Chimor - Knowledge

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wooden molds. These techniques produced large variety of objects, such as cups, knives, containers, figurines, bracelets, pins, and crowns. They used arsenic to harden the metals after they were cast. Large-scale smelting took place in a cluster of workshops at Cerro de los Cemetarios. The process starts with ore extracted from mines or a river, which is heated to very high temperatures and then cooled. The result is a group of prills, such as small round sections of copper, in a mass of slag, which are other materials which are not useful for metallurgy. The prills are then extracted by crushing the slag, and then melted together to form ingots, which were fashioned into various items. The Chimú also shaped metals through hammering, as displayed in the image on the right of the silver Chimú beaker. Chimú metalsmiths achieved this technique with simple tools and a single sheet of gold. The artist would first carve a wooden mold. Then they would carefully hammer the paper-thin sheet of gold around the wooden base.

4694: 884: 959:, to draw water, and reservoirs to contain the water from rivers. This system increased the productivity of the land, which increased Chimú wealth, and likely contributed to the formation of a bureaucratic system. The Chimú cultivated beans, sweet potato, papaya, and cotton with their reservoir and irrigation system. This focus on large-scale irrigation persisted until the Late Intermediate period. At this point, there was a shift to a more specialized system that focused on importing and redistributing resources from satellite communities. There appears to have been a complex network of sites that provided goods and services for Chimú subsistence. Many of these sites produced commodities that the Chimú could not. 945: 1429: 162: 396: 1139:(PSP). Twice a year, the mollusk tissue contains substances that are toxic to humans, caused by poisonous algae that the mollusks consume. During these months, the shells are offered to weather and fertility deities as “food for the gods”, as it was thought that only deities were powerful enough to eat the flesh of the bivalve. At tolerable levels, human consumption of this toxic flesh may result in muscle weakness, mind-altering states, and euphoria, but in more concentrated doses, may lead to paralysis and death. Because of these hallucinogenic effects, 1083: 1453: 763:

elite at peripheral locations, such as the Jequetepeque Valley and other centers of power, were incorporated into the Chimú government on lower levels of the hierarchy. These lower-order centers managed land, water, and labor, while the higher-order centers either moved the resources to Chan Chan or carried out other administrative decisions. Rural sites were used as engineering headquarters, while the canals were being built; later they operated as maintenance sites. The numerous broken bowls found at

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conquest (between 1462 and 1470). This great expansion is believed to have occurred during the late period of Chimú civilization, called: Late Chimú, but the development of the Chimú territory spanned a number of phases and more than a single generation. Nacen-pinco, "may have pushed the imperial frontiers to Jequetepeque and to Santa, but conquest of the entire region was an agglutinative process initiated by earlier rulers." (17)

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unlikely that they served as storage areas. They are described as mnemonic devices for keeping track of the distribution of supplies. Over time, the frequency of the U-shaped structures increased, and the distribution of the structures changed, becoming more grouped, rather than dispersed, and occurring further away from access routes to resources.

1583:. These figures were blindfolded and had their hands bound behind their backs, their feet bound together, and their throats slashed. Archaeologists suggest these figures, likely bodies of fishermen, may have been killed as a sign of gratitude to the sea god Ni after they conquered the fishermen's fertile seaside valley in 1350 A.D. 1356:(where the fiber was set to be spun). Fibers that are laid down in the zone are quickly turned between the thumb and index fingers and twisted to interlock the fibers, creating a long thread. After the desired lengths of threads are attained, the threads are intersected and woven in various combinations to make fabrics. 1467:

Although copper is found naturally on the coast, it was mostly attained from the highlands in an area about 3 days away. Since most of the copper was imported, it is likely that most of the metal objects that were made were likely very small. The pieces, such as wires, needles, digging stick points,

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Metalworking picked up quickly in the Late Chimú periods. The Chimú worked with metals such as gold, silver, and copper. Some Chimú artisans worked in metal workshops divided into sections for each specialized treatment of metals: plating, gold, stamping, lost-wax, pearl, the watermark, and embossing

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The difficult task of shell diving is captured in the imagery of many portable Andean artifacts, such as bowls, earspools, and textiles. Many of these images are similar, illustrating a boat with sailors holding cords attached to the divers in the water. Stone weights are suspended from the divers as

