Defensive wall - Knowledge

309: 2373: 2532: 1469:. Additional constructions prevented the circumvention of the city, through which many important trade routes passed, thus ensuring that tolls were paid when the caravans passed through the city gates, and that the local market was visited by the trade caravans. Furthermore, additional signaling and observation towers were frequently built outside the city, and were sometimes fortified in a castle-like fashion. The border of the area of influence of the city was often partially or fully defended by elaborate ditches, walls and hedges. The crossing points were usually guarded by gates or gate houses. These defenses were regularly checked by riders, who often also served as the gate keepers. Long stretches of these defenses can still be seen to this day, and even some gates are still intact. To further protect their territory, rich cities also established castles in their area of influence. An example of this practice is the Romanian 954:, whose walls often reached 10 metres (33 ft) in height, the same as many Chinese city walls, but were only 1.5 to 2.5 metres (4 ft 11 in to 8 ft 2 in) thick. Rome's Servian Walls reached 3.6 and 4 metres (12 and 13 ft) in thickness and 6 to 10 metres (20 to 33 ft) in height. Other fortifications also reached these specifications across the empire, but all these paled in comparison to contemporary Chinese walls, which could reach a thickness of 20 metres (66 ft) at the base in extreme cases. Even the walls of Constantinople which have been described as "the most famous and complicated system of defence in the civilized world," could not match up to a major Chinese city wall. Had both the outer and inner walls of Constantinople been combined they would have only reached roughly a bit more than a third the width of a major wall in China. According to 2231: 2445: 2630: 2260: 2877: 619: 2547: 1365: 2784: 2517: 2743: 906: 72: 2762: 720: 1107:

at the flanks could fire parallel into the opposite bastion's line of fire, thus providing two lines of cover fire against an armed assault on the wall, and preventing mining parties from finding refuge. Meanwhile, artillery positioned on the bastion platform could fire frontally from the two faces, also providing overlapping fire with the opposite bastion. Overlapping mutually supporting defensive fire was the greatest advantage enjoyed by the star fort. As a result, sieges lasted longer and became more difficult affairs. By the 1530s the bastion fort had become the dominant defensive structure in Italy.

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absorbed the energy of artillery shots. Walls were constructed using wooden frameworks which were filled with layers of earth tamped down to a highly compact state, and once that was completed the frameworks were removed for use in the next wall section. Starting from the Song dynasty these walls were improved with an outer layer of bricks or stone to prevent erosion, and during the Ming, earthworks were interspersed with stone and rubble. Most Chinese walls were also sloped rather than vertical to better deflect projectile energy.

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breached the wall. The morning came with most of our unit still behind us, but we were beyond the wall. Behind the gate great heaps of sandbags were piled up. We 'cleared them away, removed the lock, and opened the gates, with a great creaking noise. We'd done it! We'd opened the fortress! All the enemy ran away, so we didn't take any fire. The residents too were gone. When we passed beyond the fortress wall we thought

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late as the 1490s a Florentine diplomat considered the French claim that "their artillery is capable of creating a breach in a wall of eight feet in thickness" to be ridiculous and the French "braggarts by nature". Very rarely did cannons blast breaches in city walls in Chinese warfare. This may have been partly due to cultural tradition. Famous military commanders such as

1457:, were often enclosed by their own set of walls and integrated into the defense of the city. These areas were often inhabited by the poorer population and held the "noxious trades". In many cities, a new wall was built once the city had grown outside of the old wall. This can often still be seen in the layout of the city, for example in 2629: 943:

mid-twentieth century a European expert in fortification commented on their immensity: "in China ... the principal towns are surrounded to the present day by walls so substantial, lofty, and formidable that the medieval fortifications of Europe are puny in comparison." Chinese walls were thick. The eastern wall of

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slow rate of fire, reverberating concussions, and noxious fumes produced greatly hindered defenders. Gun towers also limited the size and number of cannon placements because the rooms could only be built so big. Notable surviving artillery towers include a seven layer defensive structure built in 1480 at

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Additionally, in some countries, different embassies may be grouped together in a single "embassy district", enclosed by a fortified complex with walls and towers – this usually occurs in regions where the embassies run a high risk of being target of attacks. An early example of such a

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so that their cannons could better support each other. The officials Han Yun and Han Lin noted that cannons on square forts could not support each side as well as bastion forts. Their efforts to construct bastion forts, and their results, were limited. Ma Weicheng built two bastion forts in his home

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The main distinguishing features of the star fort were its angle bastions, each placed to support their neighbor with lethal crossfire, covering all angles, making them extremely difficult to engage with and attack. Angle bastions consisted of two faces and two flanks. Artillery positions positioned

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The Chinese Wall Theory essentially rests on a cost benefit hypothesis, where the Ming recognized the highly resistant nature of their walls to structural damage, and could not imagine any affordable development of the guns available to them at the time to be capable of breaching said walls. Even as

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As a response to gunpowder artillery, European fortifications began displaying architectural principles such as lower and thicker walls in the mid-1400s. Cannon towers were built with artillery rooms where cannons could discharge fire from slits in the walls. However, this proved problematic as the

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We fought our way to Nanking and joined in the attack on the enemy capital in December. It was our unit which stormed the Chunghua Gate. We attacked continuously for about a week, battering the brick and earth walls with artillery, but they never collapsed. The night of December 11, men in my unit

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around cities, many city walls were demolished. Also, the invention of gunpowder rendered walls less effective, as siege cannons could then be used to blast through walls, allowing armies to simply march through. Today, the presence of former city fortifications can often only be deduced from the

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The defensive response to cannon in Europe was to build relatively low and thick walls of packed earth, which could both withstand the force of cannon balls and support their own, defensive cannon. Chinese wall-building practice was, by happenstance, extremely resistant to all forms of battering.

