8045:
8037:
8032:
8024:
8019:
8011:
8006:
7998:
7993:
7985:
7980:
7972:
7967:
7959:
7954:
7946:
7941:
7933:
7928:
7920:
7915:
7907:
7902:
7894:
7892:
7884:
7882:
7874:
7869:
7861:
7856:
7848:
7843:
7835:
7833:
7825:
7820:
7812:
7807:
7798:
7797:
7792:
7783:
7782:
7777:
7764:
7754:
7745:
7742:
7701:
7698:
7695:. pensilis
7677:
7672:. japonica
7640:
7603:
7600:
7579:
7576:
7555:
7552:
7517:
7494:
7471:
7408:
7385:
7362:
7337:
7332:. zanonii
7142:. blancoi
7076:
7003:. recurva
6973:. procera
6913:. excelsa
6870:
6815:. drupacea
6805:. conferta
6795:. communis
6747:
6724:
6599:. forbesii
6541:
6526:. torulosa
6496:. gigantea
6486:. funebris
6408:
6403:. thyoides
6383:. pisifera
6335:
6332:
6281:
6244:
6229:. konishii
6197:
6144:
6139:. uviferum
6121:
6098:
6093:. pancheri
6081:Neocallitropsis
6075:
6012:
5989:
5966:
5921:. preissii
5891:. muelleri
5803:
5780:
5723:
5670:
5663:
5608:β 2/14-21/2005
5591:
5589:
5576:
5548:
5546:
5529:
5518:Stephen Sillett
5464:
5442:
5440:Further reading
5437:
5426:
5422:
5407:
5403:
5388:
5384:
5375:
5373:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5350:
5348:
5346:www.mdvaden.com
5340:
5339:
5335:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5288:. 3 April 2019.
5284:
5283:
5279:
5270:
5268:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5239:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5219:
5212:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5155:
5153:
5143:
5139:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5114:
5100:
5096:
5086:
5084:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5056:
5054:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5026:
5024:
5011:
5010:
5006:
4997:
4995:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4976:
4974:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4945:
4943:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4918:
4904:
4900:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4875:
4873:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4851:
4837:
4826:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4792:
4790:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4750:
4748:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4702:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4678:
4667:
4649:
4645:
4598:
4594:
4585:
4583:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4524:
4520:
4509:
4505:
4489:
4488:
4467:
4461:
4454:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4401:
4390:
4383:
4374:
4372:
4364:
4363:
4356:
4341:
4325:
4310:
4295:
4281:
4252:
4205:
4194:
4187:10.1071/PP00125
4167:
4163:
4126:
4117:
4080:
4076:
4028:
4022:
4018:
3981:
3977:
3948:
3941:
3904:
3900:
3892:
3870:(8): 999β1010.
3864:Tree Physiology
3859:
3853:
3849:
3812:
3808:
3761:
3754:
3707:
3700:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3649:
3645:
3634:
3630:
3615:
3611:
3582:
3578:
3567:
3563:
3548:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3493:
3489:
3474:
3470:
3431:
3427:
3376:
3372:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3148:
3144:
3089:
3085:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2954:
2950:
2911:
2907:
2894:
2890:
2877:
2873:
2818:
2814:
2803:Silvae Genetica
2799:
2795:
2784:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2706:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2673:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2439:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2414:Redwood (color)
2387:
2345:General Sherman
2321:
2307:Aneides ferreus
2297:
2113:Del Norte Titan
2055:S. sempervirens
2051:
2036:Del Norte Titan
1727:
1721:
1701:Albino redwoods
1619:
1478:
1394:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1310:
1262:
1231:water potential
1188:western hemlock
1180:Pacific madrone
1144:
1139:
1087:Stephen Sillett
1045:
903:
881:
829:Sequoiadendron
732:
695:
691:
690:
685:
681:
680:
675:
671:
670:
665:
661:
660:
655:
651:
650:
645:
641:
640:
627:
623:
620:
618:
613:
609:
608:
599:The species is
588:
584:
583:
578:
574:
573:
568:
564:
563:
534:Humboldt County
498:
426:coastal redwood
357:
331:
327:
299:
291:
266:
256:
250:
237:
129:
121:
112:
108:
101:
90:
86:
79:
39:
28:
27:Species of tree
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8540:
8530:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8487:Miocene plants
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8403:
8399:wfo-0000408597
8390:
8377:
