450:
enrolling 662 people with knee osteoarthritis who satisfied radiographic criteria (Kellgren/Lawrence grade 2 or 3 changes and baseline joint space width of at least 2 mm). This subset continued to receive their randomized treatment (glucosamine 500 mg three times daily, chondroitin sulfate 400 mg three times daily, the combination of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, celecoxib 200 mg daily, or placebo) over 24 months. The primary outcome was a 20% reduction in pain over 24 months as measured by the
Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Secondary outcomes included an Outcome Measures in Rheumatology/Osteoarthritis Research Society International response and change from baseline in WOMAC pain and function. Over 2 years, none of the treatments (not even the positive control celecoxib) achieved a clinically important difference in WOMAC pain or function as compared with placebo. Adverse reactions were similar among treatment groups and serious adverse events were rare for all treatments.
523:" For conventional foods, this evaluation involves considering whether the ingredient that is the source of the substance is generally recognized as safe (GRAS), approved as a food additive, or authorized by a prior sanction issued by FDA (see 21 CFR 101.70(f)). Dietary ingredients in dietary supplements, however, are not subject to the food additive provisions of the act (see section 201(s)(6) of the Act (21 U.S.C. § 321(s)(6)). Rather, they are subject to the adulteration provisions in section 402 of the Act (21 U.S.C. 342) and, if applicable, the new dietary ingredient provisions in section 413 of the Act (21 U.S.C. 350b), which pertain to dietary ingredients that were not marketed in the United States before October 15, 1994."
20:
261:
One way to look at this difference is in terms of the proportion of disaccharide units: chondroitin sulfate from terrestrial animals is almost exclusively composed of non-sulfated (O) and monosulfated (A and C) units, while in marine species the proportion of disulfated (D, E and B) units is higher. Furthermore, marine chondroitin sulfate chains tend to be longer, with molecular weight of up to 70 kDa in chondroitin sulfate from shark, while in terrestrial animals molecular weight is typically below 45 kDa.
3926:
3946:
3936:
153:. In a 6-year double-blind placebo-controlled study involving 60 test subjects published in 1973, the chondroitin sulfate group showed a 350% reduction in fatal heart attacks compared to the control group. When analyzing the data for non-fatal cardiovascular events, the control group experienced non-fatal heart attacks at a rate of 16%, while those in the chondroitin sulfate-treated group came in at 0%.
442:
New
England Journal of Medicine in 2006. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of five orally administered treatments: two 250 mg capsules of glucosamine hydrochloride three times daily, two 200 mg capsules of chondroitin sulfate three times daily, two capsules of 250 mg of glucosamine hydrochloride plus 200 mg of chondroitin sulfate three times daily, 200 mg of
503:. In Europe, chondroitin sulfate formulations are approved as drugs with evidenced efficacy and safety demonstrated by clinical trials in people with osteoarthritis. Adebowale et al. reported in 2000 that of 32 chondroitin supplements they analysed, only 5 were labeled correctly, and more than half contained less than 40% of the labeled amount. With the introduction of
1792:
Letter
Regarding the Relationship Between the Consumption of Glucosamine and/or Chondroitin Sulfate and a Reduced Risk of: Osteoarthritis; Osteoarthritis-related Joint Pain, Joint Tenderness, and Joint Swelling; Joint Degeneration; and Cartilage Deterioration(Docket No. 2004P-0059). Addressed to John
441:
As of 2015 the largest trial conducted with the product was the
Glucosamine and Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT), a double-blind, randomized, multicenter clinical trial sponsored by the US National Institutes of Health in 1583 people with knee osteoarthritis, which was published in the
433:
In 2004, a petition was submitted to the FDA that a dietary supplement of chondroitin sulfate be labeled as reducing the risk of osteoarthritis, cartilage deterioration, and osteoarthritis-related joint pain, tenderness, and swelling. The FDA denied the request, stating that experiments conducted by
871:
Clegg, Daniel O.; Reda, Domenic J.; Harris, Crystal L.; Klein, Marguerite A.; O'Dell, James R.; Hooper, Michele M.; Bradley, John D.; Bingham, Clifton O.; Weisman, Michael H.; Jackson, Christopher G.; Lane, Nancy E.; Cush, John J.; Moreland, Larry W.; Schumacher, H. Ralph; Oddis, Chester V.; Wolfe,
534:
In the same letter, the FDA found that studies performed on the dietary supplement form of chondroitin sulfate were insufficient to substantiate claims that it is efficacious in the prevention of joint deterioration, and denied the request to be allowed to label the supplement as such. They further
260:
Chondroitin sulfate is sourced from natural products, with high variability in terms of chain length and sulfation pattern. The variability in chondroitin sulfate composition extends to its origin, making it possible to differentiate between chondroitin sulfate from terrestrial and marine sources.
