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1304:(MHRA) and most widely used in the arts and humanities in the United Kingdom, where the MHRA is based. It is available for sale both in the UK and in the United States. It is similar to MLA style, but has some differences. For example, MHRA style uses footnotes that reference a citation fully while also providing a bibliography. Some readers find it advantageous that the footnotes provide full citations, instead of shortened references, so that they do not need to consult the bibliography while reading for the rest of the publication details.
606:
citation-practices has indicated that they also serve critical roles in orchestrating the state of knowledge on a particular topic, identifying gaps in the existing knowledge that should be filled or describing areas where inquiries should be continued or replicated. Citation has also been identified as a critical means by which researchers establish stance: aligning themselves with or against subgroups of fellow researchers working on similar projects and staking out opportunities for creating new knowledge.
1606:
article contains at least three plagiarized citations when authors copy and paste a citation entry from another publication without consulting the original source. Experts have found that simple precautions, such as consulting the author of a cited source about proper citations, reduce the likelihood of citation errors and thus increase the quality of research. Another study noted that approximately 25% citations do not support the claims made, a finding that affects many disciplines, including history.
1911:
citation". A scientific publication being "cited in a
Knowledge article is considered an indicator of some form of impact for this publication" and it may be possible to detect certain publications through changes to Knowledge articles. Wikimedia Research's Cite-o-Meter tool showed a league table of which academic publishers are most cited on Knowledge as does a page by the "Academic Journals WikiProject". Research indicates a large share of academic citations on the platform are
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1634:, are thought to be associated with such behavior, with up to 30% of citations to these journals being generated by commissioned opinion articles. On the other hand, the phenomenon of citation cartels is rising. Citation cartels are defined as groups of authors that cite each other disproportionately more than they do other groups of authors who work on the same subject.
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of research of one discipline are being compared. For example, in medicine, among other factors, the number of authors, the number of references, the article length, and the presence of a colon in the title influence the impact; while in sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors.
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recognizes that citations remain a controversial and yet important metric for academics. They report five ways to increase citation counts: (1) watch the title length and punctuation; (2) release the results early as preprints; (3) avoid referring to a country in the title, abstract, or keywords; (4)
598:
to a source. More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at
1959:
The Scite
Reference Check bot is an extension of scite.ai that scans new article PDFs "for references to retracted papers, and posts both the citing and retracted papers on Twitter" and also "flags when new studies cite older ones that have issued corrections, errata, withdrawals, or expressions of
1609:
Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article. Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparisons across disciplines are made, but also when different fields
1429:
In one major variant, that used by the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the
1339:
is a citation system traditionally used in
American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts. At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations,
1605:
Another important issue is citation errors, which often occur due to carelessness on either the researcher or journal editor's part in the publication procedure. For example, a study that analyzed 1,200 randomly selected citations from three major business ethics journals concluded that an average
1598:
In their research on footnotes in scholarly journals in the field of communication, Michael Bugeja and
Daniela V. Dimitrova have found that citations to online sources have a rate of decay (as cited pages are taken down), which they call a "half-life", that renders footnotes in those journals less
1951:
The tool scite.ai tracks and links citations of papers as 'Supporting', 'Mentioning' or 'Contrasting' the study, differentiating between these contexts of citations to some degree which may be useful for evaluation/metrics and e.g. discovering studies or statements contrasting statements within a
1155:
styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system. These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles. The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to
914:
Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section. Other styles include a list of the citations, with complete bibliographical references, in an end section, sorted alphabetically by author. This section is often called "References", "Bibliography",
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Citations have several important purposes. While their uses for upholding intellectual honesty and bolstering claims are typically foregrounded in teaching materials and style guides (e.g.,), correct attribution of insights to previous sources is just one of these purposes. Linguistic analysis of
1910:
also shows citing
English Knowledge articles for a given study, later adding other language editions. The Wikimedia platform under development Scholia also shows "Knowledge mentions" of scientific works. A study suggests a citation on Knowledge "could be considered a public parallel to scholarly
836:
The
Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in the text, either bracketed or superscript or both. The numbers refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (notes on a page at the end of the paper) that provide source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full
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sometimes also use citations to find similar studies to the one the user is currently reading or that the user may be interested in and may find useful. Better availability of integrable open citation information could be useful in addressing the "overwhelming amount of scientific literature".
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Citation patterns are also known to be affected by unethical behavior of both the authors and journal staff. Such behavior is called impact factor boosting and was reported to involve even the top-tier journals. Specifically the high-ranking journals of medical science, including
2064:(or communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the MLA and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often
1691:, citation of earlier patents relevant to the current claim. The digitization of patent data and increasing computing power have led to a community of practice that uses these citation data to measure innovation attributes, trace knowledge flows, and map innovation networks.
732:
inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married" (Pushkin
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A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs; consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have their own citation methods too:
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typesetting environment. Brackets with the author's initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. . This type of style is also called an "authorship
837:
bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full-note form or a shortened-note form. The organizational logic of the bibliography is that sources are listed in their order of appearance in-text, rather than alphabetically by author last name.
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of citations — links from one document to another document — to reveal properties of the documents. A typical aim would be to identify the most important documents in a collection. A classic example is that of the citations between academic
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of a work in science. Accordingly, individual scientists are motivated to have their own work cited early and often and as widely as possible, but all other scientists are motivated to eliminate unnecessary citations so as not to devalue this means of
4122:
Nüst, Daniel; Yücel, Gazi; Cordts, Anette; Hauschke, Christian (4 January 2023). "Enriching the scholarly metadata commons with citation metadata and spatio-temporal metadata to support responsible research assessment and research discovery".
1476:(which itself uses this citation style throughout), a variant form of author-title citation is the primary method used when making nomenclatural citations and sometimes general citations (for example in code-related proposals published in
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2464:
1554:, in which the surnames of the authors and the year of publication all appear in parentheses. In both cases, in-text citations point to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper in a "references" section.
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which are either separate sentences or separate clauses. Inline citations allow readers to quickly determine the strength of a source based on, for example, the court a case was decided in and the year it was decided.
1238:. Harvard referencing involves a short author-date reference, e.g., "(Smith, 2000)", being inserted after the cited text within parentheses and the full reference to the source being listed at the end of the article.
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Knowledge agents may use citations to find studies that are relevant to the user's query, in particular citation statements are used by scite.ai to answer a question, also providing the associated reference(s).
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Documents can be associated with many other features in addition to citations, such as authors, publishers, journals as well as their actual texts. The general analysis of collections of documents is known as
1292:
42) in the case of more than one work by the same author within parentheses in the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a "works cited" page at the end of the paper, as well as notes (footnotes or
888:
In the humanities, many authors also use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like a citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading.
4324:
Arroyo-Machado, Wenceslao; Torres-Salinas, Daniel; Costas, Rodrigo (20 December 2022). "Wikinformetrics: Construction and description of an open
Knowledge knowledge graph data set for informetric purposes".