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techniques and hydraulic work, which joined valleys to form complexes, such as the Chicama-Moche complex, which was a combination of two valleys in La Libertad. The Lambayeque linked the valleys of La Leche, Lambayeque, Reque, and Saña Jequetepeque. They developed an excellent agricultural techniques

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Chan Chan was the top of the Chimu hierarchy, with Farfán in the Jequetepeque Valley as a subordinate. This organization, which was quickly established during the conquest of the Jequetepeque Valley, suggests the Chimú established the hierarchy during the early stages of their expansion. The existing

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was integral to the expanding political power and economy of the Chimú. The shell was viewed as an exotic material, and the Chimor control of the exchange of the imported luxury good served as a means of political control, establishing and legitimizing the rule of the nobles. Unlike the Inca Empire,

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event known in world history". The burial is dated at 1400-1450 A.D. Anthropologist Haagen Klaus speculates that Chimú might have turned to children when the sacrifice of adults was not enough to stop torrential rain and flooding caused by El Niño. In August 2019 the archaeological team working at

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often emphasize their characteristic spines. The image to the right features a Chimú earspool, which was molded from gold-copper and silver alloys and depicts a shell diving scene. The rectangle in the upper half of the earspool is a boat with large sails, and birds reside at the top of the piece.

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palaces in order to impose social hierarchy ideals. The Chan Chan also had restrictions and were not offered the same privileges as the elite. They had limited access to rituals, bureaucracy, and administrative roles. The high regulations were necessary to keep order with food production and state

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The main features of Chimú ceramics were small sculptures, and manufacturing molded and shaped pottery for ceremonial or daily use. Ceramics were usually stained black, although there are some variations. Lighter ceramics were also produced in smaller quantities. The characteristic brightness was

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has specialized sensory organs, in particular sensitive eyes and papillae, that Andean cultures associate with extra sensory protection. Sensitive to temperature changes in water and thriving in warmer waters, the shell was thought to have divinatory powers, and because its migratory patterns are

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The Chimú people highly valued mollusk shell for its economic and political significance as a luxury good traded over long distances, and the shell was often viewed as a symbol of elite status and divine power. Using shell as a medium for their art and artifacts, the Chimú frequently employed the

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The Chimu capital, Chan Chan, had a series of elite residential compounds or cuidadelas that were not occupied simultaneously, but sequentially. The reason for this is that Chimu rulers practiced split inheritance, which dictated that the heir to the throne had to build his own palace. After the

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shell had a wide variety of uses in Andean culture and took a variety of forms, ranging from whole shells to fragments to ground shell powder. This material was worked to create intricately carved ornaments, tools, and goods reserved for the nobles and deities. Shell fragments have been found as

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The estimated founding date of the last Chimú kingdom is in the first half of the fourteenth century. Nacen-pinco was believed to have ruled around 1370 and was followed by seven rulers whose names are not yet known. Minchançaman followed these rulers, and was ruling around the time of the Inca

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frequently have U-shaped rooms that consist of three walls, a raised floor, and frequently, a courtyard, and there were often as many as 15 in one palace. In the early Chimú period, the U-shaped areas were found in strategic places for controlling the flow of supplies from storerooms, but it is

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artifacts contain objects from various stages of shell production: whole shells, fragments, worked pieces, and debris from shell reduction. Though researchers have uncovered worked shell debris and ample proof for the presence of shell workshops, they have only identified and discussed very few

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shell beads, and black stone beads, and the image below displays a sling shot made of shell. Representing wealth and power, the shell was ground into powder and spread out before the Chimor king by an official called the Fonga Sigde, forming a “red carpet” for the ruler as he walked. Shell were

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The Chimú appeared in the year 900: Chimor, also known as the Kingdom of Chimor, had its capital "at the great site now called Chanchan, between Trujillo and the sea, and we may assume that Taycanamo founded his kingdom there. His son, Guacri-caur, conquered the lower part of the valley and was

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The civilization is known for its exquisite and intricate metalworking, one of the most advanced of the pre-Columbian era. Chimú ceramics were crafted for two functions: containers for daily domestic use and those made for ceremonial use for offerings at burials. Domestic pottery was developed