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the width of a wall had to be 4.5 metres (15 ft) thick to be able to withstand ancient (non-gunpowder) siege engines. European walls of the 1200s and 1300s could reach the Roman equivalents but rarely exceeded them in length, width, and height, remaining around 2 metres (6 ft 7 in)

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While gunpowder and cannons were invented in China, China never developed wall breaking artillery to the same extent as other parts of the world. Part of the reason is probably because Chinese walls were already highly resistant to artillery and discouraged increasing the size of cannons. In the

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Outside Europe, the star fort became an "engine of European expansion," and acted as a force multiplier so that small European garrisons could hold out against numerically superior forces. Wherever star forts were erected the natives experienced great difficulty in uprooting European invaders.

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Aside from their immense size, Chinese walls were also structurally different from the ones built in medieval Europe. Whereas European walls were mostly constructed of stone interspersed with gravel or rubble filling and bonded by limestone mortar, Chinese walls had tamped earthen cores which

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The concept of a city fully enclosed by walls was not fully developed in Southeast Asia until the arrival of Europeans. However, Burma serves an exception, as they had a longer tradition of fortified walled towns; towns in Burma had city walls by 1566. Besides that, Rangoon in 1755 had

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incursion in 1638. By 1641, there were ten bastion forts in the county. Before bastion forts could spread any further, the Ming dynasty fell in 1644, and they were largely forgotten as the Qing dynasty was on the offensive most of the time and had no use for them.

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recommended not to directly attack cities and storm their walls. Even when direct assaults were made with cannons, it was usually by focusing on the gates rather than the walls. There were instances where cannons were used against walled fortifications, such as by

1432:: a tower built on top of a segment of the wall, which usually extended outwards slightly, so as to be able to observe the exterior of the walls on either side. In addition to arrow slits, ballistae, catapults and cannons could be mounted on top for extra defence. 947:, established in 859 BC, had a maximum thickness of 43 metres and an average thickness of 20–30 metres. Ming prefectural and provincial capital walls were 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft) thick at the base and 5 to 10 metres (16 to 33 ft) at the top. 2372: 775:

had walls for a long time, choosing to rely on their militaries for defense instead. Initially, these fortifications were simple constructions of wood and earth, which were later replaced by mixed constructions of stones piled on top of each other without

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were used in combination with castles to seal valleys from potential attack. Beyond their defensive utility, many walls also had important symbolic functions – representing the status and independence of the communities they embraced.

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had no effect and they focused on the gates instead just as in Chinese warfare. In 1841, a 74-gun British warship bombarded a Chinese coastal fort near Guangzhou and found that it was "almost impervious to the efforts of horizontal fire." In fact

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Most of these modern city walls are made of steel and concrete. Vertical concrete plates are put together so as to allow the least space in between them, and are rooted firmly in the ground. The top of the wall is often protruding and beset with

1000:, but only in the case of small villages. During Koxinga's career, there is only one recorded case of capturing a settlement by bombarding its walls: the siege of Taizhou in 1658. In 1662, the Dutch found that bombarding the walls of a town in 845:. From the 12th century AD hundreds of settlements of all sizes were founded all across Europe, which very often obtained the right of fortification soon afterwards. Several medieval town walls have survived into the modern age, such as the 1480:

The city walls were often connected to the fortifications of hill castles via additional walls. Thus the defenses were made up of city and castle fortifications taken together. Several examples of this are preserved, for example in Germany

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thick. When referring to a very thick wall in medieval Europe, what is usually meant is a wall of 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) in width, which would have been considered thin in a Chinese context. There are some exceptions such as the

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Walls and fortified wall structures were still built in the modern era. They did not, however, have the original purpose of being a structure able to resist a prolonged siege or bombardment. Modern examples of defensive walls include:

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in order to make climbing them more difficult. These walls are usually built in straight lines and covered by watchtowers at the corners. Double walls with an interstitial "zone of fire", as the former Berlin Wall had, are now rare.

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The Encyclopedia of World History: ancient, medieval, and modern, chronologically arranged By Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer. Compiled by William L Langer. Published 2001 Houghton Mifflin Books. History / General History.

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Berlin's city wall from the 1730s to the 1860s was partially made of wood. Its primary purpose was to enable the city to impose tolls on goods and, secondarily, also served to prevent the desertion of soldiers from the garrison in

2531: 892:. These cities are easy to recognise due to their regular layout and large market spaces. The fortifications of these settlements were continuously improved to reflect the current level of military development. 1170:

In the 19th century, less emphasis was placed on preserving the fortifications for the sake of their architectural or historical value – on the one hand, complete fortifications were restored

2230: 963:, a Celtic ringfort with a thickness of 40 metres (130 ft) in some parts, but Celtic fort-building practices died out in the early medieval period. Andrade goes on to note that the walls of the 258:

of the area surrounding the city or the settlement the wall is intended to protect, elements of the terrain such as rivers or coastlines may be incorporated in order to make the wall more effective.

2300: 6121: 1091:, or renaissance fortress, was a style of fortification that became popular in Europe during the 16th century. The bastion and star fort was developed in Italy, where the Florentine engineer 888:

The founding of urban centers was an important means of territorial expansion and many cities, especially in central and eastern Europe, were founded for this purpose during the period of

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issued an order for their demolition, resulting in most being destroyed. Studies of the ruins and reconstructions of the ancient city walls are currently being undertaken at some sites.

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In other areas of Southeast Asia, city walls spread in the 16th and 17th century along with the rapid growth of cities in this period as a need to defend against European naval attack.

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At its simplest, a defensive wall consists of a wall enclosure and its gates. For the most part, the top of the walls were accessible, with the outside of the walls having tall

1216:(1961 to 1989) did not exclusively serve the purpose of protection of an enclosed settlement. One of its purposes was to prevent the crossing of the Berlin border between the 2723: 841:

also saw the creation of some towns built around castles. These cities were only rarely protected by simple stone walls and more usually by a combination of both walls and

1175:), on the other hand many structures were demolished in an effort to modernize the cities. One exception to this is the "monument preservation" law by the Bavarian King 6106: 889: 1364: 610:, the immense thickness of Chinese city walls prevented larger cannons from being developed, since even industrial era artillery had trouble breaching Chinese walls. 2459: 440:

were clustered behind massive stone flood dykes and defensive walls, for neighboring communities quarreled constantly about the control of prime agricultural land.