8364:
8351:
8338:
8325:
8312:
8299:
8286:
8273:
8257:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8241:wfo-0000437871
8232:
8219:
8206:
8193:
8180:
8167:
8154:
8144:
8131:
8118:
8105:
8092:
8082:
8069:
8056:
8043:
8030:
8017:
8004:
7991:
7978:
7965:
7952:
7939:
7926:
7913:
7900:
7890:
7880:
7867:
7854:
7841:
7831:
7818:
7805:
7790:
7774:
7772:
7766:
7765:
7751:
7750:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7732:
7722:
7711:
7709:
7703:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7687:
7685:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7664:
7662:
7653:
7646:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7627:
7625:
7616:
7609:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7589:
7587:
7585:Sequoiadendron
7581:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7565:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7553:
7541:
7539:
7530:
7523:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7515:
7504:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7481:
7479:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7459:
7449:
7446:. plicata
7439:
7429:
7418:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7395:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7383:
7372:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7351:
7349:
7343:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7335:
7325:
7315:
7305:
7295:
7285:
7275:
7265:
7255:
7245:
7235:
7225:
7215:
7205:
7195:
7185:
7175:
7165:
7155:
7145:
7135:
7125:
7115:
7105:
7095:
7078:
7077:
7066:
7056:
7046:
7036:
7026:
7016:
7013:. sabina
7006:
6996:
6986:
6976:
6966:
6963:. pingii
6956:
6946:
6936:
6933:. indica
6926:
6916:
6906:
6896:
6881:
6879:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6858:
6848:
6838:
6828:
6818:
6808:
6798:
6788:
6785:. cedrus
6778:
6767:
6765:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6734:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6712:
6702:
6692:
6689:. pygmaea
6682:
6672:
6669:. montana
6662:
6652:
6642:
6632:
6622:
6612:
6602:
6592:
6582:
6572:
6562:
6551:
6549:
6547:Hesperocyparis
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6529:
6519:
6509:
6499:
6489:
6479:
6469:
6459:
6449:
6439:
6429:
6418:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6396:
6386:
6376:
6366:
6356:
6345:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6322:
6312:
6302:
6291:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6268:
6266:
6257:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6232:
6221:
6219:
6210:
6203:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6185:
6175:
6165:
6154:
6152:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6131:
6129:
6127:Pilgerodendron
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6116:. papuana
6108:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6085:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6063:
6060:. plumosa
6053:
6043:
6033:
6022:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
5999:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5984:. archeri
5976:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5954:
5951:. sulcata
5944:
5934:
5924:
5914:
5911:. oblonga
5904:
5894:
5884:
5874:
5864:
5854:
5844:
5834:
5824:
5821:. baileyi
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5790:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5768:
5758:
5747:
5745:
5736:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5711:
5701:
5690:
5688:
5679:
5672:
5671:
5662:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5621:
5613:
5603:
5597:
5574:
5564:
5554:
5541:. 2010-08-26.
5527:
5521:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5483:
5463:
5462:External links
5460:
5459:
5458:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5420:
5401:
5382:
5357:
5333:
5319:
5305:
5291:
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4983:
4962:
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4916:
4898:
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4856:
4849:
4824:
4799:
4778:
4758:
4732:
4710:
4688:
4665:
4643:
4592:
4568:
4533:
4518:
4503:
4478:(5): 343β353.
4452:
4411:
4381:
4354:
4340:978-0933280021
4339:
4308:
4294:978-1559637268
4293:
4250:
4192:
4161:
4140:(2): 320β328.
4115:
4094:(7): 882β892.
4074:
4039:(4): 476β485.
4016:
3975:
3939:
3898:
3847:
3826:(5): 632β645.
3806:
3771:(4): 751β763.
3752:
3698:
3683:
3669:
3643:
3628:
3609:
3596:(6): 755β765.