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that had caused the state to increase the extractive economy in place and get supplies from other areas of the Andes. This El Niño is theorized to have occurred around A.D. 1100 and would have caused the destruction of irrigation canals. Both arguments suggest that agriculture expansion led to

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Found in the tombs of nobles, these artifacts were often used as burial goods and played a role in sacrificial practices. Due to its aquatic origins, shells were prized for their connection to the sea and role in water and fertility rituals, used as offerings in agricultural fields to promote

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due to the elite's controlled access to information. The economic and social system operated through the import of raw materials, where they were processed into prestige goods by artisans at Chan Chan. The elite at Chan Chan made the decisions on most other matters concerning organization,

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according to their area of specialization. Archeologists have noted a dramatic increase in Chimú craft production, and they believe that artisans may have been brought to Chan Chan from another area taken as a result of Chimú conquest. As there is evidence of both metalwork and

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in rectangular shapes made from molds. "Early Chimú cemeteries are also found without pyramid associations. Burials are usually in extended positions, in prepared tombs. The rectangular, adobe-lined and covered tombs have niches in their walls in which bowls were placed." (39)

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Researchers likewise disagree on the transportation methods of shells and whether they were exported via sea or land. Imagery in Andean pottery and reliefs depict llama caravans carrying shell, providing evidence that the transportation of shell was at least in part overland.

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in Ciudadela Uhle, displays imagery of a pair of figures in a tule boat, one of whom holds a paddle, and another pair of shell divers beneath the boat and connected to ropes. The relief also features a net-like semicircle, as well as spiny figures that represent shells.

1946:"Naymlap and Company: The Northern Dynasties . Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor. Michael E. Moseley and Alana Cordy-Collins, Eds. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC, 1990. x, 548 pp., illus. $ 40. From a symposium, Washington, DC, Oct. 1985" 1106:

lend to the shell its ties to strength and protection. Because of its shape and red blood-like color, the shell often represents death, sacrifice, and ritual bloodletting practices, as well as female reproductive body parts. Known as the "daughter of the sea," the

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obtained by rubbing with a rock that previously had been polished. Many animals, fruits, characters, and mystical entities have been represented pictorially on Chimú ceramics. Archaeological evidence suggest that Chimor grew out of the remnants of the

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One of the earliest known examples of distance communication is a Chimú device consisting of two resin-coated gourds connected by a 75-foot length of twine. Only one example has been found, and nothing is known about its originator or use.

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shell is closely related to the physical attributes and biological properties of the bivalve. Its characteristic morphology contributed to the association of the shell with divine power and the supernatural world. The external spines of

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were artisans. In the late Chimú, about 12,000 artisans lived and worked in Chan Chan alone. They engaged in fishing, agriculture, craft work, and trade. Artisans were forbidden to change their profession, and were grouped in the

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is abundant in sites across Peru, discovered in burial sites and with the remains of shell workshops. The high level of uniformity in these shell objects, combined with the technical nature of shell-working, indicate that

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were left behind and other sites like Farfán had increased laborers for administrative compounds constructed under the supervision of Imperial administrators. Land use, agricultural methods and settlement patterns of the

1493:, as it appeared by night and day, and it also controlled the weather and growth of crops. Devotees sacrificed animals and birds to the Moon, as well as their own children on piles of colored cottons with offerings of 1192:, large compounds often reserved for the kings and elite individuals, were used as storage areas for shell artifacts, and the architecture and ornamentation of these structures symbolize the treasures of the sea. Los 1275:. The archaeological record indicates that Chimor was an important center for the exchange of trade, and shell often traveled long distances from its geographic source to reach the empire of Chimor. The trade of 670:

succeeded by a son named Nancen-pinco who really laid the foundations of the Kingdom by conquering the head of the valley of Chimor and the neighboring valleys of Sana, Pacasmayo, Chicama, Viru, Chao and Santa."

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movement. The marine bivalve was likely traded either through independent merchants or state-administered long-distance trade, with a north-south movement of the items. One of the first accounts of exchange of

2594: 1524:(Ni) deities. Jiang was associated with stones called alaec-pong (cacique stone), which were believed to be ancestors of the people in whose area they stood and sons of the Sun. The Chimú made offerings of 1154: 1039:, known as the “thorny oyster” for its characteristic spines, is a solid red color and can only be harvested by experienced divers. Thus, this shell is more highly desired and traded by the Chimú people. 777:

The Chimú's vast territorial expansion increased the amount of cultural identities within the civilization. They also incorporated political ideologies along with cultural beliefs this is seen with the

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Keatinge, Richard W., and Geoffrey W. Conrad. 1983. Imperialist expansion in peruvian prehistory: Chimu administration of a conquered territory. Journal of Field Archaeology 10, (3) (Autumn): 255-83.

