136:. Among these physiological characteristics, the sleep-wake propensity can also be considered one of the daily rhythms regulated by the biological clock system. Humans' sleeping cycles are tightly regulated by a series of circadian processes working in tandem, allowing for the experience of moments of consolidated sleep during the night and a long wakeful moment during the day. Conversely, disruptions to these processes and the communication pathways between them can lead to problems in sleeping patterns, which are collectively referred to as circadian rhythm sleep disorders.
417:, a naturally occurring biological hormone with circadian rhythmicity, has been shown to promote sleep and entrainment to external cues when administered in drug form (0.5–5.0 mg). Melatonin administered in the evening causes phase advances in sleep-wake times while maintaining duration and quality of sleep. Similarly, when administered in the early morning, melatonin can cause phase delays. It has been shown most effective in cases of shift work sleep disorder and delayed phase sleep disorder, but has not been proven particularly useful in cases of jet lag.
213:
that intrudes on working schedules and daily functions, or insomnia at desired times of sleep. Note that having a preference for extreme early or late wake times is not related to a circadian rhythm sleep disorder diagnosis. There must be distinct impairment of biological rhythms that affects the person's desired work and daily behavior. For a CRSD diagnosis, a sleep specialist gathers the history of a patient's sleep and wake habits, body temperature patterns, and dim-light
326:(N24SWD): Most common in individuals that are blind and unable to detect light, is characterized by chronic patterns of sleep/wake cycles which are not entrained to the 24-hr light-dark environmental cycle. As a result of this, individuals with this disorder will usually experience a gradual yet predictable delay of sleep onset and waking times. Patients with DSPD may develop this disorder if their condition is untreated.
35:
320:(ISWRD) is characterized by a normal 24-hr sleeping period. However, individuals with this disorder experience fragmented and highly disorganized sleep that can manifest in the form of waking frequently during the night and taking naps during the day, yet still maintaining sufficient total time asleep. People with ISWRD often experience a range of symptoms from insomnia to excessive daytime sleepiness.
266:
152:(SCN) of humans, and allows for the internal physiological mechanisms underlying sleep and alertness to become synchronized to external environmental cues, like the light-dark cycle. The SCN also sends signals to peripheral clocks in other organs, like the liver, to control processes such as glucose metabolism. Although these rhythms will persist in constant light or dark conditions, different
288:(DSPD): Individuals who have been diagnosed with delayed sleep phase disorder have sleep-wake times which are delayed when compared to normal functioning individuals. People with DSPD typically have very long periods of sleep latency when they attempt to go to sleep during conventional sleeping times. Similarly, they also have trouble waking up at conventional times.
192:, people with typical circadian clock function will be able to entrain to environmental cues. For example, if a person wishes to shift the onset of a biological activity, like waking time, light exposure during the late subjective night or early subjective morning can help advance one's circadian cycle earlier in the day, leading to an earlier wake time.
294:(ASPD): People with advanced sleep phase disorder exhibit characteristics opposite to those with delayed sleep phase disorder. These individuals have advanced sleep wake times, so they tend to go to bed and wake up much earlier as compared to normal individuals. ASPD is less common than DSPD, and is most prevalent within older populations.
397:
administered either upon awakening or before sleeping, and if successful may be continued indefinitely or performed less frequently. Though proven very effective in the treatment of individuals with DSPD and ASPD, the benefits of light therapy on N24SWD, shift work disorder, and jet lag have not been studied as extensively.