3576:
3561:
3539:
3513:
3487:
3468:
3425:
3370:
3311:
3273:
3248:
3218:
3194:
3168:
3142:
3083:
3062:
3041:
3007:
2982:
2968:
2948:
2921:(3): 452β470.
2905:
2888:
2871:
2812:
2809:(2β3): 93β100.
2793:
2769:
2735:
2697:
2642:
2618:
2605:978-0962748998
2604:
2584:
2556:
2535:
2511:"sempervirent"
2496:
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2422:
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2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2388:
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2382:
2381:
2366:
2356:
2348:
2341:
2330:Berkeley Hills
2320:
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2293:
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2258:
2255:
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2246:
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2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
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1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1720:
1717:
1678:Michael Taylor
1618:
1615:
1504:In the recent
1477:
1474:
1393:
1390:
1342:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1315:pitch or resin
1309:
1306:
1261:
1258:
1221:The height of
1204:redwood sorrel
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1044:
1041:
1016:counties) and
941:climate change
902:
899:
880:
877:
857:Sequoiadendron
845:Sequoiadendron
731:
728:
526:Alameda County
497:
494:
479:Sequoiadendron
436:, long-lived,
301:
300:
292:
284:
277:
276:
268:
267:
257:
246:
245:
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231:
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106:
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84:
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80:
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71:
61:
60:
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8539:
8528:
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8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
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8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
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8483:
8480:
8478:
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8470:
8468:
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8458:
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8443:
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8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8417:
8400:
8395:
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8387:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8369:
8365:
8361:
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8352:
8348:
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8335:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8317:
8313:
8309:
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8300:
8296:
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8283:
8278:
8274:
8269:
8263:
8259:
8258:
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8250:
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8229:
8224:
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8211:
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8119:
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8110:
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8097:
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8070:
8066:
8061:
8057:
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8048:
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8031:
8027:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7996:
7992:
7988:
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7966:
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7957:
7953:
7949:
7944:
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7927:
7923:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7891:
7887:
7881:
7877:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7832:
7828:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7810:
7806:
7801:
7795:
7791:
7786:
7780:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7758:
7741:
7740:
7733:
7731:
7730:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7708:
7704:
7697:
7696:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7683:Glyptostrobus
7680:
7674:
7673:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7661:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7647:
7637:
7636:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7614:Taiwanioideae
7610:
7599:
7598:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7582:
7575:
7574:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7558:
7551:
7550:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7524:
7514:
7513:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7500:Xanthocyparis
7497:
7491:
7490:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7474:
7468:
7467:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7450:
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7447:
7440:
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7430:
7428:
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7411:
7405:
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7394:
7392:
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7381:
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7371:
7369:
7365:
7360:
7359:
7352:
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7334:
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7326:
7324:
7323:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7296:
7294:
7293:
7286:
7284:
7283:
7276:
7274:
7273:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7246:
7244:
7243:
7236:
7234:
7233:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7216:
7214:
7213:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7186:
7184:
7183:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7166:
7164:
7163:
7156:
7154:
7153:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7102:. ashei
7096:
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7093:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7075:
7074:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6997:
6995:
6994:
6987:
6985:
6984:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6957:
6955:
6954:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6878:
6873:
6867:
6866:
6865:. rigida
6859:
6857:
6856:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6727:
6721:
6720:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6609:. glabra
6603:
6601:
6600:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6579:. bakeri
6573:
6571:
6570:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6500:
6498:
6497:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6373:. obtusa
6367:
6365:
6364:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6341:Chamaecyparis
6338:
6331:
6330:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6255:Cupressoideae
6251:
6241:
6240:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6204:
6194:
6193:
6192:. whytei
6186:
6184:
6183:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6150:Widdringtonia
6147:
6141:
6140:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5985:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5743:Actinostrobus
5740:
5737:
5735:
5734:Callitroideae
5730:
5720:
5719:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5660:
5655:
5653:
5648:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5588:on 2013-12-27
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5456:
5455:1-55963-726-9
5452:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5397:
5393:
5386:
5372:on 2011-07-04
5371:
5367:
5361:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5329:
5323:
5315:
5309:
5301:
5295:
5287:
5281:
5267:
5263:
5257:
5249:
5243:
5228:
5224:
5217:
5215:
5206:
5200:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5172:
5166:
5152:
5148:
5141:
5134:. 2014-03-19.