449:
Sawitzke A, et al. 2010 evaluated the efficacy and safety of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, alone or in combination, as well as celecoxib and placebo on painful knee osteoarthritis over 2 years as a continuation of the GAIT trial. This was a 24-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study,
437:
In 2007, Reichenbach et al. used explicit methods to conduct and report a systematic review of 20 trials and concluded "large-scale, methodologically sound trials indicate that the symptomatic benefit of chondroitin is minimal or nonexistent. Use of chondroitin in routine clinical practice should
1859:
Sawitzke, Allen D.; Shi, Helen; Finco, Martha F.; Dunlop, Dorothy D.; Harris, Crystal L.; Singer, Nora G.; Bradley, John D.; Silver, David; Jackson, Christopher G.; Lane, Nancy E.; Oddis, Chester V.; Wolfe, Fred; Lisse, Jeffrey; Furst, Daniel E.; Bingham, Clifton O.; Reda, Domenic J.; Moskowitz,
1738:
Kishimoto, TK; Viswanathan, K; Ganguly, T; Elankumaran, S; Smith, S; Pelzer, K; Lansing, JC; Sriranganathan, N; Zhao, G; Galcheva-Gargova, Z; Al-Hakim, A; Bailey, GS; Fraser, B; Roy, S; Rogers-Cotrone, T; Buhse, L; Whary, M; Fox, J; Nasr, M; Dal Pan, GJ; Shriver, Z; Langer, RS; Venkataraman, G;
827:
Jevsevar, DS; Brown, GA; Jones, DL; Matzkin, EG; Manner, PA; Mooar, P; Schousboe, JT; Stovitz, S; Sanders, JO; Bozic, KJ; Goldberg, MJ; Martin WR, 3rd; Cummins, DS; Donnelly, P; Woznica, A; Gross, L; American
Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (Oct 16, 2013). "The American Academy of Orthopaedic
518:
There are no FDA regulations on chondroitin sulfate as a food additive, as it is recognized by the FDA as a component of food and is "generally recognized as safe". However, a proposed application of chondroitin sulfate dietary supplement as a means of preventing joint degeneration was highly
164:
Clinical studies have not identified any significant side effects or overdoses of chondroitin sulfate, which suggest its long-term safety. In 2003 the Task Force of the
European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) committee ranked the level of toxicity of chondroitin sulfate 6 in a 0–100 scale.
207:
of chondroitin sulfate ranges from 15% to 24% of the orally administered dose. More particularly, on the articular tissue, Ronca et al. reported that chondroitin sulfate is not rapidly absorbed in the gastro-intestinal tract and a high content of labeled chondroitin sulfate is found in the
1688:
Guerrini, M; Beccati, D; Shriver, Z; Naggi, A; Viswanathan, K; Bisio, A; Capila, I; Lansing, JC; Guglieri, S; Fraser, B; Al-Hakim, A; Gunay, NS; Zhang, Z; Robinson, L; Buhse, L; Nasr, M; Woodcock, J; Langer, R; Venkataraman, G; Linhardt, RJ; Casu, B; Torri, G; Sasisekharan, R (June 2008).
202:
Pharmacokinetic studies performed on humans and experimental animals after oral administration of chondroitin sulfate revealed that it can be absorbed orally. Chondroitin sulfate shows first-order kinetics up to single doses of 3,000 mg. Multiple doses of 800 mg in people with
194:, nitric oxide, and other substances that contribute to damage the cartilage matrix and cause death of articular chondrocytes. A recent review summarizes data from relevant reports describing the biochemical basis of the effect of chondroitin sulfate on osteoarthritis articular tissues.
403:
is present in salts of chondroitin sulfate. Commercial preparations of chondroitin sulfate typically are the sodium salt. Barnhill et al. have suggested that all such preparations of chondroitin sulfate be referred to as "sodium chondroitin" regardless of their sulfation status.
268:
residues of certain proteins. Exactly how proteins are selected for attachment of glycosaminoglycans is not understood. Glycosylated serines are often followed by a glycine and have neighboring acidic residues, but this motif does not always predict glycosylation.
915:
Richmond, J; Hunter, D; Irrgang, J; Jones, MH; Levy, B; Marx, R; Snyder-Mackler, L; Watters WC, 3rd; Haralson RH, 3rd; Turkelson, CM; Wies, JL; Boyer, KM; Anderson, S; St Andre, J; Sluka, P; McGowan, R; American
Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (Sep 2009).
1479:
Aravamudhan, Aja; Ramos, Daisy M.; Nada, Ahmed A.; Kumbar, Sangamesh G. (2014-01-01), Kumbar, Sangamesh G.; Laurencin, Cato T.; Deng, Meng (eds.), "Chapter 4 – Natural
Polymers: Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives for Biomedical Applications",
528:
Letter
Regarding the Relationship Between the Consumption of Glucosamine and/or Chondroitin Sulfate and a Reduced Risk of: Osteoarthritis; Osteoarthritis-related Joint Pain, Joint Tenderness, and Joint Swelling; Joint Degeneration; and Cartilage
483:, fish, and bird cartilage are also used. Since chondroitin is not a uniform substance, and is naturally present in a wide variety of forms, the precise composition of each supplement will vary. In fact, although many
145:
Chondroitin, along with commonly used glucosamine, should not be used to treat people who have symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee as evidence shows that these treatments fail to provide relief for that condition.
307:
Chondroitin sulfate was originally isolated well before the structure was characterised, leading to changes in terminology with time. Early researchers identified different fractions of the substance with letters.
438:
therefore be discouraged." In contrast, and also in 2007, Bruyere et al. concluded that "there is compelling evidence that glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate may interfere with progression of OA."
185:
The effect of chondroitin sulfate in people with osteoarthritis is likely the result of a number of reactions including its anti-inflammatory activity, the stimulation of the synthesis of proteoglycans and
603:
McAtee, Caitlin O.; Barycki, Joseph J.; Simpson, Melanie A. (2014-01-01), Simpson, Melanie A.; Heldin, Paraskevi (eds.), "Chapter One – Emerging Roles for
Hyaluronidase in Cancer Metastasis and Therapy",
872:
Frederick; Molitor, Jerry A.; Yocum, David E.; Schnitzer, Thomas J.; Furst, Daniel E.; Sawitzke, Allen D.; Shi, Helen; Brandt, Kenneth D.; Moskowitz, Roland W.; Williams, H. James (23 February 2006).