396:
utilizes bright light exposure to induce phase advances and delays in sleep and wake times. This therapy requires 30–60 minutes of exposure to a bright (5,000–10,000 lux) white, blue, or natural light at a set time until the circadian clock is aligned with the desired schedule. Treatment is initially
237:
watches that record sleep onset, wake time, and many other physiological variables. Patients are similarly asked to self-report their sleep habits with a week-long sleep diary to document when they go to bed, when they wake up, etc. to supplement the actigraphy data. Collecting this data allows sleep
212:
instead of a CRSD. Of adults diagnosed with sleep disorders, an estimated 10% have a CRSD and of adolescents with sleep disorders, an estimated 16% may have a CRSD. Patients diagnosed with circadian rhythm sleep disorders typically express a pattern of disturbed sleep, whether that be excessive sleep
179:
Humans with regular circadian function have been shown to maintain regular sleep schedules, regulate daily rhythms in hormone secretion, and sustain oscillations in core body temperature. Even in the absence of
Zeitgebers, humans will continue to maintain a roughly 24-hour rhythm in these biological
107:
system, or by misalignment between one's endogenous oscillator and externally imposed cues. As a result of this mismatch, those affected by circadian rhythm sleep disorders have a tendency to fall asleep at unconventional time points in the day. These occurrences often lead to recurring instances of
374:
However, the impact of sleep-wake disturbances on the subjective experience of a person with AD is not yet fully understood. Therefore, further studies exploring this field have been highly recommended, mainly considering the increasing life expectancy and significance of neurodegenerative diseases
183:
Some misconceptions regarding circadian rhythms and sleep commonly mislabel irregular sleep as a circadian rhythm sleep disorder. In order to be diagnosed with CRSD, there must be either a misalignment between the timing of the circadian oscillator and the surrounding environment, or failure in the
370:
alteration and high irregularity in their circadian rhythm that lead to a disrupted sleep-wake cycle, probably due to damage on hypothalamic SCN regions typically observed in AD. On the other hand, disturbed sleep and wakefulness states have been related to worsening of an AD patient's cognitive
275:
CRSDs can be categorized into two groups based on their underlying mechanisms: The first category is composed of disorders where the endogenous oscillator has been altered, known as intrinsic type disorders. The second category consists of disorders in which the external environment and the
253:(PSQI) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) help gauge the severity of sleep disruption. Specifically, these questionnaires can help the professional assess the patient's problems with sleep latency, undesired early-morning wakefulness, and problems with falling or staying asleep.
232:
and other antidepressants are associated with abnormal sleep behaviors. Other daily habits like work schedule and timing of exercise are also recorded—because they may impact an individual's sleep and wake patterns. To measure sleep variables candidly, patients wear
349:: Jet lag is best characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep as a result of misalignment between one's internal circadian system and external, or environmental cues. It is typically associated with rapid travel across multiple time zones.
156:(time givers such as the light-dark cycle) give context to the clock and allow it to entrain and regulate expression of physiological processes to adjust to the changing environment. Genes that help control light-induced
343:, so this disorder arises when an individual's clock is unable to adjust to the socially imposed work schedule. Shift work sleep disorder can lead to severe cases of insomnia as well as excessive daytime sleepiness.
176:. A full circadian cycle can be described as a twenty-four hour circadian day, where circadian time zero (CT 0) marks the beginning of a subjective day for an organism and CT 12 marks the start of subjective night.
1697:
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activities. Regarding sleep, normal circadian function allows people to maintain balance rest and wakefulness that allows people to work and maintain alertness during the day's activities, and rest at night.
339:(SWSD): Approximately 9% of Americans who work night or irregular work shifts are believed to experience shift work sleep disorder. Night shift work directly opposes the environmental cues that entrain our
254:
220:
The start of the CRSD diagnostic process is a thorough sleep history assessment. A standard questionnaire is used to record the sleep habits of the patient, including typical bedtime, sleep duration,
1527:
Dijk DJ, Boulos Z, Eastman CI, Lewy AJ, Campbell SS, Terman M (June 1995). "Light treatment for sleep disorders: consensus report. II. Basic properties of circadian physiology and sleep regulation".
132:
Humans, like most living organisms, have various biological rhythms. These biological clocks control processes that fluctuate daily (e.g., body temperature, alertness, hormone secretion), generating
1382:
Dick-Muehlke, C. (2015). Psychosocial studies of the individual's changing perspectives in
Alzheimer's disease (Premier Reference Source). Hershey, PA: Medical Information Science Reference.
390:, best shown to effectively treat delayed sleep phase disorder, acts by systematically delaying an individual's bedtime until their sleep-wake times coincide with the conventional 24-hr day.
371:
abilities, emotional state and quality of life. Moreover, the abnormal behavioural symptoms of the disease negatively contribute to overwhelming patients' relatives and caregivers as well.
423:, for example, the use of blue-blocking goggles, is used to block blue and blue-green wavelength light from reaching the eye during evening hours so as not to hinder melatonin production.