5133:
5129:
5123:
5115:
5109:
5105:
5098:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5008:
4993:
4987:
4972:
4966:
4957:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4919:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4894:
4893:
4886:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4852:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4809:
4803:
4788:
4782:
4768:
4762:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4720:
4714:
4698:
4692:
4685:
4683:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4662:. p. 22.
4661:
4660:Bonanza Books
4657:
4653:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4596:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4558:on 2013-05-13
4554:
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3759:
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3694:
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3670:9780660458618
3666:
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3405:
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3397:
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3352:
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3330:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3157:
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3146:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
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3087:
3072:
3066:
3059:
3058:1-84246-068-4
3055:
3051:
3045:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3011:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2901:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2702:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2545:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2506:1995: 606β607
2505:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2363:Oakland Hills
2360:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2295:Canopy Layers
2292:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2281:cross-section
2278:
2277:circumference
2274:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2101:Cubic meters
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2081:Trunk volume
2067:
2064:
2061:Five largest
2058:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:Hyperion tree
1670:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1623:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:Whakarewarewa
1577:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1515:railroad ties
1510:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1482:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1446:brush rabbits
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1163:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1125:north of the
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
956:
952:
948:
944:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
898:
896:
892:
888:
887:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:nuclear genes
806:
805:
800:
795:
793:
792:
787:
782:
780:
778:
773:
769:
765:
764:
759:
755:
752:'s 1824 work
751:
747:
746:
741:
737:
727:
725:
721:
717:
716:mitochondrial
713:
712:allopolyploid
709:
705:
700:
638:
634:
606:
602:
597:
595:
560:
558:
557:lateral roots
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:Oakland Hills
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:
493:
491:
487:
486:
481:
480:
475:
471:
467:
462:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:coast redwood
419:
415:
411:
410:
406:
402:
396:
325:
324:
315:
307:
298:
297:
290:
289:
283:
278:
274:
269:
265:
261:
255:
253:
247:
244:
243:Binomial name
240:
236:
235:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:Tracheophytes
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
124:
118:
104:
98:
93:
82:
78:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
50:
46:
43:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Coast Redwood
8252:
7769:
7734:
7724:
7714:
7690:
7667:
7651:Taxodioideae
7630:
7592:
7569:
7568:
7544:
7528:Sequoioideae
7507:
7484:
7461:
7451:
7441:
7431:
7421:
7398:
7375:
7353:
7327:
7317:
7307:
7297:
7287:
7277:
7267:
7257:
7247:
7237:
7227:
7217:
7207:
7197:
7187:
7177:
7167:
7157:
7147:
7137:
7127:
7117:
7107:
7097:
7087:
7080:
7079:
7068:
7058:
7048:
7038:
7028:
7018:
7008:
6998:
6988:
6978:
6968:
6958:
6948:
6938:
6928:
6918:
6908:
6898:
6888:
6882:
6876:
6860:
6850:
6840:
6830:
6820:
6810:
6800:
6790:
6780:
6770:
6762:
6737:
6714:
6704:
6694:
6684:
6674:
6664:
6654:
6644:
6634:
6624:
6614:
6604:
6594:
6584:
6574:
6564:
6554:
6531:
6521:
6511:
6501:
6491:
6481:
6471:
6461:
6451:
6441:
6431:
6421:
6398:
6388:
6378:
6368:
6358:
6348:
6324:
6314:
6304:
6294:
6271:
6264:Callitropsis
6234:
6224:
6217:Cunninghamia
6187:
6177:
6167:
6157:
6134:
6111:
6088:
6065:
6055:
6045:
6035:
6025:
6002:
5979:
5956:
5946:
5936:
5926:
5916:
5906:
5896:
5886:
5876:
5866:
5856:
5846:
5836:
5826:
5816:
5793:
5786:Austrocedrus
5770:
5760:
5750:
5713:
5703:
5693:
5667:Cupressaceae
5628:
5624:
5617:
5590:. Retrieved
5586:the original
5581:
5570:
5560:
5547:. Retrieved
5534:
5446:
5432:. BayNature.