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While many archaeological sources point to the abundance of shell-working, as the remains of shell workshops and artifacts were uncovered widely in Peru, little evidence documents the movement of

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in the same domestic unit, it is likely that both men and women were artisans. They engaged in fishing, agriculture, and metallurgy, and made ceramics and textiles from cotton and the wool of

518:. The rivers in the region carved a series of fertile valley plains, which were very flat and well-suited to irrigation. Agriculture and fishing were both very important to the Chimú economy. 1597:) skeletons from children between the ages of 6 and 15, all of whom had deep slashes across the sternum and broken rib cages indicating that their hearts may have been removed. According to 654:, the mature Chimú culture developed in roughly the same territory where the Mochica had existed centuries before. The Chimú was also a coastal culture - according to legend, its capital of 769:

support this theory, as the bowls were probably used to feed the large workforce that built and maintained that section of canal. The workers were probably fed and housed at state expense.

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and cotton. Judging from the uniform spin direction, degree of the twist, and colors of the threads, it is likely that all of the fibers were pre-spun and imported from a single location.

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Emmerich, André. "IV: The Horizon of the City Builders." In Sweat of the Sun and Tears of the Moon: Gold and Silver in Pre-Columbian Art. Seat tle: University of Washington Press, 1965.

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this site revealed that the bodies of 227 victims, aged between four and 14, had been excavated, further establishing this as the largest-ever known example of child sacrifice.

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by archaeologist and researcher Daniel Sandweiss. Dating back to around 1390-1480 A.D., the workshop comprised various small rooms and contained evidence for the production of

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is the Moche or Mochica civilization, which is identified as Early Chimú. The start of this period is not known for certain, but it ended around 700 CE. It was centered in the

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beads. Shell debris from all stages of production, ranging from cut pieces to finished beads, along with the stone tools used to work the shell, were excavated from the site.

4674: 1174:. Harvesting the shell is both a time and labor-intensive process, requiring experienced divers to free dive to depths of up to 50 meters and pry the shells off of rocks. 499:. According to legend, its capital of Chan Chan was founded by Taycanamo, who arrived in the area by sea. Chimor was the last kingdom that had any chance of stopping the 962:

Many sites relied on marine resources, but after the advent of agriculture, there were more sites further inland, where marine resources were harder to attain. Keeping

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is one well-known Chimú work. They also made beautiful ritual costumes of gold compounds with plume headdresses, earrings, necklaces, bracelets, and breastplates.

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abundant crop yields. The Chimú also placed shells in sources of water, such as wells and springs, to bring rain to their fields, especially in times of drought.

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trade through imperial conquests of neighboring states, but rather, used its existing access to the trade as a religious and financial justification for power.

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Moore, J.D., Mackey, C.J. (2008). The Chimú Empire. In: Silverman, H., Isbell, W.H. (eds) The Handbook of South American Archaeology. Springer, New York, NY.

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shells were highly valued and traded by the Chimú people, and the exchange of the shells played a significant economic and political role in the empire.

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Moore, Jerry D. 1996. Architecture and power in the ancient andes: The archaeology of public buildings. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press 1996.

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The architecture of the rural sites also supported the idea of a hierarchical social order. They have similar structural components, making them mini-

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It has been argued that Chimú leaders conquered territories further away because of the deviations in inheritance. The opposition to this is that an

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Pillsbury, Joanne (1996). "The Thorny Oyster and the Origins of Empire: Implications of Recently Uncovered Spondylus Imagery from Chan Chan, Peru".

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Pillsbury, Joanne (1996). "The Thorny Oyster and the Origins of Empire: Implications of Recently Uncovered Spondylus Imagery from Chan Chan, Peru".

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on the outer edge of the city. They consisted of many single-family domestic spaces with a kitchen, work space, domestic animals, and storage area.