366:(AD), representing a common characteristic among AD patients as well as a risk factor of progressive functional impairments. On one hand, it has been stated that people with AD have
1399:
Zhong G, Naismith SL, Rogers NL, Lewis SJG (2011). "Sleep–wake disturbances in common neurodegenerative diseases: A closer look at selected aspects of the neural circuitry".
224:, and instances of waking up. The professional will further inquire about other external factors that may impact sleep. Prescription drugs that treat mood disorders like
217:
onset (DLMO). Gathering this data gives insight into the patient's current schedule, as well as the physiological phase markers of the patient's biological clock.
108:
disturbed rest, where individuals affected by the disorder are unable to go to sleep and awaken at "normal" times for work, school, and other social obligations.
1759:
Circadian Rhythm Sleep
Disorders: Part II, Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder, Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder, Free-Running Disorder, and Irregular Sleep–Wake Rhythm.
1021:
148:
is an entrainable, endogenous, biological activity that has a period of roughly twenty-four hours. This internal time-keeping mechanism is centralized in the
1774:
1627:
188:, or preferred wake and sleep times, of individuals. Although chronotype varies from individual to individual, as determined by rhythmic expression of
103:
which affect the timing of sleep. CRSDs arise from a persistent pattern of sleep/wake disturbances that can be caused either by dysfunction in one's
297:
1442:
272:
Currently, the
International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3) lists 6 disorders under the category of circadian rhythm sleep disorders.
201:
2116:
1641:
249:, both of which have fairly strong correlations with accurately reporting phase advanced or delayed sleep. Questionnaires like the
229:
238:
professionals to carefully document and measure patient's sleep habits and confirm patterns described in their sleep history.
1747:
242:
411:, short-acting hypnotics also present an avenue for treating co-morbid insomnia in patients with circadian sleep disorders.
1364:
Malkani, R., & Attarian, H. (2015). Sleep in
Neurodegenerative Disorders. Current Sleep Medicine Reports, 1(2), 81-90.
1111:
Sateia MJ (November 2014). "International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications".
2078:
1053:"Reliability, validity, and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Tayside children's sleep questionnaire"
323:
117:
1456:
444:
1029:
1956:
1951:
1923:
300:(FASPS) is linked to an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. It is associated with a missense mutation in human
2111:
2068:
1801:
317:
246:
121:
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208:. Although studies suggest that 3% of the adult population has a CRSD, many people are often misdiagnosed with
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113:
28:
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1991:
1836:
741:
408:
285:
109:
24:
1335:
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1147:
2196:
387:
157:
976:"The Tayside children's sleep questionnaire: a simple tool to evaluate sleep problems in young children"
2058:
570:"The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks"
2508:
2498:
2274:
2083:
2031:
2006:
336:
184:
clock entrainment pathway. Among people with typical circadian clock function, there is variation in
407:
for the treatment of CRSDs such as
Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder. Additionally, in conjunction with
2503:
2493:
1831:
1716:
225:
2371:
2152:
1961:
1768:
Practice
Parameters for the Clinical Evaluation and Treatment of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
257:
is a ten-item questionnaire for sleep disorders in children aged between one and five years old.
149:
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2016:
1851:
414:
363:
241:
Other additional ways to classify the nature of a patient's sleep and biological clock are the
2289:
2021:
1743:
Circadian Rhythm Sleep
Disorders: Part I, Basic Principles, Shift Work and Jet Lag Disorders.
1436:
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McGreavey, J. A.; Donnan, P. T.; Pagliari, H. C.; Sullivan, F. M. (September 2005).
942:
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CRSD has been frequently associated with excessive daytime sleepiness and nighttime
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1278:"Shift work disorder in a random population sample--prevalence and comorbidities"
404:
340:
104:
100:
1775:
NASA Sleep–Wake
Actigraphy and Light Exposure During Spaceflight-Long Experiment
1587:
1276:
Di Milia L, Waage S, Pallesen S, Bjorvatn B (25 January 2013). Gamble KL (ed.).
521:"Basic science review on circadian rhythm biology and circadian sleep disorders"
19:"CRSD" redirects here. For the Oracle Cluster Ready Services daemon (CRSd), see
2398:
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have also been used clinically alongside bright light exposure therapy and
173:
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1398:
1124:
927:"Behavioral and psychiatric consequences of sleep-wake schedule disorders"
637:
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2219:
2171:
2166:
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1996:
1946:
1941:
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189:
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endogenous circadian clock are misaligned, called extrinsic type CRSDs.