5423:
5414:
5404:
5395:
5385:
5374:. Retrieved
5370:the original
5360:
5349:. Retrieved
5345:
5336:
5322:
5308:
5294:
5280:
5269:. Retrieved
5265:
5256:
5231:. Retrieved
5226:
5199:
5188:
5179:
5165:
5154:. Retrieved
5150:
5140:
5131:
5122:
5103:
5097:
5085:. Retrieved
5080:
5076:
5067:
5055:. Retrieved
5050:
5046:
5037:
5025:. Retrieved
5020:
5016:
5007:
4996:. Retrieved
4986:
4975:. Retrieved
4965:
4956:
4944:. Retrieved
4939:
4935:
4926:
4907:
4901:
4891:
4885:
4874:. Retrieved
4868:
4859:
4840:
4815:. Retrieved
4802:
4791:. Retrieved
4781:
4770:. Retrieved
4761:
4749:. Retrieved
4744:
4735:
4725:November 11,
4723:. Retrieved
4713:
4703:November 10,
4701:. Retrieved
4691:
4680:
4658:. New York:
4655:
4646:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4595:
4584:. Retrieved
4580:
4571:
4560:. Retrieved
4553:the original
4548:
4536:
4527:
4521:
4506:
4492:cite journal
4475:
4471:
4428:
4424:
4414:
4402:. Retrieved
4397:
4373:. Retrieved
4369:
4329:
4284:
4212:
4208:
4178:
4174:
4164:
4137:
4133:
4091:
4087:
4077:
4036:
4032:
4019:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3959:
3955:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3890:the original
3867:
3863:
3850:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3768:
3764:
3714:
3710:
3692:
3686:
3674:. Retrieved
3663:(BC-X-459).
3660:
3654:
3646:
3631:
3622:
3612:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3564:
3555:
3530:. Retrieved
3526:
3516:
3506:28 September
3504:. Retrieved
3500:
3490:
3481:
3471:
3449:(2): 81β94.
3446:
3442:
3436:
3428:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3373:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3302:. Retrieved
3290:
3286:
3276:
3264:. Retrieved
3260:
3251:
3239:. Retrieved
3231:www.lpfw.org
3230:
3221:
3210:. Retrieved
3206:
3197:
3187:17 September
3185:. Retrieved
3180:
3171:
3161:17 September
3159:. Retrieved
3155:
3145:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3075:. Retrieved
3065:
3049:
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3023:
3017:
3010:
2998:. Retrieved
2992:
2990:NPS (1998).
2985:
2973:. Retrieved
2958:
2951:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2898:
2891:
2881:
2874:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2787:
2760:. Retrieved
2755:
2751:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2717:
2711:
2688:. Retrieved
2684:
2678:
2633:. Retrieved
2627:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2594:
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2571:
2559:
2548:. Retrieved
2538:
2515:
2503:
2499:
2487:
2482:
2470:. Retrieved
2456:
2450:
2444:
2391:
2359:Old Survivor
2313:
2305:
2303:
2285:
2270:
2179:Lost Monarch
2062:
2054:
2052:
2040:
1735:
1734:Ten tallest
1728:
1699:
1695:Lost Monarch
1687:
1671:
1654:
1646:
1604:
1588:
1573:
1565:Sitka spruce
1560:clearcutting
1547:
1536:
1512:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1458:
1454:
1442:banana slugs
1427:
1392:Reproduction
1375:
1364:
1360:
1311:
1302:sempervirens
1301:
1294:
1283:
1271:
1254:
1236:water stress
1226:
1222:
1220:
1168:
1127:Chetco River
1107:
1094:
1092:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1070:native range
1054:
1036:
1033:last ice age
1022:
1003:
963:Chetco River
960:
954:
904:
894:
884:
882:
868:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
832:
828:
824:
820:
802:
796:
789:
786:Sequoioideae
783:
776:
771:
767:
761:
753:
743:
739:
733:
701:
598:
561:
551:darker. The
538:
499:
489:
483:
477:
473:
470:Sequoioideae
465:
463:
429:
425:
421:
414:Cupressaceae
407:
322:
321:
320:
294:
287:
286:
282:Sequoioideae
251:
249:
233:
232:
220:
210:Cupressaceae
170:Gymnospermae
163:
150:
64:
48:
42:
40:
8163:kew-2484394
8047:NatureServe
7969:iNaturalist
7794:Wikispecies
7660:Cryptomeria
7537:Metasequoia
7391:Tetraclinis
7368:Platycladus
6104:Papuacedrus
5941:. roei
5616:More about
4817:10 November
4767:"Longhouse"
4515:. CBS News.
