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the fetal brain and other vital organs. Compared to infants with clinical chorioamnionitis, it appears cerebral palsy may occur at a higher rate for those with histologic chorioamnionitis. However, more research needs to be done to examine this association. There is also concern about the impact of FIRS on infant immunity as this is a critical time for growth and development. For instance, it may be linked to chronic inflammatory disorders, such as asthma.
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63:
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369:. In 2015, a National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Workshop expert panel recommended use of the term "triple I" to address the heterogeneity of this disorder. The term triple I refers to intrauterine infection or inflammation or both and is defined by strict diagnostic criteria, but this terminology has not been commonly adopted although the criteria are used.
674:
deliver the fetus quickly after chorioamnionitis is diagnosed, so a C-section is not necessary unless maternal health concern is present. However, research has found that beginning labor early at approximately 34 weeks can lessen the likelihood of fetal death, and reduce the potential for excessive infection within the mother.
644:
When intrapartum (during delivery) fever is higher than 39.0°C, suspected diagnosis of chorioamnionitis can be made. Alternatively, if intrapartum fever is between 38.0°C and 39.0°C, an additional risk factor must be present to make a presumptive diagnosis of chorioamnionitis. Additional risk factors
1043:
or neurodevelopmental disabilities. Disability development is related to the activation of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) when the fetus is exposed to infected amniotic fluid or other foreign entities. This systemic response results in neutrophil and cytokine release that can impair
664:
Diagnosis is typically not confirmed until after delivery. However, people with confirmed diagnosis and suspected diagnosis have the same post-delivery treatment regardless of diagnostic status. Diagnosis can be confirmed histologically or through amniotic fluid tests such as gram staining, glucose
673:
If the amniotic sac breaks early into pregnancy, the potential of introducing bacteria in the amniotic fluid can increase. Administering antibiotics maternally can potentially prevent chorioamnionitis and allow for a longer pregnancy. In addition, it has been shown that it is not necessary to
778:
However, there is not enough evidence to support the most efficient antimicrobial regimen. Starting the treatment during the intrapartum period is more effective than starting it postpartum; it shortens the hospital stay for the mother and the neonate. There is currently not enough evidence to
1278:
Seaward PG, Hannah ME, Myhr TL, Farine D, Ohlsson A, Wang EE, et al. (November 1997). "International
Multicentre Term Prelabor Rupture of Membranes Study: evaluation of predictors of clinical chorioamnionitis and postpartum fever in patients with prelabor rupture of membranes at term".
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Chorioamnionitis is approximated to occur in about 4% of births in the United States. However, many other factors can increase the risk of chorioamnionitis. For example, in births with premature rupture of membranes (PROM), between 40 and 70% involve chorioamnionitis. Furthermore, clinical
677:
In addition, providers should interview people suspected to have chorioamnionitis about whether they are experiencing signs and symptoms at scheduled obstetrics visits during pregnancy, including whether the individual has experienced excretion vaginally, febrile, or abdominal pain.
496:
appear in the amniotic fluid are at higher risk than at term mothers experiencing just one of those events. In other studies, smoking, alcohol use and drug use are noted as risk factors. Those of
African American ethnicity are noted to be at higher risk.
1053:
chorioamnionitis is implicated in 12% of all cesarean deliveries. Some studies have shown that the risk of chorioamnionitis is higher in those of
African American ethnicity, those with immunosuppression, and those who smoke, use alcohol, or abuse drugs.
826:, where one or more sections of the bowel die. This occurs when the fetal gut barrier becomes compromised and is more susceptible to conditions like infection and sepsis. In addition, chorioamnionitis can act as a risk factor for premature birth and
395:
Chorioamnionitis is caught early by looking at signs and symptoms such as fever, abdominal pain, or abnormal vaginal excretion. Administration of antibiotics if the amniotic sac bursts prematurely can prevent chorioamnionitis occurrence.
491:
membranes, prolonged labor, and primigravida childbirth are associated with this condition. At term mothers who experience a combination of pre-labor membrane ruptures and multiple invasive vaginal examinations, prolonged labor, or have
686:
The
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee Opinion proposes the use of antibiotic treatment in intrapartum mothers with suspected or confirmed chorioamnionitis and maternal fever without an identifiable cause.