2742: 240:, which extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose regions or mark territorial boundaries. In mountainous terrain, defensive walls such as 1435:

Pre-wall: wall built outside the wall proper, usually of lesser height – the space in between was usually further subdivided by additional walls.

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and are often supplemented with towers. The practice of building these massive walls, though having its origins in prehistory, was refined during the rise of

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In the 20th century and after, many enclaved Jewish settlements in Israeli occupied territory in the West Bank were and are surrounded by fortified walls

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BC) and subsequently connected and fortified during the Qin dynasty, although its present form was mostly an engineering feat and remodeling of the

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Furthermore, some street names hint at the presence of fortifications in times past, for example when words such as "wall" or "glacis" occur.

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The defensive towers of west and south European fortifications in the Middle Ages were often very regularly and uniformly constructed (cf.

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are modern residential neighborhoods where access is controlled, often prohibiting through-travelers or non-residents via a wall and guards

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This held true into the twentieth century, when even modern explosive shells had some difficulty in breaking through tamped earth walls.

2703: 626: 2356: 6116: 3787: 629:(Hangul: 읍성), 'city fortresses', which served both military and administrative functions, have been constructed since the time of 2761: 6111: 2906: 2182: 212:

for access to the city. From ancient to modern times, they were used to enclose settlements. Generally, these are referred to as

38: 3249:"경주읍성 일부·향일문 복원...2030년까지 정비 마무리 (Restoration of part of Gyeongju Eupseong and Hyangilmun Gate...Maintenance completed by 2030)" 5717: 4890: 3288:

Chang, Kwang-Chih; Xu, Pingfang; Lu, Liancheng; Pingfang, Xu; Wangping, Shao; Zhongpei, Zhang; Renxiang, Wang (January 2005).

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usually used to protect a city, town or other settlement from potential aggressors. The walls can range from simple

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floodplain. Many of these settlements had fortifications and planned streets. The stone and mud brick houses of

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and many more. A few castles were more directly incorporated into the defensive strategy of the city (e.g.

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By Banister Fletcher, Sir, Dan Cruickshank. Published 1996 Architectural Press. Architecture. 1696 pages.

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By Banister Fletcher, Sir, Dan Cruickshank. Published 1996 Architectural Press. Architecture. 1696 pages.

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was one of the most famous cities of the ancient world, especially as a result of the building program of

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In the wake of city growth and the ensuing change of defensive strategy, focusing more on the defense of

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later fortified their cities with massive, mortar-bound stone walls. Among these are the largely extant

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The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A–K

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to prevent illegal immigration, drug smuggling, human trafficking, and entry of potential terrorists

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A city gate with its towers, the defensive walls, and the city ditch from the 13th century in

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In September 2014, Ukraine announced the construction of the "European Rampart" alongside its

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and a clerical city. These different parts were often separated by their own fortifications.

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In addition to this, many different enhancements were made over the course of the centuries:

858: 846: 842: 816: 476:. The city was fortified with six city gates with each gate flanked by massive brick towers. 193: 1661: 5775: 5770: 5621: 5149: 4775: 4574: 4540: 3940: 3822: 2552: 1881: 1092: 929: 409: 3569:(in Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo: Međunarodni centar za mir, Institut za istoriju. p. 27 340:

From very early history to modern times, walls have been a near necessity for every city.

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The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History

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century explosive shells had some difficulty creating a breach in tamped earthen walls.

511:. This wooden walled area housed the royal citadel or aristocratic compounds such as in 5898: 5780: 5560: 5169: 5144: 5129: 5124: 4974: 4954: 4751: 4312: 4179: 3923: 3530: 3143: 3101: 2340: 1861: 1784: 1703: 1522: 1060: 507:. For cities that did not have city walls, the least it would have had was a stockaded 163: 1406:. North of the Alps, this passageway at the top of the walls occasionally had a roof. 254:

structures, although brick and timber-built variants are also known. Depending on the

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and others). Larger cities often had multiple stewards – for example

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to be able to successfully apply for a visa-free movement with the European Union.

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eupseongs were modified and renovated, and new eupseongs were built, but in 1910

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The Limits of Empire: European Imperial Formations in Early Modern World History

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BC), as the capital at ancient Ao had enormous walls built in this fashion (see

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deployed large labour forces to build new palaces, temples and defensive walls.

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BC), mass conversion to stone architecture did not begin in earnest until the

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that divides North Korea and South Korea near the 38th parallel north.

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The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective

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of Chang'an were thicker than the walls of major European capitals.

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Remains of a defensive wall of Prince Qin Mansion, a citadel within

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for more info). Although stone walls were built in China during the

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The fortified wall of a police station in Belfast, Northern Ireland

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Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association

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In Europe the height of wall construction was reached under the

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Fortification used to protect an area from potential aggressors

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has defensive walls and square bastions of sun dried bricks.

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Simpler defensive walls of earth or stone, thrown up around

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region were also preserved as a consequence of this edict.