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2011:
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214:
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153:
72:
1484:
Dagan Y (February 2002). "Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD)".
2339:
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2001:
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Possible treatments for circadian rhythm sleep disorders include:
2366:
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2334:
2239:
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1973:
1931:
1884:
482:"Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders (CRSD) in psychiatry--a review"
346:
309:
34:
2433:
2319:
1682:
973:
305:
1051:
Rajaee Rizi, Farid; Asgarian, Fatemeh Sadat (24 August 2022).
204:
classifies
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder as a type of sleep
2329:
2147:
1810:
1275:
265:
165:
161:
702:"Circadian Rhythm, Lifestyle and Health: A Narrative Review"
301:
169:
16:
Family of sleep disorders which affect the timing of sleep
2413:
2309:
1572:"A clinical approach to circadian rhythm sleep disorders"
658:
659:
Vitaterna MH, Takahashi JS, Turek FW (December 2001).
567:
1526:
486:
The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences
1660:
742:"Body Clock & Sleep - National Sleep Foundation"
1457:"Behavioral Treatment of Circadian Rhythm Disorder"
1229:"Genetic basis of human circadian rhythm disorders"
1050:
771:"Therapeutics for Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders"
1226:
568:Dibner C, Schibler U, Albrecht U (17 March 2010).
1227:Jones CR, Huang AL, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH (May 2013).
925:Dagan, Yaron; Borodkin, Katy MA (December 2005).
2485:
1022:"Tayside Children's Sleep Questionnaire (TCSQ)"
202:International Classification of Sleep Disorders
1766:An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Report:
1757:An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Review:
1741:An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Review:
1146:Zhu, Lirong; Zee, Phyllis C. (November 2012).
1106:
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1441:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
525:Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore
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868:
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699:
27:. For the school district in Delaware, see
2117:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
1802:
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877:Kim MJ, Lee JH, Duffy JF (November 2013).
816:
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23:. For the school district in Alaska, see
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124:represents the four main types of CRSD.
38:Types of Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
33:
883:Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management
811:
230:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
2486:
1620:"Dorlands Medical Dictionary:hypnotic"
1336:"Circadian Rhythm Sleep–Wake Disorder"
1203:"Circadian Rhythm Sleep–Wake Disorder"
1145:
1110:
820:
612:"Molecular bases for circadian clocks"
609:
353:
298:Familial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome
255:Tayside children's sleep questionnaire
1783:
1483:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1378:
1376:
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1372:
1370:
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589:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135821
479:
243:morningness-eveningness questionnaire
93:circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders
58:Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders
1401:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
1340:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1207:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
318:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm disorder
122:irregular sleep–wake rhythm disorder
1570:Barion A, Zee PC (September 2007).
980:Child: Care, Health and Development
769:Dodson ER, Zee PC (December 2010).
538:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V37N8p662
518:
13:
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1148:"Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders"
931:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
879:"Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders"
823:"Circadian rhythm sleep disorders"
14:
2520:
1736:Circadian Sleep Disorders Network
1656:
700:Farhud D, Aryan Z (August 2018).
445:Light effects on circadian rhythm
1957:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
1952:Central hypoventilation syndrome
992:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2005.00548.x
706:Iranian Journal of Public Health
139:
85:Circadian rhythm sleep disorders
2112:Periodic limb movement disorder
2079:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
1634:
1563:
1520:
1449:
1328:
1269:
1245:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.07.012
1220:
1195:
1139:
1044:
1014:
967:
821:Zhu L, Zee PC (November 2012).
661:"Overview of circadian rhythms"
324:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
247:Munich ChronoType Questionnaire
118:non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
50:Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
734:
693:
652:
603:
561:
512:
473:
251:Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
1:
2384:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
2192:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
2054:Advanced sleep phase disorder
1761:PDF, 18 pages. November 2007.
1745:PDF, 24 pages. November 2007.