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599:(tissue) examination of the fetal membranes. Confirmed histologic chorioamnionitis without any clinical symptoms is termed subclinical chorioamnionitis and is more common than symptomatic clinical chorioamnionitis.
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Cheng YW, Delaney SS, Hopkins LM, Caughey AB (November 2009). "The association between the length of first stage of labor, mode of delivery, and perinatal outcomes in women undergoing induction of labor".
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Birthing-related events, lifestyle, and ethnic background have been linked to an increase in the risk of developing chorioamnionitis apart from bacterial causation. Premature deliveries, ruptures of the
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The swelling of the amnion and chorion is characteristic of chorioamnionitis, occurring when bacteria makes its way into the amniotic fluid and creates an infection within the amniotic fluid.
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is often used for treating fevers and may be beneficial for fetal tachycardia. There can be increased likelihood for neonatal encephalopathy when mothers have intrapartum fever.
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For mother and fetus, chorioamnionitis may lead to short-term and long-term issues when microbes move to different areas or trigger inflammatory responses due to infection.
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Mothers with chorioamnionitis who undergo a C-section may be more likely to develop pelvic abscesses, septic pelvic thrombophlebitis, and infections at the surgical site.
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Chorioamnionitis has possible associations with numerous neonatal conditions. Intrapartum (during labor) chorioamnionitis may be associated with neonatal
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Chorioamnionitis results from an infection caused by bacteria ascending from the vagina into the uterus and is associated with premature or prolonged
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301:
showing acute chorioamnionitis, with neutrophils in the chorion. Also seen are fibrin thrombi, which indicate a severe fetal inflammatory response.
478:, can cause development of the condition as well. Studies are continuing to identify other microorganism classes and species as infection sources.
392:
performed in the final month of pregnancy, including labor. Tobacco and alcohol use also puts mothers at risk for chorioamnionitis development.
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2128:
Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ (November 2010). "Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease--revised guidelines from CDC, 2010".
3441:
3431:
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Sung JH, Choi SJ, Oh SY, Roh CR (March 2021). "Should the diagnostic criteria for suspected clinical chorioamnionitis be changed?".
1316:"The correlation between the number of vaginal examinations during active labor and febrile morbidity, a retrospective cohort study"
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have been associated to the bacterial infection. Furthermore, histological chorioamnionitis may increase the likelihood of newborn
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is diagnostic of (mild) chorioamnionitis. More severe chorioamnionitis involves subamniotic tissue and may have fetal membrane
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dictate how long antibiotic therapy should last. Completion of treatment/cure is only considered after delivery.
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The presence of fever between 38.0°C and 39.0°C alone is insufficient to indicate chorioamnionitis and is termed
376:. It triggers an inflammatory response to release various inflammatory signaling molecules, leading to increased
2499:
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Betts JG, Young KA, Wise JA, Johnson E, Poe B, Kruse DH, et al. (25 April 2013). "Embryonic
Development".
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84:
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Wu YW, Colford JM (September 2000). "Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for cerebral palsy: A meta-analysis".
876:
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Bersani I, Thomas W, Speer CP (April 2012). "Chorioamnionitis--the good or the evil for neonatal outcome?".
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Causes of chorioamnionitis stem from bacterial infection as well as obstetric and other related factors.
1865:"Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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641:. Isolated maternal fever may not have an infectious cause and does not require antibiotic treatment.
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1106:"Acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis: definition, pathologic features, and clinical significance"
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The chorion and amnion membranes are labelled in this depiction of a growing fetus in the uterus.
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The amniotic fluid exists within the amnion, and is where the fetus is able to grow and develop.
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2019:"Chorioamnionitis in the Development of Cerebral Palsy: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review"
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release. These substances promote uterine contractions and cervical ripening, causations of
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1703:"Committee Opinion No. 712 Summary: Intrapartum Management of Intraamniotic Infection".
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The chorion is the last and outermost of the membranes that make up the amniotic sac.
