51:
629:
research of one discipline are being compared. For instance in
Medicine among other factors the number of authors, the number of references, the article length, and the presence of a colon in the title influence the impact. Whilst in Sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors. Also it is found that scholars engage in ethically questionable behavior in order to inflate the number of citations articles receive.
3333:
611:, or citation impact patterns that hold across different disciplines in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities. For example, it has been shown that the number of citations received by a publication, once properly rescaled by its average across articles published in the same discipline and in the same year, follows a universal
628:
Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article. Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparison across disciplines are made, but also when different fields of
298:
One of the most basic citation metrics is how often an article was cited in other articles, books, or other sources (such as theses). Citation rates are heavily dependent on the discipline and the number of people working in that area. For instance, many more scientists work in neuroscience than in
1295:
One might expect, therefore, that a high JIF factor indicates a higher standard of interest, accuracy and reliability of papers published therein. This is sometimes true but unfortunately is certainly not always the case (Brembs 2018, 2019). Thus, Björn Brembs (2019) concluded: "There is a growing
592:
open access (author has the option to pay for gold) and many pure author-pays open access journals today are either of low quality or downright fraudulent "predatory journals," preying on authors' eagerness to publish-or-perish, thereby lowering the average citation counts of open access journals.
624:
tools such as
Scholarometer have been proposed to address this need. Kaur et al. proposed a statistical method to evaluate the universality of citation impact metrics, i.e., their capability to compare impact fairly across fields. Their analysis identifies universal impact metrics, such as the
512:. These "tweetations" proved to be a good indicator of highly cited articles, leading the author to propose a "Twimpact factor", which is the number of Tweets it receives in the first seven days of publication, as well as a Twindex, which is the rank percentile of an article's Twimpact factor.
572:
publications are accessible without cost to readers, hence they would be expected to be cited more frequently. Some experimental and observational studies have found that articles published in open access journals do not receive more citations, on average, than those published in subscription
389:
Journal-level metrics are often misinterpreted as a measure for journal quality or article quality. However, the use of non-article-level metrics to determine the impact of a single article is statistically invalid. Moreover, studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that
454:
database across 118 scientific disciplines, the top 1% most-cited authors accounted for 21% of all citations. Between 2000 and 2015, the proportion of citations that went to this elite group grew from 14% to 21%. The highest concentrations of 'citation elite' researchers were in the
438:
Total citations, or average citation count per article, can be reported for an individual author or researcher. Many other measures have been proposed, beyond simple citation counts, to better quantify an individual scholar's citation impact. The best-known measures include the
645:. More recently, advanced models for a dynamic analysis of citation aging have been proposed. The latter model is even used as a predictive tool for determining the citations that might be obtained at any time of the lifetime of a corpus of publications.
619:
that extends the h-index by properly rescaling citation counts and resorting publications, however the computation of such a universal measure requires the collection of extensive citation data and statistics for every discipline and year. Social
447:. Each measure has advantages and disadvantages, spanning from bias to discipline-dependence and limitations of the citation data source. Counting the number of citations per paper is also employed to identify the authors of citation classics.
303:
are more often cited than regular research papers because they summarize results from many papers. This may also be the reason why papers with shorter titles get more citations, given that they are usually covering a broader area.
2593:
Young, J. S., & Brandes, P. M. (2020). Green and gold open access citation and interdisciplinary advantage: A bibliometric study of two science journals. The
Journal of Academic Librarianship, 46(2),
636:
has changed the nature of citation analysis research, allowing millions of citations to be analyzed for large scale patterns and knowledge discovery. The first example of automated citation indexing was
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Niyazov, Y., Vogel, C., Price, R., Lund, B., Judd, D., Akil, A., ... & Shron, M. (2016). Open access meets discoverability: Citations to articles posted to
Academia. edu. PLOS ONE, 11(2), e0148257.
244:. The importance of journals can be measured by the average citation rate, the ratio of number of citations to number articles published within a given time period and in a given index, such as the
397:
for journals because a very small number of articles are driving the vast majority of citations; therefore, some journals have stopped publicizing their impact factor, e.g. the journals of the
1908:
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body of evidence against our subjective notion of more prestigious journals publishing 'better' science. In fact, the most prestigious journals may be publishing the least reliable science."
648:
Some researchers also propose that the journal citation rate on
Knowledge, next to the traditional citation index, "may be a good indicator of the work's impact in the field of psychology."