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International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers

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Defensive walls around the ancient Egyptian settlement of

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built large fortified settlements which the Romans called

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The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb

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had theirs by 1634. A sea wall was the main defense for

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Walls may only be crossed by entering the appropriate

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For the expression used in association football, see

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Walls: A History of Civilizations in Blood and Brick

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built a long set of parallel stone walls called the

30:"City wall" redirects here. Not to be confused with 3469: 3589:"The natural and architectural ensemble of Stolac" 3428: 3154: 3078:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 1528: 602:were established in the early 15th century by the 432:BC, hundreds of small farming villages dotted the 3706:A History of the Early Medieval Siege c. 450–1200 3287: 594:serve as one example. Likewise, the walls of the 372:BC. The earliest known town wall in Europe is of 6151: 4037: 3715:A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500 2690:The remaining section of city walls in town of 1087:The star fort, also known as the bastion fort, 755:' walls). In classical era Greece, the city of 39:Glossary of association football terms § W 4599: 4545: 4363: 4209: 2748:The medieval fortress overlooking the city of 2646:(existed there cca. 17-16th to the end of the 1453:Urban areas outside the city walls, so-called 220:, although there were also walls, such as the 5711: 5254: 4984: 4813: 4789: 4406: 4397: 4354: 4078: 3874: 3865: 3781: 3581: 3562: 1191:. The countless small fortified towns in the 368:surrounding it as early as the 8th millennium 196:to extensive military fortifications such as 5373: 5354: 5345: 5336: 4925: 4900: 4876: 4837: 4828: 4780: 4766: 4737: 4708: 4699: 4675: 4636: 4441: 4422: 4340: 4289: 4280: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4155: 4141: 4132: 4015: 3992: 4024: 4006: 3952: 3938: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3524:Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (25 January 2017). 3134:(4). Yale University Press: 78, 84, 86–88. 1438:Additional obstacles in front of the walls. 1295:in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 1023:Nohara Teishin, on the Japanese capture of 767:. Exceptions were few, but neither ancient 731:) are one of Europe's best preserved walls. 687:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5718: 5704: 3788: 3774: 3638:History of Warfare: The Renaissance at War 3188: 3186: 1032: 751:(famous for the huge stone blocks of its ' 404:to protect their territories, notably the 331:, Poland, made of field stone and bog iron 1118:advocated for the construction of angled 834:were continuously expanded and improved. 707:Learn how and when to remove this message 376:, built in the 6th or 5th millennium BC. 250:Existing ancient walls are almost always 6117:Mason Contractors Association of America 1382: 1139: 1066: 1046: 915: 904: 718: 617: 322: 307: 295: 284:and the like, tend to be referred to as 6112:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland 3616: 3511: 3451: 3410: 3395: 3383: 3368: 3356: 3329: 3314: 3275: 3183: 3177: 2907:List of town walls in England and Wales 2203:Remains of Naa Zaringa defense wall in 393:, who expanded the walls and built the 327:Medieval defensive walls and towers in 14: 6170:Fortification (architectural elements) 6152: 3712: 3703: 3635: 3499: 3487: 3463: 3341: 763:that reached their guarded seaport at 5699: 3769: 3730: 3685: 3652: 3523: 3475: 3422: 3165: 2986: 1254:, a wall advocated by U.S. President 900: 881:hosts surviving medieval walls while 3746: 3643: 3434: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3074:"Traditional Town Planning in Burma" 2650:, cca. 9-8th c. BCE), surrounded by 685:adding citations to reliable sources 652: 643:Japan (the occupying power of Korea) 622:Dangjin-myeoncheon-eupseong (唐津沔川邑城) 5180:Weapons Storage and Security System 3246: 3071: 2902:List of cities with defensive walls 24: 3795: 3740: 1103:that became widespread in Europe. 428:were also fortified. By about 3500 41:. For the infantry formation, see 25: 6181: 6138: 3112: 2866:Archaeological Erbil Citadel wall 1071:Chinese angled bastion fort, 1638 462: 412:built on the either sides of the 5725: 5679: 5678: 3194:"당진 Dangjin Myeoncheon-eupseong" 2875: 2835: 2819: 2782: 2760: 2741: 2722: 2702: 2683: 2663: 2628: 2594: 2575: 2560: 2545: 2530: 2522:Fortress and soldiers training, 2515: 2499: 2458: 2443: 2427: 2405: 2390: 2371: 2355: 2333: 2299: 2277: 2258: 2229: 2196: 2181: 2162: 1363: 1340: 1324: 1127:county, which helped fend off a 1051:17th-century map of the city of 895: 657: 128: 119: 110: 99: 90: 81: 70: 61: 52: 5962:Non-explosive demolition agents 3566:Urbano biće Bosne i Hercegovine 3538: 3517: 3281: 3240: 3213: 3128:The Journal of Economic History 1529:Dimensions of famous city walls 1245:divides North and South Cyprus. 637:. Throughout the period of the 3672:Stadtmauer und Stadtentstehung 3657:, Cambridge University Press, 3621:, Princeton University Press, 3226:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 3199:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 3065: 3044: 3026: 3005: 2980: 2857:, a UNESCO World Heritage Site 2717:, a UNESCO World Heritage Site 2678:, a UNESCO World Heritage Site 1378: 747:, such as the ancient site of 499:all had theirs by 1600; while 472:made of teak logs on a ground 335: 13: 1: 5075:British "hedgehog" road block 3646:Japan At War: An Oral History 3610: 2917:Ancient Roman defensive walls 1198: 540: 445: 419: 6127:Worshipful Company of Masons 3593:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1252:Mexico–United States barrier 920:The Stone City is a wall in 837:Apart from these, the early 574:had been built prior to the 483:built its walls in 1550 and 455:) in present-day south-east 300:9th century BC relief of an 7: 5485:Cities with defensive walls 5070:Defensive fighting position 4985: 4790: 4600: 4546: 4407: 4398: 4364: 4355: 4210: 2894: 2613: 2469:, the "Walled City" of old 2214: 1260:Mexico–United States border 1241:The Nicosia Wall along the 10: 6186: 3644:Cook, Haruko Taya (2000), 2991:. Routledge. p. 756. 