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Chapman E, Reveiz L, Illanes E, Bonfill Cosp X (December 2014). Reveiz L (ed.).
1738:
Zanella P, Bogana G, Ciullo R, Zambon A, Serena A, Albertin MA (June 2010). "".
1427:
1229:"The consequences of chorioamnionitis: preterm birth and effects on development"
1104:
Kim CJ, Romero R, Chaemsaithong P, Chaiyasit N, Yoon BH, Kim YM (October 2015).
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Shi Z, Ma L, Luo K, Bajaj M, Chawla S, Natarajan G, et al. (June 2017).
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Gluck O, Mizrachi Y, Ganer Herman H, Bar J, Kovo M, Weiner E (April 2020).
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Been JV, Lievense S, Zimmermann LJ, Kramer BW, Wolfs TG (February 2013).
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868: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2068:"A perfect storm: fetal inflammation and the developing immune system"
1374:"The Human Ureaplasma Species as Causative Agents of Chorioamnionitis"
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408:(>15,000 cells/mm), maternal (>100 bpm) or fetal (>160 bpm)
366:
1939:
Casey BM, Cox SM (March 1997). "Chorioamnionitis and endometritis".
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The signs and symptoms of clinical chorioamnionitis include fever,
388:. The risk of developing chorioamnionitis increases with number of
363:
1166:"Intra-amniotic infection (clinical chorioamnionitis or triple I)"
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2671:
982:
611:
522:
359:
1816:"Antibiotic regimens for management of intra-amniotic infection"
1813:
629:, inflammation of the umbilical cord connective tissue, occurs.
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2176:
1767:"Antibiotic regimens for management of intraamniotic infection"
1103:
807:
534:
436:
355:
1227:
Galinsky R, Polglase GR, Hooper SB, Black MJ, Moss TJ (2013).
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2438:
542:
432:
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Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
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levels, or other culture results consistent with infection.
1372:
Sweeney EL, Dando SJ, Kallapur SG, Knox CL (January 2017).
1226:
1039:
In the long-term, infants may be more likely to experience
1185:
439:
infections can cause chorioamnionitis. Most commonly from
2293:
1737:
1371:
1621:"Diagnosis and management of clinical chorioamnionitis"
1277:
412:, uterine tenderness and preterm rupture of membranes.
625:
due to the fetus' inflammatory cells. If very severe,
3744:
Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
1976:
The
Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
1670:
1509:
The
Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
2154:
1557:Czikk MJ, McCarthy FP, Murphy KE (September 2011).
1556:
470:bacteria species. Sexually transmitted infections,
87:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1973:
1559:"Chorioamnionitis: from pathogenesis to treatment"
2915:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
2127:
810:, and death. Long-term infant complications like
3730:
1460:"Chorioamnionitis: implications for the neonate"
632:
586:seen in the chorion and decidua. H&E stain.
1457:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1164:Tita AT (2019). Berghella V, Barss BA (eds.).
690:Intrapartum antibiotic treatment consists of:
617:Severe chorioamnionitis may be accompanied by
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2315:
2016:
1764:
1614:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1506:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1281:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1189:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1110:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
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1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
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1181:
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1941:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
1820:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1771:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1666:
1664:
1618:
1446:
1425:
1358:
1271:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
652:Maternal leukocytosis (>15,000 cells/mm)
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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928:Learn how and when to remove this message
266:Learn how and when to remove this message
248:Learn how and when to remove this message
147:Learn how and when to remove this message
1938:
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602:Infiltration of the chorionic plate by
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991:
782:
748:Ampicillin and gentamicin plus either
659:
481:
3034:
2553:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
2520:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
2303:
1689:
1458:Ericson JE, Laughon MM (March 2015).
595:Chorioamnionitis is diagnosed from a
399:
3325:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
2619:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
1426:Fowler JR, Simon LV (October 2019).
1222:
1220:
1218:
1163:
866:adding citations to reliable sources
837:
205:
158:
85:adding citations to reliable sources
56:
15:
2066:Sabic D, Koenig JM (January 2020).