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Keatinge, Richard W. 1974. Chimu rural administrative centers in the Koche valley, peru. World Archaeology 6, (1, Political Systems) (Jun.): 66-82.

837: 480:, Taycanamo's grandson would expand the kingdom by conquering the upper valley. Ñançenpinco began to further expansion both north and south of the 1632:, or royal compounds, thought to be associated with the kings of Chimor. They are surrounded by adobe walls that are nine meters high, giving the 2871:

Glowacki, Mary (2005). "Food of the Gods or mere mortals? Hallucinogenic Spondylus and its interpretive implications for early Andean society".

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Glowacki, Mary (2005). "Food of the Gods or mere mortals? Hallucinogenic Spondylus and its interpretive implications for early Andean society".

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Topic, J. R. (2003). From stewards to bureaucrats: architecture and information flow at Chan Chan, Peru. Latin American Antiquity, 14, 243-274.

529:. Offerings played an important role in religious rites. A common object for offerings, as well as one used by artisans, was the shell of the 4634: 1336:

Spinning is the practice of combining a small set of threads to achieve a long and continuous thread with the use of an instrument called a

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has red and white hues, primarily used for beads and artifacts. While this species resides in shallower waters and is easier to obtain, the

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The Chimú expanded to include a vast area and many different ethnic groups. The first valleys seem to have joined forces willingly, but the

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Mosely, Michael E., and Kent C. Day. 1982. Chan Chan: Andean desert city. 1st ed. United States of America: School of American Research.

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was founded by Taycanamo, who arrived in the area by sea. It was developed in the Moche Valley north of present-day Lima, northeast of

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as the focal point of the structures. These would be used to restrict access to certain areas and are often found at strategic points.

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To the south, they expanded as far as Carabayllo. Their expansion southward was stopped by the military power of the great valley of

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as a main resource, although they maintained contact with coastal sites to use supplemental marine resources. They also made masks.

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Chan Chan shows a lack of a unifying plan or a discernible pattern. The urban core contains six principal classes of architecture:

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inlays for body ornaments and as beads for pieces of jewelry. The image to the right displays a Chimú collar made of cotton, red

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societies all changed after the conquest. Many households had to see tribute requirements and agricultural production increased.

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re-distribution of the products. The class system also helped to determine who would work to create state-sponsored monuments.

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Martin, Alexander J. (2001). "The Dynamics of Pre-Columbian Spondylus Trade across the South American Central Pacific Coast".

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in the South. Despite this, many areas kept distinctive aspects of their culture and some gained autonomy after the conquest.

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Tombs in the Huaca of the Moon belonged to six or seven teenagers from 13–14 years of age. Nine tombs belonged to children.

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was assimilated through conquest. At its peak, the Chimú advanced to the limits of the desert coast to the valley of the

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bottle. The shiny black finish of most Chimú pottery was achieved by firing the pottery at high temperatures in a closed

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system, with a powerful elite rule over administrative centers. The hierarchy was centered at the walled cities, called

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arose as a supplemental way of attaining meat, but by the Late Intermediate period and Late Horizon, inland sites used

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SIAR or small irregular agglutinated rooms, which probably served as the residences for the majority of the population

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were sunken farms where land was withdrawn to work the moist, sandy soil underneath, an example of which is Tschudi.

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Cutright, Robyn E. “Eating Empire in the Jequetepeque: A Local View of Chimú Expansion on the North Coast of Peru.”

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Much of the existing evidence for shell-working in the Andes stems from archaeological findings and colonial texts.

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Chimú or Lambayeque earspool, Late Intermediate Period, Central Andes, made of gold-copper alloy and silver alloy -

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Paulsen, Allison C. (1974). "The Thorny Oyster and the Voice of God: Spondylus and Strombus in Andean Prehistory".

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Paulsen, Allison C. (1974). "The Thorny Oyster and the Voice of God: Spondylus and Strombus in Andean Prehistory".