2658:) dated to the 4th c. BCE. 2484: 2142: 1218:German Democratic Republic 1135: 1036: 935: 885:has an intact Roman wall. 291: 36: 29: 6099: 6048: 5985: 5952:Lewis (lifting appliance) 5919: 5809: 5733: 5669: 5599: 5523: 5467: 5401: 5287: 5192: 5115:Hardened aircraft shelter 5090:Entry control point (ECP) 5002: 4913: 4629: 4622: 4054: 3803: 3686:Nolan, Cathal J. (2006), 3294:. Yale University Press. 3140:10.1017/S0022050700015679 3052:A History of Architecture 3013:A History of Architecture 2537:Prince of Teng Pavilion, 2306:Porte St. Louis, part of 2286:San Francisco de Campeche 2147: 1236:Korean Demilitarized Zone 648: 426:Indus Valley civilization 416:against nomadic nations. 312:The lakeside wall of the 5612:Continuity of government 3653:Lorge, Peter A. (2008), 2989:Encyclopedia of the City 2973: 2804: 2620:European defensive walls 2555:with walls and seafront. 2362:Wall of Hittite Capital 2221:American defensive walls 2043:Theodosian Walls (outer) 1181:Rothenburg ob der Tauber 871:Rothenburg ob der Tauber 613: 590:AD). The large walls of 522: 424:Some settlements in the 5434:Motte-and-bailey castle 5140:Missile launch facility 5135:Main line of resistance 3830: 3731:Reger, William (2016), 3636:Arnold, Thomas (2001), 3617:Andrade, Tonio (2016), 2491:Chinese defensive walls 2465:The defensive walls of 2318: 2308:Ramparts of Quebec City 2154:African defensive walls 1945:Seoul (Hanyang doseong) 1033:Bastions and star forts 1018:had occupied this city. 961:Hillfort of Otzenhausen 861:in England, as well as 853:, or the town walls of 847:walled towns of Austria 822:In Central Europe, the 304:attack on a walled town 140:Walls of Constantinople 5510:Military installations 5374: 5355: 5346: 5337: 5255: 4926: 4901: 4877: 4867:Scarp and Counterscarp 4838: 4829: 4814: 4781: 4767: 4738: 4709: 4700: 4676: 4637: 4442: 4423: 4341: 4290: 4281: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4156: 4142: 4133: 4079: 4038: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3993: 3953: 3939: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3839: 3821: 3735:, Taylor & Francis 3713:Purton, Peter (2010), 3704:Purton, Peter (2009), 3563:Seka Brkljača (1996). 3122:Reid, Anthony (1993). 2947:Medieval fortification 2237:Castillo San Cristóbal 1391: 1316:Modern defensive walls 1152: 1144:Multiple barbicans of 1072: 1064: 1030: 984: 933: 913: 873:in Germany. In Spain, 732: 623: 332: 320: 305: 158:, two sections of the 5279:Floating water castle 5010:Admiralty scaffolding 4303:Fortified buildings ( 3751:. Faber & Faber. 2987:Caves, R. W. (2004). 2967:Talus (fortification) 2811:Roman defensive walls 2325:Asian defensive walls 1387:A model of a typical 1386: 1160:presence of ditches, 1143: 1070: 1050: 1011: 973: 919: 908: 722: 633:until the end of the 621: 570:AD). Sections of the 326: 311: 299: 5776:Massive precut stone 5771:Post-tensioned stone 5622:Subterranean warfare 4575:Viking ring fortress 3747:Frye, David (2018). 3050:Banister Fletcher's 3011:Banister Fletcher's 2553:Old City of Shanghai 2284:Part of the wall in 2169:A defensive wall in 1093:Giuliano da Sangallo 930:City Wall of Nanjing 681:improve this section 531:walls were built in 410:Great Wall of Gorgan 6160:Castle architecture 6145:San Juan City Walls 5972:Stonemason's hammer 5937:Ceramic tile cutter 5439:Quadrangular castle 5175:Weapon storage area 4531:Quadrangular castle 3708:, The Boydell Press 3072:Hla, U Kan (1978). 2293:World Heritage Site 2252:World Heritage Site 1521:was divided into a 1177:Ludwig I of Bavaria 400:The Persians built 222:Great Wall of China 160:Great Wall of China 5170:Underground hangar 4955:Fire control tower 4752:Gunpowder magazine 4180:Butter-churn tower 3531:The New York Times 3425:, p. 162-164. 3247:손대성 (2018-11-08). 2341:Walls of Jerusalem 2265:Defensive wall in 1392: 1309:border with Russia 1153: 1073: 1065: 1059:, an example of a 934: 914: 901:Chinese city walls 890:Eastern settlement 743:had been built in 733: 624: 333: 321: 306: 164:Walls of Dubrovnik 6135: 6134: 6061:Hardstone carving 6008:Polygonal masonry 5832:Decorative stones 5693: 5692: 5617:Military urbanism 5551:Fortified gateway 5424:Concentric castle 5188: 5187: 5105:Fire support base 4945:Coastal artillery 4820:(Spanish America) 4414: 4256:Concentric castle 3724:978-1-84383-449-6 3717:, Boydell Press, 3697:978-0-313-33733-8 3664:978-0-521-60954-8 3628:978-0-691-13597-7 3221:"Eupseong 읍성(邑城)" 2932:Chinese city wall 2768:Narikala fortress 2569:Beijing city wall 2140: 2139: 1548:Lowest Height (m) 1542:Minimum width (m) 1389:Chinese city wall 1287:compound was the 1280:Gated communities 938:Chinese city wall 717: 716: 709: 16:(Redirected from 6177: 5967:Plug and feather 5817:Artificial stone 5720: 5713: 5706: 5697: 5696: 5682: 5681: 5675: 5566:National redoubt 5495:Fortified estate 5419:Circular rampart 5379: 5360: 5351: 5342: 5260: 5020:Anti-tank trench 5015:Air raid shelter 4990: 4950:Disappearing gun 4931: 4906: 4882: 4843: 4834: 4819: 4795: 4786: 4772: 4743: 4714: 4705: 4681: 4642: 4627: 4626: 4605: 4585:Bailey (or ward) 4551: 4456:Motte-and-bailey 4447: 4428: 4412: 4404: 4403: 4369: 4360: 4346: 4295: 4286: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4161: 4147: 4138: 4084: 4041: 4030: 4021: 4012: 3998: 3958: 3944: 3884:Circular rampart 3880: 3871: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3736: 3727: 3709: 3700: 3670:Monika Porsche: 3667: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3550:Interfax-Ukraine 3542: 3536: 3535: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3234: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3207: 3190: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3152: 3151: 3119: 3110: 3109: 3084:(2): 92, 97–98. 