2603:
Torres-Salinas, D., Robinson-Garcia, N., & Moed, H. F. (2019). Disentangling Gold Open Access. In
Springer Handbook of Science and Technology Indicators (pp. 129–144). Springer, Cham.
471:. 70% of the authors in the Web of Science database have fewer than 5 publications, so that the most-cited authors among the 4 million included in this study constitute a tiny fraction.
320:. By 2014 it had accumulated more than 305,000 citations. The 10 most cited papers all had more than 40,000 citations. To reach the top-100 papers required 12,119 citations by 2014. Of
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states that when a feature of the economy is picked as an indicator of the economy, then it inexorably ceases to function as that indicator because people start to game it."
3263:"Research Quality, Publications and Impact in Civil Engineering into the 21st Century. Publish or Perish, Commercial versus Open Access, Internet versus Libraries ?"
299:
mathematics, and neuroscientists publish more papers than mathematicians, hence neuroscience papers are much more often cited than papers in mathematics. Similarly,
232:
by other articles, books or authors. Citation counts are interpreted as measures of the impact or influence of academic work and have given rise to the field of
2612:
Björk, B. C., Kanto-Karvonen, S., & Harviainen, J. T. (2020). How frequently are articles in predatory open access journals cited. Publications, 8(2), 17.
260:, promotion and hiring, and hence also used by authors in deciding which journal to publish in. Citation-like measures are also used in other fields that do
2525:
Chua, SK; Qureshi, Ahmad M; Krishnan, Vijay; Pai, Dinker R; Kamal, Laila B; Gunasegaran, Sharmilla; Afzal, MZ; Ambawatta, Lahiru; Gan, JY (2017-03-02).
1741:
Bollen, J.; Van de Sompel, H.; Smith, J.; Luce, R. (2005). "Toward alternative metrics of journal impact: A comparison of download and citation data".
351:, the average number of citations that articles published by a journal in the previous two years have received in the current year, as calculated by
3051:
Yu, G.; Li, Y.-J. (2010). "Identification of referencing and citation processes of scientific journals based on the citation distribution model".
2628:
1477:
515:
In response to growing concerns over the inappropriate use of journal impact factors in evaluating scientific outputs and scientists themselves,
390:"reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank", contrary to widespread expectations.
3888:
1906:
Moed, H. F. (2005b). "Statistical
Relationships Between Downloads and Citations at the Level of Individual Documents Within a Single Journal".
1428:"A citation-based, author- and age-normalized, logarithmic index for evaluation of individual researchers independently of publication counts"
3873:
3716:
3365:
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2060:
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to measure a scholar's impact relies on usage data, such as number of downloads from publishers and analyzing citation performance, often at
1308:
Casadevall, A.; Bertuzzi, S.; Buchmeier, M. J.; Davis, R. J.; Drake, H.; Fang, F. C.; Gilbert, J.; Goldman, B. M.; Imperiale, M. J. (2016).
50:
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Anauati, M. V.; Galiani, S.; Gálvez, R. H. (2014). "Quantifying the Life Cycle of
Scholarly Articles Across Fields of Economic Research".
1625:
1851:
Kurtz, M. J.; Eichhorn, G.; Accomazzi, A.; Grant, C.; Demleitner, M.; Murray, S. S. (2004). "The Effect of Use and Access on
Citations".
1988:"Can Tweets Predict Citations? Metrics of Social Impact Based on Twitter and Correlation with Traditional Metrics of Scientific Impact"
201:
3883:
1314:
380:(impact factor 38.1, 2016) were only cited 10 or 20 times during the reference year (see figure). Journals with a lower impact (e.g.
588:
are cited more than non open access journals. Two reasons for this are that many of the top-cited journals today are still only
2575:
Tang, M., Bever, J. D., & Yu, F. H. (2017). Open access increases citations of papers in ecology. Ecosphere, 8(7), e01887.
1853:
1743:
846:
816:
2193:
1992:
504:
2979:"Evaluation by Citation: Trends in Publication Behavior, Evaluation Criteria, and the Strive for High Impact Publications"
1064:
3643:
876:
Harnad, S. (2009). Open access scientometrics and the UK Research
Assessment Exercise. Scientometrics, 79(1), 147-156.