1563:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
537:. It is in direct contact with the
13:
3330:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
2568:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
14:
3755:
3108:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2826:Pain management during childbirth
2753:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2150:
2130:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports
1619:Tita AT, Andrews WW (June 2010).
1215:
455:bacteria species. Less commonly,
423:
31:This article has multiple issues.
3626:Vertically transmitted infection
3012:
3011:
2998:Sexual activity during pregnancy
2290:Cerebral palsy inflammation link
1576:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03574.x
842:
833:
289:
210:
163:
61:
20:
3718:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
3668:Group B streptococcal infection
3236:Intrauterine growth restriction
2059:
2010:
1967:
1932:
1856:
1807:
1758:
1731:
1500:
1047:
853:needs additional citations for
72:needs additional citations for
39:or discuss these issues on the
3061:Conditions originating in the
2500:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
1832:10.1002/14651858.CD010976.pub2
1307:
570:of moderate chorioamnionitis.
219:This article needs editing to
1:
3410:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
2702:Prelabor rupture of membranes
2120:
1953:10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70349-4
1521:10.1080/14767058.2019.1618822
1378:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1293:10.1016/s0002-9378(97)70007-3
668:
590:
582:Acute choriodeciduitis, with
3569:Periventricular leukomalacia
3387:Persistent fetal circulation
3335:Meconium aspiration syndrome
2981:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2632:Maternal care related to the
2614:Gestational thrombocytopenia
1988:10.3109/14767058.2012.663161
1765:Hopkins L, Smaill F (2002).
1717:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002230
1320:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
828:periventricular leukomalacia
681:
633:Suspected clinical diagnosis
557:
7:
3478:Intraventricular hemorrhage
2782:Cephalopelvic disproportion
1882:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.07.012
1711:(2): 490–492. August 2017.
1056:
1034:Infant respiratory distress
1022:Early onset neonatal sepsis
793:
566:Intermediate magnification
176:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
3760:
3483:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
3473:Velamentous cord insertion
3364:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
2893:Breastfeeding difficulties
2692:Constriction ring syndrome
2666:Braxton Hicks contractions
1677:. Houston, Texas: OpenStax
1333:10.1186/s12884-020-02925-9
1201:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.05.024
1122:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.040
812:bronchopulmonary dysplasia
655:Purulent cervical drainage
533:The inner membrane is the
521:The outer membrane is the
500:
316:Obstetrics and gynaecology
3683:
3618:
3577:
3554:
3526:
3513:Necrotizing enterocolitis
3498:
3395:
3372:
3310:
3303:
3244:
3222:Large for gestational age
3218:Small for gestational age
3210:
3174:
3142:
3116:
3084:
3073:
3006:
2963:
2930:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
2920:Pubic symphysis diastasis
2883:
2767:
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2586:
2528:
2490:
2481:
2437:
2355:
2346:
2251:
2158:
2084:10.1038/s41390-019-0582-6
1869:The Journal of Pediatrics
1783:10.1002/14651858.CD003254
1705:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1637:10.1016/j.clp.2010.02.003
1476:10.1016/j.clp.2014.10.011
1434:. StatPearls Publishing.
824:necrotizing enterocolitis
415:
309:
297:
288:
283:
2456:Gestational hypertension
1918:10.1001/jama.284.11.1417
1083:
772:Gentamicin + clindamycin
517:consists of two parts:
340:intra-amniotic infection
221:comply with Knowledge's
189:may contain suggestions.
174:may need to be rewritten
3675:Neonatal conjunctivitis
3166:Single umbilical artery
3156:Umbilical cord prolapse
3103:Placental insufficiency
3076:complicating pregnancy,
2855:Umbilical cord prolapse
2777:Amniotic fluid embolism
2535:dermatoses of pregnancy
1625:Clinics in Perinatology
1464:Clinics in Perinatology
732:Piperacillin/tazobactam
717:Ticarcillin/clavulanate
639:isolated maternal fever
623:umbilical blood vessels
3651:ureaplasma urealyticum
3359:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
3283:Brachial plexus injury
2971:Concomitant conditions
2950:Postpartum thyroiditis
2728:Circumvallate placenta
2548:Impetigo herpetiformis
2543:Gestational pemphigoid
2515:Hyperemesis gravidarum
2448:hypertensive disorders
2292:(29 November 2003) at
2035:10.1542/peds.2016-3781
1746:(3 Suppl 1): 151–153.