1529:Journal of Biological Rhythms
943:10.31887/DCNS.2005.7.4/ydagan
665:Alcohol Research & Health
629:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80566-8
466:
292:Advanced sleep phase disorder
114:advanced sleep phase disorder
29:Caesar Rodney School District
2064:Delayed sleep phase disorder
1992:Excessive daytime sleepiness
1642:"Blue light has a dark side"
1303:10.1371/journal.pone.0055306
1057:Sleep and Biological Rhythms
409:cognitive behavioral therapy
378:
330:
286:Delayed sleep phase disorder
279:
195:
160:include positive regulators
110:Delayed sleep phase disorder
25:Copper River School District
7:
2197:Nocturnal penile tumescence
2069:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
1588:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.11.017
577:Annual Review of Physiology
427:
362:in patients diagnosed with
127:
10:
2525:
2059:Cyclic alternating pattern
1541:10.1177/074873049501000204
1069:10.1007/s41105-022-00420-6
787:10.1016/j.jsmc.2010.08.001
610:Dunlap JC (January 1999).
18:
2302:
2275:Behavioral sleep medicine
2262:
2210:
2140:
2092:
2084:Shift work sleep disorder
2040:
2032:Sleep state misperception
1982:
1922:
1913:
1850:
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1664:
1413:10.1016/j.jns.2011.04.020
1164:10.1016/j.ncl.2012.08.011
839:10.1016/j.ncl.2012.08.011
337:Shift work sleep disorder
226:tricyclic antidepressants
62:
54:
49:
1832:Rapid eye movement (REM)
312:at position 662 (S662G).
260:
168:and negative regulators
2153:Exploding head syndrome
1962:Obstructive sleep apnea
746:www.sleepfoundation.org
375:in clinical practices.
150:suprachiasmatic nucleus
2468:Sleeping while on duty
2017:Idiopathic hypersomnia
1498:10.1053/smrv.2001.0190
1486:Sleep Medicine Reviews
1233:Experimental Neurology
775:Sleep Medicine Clinics
519:Toh KL (August 2008).
269:
39:
2290:Neuroscience of sleep
2022:Night eating syndrome
2007:Kleine–Levin syndrome
1750:8 August 2017 at the
1646:Harvard Health Letter
1125:10.1378/chest.14-0970
480:Dagan, Yaron (2002).
440:Familial sleep traits
268:
37:
2444:Sleep and creativity
1630:on 11 December 2008.
450:Phase response curve
2439:Sleep and breathing
1895:Sensorimotor rhythm
1294:2013PLoSO...855306D
364:Alzheimer's disease
354:Alzheimer's disease
99:), are a family of
2449:Sleep and learning
2202:Nocturnal emission
2102:Nightmare disorder
1967:Periodic breathing
1770:, November 1, 2007
1152:Neurologic Clinics
827:Neurologic Clinics
270:
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2481:
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2459:Sleep deprivation
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2509:Sleep physiology
2499:Circadian rhythm
2454:Sleep and memory
2394:Circadian rhythm
2141:Benign phenomena
2043:Circadian rhythm
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146:circadian rhythm
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2482:
2477:
2372:Procrastination
2325:Four-poster bed
2294:
2258:
2252:Polysomnography
2230:Sleep induction
2206:
2177:Sleep paralysis
2136:
2088:
2047:
2044:
2036:
1978:
1937:Mouth breathing
1915:Sleep disorders
1909:
1846:
1837:Quiescent sleep
1817:
1815:sleep disorders
1808:
1752:Wayback Machine
1732:
1727:
1726:
1673:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1624:Mercksource.com
1618:
1617:
1613:
1568:
1564:
1525:
1521:
1482:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1434:
1433:
1397:
1386:
1381:
1368:
1363:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1274:
1270:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1144:
1140:
1109:
1102:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1032:on 10 July 2023
1020:
1019:
1015:
972:
968:
923:
912:
889:(11): 513–528.
875:
864:
819:
812:
767:
760:
750:
748:
740:
739:
735:
698:
694:
657:
653:
608:
604:
572:
566:
562:
517:
513:
478:
474:
469:
464:
430:
405:pharmacotherapy
381:
356:
333:
282:
263:
198:
142:
130:
101:sleep disorders
45:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2522:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2399:Comfort object
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2270:Sleep medicine
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1713:
1694:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:Classification
1658:
1657:External links
1655:
1652:
1651:
1633:
1611:
1576:Sleep Medicine
1562:
1519:
1473:
1448:
1384:
1366:
1352:
1327:
1268:
1219:
1194:
1138:
1100:
1043:
1013:
986:(5): 539–544.