3924:
3706:
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954:
398:
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published the number of views for its articles, which was found to be somewhat correlated to citations. In 2008 the
3337:
2234:"Ten-Year Cross-Disciplinary Comparison of the Growth of Open Access and How It Increases Research Citation Impact"
2040:
1022:
17:
277:
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Panaretos, J.; Malesios, C. (2009). "Assessing Scientific Research Performance and Impact with Single Indices".
1937:"Relation between online "hit counts" and subsequent citations: Prospective study of research papers in the BMJ"
3653:
2983:
2837:
Bornmann, L.; Daniel, H. D. (2008). "What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior".
1796:
Brody, T.; Harnad, S.; Carr, L. (2005). "Earlier Web Usage Statistics as Predictors of Later Citation Impact".
684:
664:
194:
130:
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Bouabid, H. (2011). "Revisiting citation aging: A model for citation distribution and life-cycle prediction".
785:
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are cited more than non open access articles is somewhat stronger than the evidence that ("gold") open access
3903:
2954:
2924:
972:"The rate of growth in scientific publication and the decline in coverage provided by Science Citation Index"
327:
database with more than 58 million items only 14,499 papers (~0.026%) had more than 1,000 citations in 2014.
147:
3929:
3898:
3868:
3351:
1660:"Citation classics published in knowledge management journals. Part I: Articles and their characteristics"
3863:
3416:
1589:
Gálvez RH (March 2017). "Assessing author self-citation as a mechanism of relevant knowledge diffusion".
518:
3878:
3858:
589:
3934:
3028:
Giles, C. L.; Bollacker, K.; Lawrence, S. (1998). "CiteSeer: An Automatic Citation Indexing System".
1659:
946:
187:
34:
3893:
2476:"Open access, readership, citations: a randomized controlled trial of scientific journal publishing"
386:, impact factor 3.1) publish many papers that are cited 0 to 5 times but few highly cited articles.
3090:
3053:
2932:
2839:
1544:
976:
2705:
733:
3795:
3739:
2792:
2084:"Scientific publishing observers and practitioners blast the JIF and call for improved metrics".
612:
524:
2109:"The effect of open access and downloads ('hits') on citation impact: a bibliography of studies"
759:
3835:
3551:
3507:
1637:
402:
93:
2909:
2362:"Self-Selected or Mandated, Open Access Increases Citation Impact for Higher Quality Research"
2360:
Gargouri, Y.; Hajjem, C.; Lariviere, V.; Gingras, Y.; Brody, T.; Carr, L.; Harnad, S. (2010).
838:
Multidimensional Journal Evaluation: Analyzing Scientific Periodicals beyond the Impact Factor
3825:
3800:
3577:
3486:
3398:
2729:
Kaur, J.; Hoang, D.; Sun, X.; Possamai, L.; JafariAsbagh, M.; Patil, S.; Menczer, F. (2012).
685:"Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas"
490:
367:
348:
342:
336:
293:
281:
253:
245:
66:
867:
Leydesdorff, L., & Milojević, S. (2012). Scientometrics. arXiv preprint arXiv:1208.4566.
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are often based on a small number of very highly cited papers. For instance, most papers in
3815:
3780:
3734:
3622:
3582:
3567:
3211:
2744:
2647:
2527:"The impact factor of an open access journal does not contribute to an article's citations"
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1705:
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1125:
895:
808:
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According to Mario Biagioli: "All metrics of scientific evaluation are bound to be abused.
433:
421:
167:
71:
2861:
2624:"Universality of citation distributions: Toward an objective measure of scientific impact"
2270:
Lawrence, S. (2001). "Free online availability substantially increases a paper's impact".
1359:
Chatterjee, Arnab; Ghosh, Asim; Chakrabarti, Bikas K. (2016-01-11). Bornmann, Lutz (ed.).
8:
3374:
3215:
3127:"Psychology and Knowledge: Measuring Psychology Journals' Impact by Knowledge Citations"
2925:"What a difference a colon makes: how superficial factors influence subsequent citation"
2790:
Kaur, J.; Radicchi, F.; Menczer, F. (2013). "Universality of scholarly impact metrics".
2748:
2651:
2431:
Davis, P. M.; Lewenstein, B. V.; Simon, D. H.; Booth, J. G.; Connolly, M. J. L. (2008).