1674:Anatomy and Physiology
1009:Neonatal complications
944:Maternal complications
820:Wilson-Mikity syndrome
587:
575:
541:, which surrounds the
510:
3599:Congenital hypertonia
3490:Anemia of prematurity
3198:Shoulder presentation
2940:Postpartum infections
2935:Postpartum depression
969:Group B streptococcus
955:Postpartum hemorrhage
581:
565:
508:
3604:Congenital hypotonia
3518:Meconium peritonitis
3320:Intrauterine hypoxia
3276:Subgaleal hemorrhage
2945:Postpartum psychosis
2814:Obstetrical bleeding
2709:Obstetrical bleeding
2530:Integumentary system
2505:Gestational diabetes
2484:related to pregnancy
2482:Other, predominantly
1390:10.1128/CMR.00091-16
1233:Journal of Pregnancy
1195:(5): 477.e1–477.e7.
1116:(4 Suppl): S29–S52.
862:improve this article
712:Ampicillin/sulbactam
390:vaginal examinations
81:improve this article
3713:Neonatal withdrawal
3696:Perinatal mortality
3546:Sclerema neonatorum
3402:hematologic disease
2925:Postpartum bleeding
2748:Placental abruption
2733:Monochorionic twins
2563:Prurigo gestationis
1428:"Chorioamnionitis."
1246:10.1155/2013/412831
992:Fetal complications
783:Supportive measures
660:Confirmed diagnosis
482:Obstetric and other
230:improve the content
3646:mycoplasma hominis
3631:Neonatal infection
3587:Gray baby syndrome
3564:Perinatal asphyxia
3454:Hyperbilirubinemia
3231:Postterm pregnancy
3078:labour or delivery
2955:Puerperal mastitis
2910:Breast engorgement
2697:Monoamniotic twins
2687:Chorionic hematoma
2252:External resources
2072:Pediatric Research
1982:(Suppl 1): 12–16.
1740:Minerva Pediatrica
1063:Chronic deciduitis
1030:Neonatal pneumonia
877:"Chorioamnionitis"
588:
576:
511:
400:Signs and symptoms
362:), usually due to
96:"Chorioamnionitis"
3726:
3725:
3614:
3613:
3464:Neonatal jaundice
3382:Pneumopericardium
3352:Pneumomediastinum
3293:Klumpke paralysis
3271:Caput succedaneum
3206:
3205:
3074:Maternal factors
3028:
3027:
2986:Thyroid disorders
2976:Diabetes mellitus
2860:Uterine inversion
2792:Shoulder dystocia
2787:Obstructed labour
2763:
2762:
2627:
2626:
2596:Chorea gravidarum
2372:Ectopic pregnancy
2275:
2274:
1912:(11): 1417–1424.
1470:(1): 155–65, ix.
938:
937:
930:
912:
744:Cesarean delivery
649:Fetal tachycardia
382:metalloproteinase
329:
328:
278:Medical condition
276:
275:
268:
258:
257:
250:
204:
203:
178:quality standards
157:
156:
149:
131:
54:
3751:
3706:Infant mortality
3541:Erythema toxicum
3533:thermoregulation
3500:Gastrointestinal
3308:
3307:
3304:Affected systems
3181:
3149:
3134:Chorioamnionitis
3127:
3098:Placenta praevia
3091:
3082:
3081:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3015:
3014:
2850:Postmature birth
2838:Placenta accreta
2743:Placenta praevia
2738:Placenta accreta
2682:Chorioamnionitis
2492:Digestive system
2488:
2487:
2414:Fetal resorption
2402:Rudimentary horn
2359:abortive outcome
2353:
2352:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2284:Cleveland Clinic
2156:
2155:
2145:
2114:
2113:
2095:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2029:(6): e20163781.