966:
937:(4): 357–365.
910:
862:
833:(4): 1167–91.
810:
781:(4): 701–715.
758:
733:
692:
651:
602:
560:
511:
471:
470:
468:
465:
463:
462:
460:Sleep medicine
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
431:
429:
426:
425:
424:
418:
412:
398:
391:
380:
377:
355:
352:
351:
350:
344:
332:
329:
328:
327:
321:
315:
314:
313:
304:that replaces
289:
281:
278:
262:
259:
245:(MEQ) and the
197:
194:
141:
138:
129:
126:
80:
79:
66:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2521:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2457:
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2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Sleep hygiene
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Sleep inertia
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2132:Sleep-talking
2130:
2128:
2127:Sleep driving
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:Sleep spindle
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:(6): 566–77.
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:(2): 113–25.
1534:
1530:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:(1–2): 9–14.
1406:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:(1): e55306.
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
962:
958:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
919:
917:
915:
906:
902:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
871:
869:
867:
858:
854:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
815:
806:
802:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
765:
763:
747:
743:
737:
729:
725:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
696:
688:
684:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
655:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
625:
622:(2): 271–90.
621:
617:
613:
606:
598:
594:
590:
586:
583:(1): 517–49.
582:
578:
571:
564:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
515:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
476:
472:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
435:Chronobiology
433:
432:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
406:
402:
399:
395:
394:Light therapy
392:
389:
388:Chronotherapy
386:
385:
384:
376:
372:
369:
365:
361:
348:
345:
342:
338:
335:
334:
325:
322:
319:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
296:
295:
293:
290:
287:
284:
283:
277:
273:
267:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
236:
231:
227:
223:
222:sleep latency
218:
216:
211:
207:
203:
193:
191:
187:
181:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
140:Normal rhythm
137:
135:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
78:
77:chronobiology
74:
70:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
42:
36:
30:
26:
22:
2345:Sleeping bag
2122:Sleepwalking
2107:Night terror
2042:
1824:sleep cycles
1767:
1758:
1742:
1715:
1696:
1677:
1645:
1636:
1628:the original
1623:
1614:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1492:(1): 45–54.
1489:
1485:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:
1451:
1437:cite journal
1404:
1400:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:
1330:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1155:
1151:
1141:
1116:
1112:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1030:the original
1025:
1016:
983:
979:
969:
934:
930:
886:
882:
830:
826:
778:
774:
749:. Retrieved
745:
736:
709:
705:
695:
671:(2): 85–93.
668:
664:
654:
619:
615:
605:
580:
576:
563:
531:(8): 662–8.
528:
524:
514:
492:(1): 19–27.
489:
485:
475:
421:Dark therapy
382:
373:
357:
274:
271:
240:
219:
199:
182:
178:
143:
131:
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:
41:
2429:Second wind
2404:Dream diary
2280:Sleep study
2220:Sleep diary
2172:Hypnopompia
2167:Sleep onset
2158:Hypnic jerk
1997:Hypersomnia
1947:Catathrenia
1942:Sleep apnea
1852:Brain waves
1822:Stages of
1648:. May 2012.
455:Sleep diary
190:clock genes
186:chronotypes
158:entrainment
55:Other names
2488:Categories
2463:Sleep debt
2409:Microsleep
2389:Chronotype
2303:Daily life
2187:Somnolence
2163:Hypnagogia
2094:Parasomnia
2012:Narcolepsy
1924:Anatomical
1905:Theta wave
1875:Gamma wave
1870:Delta wave
1860:Alpha wave
1063:: 97–103.
467:References
235:actigraphy
154:Zeitgebers
69:Psychiatry
2473:Sleepover
2424:Power nap
2419:Nightwear
2285:Melatonin
2247:Somnology
2212:Treatment
2045:disorders
1984:Dyssomnia
1890:PGO waves
1885:Mu rhythm
1880:K-complex
1865:Beta wave
1842:Slow-wave
1239:: 28–33.