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by
Elizabeth Shown Mills covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and
1213:
The
Columbia style was created by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
602:
Generally, the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
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In-text references for online publications may differ from conventional parenthetical referencing. A full reference can be hidden, only displayed when wanted by the reader, in the form of a
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The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) is reportedly the original kernel of this biomedical style, which evolved from the Vancouver 1978 editors' meeting. The
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are association measures based on citation analysis (shared citations or shared references). The citations in a collection of documents can also be represented in forms such as a
689:. Regarding the use of citations in the scientific literature, some scholars also put forward "the right to refuse unwanted citations" in certain situations deemed inappropriate.
1210:
style—which derives from it—is for student references, and is distinguished from the CMOS by omission of quotation marks in reference lists, and mandatory access date citation.
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Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank".
1535:
3160:
Anauati, Maria Victoria; Galiani, Sebastian; Gálvez, Ramiro H. (November 4, 2015). "Quantifying the Life Cycle of Scholarly Articles Across Fields of Economic Research".
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Redi, Miriam; Fetahu, Besnik; Morgan, Jonathan; Taraborelli, Dario (13 May 2019). "Citation Needed: A Taxonomy and Algorithmic Assessment of Knowledge's Verifiability".
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2134:
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or of scientific citations on the site, e.g. enabling listing the most relevant or most-cited scientific journals and categories and dominant domains. Since 2015, the
1788:
3410:
Abramo, Giovanni; D'Angelo, Ciriaco Andrea; Di Costa, Flavia (2016). "The effect of a country's name in the title of a publication on its visibility and citability".
1288:, including television. This style of citations and bibliographical format uses parenthetical referencing with author-page (Smith 395) or author- title-page (Smith,
903:
Parenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, has full or partial, in-text, citations enclosed in circular brackets and embedded in the paragraph.
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Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the humanities and the sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as
2926:
4726:
Nicholson, Josh M.; Mordaunt, Milo; Lopez, Patrice; Uppala, Ashish; Rosati, Domenic; Rodrigues, Neves P.; Grabitz, Peter; Rife, Sean C. (5 November 2021).
224:
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Bornmann, L., & Daniel, H. D. (2008). What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior. Journal of Documentation, 64(1), 45–80.
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669:, or other published item. Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely. Different citation systems and styles are used in
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to some degree in some cases. They find that "structures fostering disruptive scholarship and focusing attention on novel ideas" could be important.
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usually include the line numbers. For example: "For I must love because I live / And life in me is what you give." (Brennan, lines 15–16).
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Lamers, Wout S; Boyack, Kevin; Larivière, Vincent; Sugimoto, Cassidy R; van Eck, Nees Jan; Waltman, Ludo; Murray, Dakota (24 December 2021).
1845:
has a CD index of 0. Their results also suggest scientists and inventors "may be struggling to keep up with the pace of knowledge expansion".
1735:
Modern scientists are sometimes judged by the number of times their work is cited by others—this is actually a key indicator of the relative
2396:
Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee (2007). Scientific style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers.
1482:), with the works in question not cited in the bibliography unless also cited in the text. Titles use standardized abbreviations following
1051:
4373:
Priem, Jason (6 July 2015). "Altmetrics (Chapter from Beyond Bibliometrics: Harnessing Multidimensional Indicators of Scholarly Impact)".
2337:
4089:
3003:
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Fraser, Nicholas; Momeni, Fakhri; Mayr, Philipp; Peters, Isabell (2019). "The effect of bioRxiv preprints on citations and altmetrics".
2375:
1469:, encloses citation numbers within square brackets and numbers them consecutively, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.
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1964:. Research found "that authors tend to keep citing retracted papers long after they have been red flagged, although at a lower rate".
1395:(AIP style), references are also numbered in the text and in the reference list, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.
1388:. In ACS style references are numbered in the text and in the reference list, and numbers are repeated throughout the text as needed.
2534:
2616:
2189:
Hyland, K., & Jiang, F. (2019). Points of reference: Changing patterns of academic citation. Applied Linguistics, 40(1), 64–85.
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McDowell, Zachary J.; Vetter, Matthew A. (2022). "What Counts as Information: The Construction of Reliability and Verifability".
784:
514:
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Other metascientists introduced the 'CD index' intended to characterize "how papers and patents change networks of citations in
1320:, and care must be taken by editors and typesetters to ensure that they understand how the term is being used by their authors.
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4925:"The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science – On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such"
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Broadly speaking, there are two types of citation systems, the Vancouver system and parenthetical referencing. However, the
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Park, Michael; Leahey, Erin; Funk, Russell J. (January 2023). "Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time".
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1016:
991:
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3564:"Parallel Worlds of Citable Documents and Others: Inflated Commissioned Opinion Articles Enhance Scientometric Indicators"
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Swales, J. M. (2004). Research genres: Explorations and applications. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139524827
2513:
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1822:
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There is research about citations and development of related tools and systems, mainly relating to scientific citations.
4145:
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Garfield, Eugene (2006). "Citation indexes for science. A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas".
4396:""I updated the <ref>": The evolution of references in the English Knowledge and the implications for altmetrics"
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The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this:
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4728:"scite: A smart citation index that displays the context of citations and classifies their intent using deep learning"
4221:
Arroyo-Machado, Wenceslao; Torres-Salinas, Daniel; Herrera-Viedma, Enrique; Romero-Frías, Esteban (10 February 2020).
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Mansourizadeh, Kobra, and Ummul K. Ahmad. "Citation practices among non-native expert and novice scientific writers."
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associated with these disciplines maintain the relevant citational style by recommending and adhering to the relevant
1961:
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in which the surnames of the authors appear in the text and the year of publication then appears in parentheses, and
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conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style.
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910:"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance" (Kübler-Ross, 1969, pp. 45–60).
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tracks which referred and reviewed papers have referred which other such papers. Baruch Lev and other advocates of
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1021:
3340:"An analysis of the titles of papers submitted to the UK REF in 2014: authors, disciplines, and stylistic details"
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1814:
492:
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768:
Along with information such as authors, date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include
1975:
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link the article to supporting data in a repository; and (5) avoid hyphens in the titles of research articles.
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publishes both a style manual and a style guide for publications in this field. The style is close to the CMOS.
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In some areas of the humanities, footnotes are used exclusively for references, and their use for conventional
549:
17:
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Other experts have found that published replications do not have as many citations as original publications.
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in his 1965 article "Networks of Scientific Papers". This means that citation analysis draws on aspects of
3528:"Metamorphic robustness testing: Exposing hidden defects in citation statistics and journal impact factors"
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authors, book title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and page numbers if appropriate.
477:
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authors, article title, name of newspaper, section title and page numbers if desired, date of publication.
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Colavizza, Giovanni; Hrynaszkiewicz, Iain; Staden, Isla; Whitaker, Kirstie; McGillivray, Barbara (2019).