2014:
2008:
2007:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1875:(2): 236–42.e2.
1860:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1826:(12): CD010976.
1811:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1700:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1616:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1569:(9): 1304–1311.
1554:
1541:
1540:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1455:
1444:
1443:
1423:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1369:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1287:(5): 1024–1029.
1275:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1224:
1213:
1212:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1161:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1101:
975:Escherichia coli
949:Higher risk for
933:
926:
922:
919:
913:
911:
870:
846:
838:
334:, also known as
332:Chorioamnionitis
325:
324:
293:
284:Chorioamnionitis
281:
280:
271:
264:
253:
246:
242:
239:
233:
214:
213:
206:
199:
196:
190:
167:
159:
152:
145:
141:
138:
132:
130:
89:
65:
57:
46:
24:
23:
16:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3679:
3663:Neonatal sepsis
3610:
3579:Musculoskeletal
3573:
3550:
3531:
3522:
3494:
3449:Hydrops fetalis
3400:
3391:
3368:
3341:Pleural disease
3299:
3261:Cephalohematoma
3240:
3202:
3175:
3170:
3143:
3138:
3117:
3112:
3085:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3059:
3029:
3024:
3002:
2959:
2903:Cracked nipples
2898:Low milk supply
2879:
2865:Uterine rupture
2759:
2654:Oligohydramnios
2639:amniotic cavity
2633:
2623:
2600:
2582:
2533:
2524:
2483:
2477:
2446:
2433:
2419:Molar pregnancy
2358:
2342:
2328:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2247:
2246:
2167:
2153:
2148:
2136:(RR-10): 1–36.
2123:
2118:
2117:
2064:
2060:
2015:
2011:
1972:
1968:
1937:
1933:
1902:
1898:
1861:
1857:
1812:
1808:
1777:(3): CD003254.
1763:
1759:
1736:
1732:
1702:
1701:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1669:
1662:
1617:
1592:
1555:
1544:
1505:
1501:
1456:
1447:
1424:
1415:
1370:
1359:
1312:
1308:
1276:
1272:
1225:
1216:
1184:
1177:
1162:
1147:
1102:
1091:
1086:
1078:Wharton's jelly
1059:
1050:
1014:Perinatal death
1011:
1003:Neonatal sepsis
994:
946:
934:
923:
917:
914:
871:
869:
859:
847:
836:
796:
785:
684:
671:
662:
635:
593:
560:
503:
484:
426:
418:
402:
386:premature birth
352:fetal membranes
319:
279:
272:
261:
260:
259:
254:
243:
237:
234:
227:
223:Manual of Style
215:
211:
200:
194:
191:
181:
168:
153:
142:
136:
133:
90:
88:
78:
66:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3641:herpes simplex
3638:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3556:Nervous system
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3374:Cardiovascular
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3146:umbilical cord
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2993:Maternal death
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2799:Fetal distress
2796:
2795:
2794:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2659:Polyhydramnios
2656:
2648:amniotic fluid
2643:
2641:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2588:Nervous system
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2466:HELLP syndrome
2458:
2452:
2450:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2357:Pregnancy with
2350:
2344:
2343:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2233:
2222:
2203:
2188:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:Classification
2152:
2151:External links
2149:
2147:
2146:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2078:(2): 319–326.
2058:
2009:
1966:
1947:(1): 203–222.
1931:
1896:
1855:
1806:
1757:
1730:
1688:
1660:
1631:(2): 339–354.
1590:
1542:
1515:(5): 824–833.
1499:
1445:
1413:
1384:(1): 349–379.