4370:www.nps.gov
3532:15 November
2728:14 December
2690:14 December
2572:www.nps.gov
2472:11 November
2376:section of
2104:Cubic feet
2007:Millennium
1709:chlorophyll
1642:chlorophyll
1591:Haida Gwaii
1576:naturalized
1430:lignotubers
1385:suppressing
1286:black bears
1278:tannic acid
1249:cavitations
1212:spotted owl
1103:Douglas-fir
936:Coalescence
924:Douglas-fir
849:Metasequoia
841:Metasequoia
825:Metasequoia
804:Metasequoia
720:chloroplast
633:pollination
496:Description
485:Metasequoia
476:along with
432:. It is an
418:Taxodiaceae
200:Cupressales
117:NatureServe
8416:Categories
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7612:Subfamily
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5520:& team
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4772:2011-08-14
4586:2024-01-10
4562:2014-01-02
4375:2023-04-30
4181:(4): 257.
3693:MSC Thesis
3676:30 October
3304:23 October
3212:2019-11-26
3077:2012-08-07
3034:2 November
3000:2 November
2975:2 November
2762:August 24,
2550:2012-08-07
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530:Fieldbrook
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8268:Q17363914
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4751:7 October
4638:198149075
4630:0024-9637
4616:(1): 14.
4425:Ecosphere
4349:904189212
4303:925183647
4033:Oecologia
3765:Oecologia
3331:(12): 5.
2084:Location
2078:Diameter
1981:Mendocino
1754:Location
1751:Diameter
1713:parasites
1663:Eel River
1600:Jilotepec
1569:windthrow
1556:grand fir
1470:cotyledon
1450:nematodes
1383:aimed at
1353:epicormic
1200:mushrooms
1010:Del Norte
891:heartwood
779:Etymology
736:David Don
708:hexaploid
510:physician
464:The name
458:naturally
434:evergreen
228:Species:
190:Pinopsida
180:Pinophyta
140:Kingdom:
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8381:Tropicos
8347:10515526
8334:263779-1
8262:Wikidata
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8215:31300228
8210:Tropicos
8052:2.140518
8000:11325771
7987:263741-1
7779:Wikidata
7707:Taxodium
7623:Taiwania
6875:Section
6761:Section
6730:Fokienia
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5543:Archived
5480:arboreal
5242:cite web
4654:(1953).
4245:17792349
4156:26178179
4110:19302173
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3747:11846291
3739:15103376
3463:16842179
3384:forests"
3365:20041136
3325:PLOS ONE
3266:17 April
3241:17 April
3235:Archived
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2146:Iluvatar
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1777:Hyperion
1691:Iluvatar
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1519:trestles
1345:CZU fire
1171:fog drip
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875:record.
865:Jurassic
853:Sequoia,
745:Taxodium
730:Taxonomy
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503:American
285:green -
206:Family:
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8308:2683910
8034:MoBotPF
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5669:species
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5571:YouTube
5561:YouTube
5493:Redwood
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2260:33,000
2229:33,600
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2095:Meters
2089:Meters
2075:Height
2010:111.92
1985:112.32
1958:112.51
1933:112.62
1908:112.63
1883:112.71
1858:113.05
1831:113.14
1828:Icarus
1806:114.58
1803:Helios
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1748:Height
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1638:Albinos
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1936:369.5
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1834:371.2
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