1799:, citations disproportionately cite already well-cited papers, possibly slowing and inhibiting canonical
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The American Medical Association has its own variant of Vancouver style with only minor differences. See
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Peoples N, Østbye T, Yan LL. "Burden of proof: combating inaccurate citation in biomedical literature".
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1206:. It is most widely used in history and economics as well as some social sciences. The closely related
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2973:"Do They Practice What They Preach? The Presence of Problematic Citations in Business Ethics Research"
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to unsourced statements in articles requesting citations to be added. The phrase is reflective of the
1960:
concern". Studies have suggested as few as 4% of citations to retracted papers clearly recognize the
1943:
1837:". The overall number of papers has risen while the total of "highly disruptive" papers has not. The
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4223:"Science through Knowledge: A novel representation of open knowledge through co-citation networks"
3785:"Citations, Citation Indicators, and Research Quality: An Overview of Basic Concepts and Theories"
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2873:
Vanishing Act: The Erosion of Online Footnotes and Implications for Scholarship in the Digital Age
39:
4694:"Coronavirus in context: Scite.ai tracks positive and negative citations for COVID-19 literature"
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2710:"ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals – Sample References"
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is the examination of the frequency, patterns, and graphs of citations in documents. It uses the
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Tattersall, Andy; Sheppard, Nick; Blake, Thom; O'Neill, Kate; Carroll, Chris (2 February 2022).
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1187:(CSL) is an open XML-based language to describe the formatting of citations and bibliographies.
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Specific volumes, articles, or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated
4505:"Exploring open access coverage of Knowledge-cited research across the White Rose Universities"
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2256:"The right to refuse unwanted citations: rethinking the culture of science around the citation"
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2015:
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Katz, Gilad; Rokach, Lior (8 January 2016). "Wikiometrics: A Knowledge Based Ranking System".
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4553:. WWW '19. San Francisco, CA, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1567–1578.
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name of interviewer, interview descriptor (ex. personal interview), and date of interview.
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3189:"What a difference a colon makes: how superficial factors influence subsequent citation"
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1546:, listing the author's name and year of publication, although these can take two forms:
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Gurevitch, Jessica; Koricheva, Julia; Nakagawa, Shinichi; Stewart, Gavin (March 2018).
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utilizes a modified form of the Chicago style laid out in their publishing style guide.
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The bibliography entry, which is required with a shortened note, would look like this:
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Stages of research and publication processes and metadata, including citation metadata
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Years of publication of a set of analyzed scientific articles referenced in Knowledge
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848:"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance."
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Citation Indexing - Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology and Humanities
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Conventions of citation (e.g., placement of dates within parentheses, superscripted
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3106:"Unverified history: an analysis of quotation accuracy in leading history journals"
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613:, colons or commas for page numbers, etc.) vary by the citation-system used (e.g.,
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Beel, Joeran; Gipp, Bela; Langer, Stefan; Breitinger, Corinna (1 November 2016).
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Zagorova, Olga; Ulloa, Roberto; Weller, Katrin; Flöck, Fabian (12 April 2022).
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2894:"Replications and Extensions in Marketing: Rarely Published But Quite Contrary"
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3702:"Patent citation data in social science research: Overview and best practices"
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3082:
2593:
Evidence Explained : Citing History Sources from Artifacts to cyberspace.
2505:
2199:
5027:
4973:
4948:
4846:
4660:
4266:
4169:
4056:
3939:
3867:
3801:
3784:
3546:
3527:
3271:
3129:
3105:
3066:
3058:
2061:
2005:
1985:
1932:
1907:
1736:
1695:
710:
authors, article title, journal title, date of publication, and page numbers.
430:
420:
4991:
4837:
4558:
4047:
3639:
3614:
2991:
2958:
2571:
2431:"How to Write Research Papers with Citations: MLA, APA, Footnotes, Endnotes"
4864:
4678:
4284:
4074:
3947:
3875:
3769:
3512:
3375:
3290:
3049:
3032:
2800:
2291:
1614:
1580:
1343:
The legal citation style used almost universally in Canada is based on the
1244:
was developed by the Modern Language Association and is most often used in
1046:
956:
697:
Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include:
622:
271:
4600:
4548:
2617:"MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses"
2253:
1947:
Percent of all citances in each field that contain signals of disagreement
4940:
3255:"Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability"
2792:
2040:
1647:
1177:
931:
864:
In a paper with a full bibliography, the shortened note might look like:
646:
398:
344:
244:
199:
4882:
4747:
4651:
4415:
4338:
3859:
3074:
2643:
722:
authors, article, and publication title where appropriate, as well as a
4347:
3033:"The Ombudsman: Verification of Citations: Fawlty Towers of Knowledge?"
2690:"Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals"
1903:
1810:
1757:
1466:
1285:
1249:
1217:
Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace
1026:
922:. This style makes citing easier and improves the reader's experience.
686:
579:
452:
356:
324:
296:
214:
204:
194:
4479:"Knowledge is open to all, the research underpinning it should be too"
3811:
3717:
3580:
2891:
840:
For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system
4524:
4452:"Knowledge:WikiProject Academic Journals/Journals cited by Knowledge"
4090:"With fewer disruptive studies, is science becoming an echo chamber?"
3456:
2075:
2066:
1928:
1834:
1830:
1688:
1594:
Impact factor § Editorial policies that affect the impact factor
1572:
1531:
1447:
Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals
1403:
1381:
1309:
1231:
1173:
1152:
1138:
1134:
1122:
966:
961:
946:
941:
678:
634:
630:
595:
393:
3701:
4819:
4436:
4379:
4239:
4129:
3914:
3475:
3426:
3395:
1818:
1741:
1336:
1245:
1207:
1130:
976:
682:
666:
319:
112:
72:
4801:
Peng, Hao; Romero, Daniel M.; Horvát, Emőke-Ágnes (21 June 2022).
4502:
4323:
3104:
Cumberledge, Aaron; Smith, Neal; Riley, Benjamin W. (2023-08-01).
4896:
4368:
4366:
3833:
3706:
Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology
3569:
Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology
3459:"The citation advantage of linking publications to research data"
1912:
1806:
1434:
1281:
1031:
919:
3305:
1938:
1756:
is cited to be a significant metric of its quality, and thus of
1698:
and citation analysis is a key part of that field. For example,
1312:(explanations or examples) is avoided. In these areas, the term
4908:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4117:
4115:
3990:
3988:
3615:"Toward the Discovery of Citation Cartels in Citation Networks"
1924:
1753:
1473:
1438:
1407:
4363:
2619:. Modern Humanities Research Association. 2008. Archived from
2154:
Association of Legal Writing Directors & Darby Dickerson,
1687:). An additional example is provided by patents which contain
1426:(CSE), is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
4776:"New bot flags scientific studies that cite retracted papers"
4770:
4768:
4766:
4632:
3895:
3893:
1411:
1277:
1165:
4725:
4209:
4112:
3985:
3971:"New ideas are struggling to emerge from the sea of science"
3783:
Aksnes, Dag W.; Langfeldt, Liv; Wouters, Paul (2019-01-01).
