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which he occupied) after having forcibly attacked Raṇaśura; Vangāḷa-deśā, where the rain water never stopped, (and from which) Gōvindacandra fled, having descended (from his) male elephant; elephants of rare strength, women and treasure, (which he seized) after having been pleased to put to flight in a hot battlefield the strong Mahipāla by the sound of a conch from the deep sea; Uttiralāḍam (on the shore of) the expansive ocean (producing) pearls; and the Gangā whose waters bearing flagrant flowers dashed against the bathing places (
1332:(He seized) Śakkarakkōţţam, whose warriors were brave; Madura-maṇḍalam destroyed in a trice, the prosperous city of Nāmaṇaik-kōṇam with its dense groves. Pañcap-paḷḷi whose warriors (bore) cruel bows, Māśunideśa with its green fields; a large heap of family-treasures with many (other) treasures (which he carried away), after having conquered Indraratha of the ancient race of the moon, together with (his) family, in a fight which took place at Ādinagar, (a city) whose fame knew no decline; Oḍḍa-
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1361:, Araiyan Rajarajan invaded Odda (present-day Orissa) and conquered it after defeating its ruler Indraratha. His next success was against Dharmapala, who ruled the kingdom of Dandabhukti located in the marshland between Orissa and Bengal. Rajarajan, then, defeated Ranasura, the ruler of Lada or Radha, identified as the part of West Bengal south of the Ganges River and Govindacharya of Vangala, located further to the east before confronting the Pala ruler
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which was difficult of approach on account of its dense forest defence; the good Kōśalai-nāḍu where
Brahmins assembled; Taṇḍabutti in whose gardens bees abounded, (land which he acquired) after having destroyed Dharmapāla (in) a hot battle; Takkaṇalāḍam, whose fame reached (all) directions, (and
1365:. After defeating Mahipala in a pitched battle, Araiyan Rajarajan reached the Ganges and took some water with him on his journey back. He was met by Rajendra I on the banks of the Godavari and the combined armies returned home after conducting Rajaraja Narendra's coronation as the king of the
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The light of the Chola race (Rajendra Chola I), mocking
Bhagiratha who by the force of his austerities caused the descent of the Ganga, set out to sanctify his own land with the waters of that stream brought (thither) by the strength of his
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interpreted
Rajendra Chola's campaign to "bring the waters of the Ganges into Chola territory" as a pilgrimage to the Ganges River. However, this theory has been refuted by some historians, most notable among them being
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Rajendra Chola I defeated the kings of
Kalinga and Odda (by seeking assistance of Paramaras and Kalachuris, with whom Indraratha was in a big conflict and Rajendra Chola exploited this situation) and marched up to the
1353:. Masunidesam, Maduraimandalam, Namanaikkonam and Pancapalli, too, are believed to be located to the north-west of Vengi. Following the conquest of these places in present-day
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and the kings of
Kalinga and Odda and posed a serious threat to Rajaraja Narendra. Rajaraja Narendra appealed for help from his maternal uncle, the Chola emperor,
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from Bengal were taken to the Chola country where they were granted lands by
Rajendra Chola I. They, eventually, settled down in
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Sakkarakottam, the place from where
Araiyan Rajarajan led the campaign into Bengal is identified with the town of Chakrakotya or
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There have been general disagreement among historians on the nature of the expedition. Early scholars such as
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Gangaikonda
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is considered to be the climax of the expedition. In 1019 CE, Rajendra's forces marched through
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chief who accompanied
Araiyan Rajarajan on his campaign settled down in Bengal and founded the
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The Chola expedition to the Ganges had a long-lasting influence. According to R. D. Banerji, a
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Following this victory, Rajendra Chola I led an expedition northwards supported by an
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The expedition is believed to have been necessitated by a succession dispute in the
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who sent a large force under his general, Araiyan
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Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India by Professor S.K. Tiwari p.161
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or a "liquid pillar of victory" in the form of the Cholaganga tank.
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Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p.281
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and Odda who had sided with Vijayaditya in the succession dispute.
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between 1019 and 1021. The expedition traversed the states of
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Dharmapala of Dandabhukti. The Chola army went on to raid
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of Trilocana Sivacharya claims that a large number of
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1230:led by Araiyan Rajarajan, to punish the kings of
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59:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1653:Military campaigns involving the Chola Empire
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1589:The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.145
1538:. It is believed that the Karnata people of
1498:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1411:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1276:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1155:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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90:Learn how and when to remove this message
1089:. The Chola army eventually reached the
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27:Chola expedition into Ganges (1019-1021)
14:
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1093:kingdom of Bengal where they defeated
1496:adding citations to reliable sources
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18:Chola expedition to North India
1628:Wars involving the Pala Empire
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45:This article includes a
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74:more precise citations.