2389:
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2433:"Open access publishing, article downloads, and citations: randomised controlled trial"
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2016:
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1963:
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1059:
786:"The use of journal impact factors and citation analysis in the evaluation of science"
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Citations are distributed highly unequally among researchers. In a study based on the
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Triggle, Chris R; MacDonald, Ross; Triggle, David J.; Grierson, Donald (2022-04-03).
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Garfield, Eugene (1972-11-03). "Citation Analysis as a Tool in Journal Evaluation".
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Banasik-Jemielniak, Natalia; Jemielniak, Dariusz; Wilamowski, Maciej (2021-02-16).
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2127:"Comparing the Impact of Open Access (OA) vs. Non-OA Articles in the Same Journals"
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2011:
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An important recent development in research on citation impact is the discovery of
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is a measure of how many times an academic journal article or book or author is
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1361:"Universality of Citation Distributions for Academic Institutions and Journals"
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3173:"Psychology and Knowledge: Measuring journals' impact by Knowledge citations"
3150:
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1954:
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1432:
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1327:
1230:
1163:"Beat it, impact factor! Publishing elite turns against controversial metric"
915:
894:(4060). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 471–479.
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1509:
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2731:"Scholarometer: A Social Framework for Analyzing Impact across Disciplines"
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1007:
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300:
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proposed citation distributions metrics as alternative to impact factors.
3790:
3648:
3607:
3461:
2893:
2494:
2475:
1214:"Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability"
1027:
569:
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417:
317:
125:
76:
2207:
2126:
1491:
1310:"ASM Journals Eliminate Impact Factor Information from Journal Websites"
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2901:
2702:
Proceedings of the WebSci10: Extending the Frontiers of Society On-Line
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61:
3343:
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2006:
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1909:
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
1829:
1757:
734:"Citation Frequency as a Measure of Research Activity and Performance"
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3534:
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Lowry, O. H.; Rosebrough, N. J.; Farr, A. L.; Randall, R. J. (1951).
410:
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371:
356:
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249:
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3224:
2041:"Measuring Up: Impact Factors Do Not Reflect Article Citation Rates"
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that is the same in every discipline. This finding has suggested a
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269:
240:, specializing in the study of patterns of academic impact through
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98:
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Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology
1473:"An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output"
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444:
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261:
86:
81:
27:
Method of measuring the impact of scholarly journals and articles
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DL'98 Digital Libraries, 3rd ACM Conference on Digital Libraries
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Couto, F. M.; Pesquita, C.; Grego, T.; Veríssimo, P. (2009).
532:
1740:
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1850:
1623:
528:
1358:
1057:
214:"Citation metric" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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2437:
2430:
1941:
1582:
1265:"Requiem for impact factors and high publication charges"
498:
1542:
Egghe, L. (2006). "Theory and practise of the g-index".
879:
3027:
2922:
2524:
2314:
355:. Other companies report similar metrics, such as the
1105:
790:
41st Annual Meeting of the Council of Biology Editors
2883:
2728:
2622:
Radicchi, F.; Fortunato, S.; Castellano, C. (2008).
2789:
2231:
1060:"Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent"
938:
2955:20.500.11755/2fd7fc12-1766-4ddd-8f19-1d2603d2e11d
2038:
1371:(1). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0146762.
573:journals; other studies have found that they do.
318:an assay to measure the concentration of proteins
3916:
2692:
2141:
2923:van Wesel, M.; Wyatt, S.; ten Haaf, J. (2014).
1795:
1023:"Papers with shorter titles get more citations"
830:
828:
2836:
1626:"Handling self-citations using Google Scholar"
1425:
936:
312:The most-cited paper in history is a paper by
3359:
1694:"'Elite' researchers dominate citation space"
969:
195:
2615:
2315:MacCallum, C. J.; Parthasarathy, H. (2006).
2232:Hajjem, C.; Harnad, S.; Gingras, Y. (2005).
2144:"Citation Advantage of Open Access Articles"
1657:
1154:
825:
760:"Can Researchers Bank on Citation Analysis?"
516:
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558:
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188:
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2693:Hoang, D.; Kaur, J.; Menczer, F. (2010).
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2407:
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2106:
2061:"Ditching Impact Factors for Deeper Data"
2015:
2005:
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1962:
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841:. Knowledge and Information. De Gruyter.
347:The simplest journal-level metric is the
3195:
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2722:
2269:
1934:
1160:
885:
834:
805:Citation Analysis in Research Evaluation
783:
757:
731:
682:
416:Other journal-level metrics include the
3373:
3257:
3198:"Watch out for cheats in citation game"
3087:
1691:
1426:Belikov, A. V.; Belikov, V. V. (2015).