1679:
and books. For another example, judges of law support their
1536:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
1371:
Sciences, mathematics, engineering, physiology, and medicine
743:
are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and
4546:
2485:
1683:
by referring back to judgements made in earlier cases (see
1491:
802:
801:
Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier (
759:
authors, dataset title, date of publication, and publisher.
574:
4803:"Dynamics of cross-platform attention to retracted papers"
4763:
3890:
3409:
2971:
Serenko, A.; Dumay, J.; Hsiao, P-C.K.; Choo, C.W. (2021).
1684:
4635:"Investigating disagreement in the scientific literature"
4146:"Research-paper recommender systems: a literature survey"
3724:
2758:
4540:
4393:
4143:
2156:
ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation,
2100:
4121:
3730:
2689:
1230:. Parenthetical referencing is recommended by both the
637:(APA), etc.). Each system is associated with different
4583:
4023:"Slowed canonical progress in large fields of science"
3782:
3388:
3186:
1821:
of disruption". They proposed linking this to changes
1774:
1360:
British legal citation almost universally follows the
4021:
Chu, Johan S. G.; Evans, James A. (12 October 2021).
3836:"Meta-analysis and the science of research synthesis"
3103:
2970:
2708:
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.
2673:
Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Cite Guide)
2644:"Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.)"
2390:
2254:
Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva; Quan-Hoang Vuong (2021).
53:. For help citing Knowledge in external sources, see
3526:
Zhou, Zhi Quan; Tse, T.H.; Witheridge, Matt (2021).
3306:"Studies suggest 5 ways to increase citation counts"
3159:
4626:
3695:
3660:(3rd ed.). New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers.
3562:
1833:" being informed by "a narrower scope of existing
1176:; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or
3525:
3217:20.500.11755/2fd7fc12-1766-4ddd-8f19-1d2603d2e11d
2871:Bugeja, Michael and Daniela V. Dimitrova (2010).
1785:Various results from scientific citation analysis
1463:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1363:Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities
1062:Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities
772:depending on the type of work being referred to.
5025:
4800:
3997:"The Consolidation-Disruption Index Is Alarming"
3612:
2368:"Citation styles: Vancouver and Harvard systems"
2026:San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment
1915:and hence inaccessible to many readers. "" is a
1497:Pechenik citation style is a style described in
1272:"), and some interdisciplinary studies, such as
49:For help making citations within Knowledge, see
4807:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4594:. Routledge, Taylor & Francis. p. 34.
4027:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3187:van Wesel, M.; Wyatt, S.; ten Haaf, J. (2014).
3026:
2892:Raymond Hubbard and J. Scott Armstrong (1994).
2338:"How to cite sources in the body of your paper"
1823:to three "use of previous knowledge"-indicators
4589:
4088:Tejada, Patricia Contreras (13 January 2023).
3899:
3657:Foundations of library and information science
2901:International Journal of Research in Marketing
1795:Two metascientists reported that in a growing
1510:bibliographic system for scientific literature
1226:(or author-date system) is a specific kind of
3613:Fister, I. Jr.; Fister, I.; Perc, M. (2016).
2680:. Updated October 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
2595:2d ed. Baltimore:Genealogical Pub. Co., 2009.
1939:Differentiation of semantic citation contexts
1927:of verifiability and no original research on
1898:There also has been analysis of citations of
1384:, is often used in chemistry and some of the
1102:
550:
2604:The 2nd edition (updated April 2008) of the
1766:Citation-frequency is one indicator used in
1764:often replace citations to primary studies.
1729:Metascience § Evaluation and incentives
892:
4592:Knowledge and the Representation of Reality
2964:
1637:
5001:"Why Are There Different Citation Styles?"
4429:
4150:International Journal on Digital Libraries
3246:
3020:
2504:
2359:
2332:
2330:
1472:In areas of biology that falls within the
1441:database uses this citation style and the
1109:
1095:
1057:The Oxford Guide to Style/New Hart's Rules
557:
543:
79:
4854:
4836:
4818:
4746:
4668:
4650:
4599:
4523:
4435:
4414:
4378:
4346:
4274:
4256:
4238:
4128:
4064:
4046:
3913:
3810:
3800:
3731:Derek J. de Solla Price (July 30, 1965).
3638:
3545:
3533:IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
3502:
3492:
3474:
3425:
3394:
3365:
3280:
3270:
3215:
3048:
2920:
2281:
2271:
906:An example of a parenthetical reference:
4020:
3994:
3560:
2843:"Publishing Style Guide - Stay Informed"
2815:The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing
2778:
2585:
2169:Journal of English for Academic Purposes
1942:
1889:
1860:
1825:which they interpreted as "contemporary
1780:
1346:Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation
726:, and a date when the site was accessed.
568:
488:Library and information science software
2365:
2327:
1067:Scientific Style and Format (CSE style)
785:Serial Item and Contribution Identifier
14:
5026:
4970:A Short Guide to Writing About Biology
4922:
4691:
4087:
3337:
3252:
2612:Modern Humanities Research Association
2506:"Citation Formats & Style Manuals"
1843:accelerating expansion of the universe
1700:bibliographic coupling and co-citation
1559:American Political Science Association
1499:A Short Guide to Writing about Biology
1406:, are typically implemented using the
1302:Modern Humanities Research Association
1200:(CMOS) was developed and its guide is
483:Geographic information system software
4372:
4100:from the original on 15 February 2023
3653:
3319:from the original on 18 February 2022
2781:International Journal of Epidemiology
2454:
2304:
2111:from the original on 25 December 2011
1856:
1722:
1659:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
844:a full bibliography could look like:
763:
599:the spot where the citation appears.
4966:
4476:
3303:
2853:from the original on October 9, 2015
2807:
2772:
2748:"Pechenik Citation Style QuickGuide"
1685:citation analysis in a legal context
1653:
1566:American Anthropological Association
1508:In 1955, Eugene Garfield proposed a
992:The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
915:"Works cited" or "Works consulted".
789:International Standard Serial Number
4477:Leva, Federico (21 February 2022).
3995:Thompson, Derek (11 January 2023).
2875:. Duluth, Minnesota: Litwin Books.
2158:4th ed. (New York: Aspen, 2010), 3.
1775:Progress and citation consolidation
1632:The New England Journal of Medicine
1542:. APA citation style is similar to
825:
24:
4875:
3968:
2819:Style Manual for Political Science
2641:
2610:is downloadable for free from the
2098:
2072:American Psychological Association
1599:useful for scholarship over time.
1579:is one of the main styles used in
1528:American Psychological Association
1520:
1512:, to consolidate the integrity of
1316:is actually used as a synonym for
1268:in languages other than English ("
972:Australian Guide to Legal Citation
860:(New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45–60.