3069: 3063: 3048: 3042: 3030: 3024: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2984: 2879: 2839: 2826:The gate of the 2823: 2786: 2764: 2745: 2726: 2711:walls of Tallinn 2706: 2687: 2667: 2632: 2598: 2579: 2564: 2549: 2534: 2519: 2503: 2462: 2447: 2431: 2409: 2394: 2375: 2366:(reconstruction) 2359: 2337: 2303: 2281: 2262: 2233: 2200: 2185: 2166: 2023:Theodosian Walls 1984:Suwon (Hwaseong) 1533: 1532: 1367: 1357:Northern Ireland 1344: 1328: 1289:Legation Quarter 1270:Northern Ireland 1028: 982: 851:walls of Tallinn 797:Theodosian Walls 745:Mycenaean Greece 712: 705: 701: 698: 692: 661: 653: 589: 581: 569: 561: 549: 545: 542: 454: 452: 447: 431: 371: 168:Gates of Baghdad 132: 123: 114: 103: 94: 85: 74: 65: 56: 21: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6150: 6149: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6095: 6044: 5981: 5915: 5837:Dimension stone 5805: 5729: 5724: 5694: 5689: 5673: 5665: 5595: 5519: 5463: 5397: 5332:Imperial castle 5305:Coercion castle 5300:Coastal defence 5283: 5245:Promontory fort 5215:Hillside castle 5184: 5100:Fallout shelter 5065:Concertina wire 5045:Border security 4998: 4909: 4618: 4251:Coercion castle 4239:Cheval de frise 4221:Chemin de ronde 4069:Albarrana tower 4050: 3995:Schwedenschanze 3972:Promontory fort 3799: 3794: 3759: 3743: 3741:Further reading 3725: 3698: 3665: 3648:, Phoenix Press 3629: 3613: 3608: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3561: 3557: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3267: 3258: 3256: 3245: 3241: 3232: 3230: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3205: 3203: 3192: 3191: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3155: 3120: 3113: 3070: 3066: 3049: 3045: 3031: 3027: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2897: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2882:Archaeological 2880: 2868: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2840: 2831: 2824: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2787: 2778: 2765: 2756: 2754:North Macedonia 2746: 2737: 2727: 2718: 2707: 2698: 2688: 2679: 2668: 2659: 2652:cyclopean walls 2633: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2599: 2590: 2580: 2571: 2565: 2556: 2550: 2541: 2535: 2526: 2520: 2511: 2504: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2463: 2454: 2448: 2439: 2432: 2423: 2410: 2401: 2395: 2386: 2376: 2367: 2360: 2351: 2338: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2304: 2295: 2282: 2273: 2263: 2254: 2234: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2201: 2192: 2186: 2177: 2167: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2145: 1641:Beijing (outer) 1531: 1485:on the Neckar, 1381: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1359: 1345: 1336: 1329: 1318: 1317: 1201: 1138: 1101:trace italienne 1089:trace italienne 1045: 1037:Main articles: 1035: 1029: 1022: 1002:Fujian Province 983: 980: 940: 903: 898: 713: 702: 696: 693: 678: 662: 651: 616: 606:. According to 587: 579: 567: 559: 547: 543: 525: 465: 450: 448: 429: 422: 402:defensive walls 369: 338: 294: 234:Anastasian Wall 178: 177: 176: 175: 170:, walls of the 138:Left to right: 135: 134: 133: 125: 124: 116: 115: 106: 105: 104: 96: 95: 87: 86: 77: 76: 75: 67: 66: 58: 57: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6183: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6148: 6147: 6140: 6139:External links 6137: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6063: 6058: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5891: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5761:Letter cutting 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5723: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5651: 5649:Trench warfare 5646: 5644:Tunnel warfare 5641: 5640: 5639: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5500:Fortifications 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5352: 5343: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5310:Counter-castle 5307: 5302: 5297: 5295:Border barrier 5291: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5230:Lowland castle 5227: 5222: 5220:Hilltop castle 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5095:Electric fence 5092: 5087: 5085:Dragon's teeth 5082: 5080:Czech hedgehog 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4994:Wire obstacles 4991: 4982: 4980:Polygonal fort 4977: 4972: 4970:Martello tower 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4935:Border outpost 4932: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4835: 4826: 4821: 4811: 4809:Polygonal fort 4806: 4801: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4773: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4420: 4415: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4347: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4301: 4299:Flanking tower 4296: 4287: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4266:Counter-castle 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4153: 4148: 4139: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4060: 4058: 4056:Post-classical 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4046:Vitrified fort 4043: 4031: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3999: 3990: 3985: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3950: 3945: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3904:Defensive wall 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3797:Fortifications 3793: 3792: 3785: 3778: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3758:978-0571348411 3757: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3728: 3723: 3710: 3701: 3696: 3683: 3668: 3663: 3650: 3641: 3633: 3627: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3580: 3555: 3537: 3516: 3514:, p. 214. 3504: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3454:, p. 211. 3439: 3427: 3415: 3413:, p. 101. 3400: 3398:, p. 100. 3388: 3373: 3371:, p. 339. 3361: 3346: 3344:, p. 363. 3334: 3319: 3307: 3300: 3280: 3265: 3239: 3212: 3182: 3180:, p. 103. 