1909:
Mazzucchelli, RamĂłn; RodrĂguez-MartĂn, Sara; GarcĂa-Vadillo, Alberto; Gil, Miguel; RodrĂguez-Miguel, Antonio; Barreira-Hernández, Diana; GarcĂa-LledĂł, Alberto; de Abajo, Francisco J. (2021-07-12).
1136:"an evidence based approach to the management of knee osteoarthritis: Report of a Task Force of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT)"
1182:
Andermann G, Dietz M. The influence of the route of administration on the bioavailability of an endogenous macromolecule: chondroitin sulfate (CSA). Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1982;7:11–6
2038:
Vergés J, Castañeda-Hernández, G. On the bioavailability of oral chondroitin sulfate formulations: proposed criteria for bioequivalence studies. Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc., 2004; 47: 50–53
156:
Chondroitin sulfate is used as a dietary supplement for diabetes management. It exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, making it a potential alternative to cortisol for treating enteritis.
78:. A chondroitin chain can have over 100 individual sugars, each of which can be sulfated in variable positions and quantities. Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of
2245:
by Winston Wicomb, Ph.D., September 24, 2002. Information on methods for extraction of chondroitin sulfate from cow trachea, at the Stone Clinic of San Francisco, at stoneclinic.com
1342:
Valcarcel, Jesus; Novoa-Carballal, Ramon; PĂ©rez-MartĂn, Ricardo; Reis, Rui L; Vázquez, JosĂ© Antonio (2017). "Glycosaminoglycans from marine sources as therapeutic agents Authors".
511:
in 2008, chondroitin sulfate preparations are subject in the US to mandatory labeling standards as well as testing requirements for identity, purity, strength, and composition.
1862:"Clinical efficacy and safety of glucosamine, chondroitin sulphate, their combination, celecoxib or placebo taken to treat osteoarthritis of the knee: 2-year results from GAIT"
535:
denied the request to market it as safe, given that no human clinical trials were done, citing that animal studies are not sufficient for the approval of a dietary supplement.
138:
review of clinical trials found that most were of low quality, but that there was some evidence of short-term improvement in pain and few side effects; it does not appear to
1192:
Monfort, J; Pelletier, JP; Garcia-Giralt, N; Martel-Pelletier, J (June 2008). "Biochemical basis of the effect of chondroitin sulphate on osteoarthritis articular tissues".
1976:
Barnhill, JG; Fye, CL; Williams, DW; Reda, DJ; Harris, CL; Clegg, DO (2006). "Chondroitin product selection for the glucosamine/chondroitin arthritis intervention trial".
680:
Baeurle SA, Kiselev MG, Makarova ES, Nogovitsin EA (2009). "Effect of the counterion behavior on the frictional–compressive properties of chondroitin sulfate solutions".
1377:
Valcarcel, Jesus; GarcĂa, MĂriam R.; Sampayo, Lucia F.; Vázquez, JosĂ© A. (2020). "Marine chondroitin sulfate of defined molecular weight by enzymatic depolymerization".
491:, most of them do not produce their products in compliance with the GMP regulations for pharmaceuticals, resulting in products not meeting pharmaceutical requirements.
2019:
280:– Gal – GlcA. Each sugar is attached by a specific enzyme, allowing for multiple levels of control over GAG synthesis. Xylose begins to be attached to proteins in the
1625:
Barnhill JG, Fye CL, Williams DW, Reda DJ, Harris CL, Clegg DO (2006). "Chondroitin product selection for the glucosamine/chondroitin arthritis intervention trial".
648:
Klecker, Christina; Nair, Lakshmi S. (2017-01-01), Vishwakarma, Ajaykumar; Karp, Jeffrey M. (eds.), "Chapter 13 – Matrix Chemistry Controlling Stem Cell Behavior",
1086:
Manohar, Krishna; Mesfin, Fikir (2024). "Effect of Oral Chondroitin Sulfate Supplementation on Acute Brain Injury in a Murine Necrotizing Enterocolitis Model".
434:
the company did not sufficiently demonstrate the effectiveness of the claim. Among other comments, the FDA noted the poor experimental design of some trials.
3929:
1012:"Chondroitin Sulfate Alleviates Diabetic Osteoporosis and Repairs Bone Microstructure via Anti-Oxidation, Anti-Inflammation, and Regulating Bone Metabolism"
2998:
2252:
399:, this is not the case, as sulfate is covalently bonded to the sugar. Rather, since the molecule has multiple negative charges at physiological pH, a
1289:
Conte, A; Volpi, N; Palmieri, L; Bahous, I; Ronca, G (1995). "Biochemical and pharmacokinetic aspects of oral treatment with chondroitin sulfate".
3346:
965:
863:
2050:"Analysis of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate content in marketed products and the Caco-2 permeability of chondroitin sulfate raw materials"
428:
2218:
1235:
Conte, A; Palmieri, L; Segnini, D; Ronca, G (1991). "Metabolic fate of partially depolymerized chondroitin sulfate administered to the rat".
707:
Schieber, A.; Lopes-Lutz, D. (2011-01-01), Moo-Young, Murray (ed.), "4.40 – Analytical Methods – Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements",
2863:
2307:
1668:
408:
3645:
3421:
1262:
Conte, A; de Bernardi, M; Palmieri, L; Lualdi, P; Mautone, G; Ronca, G (1991). "Metabolic fate of exogenous chondroitin sulfate in man".
499:
While it is a prescription or over-the-counter drug in 22 countries, chondroitin is regulated in the U.S. as a dietary supplement by the
388:, without the "sulfate", has been used to describe a fraction with little or no sulfation. However, this distinction is not used by all.