778:International Standard Book Number
776:Citations of books may include an
635:American Psychological Association
25:
5065:
2533:
2467:from the original on 26 July 2020
2378:from the original on July 1, 2020
2232:. August 22, 2008. Archived from
2206:from the original on 30 June 2017
2067:The Publication Manual of the APA
1876:
1577:American Sociological Association
1083:List of style guide abbreviations
1012:The Elements of Typographic Style
631:American Sociological Association
582:Protester". The sign says: "[
4923:Armstrong, J Scott (July 1996).
4907:
4895:
4881:
1900:science information on Knowledge
794:Electronic documents may have a
5011:from the original on 2015-08-27
4999:
4955:from the original on 2018-07-20
4794:
4719:
4685:
4496:
4470:
4444:
4423:
4387:
4317:
4291:
4192:"How does ask a question work?"
4184:
4137:
4081:
4014:
3962:
3827:
3776:
3733:"Networks of Scientific Papers"
3689:
3674:
3647:
3606:
3595:from the original on 2021-06-24
3554:
3519:
3450:
3403:
3382:
3331:
3297:
3259:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
3235:from the original on 2021-01-26
3180:
3153:
3144:
3097:
3009:from the original on 2021-10-23
2943:
2932:from the original on 2017-09-22
2885:
2865:
2835:
2741:
2722:
2702:
2683:
2665:
2654:from the original on 2018-10-04
2635:
2598:
2556:
2527:
2516:from the original on 2008-02-25
2498:
2479:
2448:
2437:from the original on 2010-06-16
2423:
2399:
2336:
2298:
2137:from the original on 2017-07-10
2054:
1752:consider the number of times a
4692:Khamsi, Roxanne (1 May 2020).
2247:
2218:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2161:
2148:
2123:
2092:
1976:Acknowledgment (creative arts)
1955:
1402:(AMS), or AMS styles, such as
1072:Turabian: A Manual for Writers
13:
1:
4886:The dictionary definition of
4550:The World Wide Web Conference
4299:"New Source Alert: Knowledge"
3685:Philadelphia:ISI Press, 1983.
2642:Martin, Peter W (May 2007) .
2085:
1849:
1817:, which they interpreted as "
1484:Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum
1400:American Mathematical Society
1393:American Institute of Physics
1232:British Standards Institution
1190:
1022:Garner's Modern English Usage
1017:Fowler's Modern English Usage
4967:
4735:Quantitative Science Studies
4403:Quantitative Science Studies
4327:Quantitative Science Studies
4258:10.1371/journal.pone.0228713
3762:10.1126/science.149.3683.510
3494:10.1371/journal.pone.0230416
2913:10.1016/0167-8116(94)90003-5
2765:, Augustana Campus, Canada.
2131:"What Does it Mean to Cite?"
2074:); designated for short as "
1885:
1443:National Library of Medicine
884:. New York: Macmillan, 1969.
7:
3304:Crew, Bec (7 August 2019).
2813:Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008).
2562:
2457:"Parenthetical Referencing"
2200:"Oxford Referencing System"
1968:
1646:is a method widely used in
1430:respective citation number.
1236:Modern Language Association
1203:The Chicago Manual of Style
1145:the Chicago Manual of Style
1127:The Chicago Manual of Style
997:The Chicago Manual of Style
982:The Business Style Handbook
10:
5070:
4706:10.1038/d41586-020-01324-6
4512:Insights: The UKSG Journal
3932:10.1038/s41586-022-05543-x
3122:10.1007/s11192-023-04755-w
2273:10.1007/s11192-021-03960-9
2171:10, no. 3 (2011): 152–161.
2133:. MIT Academic Integrity.
1726:
1658:
1591:
1424:Council of Science Editors
1327:
1120:
896:
856:1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross,
829:
816:Council of Science Editors
809:
692:
661:is a reference to a book,
652:
55:Knowledge:Citing Knowledge
48:
29:
4483:Impact of Social Sciences
4162:10.1007/s00799-015-0156-0
3436:10.1007/s11192-016-2120-1
3358:10.1007/s11192-016-2081-4
3208:10.1007/s11192-013-1154-x
2486:Live Reference Initiative
1931:and has become a general
1587:
1398:Styles developed for the
1378:American Chemical Society
1228:parenthetical referencing
1052:The New York Times Manual
1042:Microsoft Manual of Style
925:
899:Parenthetical referencing
893:Parenthetical referencing
796:digital object identifier
510:Qualitative data analysis
36:Citation (disambiguation)
4968:Pechenik, Jan A (2004).
3802:10.1177/2158244019829575
3547:10.1109/TSE.2019.2915065
3272:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037
3029:Armstrong, J. Scott
2980:Journal of Documentation
2823:APSAnet.org Publications
2821:. Rev. ed. August 2006.
2411:University of Birmingham
2366:Pantcheva, Marina (nd).
2047:
1638:Research and development
1538:, is most often used in
880:Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth.
51:Knowledge:Citing sources
32:HTML element § cite
30:For "<cite>", see
4838:10.1073/pnas.2119086119
4559:10.1145/3308558.3313618
4048:10.1073/pnas.2021636118
3654:Rubin, Richard (2010).
3640:10.3389/fphy.2016.00049
2992:10.1108/JD-01-2021-0018
2959:10.1136/bmj-2023-076441
2832:. Retrieved 2015-09-28.
2738:. Retrieved 2015-02-16.
2591:Elizabeth Shown Mills.
2495:. Retrieved 2012-04-28.
2407:"Vancouver (Numbering)"
2306:"Anatomy of a Citation"
1712:social network analysis
1708:Derek J. de Solla Price
1514:scientific publications
1185:Citation Style Language
987:California Style Manual
818:(CSE) adds a third, the
745:parenthetical citations
4900:Quotations related to
3698:de Rassenfosse, Gaétan
3253:Brembs, Björn (2018).
3050:10.1287/inte.1070.0317
2570:. 2003. Archived from
2541:. 2005. Archived from
2344:. 2008. Archived from
2230:Benedictine University
2101:"Wikipedian Protester"
2016:Credit (creative arts)
1948:
1895:
1870:Recommendation systems
1866:
1792:
1488:Taxonomic Literature 2
1323:
1262:comparative literature
659:bibliographic citation
611:endnotes vs. footnotes
587:
389:Inferential statistics
335:Descriptive statistics
282:Human subject research
34:. For other uses, see
4601:10.4324/9781003094081
4094:Advanced Science News
3561:Heneberg, P. (2014).
3338:Hudson, John (2016).
2763:University of Alberta
2564:"APA Citation Format"
2535:"APA Citation Format"
2461:liu.cwp.libguides.com
1946:
1893:
1864:
1784:
1552:author-date citations
1501:, 6th ed. (2007), by
1449:– Sample References".