1357:
1306:
1270:
1214:
1175:
1145:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1041:cerebral palsy
1037:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
993:
990:
986:
985:
979:
966:(often due to
961:
956:
953:
945:
942:
936:
935:
850:
848:
841:
835:
832:
816:cerebral palsy
795:
792:
784:
781:
776:
775:
774:
773:
770:
758:
757:
756:
741:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
706:
705:
704:
683:
680:
670:
667:
661:
658:
657:
656:
653:
650:
634:
631:
592:
589:
559:
556:
555:
554:
553:
552:
549:
539:amniotic fluid
531:
530:
529:
502:
499:
483:
480:
425:
424:Microorganisms
422:
417:
414:
401:
398:
327:
326:
313:
307:
306:
295:
294:
286:
285:
277:
274:
273:
256:
255:
218:
216:
209:
202:
201:
171:
169:
162:
155:
154:
69:
67:
60:
55:
29:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3756:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3739:Inflammations
3737:
3736:
3734:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:Preterm birth
3225:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3067:fetal disease
3064:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2875:Uterine atony
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:Preterm birth
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2578:Stretch marks
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2461:Pre-eclampsia
2459:
2457:
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879: –
878:
874:
873:Find sources:
867:
863:
857:
856:
851:This section
849:
845:
840:
839:
834:Complications
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
791:
789:
788:Acetaminophen
780:
771:
768:
765:
764:
762:
759:
755:
754:metronidazole
751:
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572:H&E stain
569:
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452:Streptococcus
448:
447:
446:Fusobacterium
443:
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378:prostaglandin
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303:H&E stain
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172:This article
170:
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129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98: –
97:
93:
92:Find sources:
86:
82:
76:
75:
70:This article
68:
64:
59:
58:
53:
51:
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
27:
18:
17:
3591:
3347:Pneumothorax
3339:
3253:
3246:Birth trauma
3188:Breech birth
3178:presentation
3176:
3144:
3133:
3118:
3086:
3017:
3010:
2870:Vasa praevia
2830:
2804:Locked twins
2720:
2681:
2670:
2646:
2392:Interstitial
2259:
2235:
2224:
2205:
2190:
2171:
2133:
2129:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2026:
2022:
2012:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1872:
1868:
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1679:. Retrieved
1673:
1628:
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1284:
1280:
1273:
1236:
1232:
1192:
1188:
1169:
1113:
1109:
1051:
1048:Epidemiology
1038:
1026:Septic shock
987:
973:
967:
959:Endometritis
939:
924:
915:
905:
898:
891:
884:
872:
860:Please help
855:verification
852:
797:
786:
777:
769:+ gentamicin
708:Alternative
689:
685:
676:
672:
663:
643:
638:
636:
616:
601:
594:
515:amniotic sac
512:
489:amniotic sac
485:
467:
456:
450:
440:
427:
419:
406:leukocytosis
403:
394:
371:
348:inflammation
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:
262:
244:
235:
228:Please help
220:
192:
183:You can help
173:
143:
134:
124:
117:
110:
103:
91:
79:Please help
74:verification
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
3691:Miscarriage
3593:muscle tone
3459:Kernicterus
3312:Respiratory
3288:Erb's palsy
3193:Asynclitism
3161:Nuchal cord
2809:Nuchal cord
2558:Linea nigra
2510:Hepatitis E
2443:proteinuria
2424:Miscarriage
2409:Embryo loss
2387:Heterotopic
1432:StatPearls
1073:Placentitis
998:Fetal death
750:clindamycin
614:formation.
604:neutrophils
584:neutrophils
468:Bacteroides
458:Gardnerella
435:, and even
410:tachycardia
3733:Categories
3701:Stillbirth
3658:Omphalitis
3619:Infections
3528:Integument
2819:Postpartum
2714:Antepartum
2429:Stillbirth
2340:puerperium
2338:, and the
2336:childbirth
2237:DiseasesDB
2121:References
2023:Pediatrics
1326:(1): 246.
1239:: 412831.