3361:
3321:
2976:
2049:
3939:
2991:
797:
1315:
Palmieri L, Conte A, Giovannini L, Lualdi P, Ronca G. Metabolic fate of exogenous chondroitin sulfate in the experimental animal"
2251:, A thorough review of available information on the use of chondroitin sulfate in humans from the National Toxicology Program at
1121:
801:
3904:
3007:
2619:
2227:
139:
3585:
2984:
1794:
1497:
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2856:
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1661:
2965:
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2257:
2280:
2262:
3975:
2614:
500:
2759:
3970:
2849:
2293:
2273:," ClinicalTrials.gov information on the purpose, design, and analysis of the study at clinicaltrials.gov
1911:"Risk of acute myocardial infarction among new users of chondroitin sulfate: A nested case-control study"
512:
504:
488:
3006:
2181:
Goodrich, LR; Nixon, AJ (January 2006). "Medical treatment of osteoarthritis in the horse – a review".
515:(USP) testing standards for the identification and quantification of chondroitin are well-established.
2277:"NIH News: Efficacy of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate May Depend on Level of Osteoarthritis Pain"
1691:"Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate is a contaminant in heparin associated with adverse clinical events"
3883:
2729:
1741:"Contaminated heparin associated with adverse clinical events and activation of the contact system"
1558:
980:
Morrison LM, Enrick N. "Coronary heart disease: reduction of death rate by chondroitin sulfate A".
748:
Singh, JA; Noorbaloochi, S; MacDonald, R; Maxwell, LJ (28 January 2015). Singh, Jasvinder A (ed.).
2230:
Summary of a Consumer Labs test of the actual composition of these supplements at consumerlabs.com
446:
daily, or placebo. Treatment was administered for 24 weeks. It showed no difference from placebo.
3908:
2330:
150:
135:
1554:
2734:
2012:"Questions and Answers: NIH Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial Primary Study"
1328:
Ronca F, Palmieri L, Panicucci P, Ronca G. "Anti-inflammatory activity of chondroitin sulfate"
1809:"Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis"
874:"Glucosamine, Chondroitin Sulfate, and the Two in Combination for Painful Knee Osteoarthritis"
3888:
3878:
3873:
3863:
2360:
959:
857:
828:
Surgeons evidence-based guideline on: treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee, 2nd edition".
581:
459:
281:
232:
67:
475:
Most chondroitin appears to be made from extracts of cartilaginous cow and pig tissues (cow
3858:
3835:
3316:
3188:
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2345:
2222:
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870:
115:
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23:
Chemical structure of one unit in a chondroitin sulfate chain. Chondroitin-4-sulfate: R
2841:
2260:, summary of information on the use of chondroitin sulfate from the publishers of the
1589:
1572:
1530:
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190:, and the decrease in catabolic activity of chondrocytes, inhibiting the synthesis of
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1795:
https://www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/labelingnutrition/ucm073400.htm
1770:
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543:
Chondroitin and glucosamine are also used in veterinary medicine for osteoarthritis.
462:
risk in current chondroitin sulfate users in the high risk cardiovascular subgroups.
63:
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13. Hathcock JN, Shao a. Risk assessment for glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate.
693:
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2933:
2928:
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810:
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480:
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272:
Attachment of the GAG chain begins with four monosaccharides in a fixed pattern:
225:
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187:
169:
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3301:
3213:
3138:
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2236:, News report of the analysis of commercial supplements by Adebowale et al. at
2194:
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253:(IdoA) at which point the resulting glycosaminoglycan is then referred to as
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487:
companies produce their products in compliance with human food processing
3903:
indicates initially developed first-in-class compound of specific group;
3800:
3780:
3749:
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3590:
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3389:
3311:
3239:
3228:
3178:
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2744:
2724:
2719:
2679:
2249:"Testing Status of Glucosamine Hydrochloride + Chondroitin Sulfate 09029"
2077:"Glucosamine and chondroitin use in canines for osteoarthritis: A review"
1825:
1536:
890:
564:– a glycosaminoglycan of major pharmaceutical importance for many decades
131:
87:
2248:
1399:
1341:
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411:(FDA) identified "oversulfated chondroitin sulfate" as a contaminant in
3830:
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3081:
3028:
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2769:
2571:
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2340:
2228:"Product Review: Joint Supplements (Glucosamine, Chondroitin, and MSM)"
2092:
292:
123:
2285:
1737:
3825:
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2684:
2624:
2576:
2561:
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2499:
2494:
2410:
2365:
2126:"Osteoarthritis in the cat: 2. how should it be managed and treated?"
826:
443:
277:
203:
osteoarthritis do not alter the kinetics of chondroitin sulfate. The
79:
1706:
914:
458:
A 2021 study showed a remarkable (about 40%) reduction of the acute
3640:
3620:
3606:
3554:
3528:
3475:
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3259:
3091:
3076:
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2644:
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382:, and it is no longer classified as a form of chondroitin sulfate.
191:
3840:
3441:
3254:
3203:
3147:
2949:
2810:
2764:
2694:
2674:
2521:
2395:
2385:
2047:
747:
557:
412:
122:. It is also approved and regulated as a symptomatic slow-acting
679:
3381:
2805:
2669:
2591:
2586:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2474:
2465:
2243:"Chondroitin Sulfate Manufacturing and Risk of Mad Cow Disease"
1860:
Roland W.; Williams, H. James; Clegg, Daniel O. (4 June 2010).
400:
273:
265:
243:
224:
of variable length containing two alternating monosaccharides:
127:
1261:
102:
failed to demonstrate any symptomatic benefit of chondroitin.