1422:, recommended by the
1121:Further information:
1007:The Elements of Style
572:
173:Philosophical schools
44:CITE (disambiguation)
40:Cité (disambiguation)
27:Reference to a source
5039:Intellectual history
4941:10.1287/inte.26.4.25
4916:at Wikimedia Commons
3619:Frontiers in Physics
2545:on December 28, 2007
2455:libguides, liu.cwp.
2348:on November 13, 2011
1815:that it has declined
1706:, as pointed out by
1486:for periodicals and
1391:In the style of the
1300:is published by the
1162:Stephanus pagination
820:citation-name system
639:academic disciplines
498:Reference management
448:Scientific modelling
190:Critical rationalism
4976:: Pearson/Longman.
4829:2022PNAS..11919086P
4813:(25): e2119086119.
4748:10.1162/qss_a_00146
4652:10.7554/eLife.72737
4458:. 15 September 2022
4416:10.1162/qss_a_00171
4339:10.1162/qss_a_00226
4249:2020PLoSO..1528713A
4039:2021PNAS..11821636C
3924:2023Natur.613..138P
3860:10.1038/nature25753
3852:2018Natur.555..175G
3754:1965Sci...149..510D
3631:2016FrP.....4...49F
3485:2020PLoSO..1530416C
2574:on February 3, 2008
1789:more graphs from it
1544:Harvard referencing
1534:, published in the
1456:AMA Manual of Style
1224:Harvard referencing
967:The ASA Style Guide
952:AMA Manual of Style
934:
671:scientific citation
478:Argument technology
4610:20.500.12657/50520
2953:. 2023 Nov 6;383.
2828:2015-09-29 at the
2793:10.1093/ije/dyl189
2753:2015-09-29 at the
2734:2015-09-24 at the
2715:2006-12-21 at the
2695:2019-10-05 at the
2678:McGill Law Journal
2614:official website.
2491:2021-04-28 at the
2226:"Library glossary"
1949:
1896:
1867:
1857:Research discovery
1793:
1723:Citation frequency
1355:McGill Law Journal
1284:, film, and other
1266:literary criticism
1252:, particularly in
1180:notation by play.
930:
882:On Death and Dying
870:On Death and Dying
858:On Death and Dying
770:unique identifiers
764:Unique identifiers
588:
472:Tools and software
416:Secondary research
340:Discourse analysis
4983:978-0-321-15981-6
4912:Media related to
4782:. 2 February 2021
4619:978-1-000-47427-5
4568:978-1-4503-6674-8
4305:. 4 February 2015
3908:(7942): 138–144.
3846:(7695): 175–182.
3748:(3683): 510–515.
3718:10.1002/asi.23731
3667:978-1-55570-690-6
3581:10.1002/asi.22997
3027:Wright, Malcolm;
2881:978-1-936117-14-7
2729:IEEE Style Manual
2236:on April 30, 2008
2099:Munroe, Randall.
2036:Source evaluation
2011:Coercive citation
1921:Knowledge editors
1841:discovery of the
1750:accounting reform
1668:Citation analysis
1661:Citation analysis
1654:Citation analysis
1644:Citation analysis
1526:The style of the
1461:The style of the
1386:physical sciences
1270:foreign languages
1119:
1118:
643:academic journals
578:webcomic titled "
567:
566:
533:Philosophy portal
441:Systematic review
426:Literature review
384:Historical method
367:Social experiment
302:Scientific method
287:Narrative inquiry
138:Interdisciplinary
132:Research strategy
103:Research question
98:Research proposal
16:(Redirected from
5061:
5019:
5017:
5016:
4996:
4995:
4972:(5th ed.).
4963:
4961:
4960:
4911:
4899:
4885:
4869:
4868:
4858:
4840:
4822:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4772:
4761:
4760:
4750:
4732:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4672:
4654:
4630:
4624:
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4603:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4527:
4525:10.1629/uksg.559
4509:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4400:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4350:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4260:
4242:
4218:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4119:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4068:
4050:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3969:Snyder, Alison.
3966:
3960:
3959:
3917:
3897:
3888:
3887:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3814:
3804:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3737:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3712:(6): 1360–1374.
3693:
3687:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3566:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3540:(6): 1164–1183.
3523:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3496:
3478:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3429:
3420:(3): 1895–1909.
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3274:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3234:
3219:
3202:(3): 1601–1615.
3193:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3168:(2): 1339–1355.
3162:Economic Inquiry
3157:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3116:(8): 4677–4687.
3101:
3095:
3094:
3052:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3008:
2986:(6): 1304–1320.
2977:
2968:
2962:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2924:
2898:
2889:
2883:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2839:
2833:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2787:(5): 1123–1127.
2776:
2770:
2769:. November 2007.
2745:
2739:
2726:
2720:
2706:
2700:
2687:
2681:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2607:MHRA Style Guide
2602:
2596:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2502:
2496:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2312:. Archived from
2302:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2275:
2266:(6): 5355–5360.
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2096:
2079:
2058:
2031:Scholarly method
1991:Citation creator
1952:specific study.
1824:
1797:scientific field
1445:provides "ICMJE
1420:Vancouver system
1353:), published by
1298:MHRA Style Guide
1274:cultural studies
1258:literary studies
1111:
1104:
1097:
1037:MHRA Style Guide
935:
929:
868:1. Kübler-Ross,
832:Vancouver system
826:Vancouver system
559:
552:
545:
505:Science software
404:Cultural mapping
372:Quasi-experiment
362:Field experiment
330:Content analysis
225:Critical realism
143:Multimethodology
83:
60:
59:
21:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5014:
5012:
4984:
4958:
4956:
4878:
4876:Further reading
4873:
4872:
4799:
4795:
4785:
4783:
4774:
4773:
4764:
4730:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4708:
4690:
4686:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4588:
4584:
4569:
4545:
4541:
4507:
4501:
4497:
4487:
4485:
4475:
4471:
4461:
4459:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4428:
4424:
4398:
4392:
4388:
4371:
4364:
4322:
4318:
4308:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4233:(2): e0228713.
4219:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4142:
4138:
4120:
4113:
4103:
4101:
4086:
4082:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3993:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3967:
3963:
3898:
3891:
3832:
3828:
3781:
3777:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3694:
3690:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3652:
3648:
3611:
3607:
3598:
3596:
3559:
3555:
3524:
3520:
3469:(4): e0230416.