3170: 3153: 3111: 3090:10.2307/989177 3064: 3043: 3025: 3004: 2998:978-0415862875 2997: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2962:Murus Gallicus 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2927:Border barrier 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2841: 2834: 2832: 2825: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2766: 2759: 2757: 2747: 2740: 2738: 2728: 2721: 2719: 2708: 2701: 2699: 2689: 2682: 2680: 2670:City walls in 2669: 2662: 2660: 2634: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2591: 2581: 2574: 2572: 2566: 2559: 2557: 2551: 2544: 2542: 2536: 2529: 2527: 2521: 2514: 2512: 2505: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2464: 2457: 2455: 2449: 2442: 2440: 2433: 2426: 2424: 2411: 2404: 2402: 2399:Ark of Bukhara 2396: 2389: 2387: 2377: 2370: 2368: 2361: 2354: 2352: 2339: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2305: 2298: 2296: 2283: 2276: 2274: 2264: 2257: 2255: 2235: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2202: 2195: 2193: 2187: 2180: 2178: 2168: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1725:Forbidden City 1721: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557:Aurelian Walls 1553: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1545:Max Height (m) 1543: 1540: 1537: 1530: 1527: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1362: 1360: 1346: 1339: 1337: 1331:A view of the 1330: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1284: 1283: 1277: 1263: 1249: 1246: 1239: 1232: 1210: 1200: 1197: 1137: 1134: 1034: 1031: 1020: 978: 936:Main article: 902: 899: 897: 894: 832:fortifications 801:Constantinople 789:Aurelian Walls 737:ancient Greece 725:Walls of Avila 715: 714: 665: 663: 656: 650: 647: 639:Joseon dynasty 635:Joseon dynasty 615: 612: 604:Yongle Emperor 596:Forbidden City 556:Warring States 524: 521: 464: 463:Southeast Asia 461: 421: 418: 391:Nebuchadnezzar 337: 334: 293: 290: 230:Hadrian's Wall 226:Walls of Benin 182:defensive wall 172:Jaisalmer Fort 148:Walls of Ávila 144:Hadrian's Wall 137: 136: 127: 126: 118: 117: 109: 108: 107: 98: 97: 89: 88: 80: 79: 78: 69: 68: 60: 59: 51: 50: 49: 48: 47: 32:Border barrier 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6182: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100:Organizations 6098: 6092: 6091:Machicolation 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5947:Diamond blade 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5927:Angle grinder 5925: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5716: 5714: 5709: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5686: 5685: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5654:Urban warfare 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5607:Civil defense 5605: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5475:Bastion forts 5473: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5459:Z-plan castle 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5429:L-plan castle 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5414:Bridge castle 5412: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5383:Refuge castle 5381: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5364:Military base 5362: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5327:Hunting lodge 5325: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5240:Moated castle 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5225:Island castle 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193:By topography 5191: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5165:Submarine pen 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5120:Hesco bastion 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5035:Blast shelter 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4804:Place-of-arms 4802: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4437:Machicolation 4435: 4433: 4432:L-plan castle 4430: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4411: 4410: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4165:Bridge castle 4163: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4128:Bent entrance 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4113:Battery tower 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4064:Advanced work 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3989: 3988:Refuge castle 3986: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3760: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3734: 3729: 3726: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3681: 3680:3-930327-07-4 3677: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3614: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3568: 3567: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3508: 3502:, p. 45. 3501: 3496: 3490:, p. 40. 3489: 3484: 3478:, p. 67. 3477: 3472: 3466:, p. 37. 3465: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3437:, p. 32. 3436: 3431: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3405: 3397: 3392: 3386:, p. 99. 3385: 3380: 3378: 3370: 3365: 3359:, p. 98. 3358: 3353: 3351: 3343: 3338: 3332:, p. 97. 3331: 3326: 3324: 3317:, p. 92. 3316: 3311: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3284: 3278:, p. 96. 3277: 3272: 3270: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3228: 3227: 3222: 3216: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3179: 3174: 3168:, p. 43. 3167: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3116: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3061: 3060:0-7506-2267-9 3057: 3053: 3047: 3040: 3039:0-395-65237-5 3036: 3029: 3022: 3021:0-7506-2267-9 3018: 3014: 3008: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2979: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2957:Murus Dacicus 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2912:List of walls 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2885: 2884:Erbil Citadel 2878: 2873: 2872: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2543: 2540: 2533: 2528: 2525: 2518: 2513: 2510:castle (wubi) 2509: 2502: 2497: 2496: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2453: 2450:Walls of the 2446: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2397:Walls of the 2393: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2379:Derbent Walls 