2237:
2123:
2074:
1376:
416:
396:
296:
2124:
Bennett, D; Zainal Ariffin, SM; Johnston, P (January 2012).
264:
Chondroitin sulfate chains are linked to hydroxyl groups on
130:
and some other countries. It is commonly sold together with
2774:
2596:
2551:
2271:
Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT)
1687:
922:
The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
918:"Treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee (nonarthroplasty)"
2020:
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Medicine
1511:
1478:
149:
Chondroitin has shown to be promising in the treatment of
1234:
356:
carbon 2 of the glucuronic acid and 6 of the GalNAc sugar
74:). It is usually found attached to proteins as part of a
2075:
Bhathal, A; Spryszak, M; Louizos, C; Frankel, G (2017).
1739:
Austen, KF; Woodcock, J; Sasisekharan, R (5 June 2008).
1288:
2871:
2219:
General Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate information
1975:
1624:
197:
1858:
1793:
W. Emford, Esq. William K. Hubbard. Oct. 7, 2004. <
830:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
802:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
578:
in a wide range of vertebrate & invertebrate life
422:
602:
330:
carbon 4 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sugar
2253:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
2234:"Glucosamine/Chondroitin Products Not Measuring Up"
2048:Adebowale AO Cox DS, Liang Z, Eddington ND (2000).
1134:Jordan KM; Recommendations Arden NK. EULAR (2003).
391:Although the name "chondroitin sulfate" suggests a
284:, while the rest of the sugars are attached in the
257:, previously referred to as chondroitin sulfate B.
215:
706:
479:and pig ear and nose), but other sources such as
140:improve or maintain the health of affected joints
66:(GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars (
3962:
1429:
1978:Journal of the American Pharmacists Association
1854:
1852:
1627:Journal of the American Pharmacists Association
711:, Burlington: Academic Press, pp. 487–99,
90:, chondroitin sulfate has become a widely used
2500:Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)
1432:"Biosynthesis of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate"
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
429:Clinical trials on glucosamine and chondroitin
2992:
2857:
2301:
2180:
1800:
1570:
1085:
242:(GalNAc). Some of these GlcA residues may be
1849:
1423:
709:Comprehensive Biotechnology (Second Edition)
652:, Boston: Academic Press, pp. 195–213,
1620:
1618:
964:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
862:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
754:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
732:
650:Biology and Engineering of Stem Cell Niches
647:
378:"Chondroitin sulfate B" is an old name for
2999:
2985:
2864:
2850:
2308:
2294:
1127:
814:, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
220:Chondroitin sulfate chains are unbranched
168:Chondroitin sulfate is not metabolized by
2149:
2100:
1952:
1934:
1885:
1824:
1764:
1714:
1588:
1557:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1529:
1482:Natural and Synthetic Biomedical Polymers
1447:
1398:
1159:
1037:
1027:
941:
889:
773:
625:
82:, and provides much of its resistance to
16:Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) compound
1788:
1786:
1784:
1615:
798:American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
18:
2315:
1659:
1573:"Chondroitin, a new mucopolysaccharide"
790:
180:
3963:
2130:Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery
1122:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
1009:
465:
3008:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
2980:
2845:
2289:
1806:
1781:
1512:P. A. Levene; F. B. La Forge (1913).
608:, Hyaluronan Signaling and Turnover,
3935:
1484:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 67–89,
598:
596:
519:scrutinized by the FDA, who stated:
198:Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics
3586:COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donator
2279:, Wednesday, February 22, 2006, at
1745:The New England Journal of Medicine
574:– a glycosaminoglycan component of
369:carbons 4 and 6 of the GalNAc sugar
13:
1490:10.1016/b978-0-12-396983-5.00004-1
717:10.1016/b978-0-08-088504-9.00320-2
658:10.1016/b978-0-12-802734-9.00013-5
618:10.1016/b978-0-12-800092-2.00001-0
423:Clinical trials for osteoarthritis
159:
14:
3987:
2212:
1669:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
593:
538:
489:Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)
409:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
3944:
3934:
3925:
3924:
1866:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
1430:Silbert JE, Sugumaran G (2002).
1356:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.07.008
1194:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
934:10.5435/00124635-200909000-00006
842:10.2106/00004623-201310160-00010
750:"Chondroitin for osteoarthritis"
216:Physical and chemical properties
3836:Superoxide dismutase / orgotein
2174:
2117:
2068:
2041:
2032:
2004:
1969:
1902:
1807:Clegg, DO; et al. (2006).
1731:
1681:
1662:"FDA Media Briefing on Heparin"
1653:
1564:
1548:
1514:"On Chondroitin Sulphuric Acid"
1505:
1472:
1370:
1335:
1322:
1309:
1282:
1255:
1228:
1185:
1176:
1114:
1079:
878:New England Journal of Medicine
494:
175:
3148:Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
2966:Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan
1054:
1003:
974:
766:10.1002/14651858.CD005614.pub2
700:
673:
641:
470:
291:Chondroitin sulfate is highly
126:for this disease (SYSADOA) in
105:
1:
2281:National Institutes of Health
1660:Zawisza, Julie (2008-03-19).
1590:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)71150-2
1571:Davidson EA, Meyer K (1954).
1531:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)88542-8
1391:10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115450
1010:Qi, Shan; Shao, Meng (2021).