3455:
3451:
3408:
3404:
3387:
3383:
3336:
3332:
3322:
3320:
3302:
3298:
3251:
3247:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3102:
3098:
3025:
3021:
3012:
3010:
3006:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2948:
2944:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2896:
2890:
2886:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2830:Wayback Machine
2812:
2808:
2777:
2773:
2755:Wayback Machine
2746:
2742:
2736:Wayback Machine
2727:
2723:
2717:Wayback Machine
2707:
2703:
2697:Wayback Machine
2688:
2684:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2615:
2603:
2599:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2575:
2561:
2557:
2548:
2546:
2532:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2503:
2499:
2493:Wayback Machine
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2335:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2303:
2299:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2021:Cross-reference
2001:Citation signal
1971:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1941:
1888:
1879:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1813:" and reported
1786:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1731:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1716:network science
1664:
1656:
1640:
1596:
1590:
1540:social sciences
1523:
1521:Social sciences
1503:Jan A. Pechenik
1373:
1332:
1326:
1254:English studies
1193:
1141:
1115:
1079:
1076:
1002:Citing Medicine
928:
901:
895:
834:
828:
812:
766:
695:
655:
584:CITATION NEEDED
563:
527:
526:
473:
465:
464:
411:Phenomenography
350:Autoethnography
315:
307:
306:
267:Grounded theory
262:Critical theory
257:Art methodology
252:Action research
247:
237:
236:
175:
165:
164:
133:
125:
124:
93:
91:Research design
58:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5067:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5021:
5020:
4997:
4982:
4964:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4905:
4893:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4793:
4762:
4741:(3): 882–898.
4718:
4684:
4625:
4618:
4582:
4567:
4539:
4495:
4469:
4443:
4422:
4409:(1): 147–173.
4386:
4362:
4333:(4): 931–952.
4316:
4290:
4208:
4183:
4156:(4): 305–338.
4136:
4111:
4080:
4013:
3984:
3961:
3889:
3826:
3775:
3723:
3688:
3673:
3666:
3646:
3605:
3553:
3518:
3449:
3413:Scientometrics
3402:
3396:10.1101/673665
3381:
3352:(2): 871–889.
3345:Scientometrics
3330:
3296:
3245:
3196:Scientometrics
3179:
3152:
3143:
3110:Scientometrics
3096:
3043:(2): 125–139.
3019:
2963:
2942:
2907:(3): 233–248.
2884:
2864:
2847:www.aaanet.org
2834:
2806:
2771:
2740:
2721:
2701:
2682:
2664:
2634:
2597:
2584:
2555:
2526:
2497:
2478:
2447:
2422:
2398:
2389:
2358:
2326:
2297:
2260:Scientometrics
2246:
2217:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2160:
2147:
2122:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:Citation index
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:Bible citation
1978:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1957:
1954:
1940:
1937:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1877:Q&A agents
1875:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1768:scientometrics
1746:citation index
1733:
1732:
1724:
1721:
1704:citation graph
1672:directed graph
1665:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1639:
1636:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:name citations
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1506:
1495:
1470:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1431:
1416:
1396:
1389:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1358:
1341:
1330:Legal citation
1328:Main article:
1325:
1322:
1306:
1305:
1294:
1239:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1192:
1189:
1170:Bekker numbers
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
938:
927:
924:
912:
911:
897:Main article:
894:
891:
886:
885:
874:
873:
862:
861:
850:
849:
830:Main article:
827:
824:
811:
808:
807:
806:
799:
792:
781:
765:
762:
761:
760:
754:
748:
734:
727:
717:
711:
705:
694:
691:
675:legal citation
654:
651:
565:
564:
562:
561:
554:
547:
539:
536:
535:
529:
528:
525:
524:
523:
522:
517:
512:
502:
501:
500:
495:
485:
480:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
457:
456:
455:
445:
444:
443:
438:
436:Scoping review
433:
428:
423:
413:
408:
407:
406:
396:
391:
386:
381:
379:Field research
376:
375:
374:
369:
364:
354:
353:
352:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
277:Historiography
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
248:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
233:
232:
230:Subtle realism
227:
217:
212:
210:Postpositivism
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
185:Constructivism
182:
180:Antipositivism
176:
171:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
157:
156:
155:
145:
140:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
120:
115:
105:
100:
94:
89:
88:
85:
84:
76:
75:
69:
68:
26:
18:Citing sources
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5066:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4892:at Wiktionary
4891:
4890:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4797:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4621:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4438:
4433:
4426:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4381:
4376:
4369:
4367:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4320:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4131:
4126:
4118:
4116:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3989:
3972:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3894:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3734:
3727:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3696:Jaffe, Adam;
3692:
3686:
3684:
3681:Garfield, E.
3677:
3669:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3650:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3557:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3522:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3406:
3397:
3392:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3334:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2852:
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2838:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2802:
2798:
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2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2698:
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2622:
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2316:on 2015-09-05
2315:
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2102:
2095:
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2077:
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2062:communication
2060:The field of
2057:
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2034:
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2029:
2027:
2024:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:Citationality
2004:
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1989:
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1986:Case citation
1984:
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1933:Internet meme
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5034:Bibliography
5013:. Retrieved
5004:
4969:
4957:. Retrieved
4935:(4): 28–42.
4932:
4928:
4904:at Wikiquote
4888:
4810:
4806:
4796:
4784:. Retrieved
4780:Nature Index
4779:
4738:
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4721:
4709:. Retrieved
4697:
4687:
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4486:. Retrieved
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4472:
4460:. Retrieved
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4186:
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4102:. Retrieved
4093:
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4001:The Atlantic
4000:
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3309:
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3237:. Retrieved
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3036:
3022:
3011:. Retrieved
2983:
2979:
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2934:. Retrieved
2904:
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2867:
2855:. Retrieved
2846:
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2667:
2656:. Retrieved
2647:
2637:
2625:. Retrieved
2621:the original
2605:
2600:
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2587:
2576:. Retrieved
2572:the original
2567:
2558:
2547:. Retrieved
2543:the original
2538:
2529:
2518:. Retrieved
2510:CSUChico.edu
2509:
2500:
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2460:
2450:
2439:. Retrieved
2425:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:
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2392:
2380:. Retrieved
2371:
2361:
2350:. Retrieved
2346:the original
2341:
2318:. Retrieved
2314:the original
2309:
2300:
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2259:
2249:
2238:. Retrieved
2234:the original
2220:
2208:. Retrieved
2194:
2185:
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2163:
2155:
2150:
2139:. Retrieved
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2104:
2094:
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2056:
1950:
1897:
1880:
1868:
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1734:
1666:
1641:
1631:
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1615:Nature Index
1612:
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1551:
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1498:
1494:) for books.
1487:
1483:
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1361:
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1351:McGill Guide
1350:
1344:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1289:
1260:, including
1216:
1201:
1182:
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1142:
1047:MLA Handbook
977:The Bluebook
957:AP Stylebook
932:Style guides
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887:
881:
875:
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647:style guides
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272:Hermeneutics
160:Quantitative
117:
4711:19 February
4488:25 February
4462:25 February
4348:10481/80532
4309:25 February
4201:25 February
4104:15 February
4006:25 February
3977:15 November
2648:Cornell.edu
2372:site.uit.no
2041:Style guide
1956:Retractions
1744:. A formal
1648:metascience
1465:(IEEE), or
1220:historians.