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906:Rajahnate of Sanmalan
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419:Casualties and losses
1633:Military expeditions
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1405:improve this section
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1191:where the claims of
1149:improve this section
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666:Aditya II (Karikala)
352:Ranasura (Radhepura)
337:Indraratha (Kalinga)
247:Kamboja Pala dynasty
1217:Chalukya-Chola Wars
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47:list of references
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174:
169:
168:
165:Chola Victory
164:
161:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:Uttar Pradesh
132:
128:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
108:
103:
94:
91:
83:
73:
69:
63:
62:
56:
52:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
1643:1024 in Asia
1638:1019 in Asia
1594:
1585:
1576:
1561:forming the
1543:
1536:Sena dynasty
1529:
1514:
1508:October 2023
1505:
1490:Please help
1478:
1453:
1442:
1427:
1421:October 2023
1418:
1403:Please help
1391:
1359:Chhattisgarh
1344:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1292:
1286:October 2023
1283:
1268:Please help
1256:
1225:
1209:Jayasimha II
1186:
1171:
1165:October 2023
1162:
1147:Please help
1135:
1109:and invaded
1050:
1040:
981:Melakadambur
925:
893:of Karnataka
858:
843:Rajendra III
833:Rajaraja III
773:Kulothunga I
764:Later Cholas
746:Athirajendra
736:Virarajendra
726:Rajamahendra
636:Gandaraditya
566:
552:Perunarkilli
525:Killivalavan
455:Early Cholas
399:Chandra Army
331:
330:
325:Miladudaiyar
315:Pallavarayan
302:
301:
285:
284:
266:
265:
238:Odda dynasty
214:Belligerents
184:Chhattisgarh
131:Chhattisgarh
117:1019–1021 AD
86:
80:October 2023
77:
66:Please help
58:
29:
1648:North India
1565:community.
1555:Kanchipuram
1445:V. Venkayya
1197:Vimaladitya
1103:East Bengal
883:Chodagangas
803:Rajaraja II
716:Rajendra II
706:Rajadhiraja
616:Parantaka I
480:Kulakkottan
303:Commanders:
242:Pala Empire
170:Territorial
151:West Bengal
72:introducing
1612:Categories
1563:Sivacharya
1363:Mahipala I
1347:Chitrakoot
1075:Mahipala I
941:Chola Navy
885:of Kalinga
696:Rajendra I
686:Rajaraja I
596:Vijayalaya
574: – c.
572: 200
516:Nalankilli
507:Nedunkilli
411:1,000,000+
378:Chola Army
200:Bangladesh
155:Bangladesh
1532:Kannadiga
1479:does not
1392:does not
1355:Telangana
1257:does not
1136:does not
996:Tiruvarur
991:Thanjavur
971:Poompuhar
877:of Andhra
847:1246–1279
837:1216–1256
827:1178–1218
817:1166–1178
807:1146–1173
797:1133–1150
787:1118–1135
777:1070–1120
750:1067–1070
740:1063–1070
730:1060–1063
720:1051–1063
710:1018–1054
700:1012–1044
468:205 BCE–
390:Odda Army
384:Pala Army
192:Jharkhand
176:Telangana
143:Jharkhand
1557:and the
1551:Brahmins
1325:praśasti
1223:throne.
1201:Kundavai
1113:region.
1095:Mahipala
1045:emperor
690:985–1014
646:Arinjaya
606:Aditya I
600:848–871?
498:Karikala
406:Strength
363:Mahipala
267:Emperor:
122:Location
1548:Saivite
1540:Mithila
1500:removed
1485:sources
1460:Effects
1413:removed
1398:sources
1278:removed
1263:sources
1232:Kalinga
1157:removed
1142:sources
1079:Kalinga
1059:Kalinga
1049:led an
976:Uraiyur
859:Related
783:Vikrama
680:971–987
670:966–971
660:950–980
650:955–956
640:949–962
630:935–949
620:907–955
610:871–907
464:Ellalan
414:100,000
188:Kalinga
172:changes
68:improve
1339:tirtha
1334:viṣaya
1238:Events
1117:Causes
1111:Bastar
1067:Bengal
1063:Odisha
676:Uttama
365:(Pala)
332:Kings:
196:Bengal
162:Result
127:Odisha
1569:Notes
1207:king
1083:Ganga
1073:king
1055:Vengi
445:Chola
147:Bihar
53:, or
1483:any
1481:cite
1396:any
1394:cite
1261:any
1259:cite
1140:any
1138:cite
1091:Pala
1071:Pala
1041:The
427:Many
114:Date
1494:by
1407:by
1313:arm
1272:by
1151:by
424:Few
1614::
1369:.
1065:,
1057:,
569:c.
470:c.
198:,
190:,
182:,
178:,
153:,
149:,
145:,
141:,
137:,
133:,
129:,
57:,
49:,
1521:)
1515:(
1510:)
1506:(
1502:.
1488:.
1434:)
1428:(
1423:)
1419:(
1415:.
1401:.
1341:)
1299:)
1293:(
1288:)
1284:(
1280:.
1266:.
1178:)
1172:(
1167:)
1163:(
1159:.
1145:.
1030:e
1023:t
1016:v
578:)
194:,
186:,
93:)
87:(
82:)
78:(
64:.
20:)
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