694:10.1016/j.polymer.2009.01.066
587:
39:= H. Chondroitin-6-sulfate: R
1936:10.1371/journal.pone.0253932
1330:Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
1100:10.1097/XCS.0000000000000896
501:Food and Drug Administration
343:carbon 6 of the GalNAc sugar
7:
3214:Salicylic acid (salicylate)
606:Advances in Cancer Research
546:
513:United States Pharmacopoeia
453:
10:
3992:
2620:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate
2510:Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)
2263:Physicians' Desk Reference
2195:10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.07.008
1990:10.1331/154434506775268616
1639:10.1331/154434506775268616
990:10.1177/000331977302400503
426:
302:
3920:
3897:
3849:
3768:
3686:
3599:
3435:
3380:
3227:
3137:
3027:
2958:
2942:
2904:
2884:Unsulfated, extracellular
2883:
2793:
2605:
2495:Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
2394:
2323:
1029:10.3389/fendo.2021.759843
984:. 1973 May;24(5):269–87.
3884:Naproxen/diphenhydramine
2142:10.1177/1098612X11432829
1559:Medical Subject Headings
612:, Academic Press: 1–34,
372:chondroitin-4,6-sulfate
359:chondroitin-2,6-sulfate
3905:WHO-Essential Medicines
2943:Sulfated, intracellular
2905:Sulfated, extracellular
2331:Bodybuilding supplement
2081:Open Veterinary Journal
2060:: 37–44. Archived from
1878:10.1136/ard.2009.120469
1206:10.1136/ard.2006.068882
1152:10.1136/ard.2003.011742
809:: an initiative of the
151:coronary artery disease
110:Chondroitin is used in
3233:and related substances
2505:Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
1449:10.1080/15216540214923
1344:Biotechnology Advances
532:
346:chondroitin-6-sulfate
333:chondroitin-4-sulfate
56:
3889:Naproxen/esomeprazole
3879:Meloxicam/bupivacaine
3874:Ibuprofen/paracetamol
3864:Ibuprofen/hydrocodone
1757:10.1056/NEJMoa0803200
1379:Carbohydrate Polymers
1332:1998;6 Suppl A:14–21.
1317:Arzneimittelforschung
1291:Arzneimittelforschung
1264:Arzneimittelforschung
1062:"Chondroitin Sulfate"
582:Methylsulfonylmethane
521:
460:myocardial infarction
365:Chondroitin sulfate E
352:Chondroitin sulfate D
339:Chondroitin sulfate C
326:Chondroitin sulfate A
314:Letter identification
282:endoplasmic reticulum
68:N-acetylgalactosamine
22:
3859:Ibuprofen/famotidine
3317:Indometacin farnesil
3189:Magnesium salicylate
3010:(NSAIDs) (primarily
2705:Japanese honeysuckle
2223:Arthritis Foundation
1826:10.1056/nejmoa052771
1695:Nature Biotechnology
1555:Chondroitin+sulfates
891:10.1056/NEJMoa052771
181:Mechanisms of action
116:alternative medicine
3976:Dietary supplements
3869:Ibuprofen/oxycodone
3786:Chondroitin sulfate
3164:Carbasalate calcium
2917:Chondroitin sulfate
2630:Chondroitin sulfate
2448:Pantothenic acid (B
2411:Retinol (Vitamin A)
2381:Protein supplements
2317:Dietary supplements
2258:Chondroitin Sulfate
1927:2021PLoSO..1653932M
509:dietary supplements
466:Society and culture
192:proteolytic enzymes
112:dietary supplements
60:Chondroitin sulfate
3971:Glycosaminoglycans
3776:Aminopropionitrile
2896:Sodium hyaluronate
2877:glycosaminoglycans
2801:Codex Alimentarius
2690:Grape seed extract
2351:Herbal supplements
2183:Veterinary Journal
2093:10.4314/ovj.v7i1.6
1609:2008-09-22 at the
1542:2008-11-05 at the
1237:Drugs Exp Clin Res
1066:Stanford Chemicals
92:dietary supplement
57:
3958:
3957:
3806:Glycosaminoglycan
3656:Meclofenamic acid
3219:Sodium salicylate
3194:Methyl salicylate
2974:
2973:
2839:
2838:
2484:Cyanocobalamin (B
2401:chemical elements
2064:on April 7, 2006.
1124:, 2007; 47: 78–83
800:(February 2013),
415:originating from
376:
375:
317:Site of sulfation
250:
239:
228:
98:, although large
94:for treatment of
64:glycosaminoglycan
3983:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3928:
3927:
3688:COX-2 inhibitors
3603:-arylanthranilic
3570:Tiaprofenic acid
3001:
2994:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2922:Dermatan sulfate
2866:
2859:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2794:Related articles
2700:Iron supplements
2640:Copper gluconate
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1016:Front Endocrinol
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645:
639:
638:
629:
600:
530:
507:regulations for
380:dermatan sulfate
320:Systematic name
311:
310:
255:dermatan sulfate
248:
237:
229:-glucuronic acid
226:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3916:
3909:withdrawn drugs
3893:
3851:
3845:
3764:
3690:
3682:
3678:Tolfenamic acid
3636:Flufenamic acid
3604:
3595:
3439:
3431:
3376:
3232:
3223:
3133:
3102:Oxyphenbutazone
3032:
3023:
3005:
2975:
2970:
2954:
2938:
2934:Keratan sulfate
2929:Heparan sulfate
2900:
2879:
2873:Polysaccharides
2870:
2840:
2835:
2789:
2607:
2601:
2487:
2478:
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2375:Bifidobacterium
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2073:
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2054:J Am Nutr Assoc
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2010:
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2005:
1974:
1970:
1921:(7): e0253932.
1907:
1903:
1857:
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1801:
1791:
1782:
1751:(23): 2457–67.