1095:245863909
1077:1479-8425
1000:0305-1862
498:0333-7308
415:Melatonin
401:Hypnotics
379:Treatment
368:melatonin
331:Extrinsic
280:Intrinsic
215:melatonin
206:dyssomnia
196:Diagnosis
73:neurology
64:Specialty
2340:Mattress
2315:Bunk bed
2235:Hypnosis
2027:Nocturia
2002:Insomnia
1748:Archived
1606:17395535
1514:45059503
1506:12531141
1429:44744844
1421:21570695
1322:23372847
1282:PLOS ONE
1263:22849821
1182:23099133
1133:25367475
1086:10899986
1008:16101649
961:16416711
905:25368503
857:23099133
805:21243069
751:10 April
728:30186777
687:11584554
646:14991100
597:20148687
555:11071556
547:18797559
506:12013706
428:See also
360:insomnia
210:insomnia
128:Overview
2367:Bedtime
2362:Bedroom
2357:Bedding
2352:Bed bug
2335:Hammock
2240:Lullaby
2074:Jet lag
1974:Snoring
1932:Bruxism
1722:D021081
1597:2679862
1557:9788704
1549:7632985
1466:24 June
1345:24 June
1313:3555931
1290:Bibcode
1254:3514403
1212:24 June
1187:24 June
1173:3523094
1036:21 July
952:3181741
896:4212693
848:3523094
796:3020104
719:6123576
678:6707128
638:9988221
347:Jet lag
310:glycine
2434:Siesta
2320:Daybed
2148:Dreams
1711:780.55
1604:
1594:
1555:
1547:
1512:
1504:
1427:
1419:
1320:
1310:
1261:
1251:
1180:
1170:
1131:
1093:
1083:
1075:
1006:
998:
959:
949:
903:
893:
855:
845:
803:
793:
726:
716:
685:
675:
644:
636:
595:
553:
545:
504:
496:
306:serine
2377:Story
2330:Futon
2263:Other
1811:Sleep
1707:327.3
1692:G47.2
1688:F51.2
1553:S2CID
1510:S2CID
1461:WebMD
1425:S2CID
1113:Chest
1091:S2CID
642:S2CID
573:(PDF)
551:S2CID
261:Types
166:CLOCK
162:BMAL1
97:CRSWD
1813:and
1717:MeSH
1702:9-CM
1602:PMID
1545:PMID
1502:PMID
1468:2021
1443:link
1417:PMID
1347:2021
1318:PMID
1259:PMID
1214:2021
1189:2021
1178:PMID
1129:PMID
1073:ISSN
1038:2021
1004:PMID
996:ISSN
957:PMID
901:PMID
853:PMID
801:PMID
753:2019
724:PMID
683:PMID
634:PMID
616:Cell
593:PMID
543:PMID
502:PMID
494:ISSN
308:for
302:PER2
200:The
172:and
170:PER1
164:and
120:and
89:CRSD
2414:Nap
2310:Bed
1698:ICD
1690:,
1679:ICD
1592:PMC
1584:doi
1537:doi
1494:doi
1409:doi
1405:307
1308:PMC
1298:doi
1249:PMC
1241:doi
1237:243
1168:PMC
1160:doi
1121:doi
1117:146
1081:PMC
1065:doi
988:doi
947:PMC
939:doi
891:PMC
843:PMC
835:doi
791:PMC
783:doi
714:PMC
673:PMC
624:doi
585:doi
533:doi
174:CRY
2490::
2461:/
2165:/
1720::
1709:,
1705::
1686::
1683:10
1644:.
1622:.
1600:.
1590:.
1578:.
1574:.
1551:.
1543:.
1533:10
1531:.
1508:.
1500:.
1488:.
1476:^
1459:.
1439:}}
1435:{{
1423:.
1415:.
1403:.
1387:^
1369:^
1355:^
1338:.
1316:.
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1280:.
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1235:.
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1166:.
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1103:^
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1079:.
1071:.
1061:21
1059:.
1055:.
1024:.
1002:.
994:.
984:31
982:.
978:.
955:.
945:.
933:.
929:.
913:^
899:.
887:20
885:.
881:.
865:^
851:.
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831:30
829:.
825:.
813:^
799:.
789:.
777:.
773:.
761:^
744:.
722:.
710:47
708:.
704:.
681:.
669:25
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663:.
640:.
632:.
620:96
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614:.
591:.
581:72
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575:.
549:.
541:.
529:37
527:.
523:.
500:.
490:39
488:.
484:.
228:,
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116:,
112:,
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