14:
3917:
1470:
1211:
596:
3874:Academic databases and search engines
3347:
3267:Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering
2473:
2317:"Open Access Increases Citation Rate"
1905:
1854:Information Processing and Management
1744:Information Processing and Management
1541:
1101:
1099:
1097:
3050:
2194:Journal of Medical Internet Research
1993:Journal of Medical Internet Research
1020:
802:
505:Journal of Medical Internet Research
307:
2142:Eysenbach, G.; Tenopir, C. (2006).
1065:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
970:Larsen, P. O.; von Ins, M. (2010).
24:
3644:Academic journal publishing reform
3251:
1094:
767:Essays of an Information Scientist
741:Essays of an Information Scientist
401:. Citation counts follow mostly a
25:
3946:
3325:
617:universal citation impact measure
399:American Society for Microbiology
3331:
330:
287:
49:
3189:
3165:
3118:
3081:
3044:
3021:
2970:
2916:
2877:
2830:
2606:
2597:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2518:
2424:
2100:
2077:
2053:
2032:
1979:
1928:
1899:
1844:
1789:
1685:
1667:Journal of Knowledge Management
1658:Serenko, A.; Dumay, J. (2015).
1651:
1617:
1419:
1352:
1301:
1256:
1218:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
1051:
1014:
963:
930:
474:
427:
278:college and university rankings
3131:Social Science Computer Review
2984:Science and Engineering Ethics
2862:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-7A94-3
2695:"Crowdsourcing Scholarly Data"
2544:10.12688/f1000research.10892.1
2242:IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin
2125:Brody, T.; Harnad, S. (2004).
937:de Solla Price, D. J. (1963).
870:
861:
796:
777:
751:
725:
676:
665:Mathematical Citation Quotient
13:
1:
3904:Category:Scientific documents
1447:10.12688/f1000research.7070.1
1282:10.1080/08989621.2021.1909481
1079:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6
670:
3899:Category:Academic publishing
2758:10.1371/journal.pone.0043235
2399:10.1371/journal.pone.0013636
2336:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040176
2163:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040157
1692:Reardon, Sara (2021-03-01).
1386:10.1371/journal.pone.0146762
1106:van Noorden, R.; Maher, B.;
908:10.1126/science.178.4060.471
711:10.1126/science.122.3159.108
7:
2189:"The Open Access Advantage"
2115:. University of Southampton
1021:Deng, B. (26 August 2015).
941:Little Science, Big Science
658:
508:began publishing views and
409:, which is better fit by a
10:
3951:
3717:Indexes and search engines
2107:Hitchcock, Steve (2013) .
2039:Veronique Kiermer (2016).
1719:10.1038/d41586-021-00553-7
1269:Accountability in Research
641:, later to be followed by
625:field-normalized h-index.
600:
562:
478:
431:
340:
334:
291:
213:
3851:
3773:
3715:
3679:
3636:
3560:
3495:
3447:
3409:
3381:
3310:10.1007/s11192-008-2174-9
3104:10.1007/s11192-011-0370-5
3067:10.1007/s11192-009-0085-z
2997:10.1007/s11948-015-9638-0
2946:10.1007/s11192-013-1154-x
2853:10.1108/00220410810844150
2816:10.1016/j.joi.2013.09.002
1885:10.1016/j.ipm.2005.03.010
1775:10.1016/j.ipm.2005.03.024
1603:10.1007/s11192-017-2330-1
1558:10.1007/s11192-006-0144-7
1190:10.1038/nature.2016.20224
1037:10.1038/nature.2015.18246
990:10.1007/s11192-010-0202-z
947:Columbia University Press
517:
393:Citation distribution is
3925:Research and development
3143:10.1177/0894439321993836
2840:Journal of Documentation
1955:10.1136/bmj.329.7465.546
1935:Perneger, T. V. (2004).
1679:10.1108/JKM-06-2014-0220
1328:10.1128/mSphere.00184-16
1231:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037
559:Open Access publications
3894:Style/formatting guides
3796:Scholarly communication
3496:Other publication types
2793:Journal of Informetrics
2661:10.1073/pnas.0806977105
1510:10.1073/pnas.0507655102
613:log-normal distribution
525:Imperial College London
3836:Least publishable unit
3508:Collection of articles
2977:van Wesel, M. (2016).