1736:
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1707:10.1038/nbt1407
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1616:
1611:Wayback Machine
1604:Free PDF online
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1544:Wayback Machine
1537:Free PDF online
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1177:
1146:(12): 1145–55.
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836:(20): 1885–86.
817:
815:
811:ABIM Foundation
807:Choosing Wisely
795:
791:
760:(4): CD005614.
746:
733:
727:
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701:
678:
674:
668:
646:
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549:
541:
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497:
485:food supplement
473:
468:
456:
431:
425:
395:with a sulfate
305:
286:Golgi apparatus
222:polysaccharides
218:
212:and cartilage.
205:bioavailability
200:
188:hyaluronic acid
183:
178:
170:cytochrome P450
162:
160:Adverse effects
108:
100:clinical trials
72:glucuronic acid
54:
50:
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3662:Mefenamic acid
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3302:Fenclozic acid
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3124:Sulfinpyrazone
3121:
3119:Propyphenazone
3116:
3113:Phenylbutazone
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3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
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3042:Aminophenazone
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2785:Zinc gluconate
2782:
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2760:St John's wort
2757:
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2213:External links
2211:
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2003:
1968:
1901:
1872:(8): 1459–64.
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1680:
1652:
1614:
1563:
1547:
1504:
1499:978-0123969835
1498:
1471:
1422:
1369:
1334:
1321:
1308:
1281:
1254:
1227:
1184:
1175:
1126:
1113:
1088:J Am Coll Surg
1078:
1053:
1002:
973:
971:
970:
928:(9): 591–600.
912:
884:(8): 795–808.
868:
823:, which cites
789:
731:
726:978-0080885049
725:
699:
688:(7): 1805–13.
672:
667:978-0128027349
666:
640:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
579:
565:
555:
548:
545:
540:
539:Veterinary use
537:
525:
496:
493:
472:
469:
467:
464:
455:
452:
427:Main article:
424:
421:
374:
373:
370:
367:
361:
360:
357:
354:
348:
347:
344:
341:
335:
334:
331:
328:
322:
321:
318:
315:
304:
301:
251:-iduronic acid
240:-galactosamine
217:
214:
210:synovial fluid
199:
196:
182:
179:
177:
174:
161:
158:
120:osteoarthritis
107:
104:
96:osteoarthritis
62:is a sulfated
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3988:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3933:
3931:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3796:Fluproquazone
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3673:Niflumic acid
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:Flunoxaprofen
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:Dexketoprofen
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3440:derivatives (
3438:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:Proglumetacin
3350:
3348:
3347:Prodolic acid
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:Difenpiramide
3285:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3034:pyrazolidines
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:Nutraceutical
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:Dietary fiber
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:Cod liver oil
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:Other common
2604:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2480:
2475:Folic acid (B
2473:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2457:Pyridoxine (B
2455:
2453:
2446:
2444:
2437:
2435:
2430:Riboflavin (B
2428:
2426:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:Lactobacillus
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2035:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1701:(6): 669–75.
1700:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1583:(2): 605–11.
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1518:J. Biol. Chem
1515:
1508:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1442:(4): 177–86.
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:(6): 711–25.
1349:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1297:(8): 918–25.
1296:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1270:(7): 768–72.
1269:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:(6): 735–40.
1199:
1195:
1188:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:Ann Rheum Dis
1137:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
977:
967:
961:
953:
949:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
869:
865:
859:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
825:
824:
813:
812:
808:
803:
799:
793:
785:
781:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
728:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:
695:
691:
687:
683:
676:
669:
663:
659:
655:
651:
644:
637:
633:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
599:
597:
592:
583:
580:
577:
576:proteoglycans
573:
571:
566:
563:
561:
556:
554:
551:
550:
544:
536:
529:Deterioration
524:
520:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
463:
461:
451:
447:
445:
439:
435:
430:
420:
418:
414:
410:
405:
402:
398:
397:counter-anion
394:
389:
387:
383:
381:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
319:
316:
313:
312:
309:
300:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
267:
262:
258:
256:
252:
245:
241:
235:
230:
223:
213:
211:
206:
195:
193:
189:
173:
171:
166:
157:
154:
152:
147:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:. Along with
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
21:
3900:
3852:combinations
3785:
3702:
3668:Morniflumate
3660:
3631:Floctafenine
3616:Azapropazone
3600:
3584:
3560:Tarenflurbil
3545:Piketoprofen
3540:Pelubiprofen
3527:
3495:
3491:Flurbiprofen
3466:Dexibuprofen
3456:Benoxaprofen
3451:Alminoprofen
3414:
3279:
3209:Salicylamide
3146:
3111:
3087:Mofebutazone
3067:Famprofazone
3062:Difenamizole
3052:Azapropazone
2916:
2826:Multivitamin
2750:Saw palmetto
2730:Milk thistle
2629:
2403:("minerals")
2336:Energy drink
2261:
2189:(1): 51–69.
2186:
2182:
2176:
2136:(1): 76–84.
2133:
2129:
2119:
2087:(1): 36–49.
2084:
2080:
2070:
2062:the original
2057:
2053:
2043:
2034:
2024:, retrieved
2022:, 2006-01-02
2016:Backgrounder
2015:
2006:
1984:(1): 14–24.
1981:
1977:
1971:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1869:
1865:
1816:
1813:N Engl J Med
1812:
1802:
1748:
1744:
1733:
1698:
1694:
1683:
1672:. Retrieved
1655:
1633:(1): 14–24.
1630:
1626:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1550:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1481:
1474:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1400:10261/193588
1382:
1378:
1372:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1243:(1): 27–33.
1240:
1236:
1230:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1178:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1116:
1094:(1): 82–98.