964:Bacteremia
888:newspapers
804:meningitis
767:Vancomycin
761:Penicillin
722:Cefoxitine
702:gentamicin
698:Ampicillin
669:Prevention
619:vasculitis
597:histologic
591:Pathologic
568:micrograph
462:Mycoplasma
442:Ureaplasma
336:amnionitis
299:Micrograph
107:newspapers
36:improve it
3427:Anti-Kell
3065:period /
3063:perinatal
2885:Puerperal
2473:Eclampsia
2377:Abdominal
2348:Pregnancy
2332:pregnancy
2261:eMedicine
2110:202702137
1537:155091947
1068:Funisitis
951:C-section
918:July 2018
800:pneumonia
763:-allergy
737:Ertapenem
727:Cefotetan
694:Standard
682:Treatment
645:include:
627:funisitis
558:Diagnosis
476:gonorrhea
472:chlamydia
429:Bacterial
367:infection
364:bacterial
311:Specialty
238:July 2018
195:July 2018
187:talk page
137:July 2018
42:talk page
3397:Bleeding
3088:placenta
3019:Category
2832:placenta
2722:placenta
2382:Cervical
2367:Abortion
2280:Overview
2142:21088663
2102:31537013
2053:28814548
2004:11109172
1996:22309119
1926:10989405
1891:22920508
1850:25526426
1841:10562955
1801:12137684
1752:21090085
1725:28742671
1655:20569811
1585:21672080
1529:31084245
1494:25678002
1440:30335284
1408:27974410
1352:32334543
1265:23533760
1209:19608153
1170:UpToDate
1140:26428501
1057:See also
1018:Asphyxia
794:Outcomes
608:necrosis
494:meconium
3636:rubella
3266:Chignon
3120:chorion
2672:chorion
2397:Ovarian
2231:D002821
2093:7875080
2044:5470507
1961:9067792
1792:6669261
1681:29 July
1646:3008318
1485:4331454
1399:5217797
1343:7183634
1301:9396886
1256:3606792
1131:4774647
983:abscess
981:Pelvic
902:scholar
621:of the
612:abscess
610:and/or
523:chorion
501:Anatomy
360:chorion
350:of the
121:scholar
3211:Growth
3124:amnion
2676:amnion
2266:ped/89
2201:O41.12
2140:
2108:
2100:
2090:
2051:
2041:
2002:
1994:
1959:
1924:
1889:
1848:
1838:
1799:
1789:
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1723:
1653:
1643:
1583:
1535:
1527:
1492:
1482:
1438:
1406:
1396:
1350:
1340:
1299:
1263:
1253:
1207:
1138:
1128:
904:
897:
890:
883:
875:
818:, and
808:sepsis
535:amnion
449:, and
437:fungal
416:Causes
356:amnion
346:), is
318:
185:. The
123:
116:
109:
102:
94:
3684:Other
3508:Ileus
3255:scalp
2964:Other
2769:Labor
2635:fetus
2606:Blood
2445:, and
2439:Edema
2242:31882
2220:762.7
2216:658.4
2196:10-CM
2186:P02.7
2182:O41.1
2106:S2CID
2000:S2CID
1533:S2CID
1084:Notes
909:JSTOR
895:books
543:fetus
433:viral
374:labor
128:JSTOR
114:books
3442:Rh E
3437:Rh D
3432:Rh c
2637:and
2226:MeSH
2211:9-CM
2138:PMID
2098:PMID
2049:PMID
1992:PMID
1957:PMID
1922:PMID
1906:JAMA
1887:PMID
1846:PMID
1824:2014
1797:PMID
1775:2014
1748:PMID
1721:PMID
1683:2020
1651:PMID
1581:PMID
1525:PMID
1490:PMID
1436:PMID
1404:PMID
1348:PMID
1297:PMID
1261:PMID
1237:2013
1205:PMID
1136:PMID
972:and
881:news
513:The
474:and
466:and
380:and
358:and
338:and
100:news
3530:and
3422:ABO
3417:HDN
3399:and
2294:BBC
2282:at
2207:ICD
2192:ICD
2173:ICD
2088:PMC
2080:doi
2039:PMC
2031:doi
2027:139
1984:doi
1949:doi
1914:doi
1910:284
1877:doi
1873:162
1836:PMC
1828:doi
1787:PMC
1779:doi
1713:doi
1709:130
1641:PMC
1633:doi
1571:doi
1517:doi
1480:PMC
1472:doi
1394:PMC
1386:doi
1338:PMC
1328:doi
1289:doi
1285:177
1251:PMC
1241:doi
1197:doi
1193:201
1126:PMC
1118:doi
1114:213
864:by
752:or
344:IAI
83:by
3735::
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