1178:Shakespeare
345:Ethnography
245:Methodology
200:Fallibilism
148:Qualitative
118:Referencing
5028:Categories
5015:2015-09-28
4959:2019-07-11
4929:Interfaces
4820:2110.07798
4786:25 January
4645:: e72737.
4437:1601.01058
4380:1507.01328
4240:2002.04347
4130:2301.01502
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3812:1887/78034
3599:2021-06-20
3575:(3): 635.
3476:1907.02565
3427:1810.12657
3239:2019-07-11
3083:5582131729
3037:Interfaces
3013:2021-10-19
2936:2017-11-01
2658:2008-02-03
2627:2009-02-05
2578:2008-02-11
2549:2008-02-11
2539:Lesley.edu
2520:2008-02-11
2441:2010-01-31
2416:2022-11-03
2352:2008-02-08
2320:2015-09-28
2240:2009-02-27
2210:18 January
2141:2015-09-28
2086:References
1962:retraction
1904:altmetrics
1850:IT systems
1811:technology
1758:innovation
1737:importance
1727:See also:
1681:judgements
1624:The Lancet
1592:See also:
1467:IEEE style
1415:trigraph".
1380:style, or
1293:endnotes).
1250:humanities
1191:Humanities
1027:IEEE style
751:Interview:
733:4.452–53).
714:Newspaper:
687:humanities
685:, and the
580:Wikipedian
520:Statistics
515:Simulation
453:Simulation
394:Interviews
357:Experiment
325:Case study
297:Pragmatism
215:Pragmatism
205:Positivism
195:Empiricism
5044:Reference
4949:210941768
4914:Citations
4847:0027-8424
4757:232283218
4661:2050-084X
4534:246504456
4456:Knowledge
4357:253107766
4303:Altmetric
4267:1932-6203
4178:254074596
4170:1432-1300
4057:0027-8424
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3789:SAGE Open
3323:20 August
3138:259519993
3130:1588-2861
3067:0092-2102
3059:1526-551X
3000:237823862
2632:(2nd ed.)
2076:APA style
1929:Knowledge
1919:added by
1913:paywalled
1906:platform
1886:Knowledge
1835:knowledge
1831:invention
1827:discovery
1689:prior art
1573:ASA style
1532:APA style
1404:AMS-LaTeX
1382:ACS style
1366:(OSCOLA).
1318:reference
1310:footnotes
1242:MLA style
1174:Aristotle
1139:ASA style
1135:MLA style
1123:APA style
962:APA Style
947:AIP style
942:ACS style
720:Web site:
679:prior art
596:reference
153:Art-based
5009:Archived
5007:. 2008.
5005:Yale.edu
4992:52166026
4974:New York
4953:Archived
4902:Citation
4889:citation
4865:35700358
4679:34951588
4577:67856117
4285:32040488
4227:PLOS ONE
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4098:Archived
4075:34607941
3948:36600070
3876:29517004
3770:14325149
3700:(2017).
3593:Archived
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3463:PLOS ONE
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3230:Archived
3226:18553863
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3031:(2008).
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2927:Archived
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2851:Archived
2826:Archived
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2751:Archived
2732:Archived
2713:Archived
2693:Archived
2652:Archived
2514:Archived
2512:. 2007.
2489:Archived
2465:Archived
2435:Archived
2376:Archived
2342:BYUI.edu
2292:33994602
2204:Archived
2135:Archived
2109:Archived
1969:See also
1925:policies
1801:progress
1742:judgment
1677:articles
1337:Bluebook
1314:footnote
1256:, other
1248:and the
1246:the arts
1234:and the
1208:Turabian
1131:Bluebook
708:Journal:
683:the arts
667:web page
592:citation
320:Analysis
113:Argument
73:Research
65:a series
63:Part of
5054:Writing
5049:Sources
4856:9231484
4825:Bibcode
4670:8709576
4276:7010282
4245:Bibcode
4066:8522281
4035:Bibcode
3973:. Axios
3920:Bibcode
3884:3761687
3848:Bibcode
3750:Bibcode
3741:Science
3627:Bibcode
3589:3165853
3504:7176083
3481:Bibcode
3444:4354082
3391:bioRxiv
3367:5065898
3282:5826185
3174:2523078
3091:1941335
2857:Apr 28,
2568:RIT.edu
2471:26 July
2382:July 2,
2310:LIU.edu
2283:8105147
1807:science
1762:Reviews
1575:of the
1490:(later
1435:MEDLINE
1282:theatre
1032:ISO 690
920:tooltip
842:without
810:Systems
791:(ISSN).
780:(ISBN).
741:slashes
739:spaced
693:Content
663:article
653:Concept
633:(ASA),
619:Harvard
586:]".
399:Mapping
314:Methods
220:Realism
108:Writing
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2115:25 May
1754:patent
1588:Issues
1474:ICNafp
1439:PubMed
1408:BibTeX
1137:, and
926:Styles
872:45–60.
798:(DOI).
641:, and
615:Oxford
460:Survey
42:, and
4815:arXiv
4753:S2CID
4731:(PDF)
4639:eLife
4573:S2CID
4530:S2CID
4518:: 3.
4508:(PDF)
4432:arXiv
4399:(PDF)
4375:arXiv
4353:S2CID
4235:arXiv
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3952:S2CID
3910:arXiv
3880:S2CID
3817:S2CID
3736:(PDF)
3585:S2CID
3471:arXiv
3440:S2CID
3422:arXiv
3313:Index
3233:(PDF)
3222:S2CID
3192:(PDF)
3134:S2CID
3071:JSTOR
3055:eISSN
3007:(PDF)
2996:S2CID
2976:(PDF)
2930:(PDF)
2917:S2CID
2897:(PDF)
2048:Notes
1530:, or
1479:Taxon
1412:LaTeX
1349:(AKA
1286:media
1278:drama
1166:Plato
757:Data:
737:Poem:
730:Play:
702:Book:
594:is a
4988:OCLC
4978:ISBN
4945:OCLC
4861:PMID
4843:ISSN
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4713:2022
4675:PMID
4657:ISSN
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4563:ISBN
4490:2023
4464:2023
4311:2023
4281:PMID
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4203:2023
4166:ISSN
4106:2023
4071:PMID
4053:ISSN
4008:2023
3979:2021
3944:PMID
3936:ISSN
3872:PMID
3864:ISSN
3766:PMID
3662:ISBN
3509:PMID
3372:PMID
3325:2019
3287:PMID
3170:SSRN
3126:ISSN
3087:SSRN
3079:OCLC
3063:ISSN
2877:ISBN
2859:2020
2817:and
2797:PMID
2473:2020
2384:2020
2288:PMID
2212:2011
2117:2020
2105:xkcd
1839:1998
1829:and
1809:and
1714:and
1630:and
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1571:The
1564:The
1557:The
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1418:The
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1196:The
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