1091:
1087:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1065:
1056:
1019:
1015:
1005:
981:
976:
960:cite journal
925:
921:
881:
877:
858:cite journal
833:
829:
816:, retrieved
805:
792:
757:
753:
708:
702:
685:
681:
675:
649:
643:
609:
605:
569:
559:
553:Proteoglycan
542:
533:
522:
517:
498:
495:Legal status
474:
457:
448:
440:
436:
432:
407:In 2008 the
406:
390:
385:
384:
377:
364:
351:
338:
325:
306:
290:
271:
263:
259:
233:
219:
201:
184:
176:Pharmacology
167:
163:
155:
148:
144:
109:
76:proteoglycan
59:
58:
3801:Glucosamine
3781:Benzydamine
3750:Robenacoxib
3735:Lumiracoxib
3626:Etofenamate
3591:Naproxcinod
3580:Zaltoprofen
3390:Ampiroxicam
3312:Indometacin
3240:Aceclofenac
3231:derivatives
3229:acetic acid
3179:Ethenzamide
3174:Dipyrocetyl
3139:salicylates
3029:pyrazolones
2912:Chondroitin
2745:Royal jelly
2725:Lipoic acid
2720:Linseed oil
2680:Glucosamine
2608:ingredients
2421:Thiamine (B
2346:Fatty acids
1577:J Biol Chem
471:Manufacture
386:Chondroitin
231:(GlcA) and
132:glucosamine
106:Medical use
88:glucosamine
84:compression
3965:Categories
3831:Proquazone
3821:Nimesulide
3816:Nabumetone
3811:Hyperforin
3760:Valdecoxib
3725:Etoricoxib
3575:Vedaprofen
3523:Miroprofen
3518:Loxoprofen
3513:Ketoprofen
3508:Indoprofen
3481:Fenoprofen
3405:Lornoxicam
3342:Oxametacin
3281:Diclofenac
3275:Bumadizone
3250:Alclofenac
3245:Acemetacin
3184:Guacetisal
3169:Diflunisal
3159:Benorylate
3129:Suxibuzone
3097:Nifenazone
3082:Metamizole
2891:Hyaluronan
2816:Herbal tea
2770:Wheatgrass
2670:Folic acid
2572:Phosphorus
2567:Molybdenum
2416:B vitamins
2366:Probiotics
2361:Prebiotics
2341:Energy bar
2026:2013-10-17
1674:2008-04-23
1436:IUBMB Life
1385:: 115450.
588:References
244:epimerized
3901:underline
3826:Oxaceprol
3791:Diacerein
3755:Rofecoxib
3745:Parecoxib
3740:Mavacoxib
3730:Firocoxib
3720:Deracoxib
3715:Cimicoxib
3709:+tramadol
3704:Celecoxib
3698:Apricoxib
3651:Glafenine
3646:Flutiazin
3607:fenamates
3565:Tepoxalin
3550:Pirprofen
3535:Oxaprozin
3503:Ibuproxam
3497:Ibuprofen
3461:Carprofen
3427:Tenoxicam
3422:Pivoxicam
3416:Piroxicam
3410:Meloxicam
3372:Zomepirac
3337:Mofezolac
3332:Lonazolac
3327:Ketorolac
3307:Fentiazac
3270:Bufexamac
3265:Bromfenac
3199:Salsalate
3154:Aloxiprin
3107:Phenazone
3072:Feprazone
3057:Clofezone
2959:Synthetic
2831:Nutrition
2780:Yohimbine
2775:Wolfberry
2755:Spirulina
2735:Melatonin
2710:Krill oil
2685:Glutamine
2655:Echinacea
2625:Carnitine
2577:Potassium
2562:Manganese
2557:Magnesium
2466:Biotin (B
2439:Niacin (B
2168:206691363
1945:1932-6203
1524:: 69–79.
1417:208599006
982:Angiology
444:celecoxib
134:. A 2015
118:to treat
80:cartilage
3930:category
3691:(coxibs)
3641:Flunixin
3621:Clonixin
3555:Suprofen
3529:Naproxen
3476:Fenbufen
3400:Isoxicam
3395:Droxicam
3367:Tolmetin
3362:Tiopinac
3357:Sulindac
3322:Isoxepac
3297:Felbinac
3292:Etodolac
3260:Bendazac
3092:Morazone
3077:Kebuzone
3047:Ampyrone
2665:Fish oil
2645:Creatine
2582:Selenium
2542:Fluorine
2527:Chromium
2396:Vitamins
2386:Vitamins
2356:Minerals
2203:16427582
2160:22247327
2151:11148914
2111:28331832
1998:16529337
1963:34252115
1915:PLOS ONE
1896:20525840
1835:16495392
1775:18434646
1725:18437154
1647:16529337
1607:Archived
1599:13221568
1540:Archived
1466:11564009
1458:12512856
1409:31826487
1364:28739506
1222:41984358
1214:17644553
1170:14644851
1108:37870229
1071:July 26,
1048:34777254
952:19726743
900:16495392
850:24288804
784:25629804
636:25081524
547:See also
526:—
454:Research
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3605:acids (
3442:profens
3382:oxicams
3255:Amfenac
3204:Salicin
3018:, also
2950:Heparin
2811:Hadacol
2765:Taurine
2715:Lingzhi
2695:Guarana
2675:Ginseng
2660:Ephedra
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2517:Calcium
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1954:8274913
1923:Bibcode
1887:3086604
1843:1609605
1766:3778681
1716:3491566
1303:7575762
1276:1772467
1249:1914833
1161:1754382
1039:8579055
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2806:Enzyte
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