2187:Eysenbach, G. (2006).
2046:The Official PLOS Blog
1986:Eysenbach, G. (2011).
1636:(1): 2. Archived from
1471:Hirsch, J. E. (2005).
1212:Brembs, Björn (2018).
803:Moed, Henk F. (2005).
580:("green") open access
519:Université de Montréal
496:As early as 2004, the
403:lognormal distribution
282:performance indicators
94:Bibliographic coupling
3826:Electronic publishing
3801:Scientific literature
3578:Article-level metrics
3196:Biagioli, M. (2016).
3038:10.1145/276675.276685
2474:Davis, P. M. (2011).
1161:Callaway, E. (2016).
835:Haustein, S. (2012).
784:Garfield, E. (1998).
758:Garfield, E. (1988).
732:Garfield, E. (1973).
683:Garfield, E. (1955).
601:Further information:
368:journal impact factor
349:journal impact factor
343:Journal impact factor
341:Further information:
337:Journal-level metrics
294:Article-level metrics
254:academic institutions
246:journal impact factor
3869:Open-access journals
3816:Open scientific data
3623:SCImago Journal Rank
3583:Author-level metrics
3568:Acknowledgment index
3340:at Wikimedia Commons
2894:10.2139/ssrn.2523078
2495:10.1096/fj.11-183988
1112:"The top 100 papers"
578:author-self-archived
487:alternative approach
434:Author-level metrics
422:SCImago Journal Rank
3930:Academic publishing
3864:Scientific journals
3375:Academic publishing
3216:2016Natur.535..201B
2749:2012PLoSO...743235K
2652:2008PNAS..10517268R
2636:(45): 17268–17272.
2390:2010PLoSO...513636G
2286:2001Natur.411..521L
2265:2006cs........6079H
2208:10.2196/jmir.8.2.e8
1877:2005IPM....41.1395K
1822:2005cs........3020B
1767:2005IPM....41.1419B
1710:2021Natur.591..333R
1501:2005PNAS..10216569H
1485:(46): 16569–16572.
1377:2016PLoSO..1146762C
1181:2016Natur.535..210C
1130:2014Natur.514..550V
900:1972Sci...178..471G
703:1955Sci...122..108G
597:Recent developments
366:However, very high
256:in decisions about
3884:Copyright policies
3879:University presses
3786:Scientific writing
3654:Citation advantage
3561:Impact and ranking
3394:Scientific journal
3032:. pp. 89–98.
576:The evidence that
131:Proximity Analysis
3912:
3911:
3889:Preprint policies
3859:Academic journals
3842:Publish or perish
3697:Version of record
3637:Reform and access
3439:Literature review
3336:Media related to
2481:The FASEB Journal
2113:opcit.eprints.org
2094:10.1063/PT.5.8183
2007:10.2196/jmir.2012
1922:10.1002/asi.20200
1916:(10): 1088–1097.
1830:10.1002/asi.20373
1704:(7849): 333–334.
1175:(7611): 210–211.
1124:(7524): 550–553.
848:978-3-11-025555-3
818:978-1-4020-3713-9
697:(3159): 108–111.
634:citation indexing
603:Citation analysis
541:The Royal Society
405:, except for the
308:Most-cited papers
242:citation analysis
212:
211:
138:Coercive citation
16:(Redirected from
3942:
3935:Citation metrics
3831:Ingelfinger rule
3745:Semantic Scholar
3467:Technical report
3389:Academic journal
3368:
3361:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3335:
3321:
3303:
3282:
3246:
3245:
3227:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3008:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2940:(3): 1601–1615.
2929:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2809:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2760:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2704:. Archived from
2699:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2645:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2546:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2497:
2488:(7): 2129–2134.
2472:
2462:
2451:10.1136/bmj.a568
2428:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2383:
2358:
2348:
2338:
2313:
2294:10.1038/35079151
2268:
2258:
2238:
2230:
2220:
2210:
2185:
2175:
2165:
2140:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
2009:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1870:
1861:(6): 1395–1402.
1848:
1842:
1841:
1815:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1760:
1751:(6): 1419–1440.
1738:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1664:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1597:(3): 1801–1812.
1586:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1512:
1494:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1449:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1388:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1322:(4): e00184–16.