2374: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2331: 2330: 2309: 2302: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2227: 2226: 2206: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1539:Max width (m) 1538: 1535: 1534: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1390: 1385: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1120:bastion forts 1117: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1069: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1026: 1019: 1017: 1010: 1008: 1003: 999: 994: 993:Zheng Zhilong 990: 977: 972: 968: 966: 962: 957: 953: 948: 946: 945:Ancient Linzi 939: 931: 927: 926:Six Dynasties 924:dated to the 923: 918: 912: 907: 896:Gunpowder era 893: 891: 886: 884: 880: 879:Tossa del Mar 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 833: 829: 825: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 730: 726: 723:The medieval 721: 711: 708: 700: 690: 686: 682: 676: 675: 671: 666:This section 664: 660: 655: 654: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 620: 611: 609: 608:Tonio Andrade 605: 601: 597: 593: 585: 577: 573: 565: 557: 553: 538: 537:Shang dynasty 534: 533:ancient China 530: 520: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 477: 475: 471: 460: 458: 443: 439: 435: 427: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 382: 377: 375: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 330: 325: 319: 315: 314:Yueyang Tower 310: 303: 298: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 270: 268: 264: 259: 257: 253: 248: 245: 244: 239: 238:Atlantic Wall 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 198:curtain walls 195: 191: 187: 186:fortification 183: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 131: 122: 113: 102: 93: 84: 73: 64: 55: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6023:Tuckpointing 5977:Straightedge 5911:Stone veneer 5727:Stonemasonry 5677: 5632:Siege engine 5600:Other topics 5524:Related word 5490:Defense line 5454:Tower castle 5409:Bastion fort 5393:Urban castle 5321:Ganerbenburg 5319: 5274:Water castle 5250:Ridge castle 5235:Marsh castle 5050:Bomb shelter 5030:Belgian gate 5003:20th century 4914:19th century 4852:Retrenchment 4824:Punji sticks 4733:Entrenchment 4728:Device Forts 4695:Counterguard 4630:Early modern 4560:Tower castle 4496:Powder tower 4471:Outer bailey 4383:Inner bailey 4357:Gulyay-gorod 4325:Ganerbenburg 4323: 4319:Fujian tulou 4261:Corner tower 4200:Chamber gate 4170:Bridge tower 4018:Trou de loup 3903: 3748: 3732: 3714: 3705: 3687: 3671: 3654: 3645: 3637: 3618: 3596:. Retrieved 3592: 3583: 3571:. Retrieved 3565: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3529: 3519: 3512:Andrade 2016 3507: 3495: 3483: 3471: 3459: 3452:Andrade 2016 3430: 3418: 3411:Andrade 2016 3396:Andrade 2016 3391: 3384:Andrade 2016 3369:Andrade 2016 3364: 3357:Andrade 2016 3337: 3330:Andrade 2016 3315:Andrade 2016 3310: 3290: 3283: 3276:Andrade 2016 3257:. Retrieved 3252: 3242: 3231:. Retrieved 3224: 3215: 3204:. Retrieved 3197: 3178:Andrade 2016 3173: 3131: 3127: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3046: 3028: 3007: 2988: 2982: 2654:(similar to 2539:Yuan dynasty 2524:Tang dynasty 2413:Derawar Wall 1962:Servian Wall 1551:Length (km) 1479: 1462: 1452: 1441: 1408: 1393: 1306: 1297: 1285: 1256:Donald Trump 1202: 1169: 1166: 1154: 1123: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1088: 1086: 1074: 1043:Bastion fort 1015: 1012: 1006: 985: 974: 969: 964: 952:Roman Empire 949: 941: 887: 836: 821: 813:Newport Arch 782: 771:nor ancient 734: 703: 697:October 2022 694: 679:Please help 667: 625: 584:Ming dynasty 564:Tang dynasty 529:rammed earth 526: 478: 466: 423: 406:Derbent Wall 399: 385: 378: 339: 318:Yuan dynasty 271: 260: 249: 241: 217: 213: 181: 179: 5932:Bush hammer 5867:Lime mortar 5746:Rustication 5531:Castle town 5388:Toll castle 5357:Lustschloss 5339:Kaiserpfalz 5269:Spur castle 5264:Rock castle 5205:Hill castle 5200:Cave castle 5160:Spider hole 5060:Bremer wall 5025:Barbed tape 4921:Barbed wire 4595:Witch tower 4565:Tower house 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5986:Techniques 5842:Fieldstone 5827:Cast stone 5781:Monumental 5556:Gatekeeper 5376:Ordensburg 5348:Landesburg 5155:Sentry gun 5110:Flak tower 5040:Blast wall 4960:Gun turret 4857:Sally port 4762:Kotta mara 4702:Couvreface 4666:Breastwork 4661:Blockhouse 4639:Abwurfdach 4590:Watchtower 4580:Wall tower 4536:Shell keep 4486:Portcullis 4481:Peel tower 4466:Neck ditch 4425:Landesburg 4373:Half tower 4331:Gate tower 4276:Drawbridge 4118:Battlement 4034:Wagon fort 3877:Chengqiang 3611:References 3598:28 October 3573:28 October 3476:Nolan 2006 3423:Reger 2016 3301:0300093829 3259:2023-08-10 3233:2023-08-10 3206:2023-08-10 3166:Lorge 2008 2648:Bronze Age 2467:Intramuros 2417:Bahawalpur 2171:Taroudannt 1523:Reichstadt 1499:Oberbayern 1495:Burghausen 1491:Pappenheim 1487:Königsberg 1483:Hirschhorn 1459:Nördlingen 1430:Wall tower 1424:Gate tower 1414:City ditch 1400:embrasures 1349:peace line 1243:Green Line 1199:Modern era 1185:Nördlingen 1164:or parks. 1162:ring roads 1124:Xifashenji 1114:In 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2614:Europe 2587:Linhai 2471:Manila 2385:period 2349:Israel 2290:UNESCO 2249:UNESCO 2148:Africa 2003:Suzhou 1903:Nicaea 1475:Braşov 828:oppida 785:Romans 778:mortar 769:Sparta 757:Athens 649:Europe 588: 580: 568: 560: 548: 527:Large 505:Gelgel 489:Jepara 485:Banten 451: 430: 370: 366:a wall 243:letzis 202:towers 6038:Wythe 5920:Tools 5906:Slate 5882:Types 5862:Grout 5822:Brick 5734:Types 5627:Siege 5571:Palas 5515:Walls 5505:Forts 5468:Lists 5315:Fence 5257:Rocca 5125:Kabal 4840:Redan 4747:Gorge 4671:Canal 4548:Shiro 4511:Ribat 4501:Qalat 4313:Dzong 4309:house 4009:Sudis 3941:Limes 3899:Ditch 3832:Broch 3823:Agger 3144:S2CID 3102:JSTOR 2974:Notes 2855:Spain 2828:Gonio 2805:Roman 2794:Spain 2750:Ohrid 2676:Spain 2672:Ávila 2603:tulou 2506:Late 2485:China 2205:Ghana 2190:Buhen 2083:Xi'an 1897:25.1 1886:19.75 1823:Linzi 1745:Harar 1578:Ávila 1515:Conwy 1444:Ávila 1398:with 1351:" in 1157:forts 1057:Italy 956:Philo 911:Xi'an 875:Avila 824:Celts 809:Trier 729:Spain 631:Silla 614:Korea 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