1305:
1299:
1298:
1284:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1233:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1103:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1001:
967:
961:
960:
944:
934:
928:
927:
883:
877:
874:
868:
865:
859:
858:
856:
855:
832:
823:
822:
800:
794:
793:
781:
775:
774:
764:
755:
749:
748:
738:
729:
723:
722:
680:
522:
521:
322:Thomson Reuter's
274:software metrics
252:. It is used by
204:
197:
190:
175:Kardashian Index
53:
43:Citation metrics
30:
29:
21:
18:Citation metrics
3950:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3847:
3806:Learned society
3769:
3711:
3675:
3632:
3603:Journal ranking
3593:Citation impact
3556:
3491:
3449:Grey literature
3443:
3405:
3377:
3372:
3338:Citation impact
3328:
3279:10.1139/l07-027
3259:Chanson, Hubert
3254:
3252:Further reading
3249:
3225:10.1038/535201a
3194:
3190:
3181:
3179:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3123:
3119:
3086:
3082:
3049:
3045:
3026:
3022:
2975:
2971:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2882:
2878:
2835:
2831:
2788:
2784:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2523:
2519:
2429:
2425:
2236:
2118:
2116:
2105:
2101:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2037:
2033:
1984:
1980:
1949:(7465): 546–7.
1933:
1929:
1904:
1900:
1849:
1845:
1794:
1790:
1739:
1735:
1690:
1686:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1622:
1618:
1587:
1583:
1540:
1536:
1492:physics/0508025
1469:
1465:
1424:
1420:
1357:
1353:
1306:
1302:
1261:
1257:
1210:
1206:
1159:
1155:
1139:10.1038/514550a
1104:
1095:
1056:
1052:
1019:
1015:
968:
964:
957:
935:
931:
884:
880:
875:
871:
866:
862:
853:
851:
849:
833:
826:
819:
801:
797:
782:
778:
762:
756:
752:
736:
730:
726:
681:
677:
673:
661:
605:
599:
567:
561:
483:
477:
436:
430:
345:
339:
333:
310:
296:
290:
280:, and business
258:academic tenure
222:Citation impact
219:
208:
179:
143:Citation cartel
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3774:Related topics
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3755:Web of Science
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:Google Scholar
3721:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3661:Serials crisis
3658:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3628:Scientometrics
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3598:Citation index
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3547:Poster session
3544:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3434:Position paper
3431:
3429:Review article
3426:
3425:
3424:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3327:
3326:External links
3324:
3323:
3322:
3294:(3): 635–670.
3288:Scientometrics
3283:
3273:(8): 946–951.
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3188:
3164:
3137:(3): 756–774.
3117:
3098:(1): 199–211.
3091:Scientometrics
3080:
3061:(2): 249–261.
3054:Scientometrics
3043:
3020:
2991:(1): 199–225.
2969:
2933:Scientometrics
2915:
2876:
2829:
2800:(4): 924–932.
2782:
2721:
2685:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2517:
2423:
2374:(10): e13636.
2132:D-Lib Magazine
2099:
2076:
2052:
2031:
1978:
1927:
1898:
1843:
1788:
1733:
1684:
1673:(2): 401–431.
1650:
1616:
1591:Scientometrics
1581:
1552:(1): 131–152.
1545:Scientometrics
1534:
1463:
1418:
1351:
1300:
1275:(3): 133–164.
1255:
1204:
1153:
1093:
1072:(1): 265–275.
1050:
1013:
984:(3): 575–603.
977:Scientometrics
962:
955:
929:
878:
869:
860:
847:
824:
817:
795:
776:
750:
724:
674:
672:
669:
668:
667:
660:
657:
653:Goodhart's law
643:Google Scholar
598:
595:
563:Main article:
560:
557:
479:Main article:
476:
473:
461:United Kingdom
452:Web of Science
432:Main article:
429:
426:
335:Main article:
332:
329:
325:Web of Science
309:
306:
292:Main article:
289:
286:
238:scientometrics
216:Citation index
210:
209:
207:
206:
199:
192:
184:
181:
180:
178:
177:
172:
171:
170:
165:
160:
150:
145:
140:
135:
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133:
123:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
96:
91:
90:
89:
84:
79:
69:
64:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3947:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:Open research
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:Impact factor
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3588:Bibliometrics
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3472:Annual report
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:Working paper
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3399:Public health
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3210:(7611): 201.
3209:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
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2256:cs/0606079
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