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specific shell workshops. One workshop, which was thought to be maintained by the Chimú people, was identified at

570:(copper and gold). The pottery is often in the shape of a creature or has a human figure sitting or standing on a 4489: 4119: 3801: 3616: 3227: 949: 892: 1086:

Chimú or Chancay sling shot with shells made of shell, wool, cotton, and beads - fourteenth-fifteenth century -

924:. People used reed fishing canoes (displayed in the image on the right), hunted, and traded using bronze coins. 4581: 4424: 3272: 3059: 2498: 1501:. They believed the sacrificed children would become deified and they were usually sacrificed around age five. 64: 4560: 3836: 1624:

Differential architecture of palaces and monumental sites distinguished the rulers from the common people. At

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tweezers, and personal ornaments, are consistently small, utilitarian objects of copper or copper bronze. The

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Topic, J. R. (2003). "From stewards to bureaucrats: architecture and information flow at Chan Chan, Peru",

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was a symbol of spiritual transcendence and was viewed as bridge between physical and supernatural worlds.

744:. The political power at Chan Chan is demonstrated by the organization of labor to construct the Chimú's 4772: 4258: 4130: 3716: 3458: 3267: 3159: 1579:

In 1997, members of an archaeological team discovered approximately 200 skeletal remains on the beach at

1457: 2791:: The architecture of social control in the Chimú state. Latin American Antiquity 3, (2) (Jun.): 95-113. 2759: 1344:

is an instrument made of a small wand that usually gets thinner at both ends; that was used alongside a

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From what scholars can tell the Chimú had a complex and consolidated empire. The capitol consisted of

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The Chimú people are best known for their distinctive monochromatic pottery and fine metal working of

4762: 3054:. Benson, Elizabeth P., Cook, Anita Gwynn. (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. 2001. 2493:. Benson, Elizabeth P., Cook, Anita Gwynn. (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. 2001. 1428: 4192: 3796: 3721: 3598: 3573: 3287: 3175: 1897: 1808: 1158: 617:. "Many large pyramids are attributed to the Early Chimú period." (37) These pyramids are built of 450: 291: 75: 2087:, eds. Maria Rostworowski and Michael E. Mosely. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1st ed., p. 548 1352:. The spindle is inserted into the bottom to make a counterweight. It starts spinning, taking the 1297:

was acquired and exchanged along trade routes, and many scholars have proposed various models for

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monopolizing production, storage of food and products, and distribution or consumption of goods.

60: 53: 4493: 2924: 2918: 2441: 2435: 507:, defeating the emperor and descendant of Taycanamo, Minchançaman, and was nearly complete when 2595:"The Dynamics of Pre-Columbian Spondylus Trade across the South American Central Pacific Coast" 2152:"Eating Empire in the Jequetepeque: A Local View of Chimú Expansion on the North Coast of Peru" 1657:

with rural adapted administrative functions. Most of these sites have smaller walls, with many

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Mirrors of Clay: Reflections of Ancient Andean Life in Ceramics from the Sam Olden Collection

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Mirrors of Clay: Reflections of Ancient Andean Life in Ceramics from the Sam Olden Collection

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deity (Si or Shi) was the greatest divinity. It was believed to be more powerful than the

8: 4531: 4293: 3325: 3305: 2946:. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi/Jackson State University. pp. 91–92. 2469:. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi/Jackson State University. pp. 91–92. 1731: 1711: 1599: 1153: 988:

death of a ruler, all the ruler's wealth would be distributed to more distant relatives.

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from the original on 2020-06-19 – via ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

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was acquired through conquest. They also were significantly influenced by the pre-Inca

437: 4273: 2833:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. pp. 221–252. 2572:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. pp. 221–252. 2083:

Mosely, Michael E. (1990). "Structure and history in the dynastic lore of Chimor", in

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production was domestic and carried out by independent craftsmen. Many collections of

1082: 4679: 4609: 4575: 4298: 4288: 3998: 3966: 3846: 3776: 3508: 3483: 3415: 3405: 3243: 3065: 3055: 3043: 3023: 2998: 2978: 2947: 2928: 2900: 2888: 2834: 2662: 2642: 2573: 2504: 2494: 2470: 2445: 2382: 2370: 2328: 2308: 2184: 2172: 2031: 1973: 1965: 1913: 1878: 1868: 1824: 1789: 1779: 1580: 1408: 1315: 1232: 933: 209: 3876: 3741: 3707: 1593:. After years of excavation, they identified more than 140 human (and more than 200 841: 477: 395: 100: 4379: 4319: 4303: 4186: 4150: 4057: 3961: 3761: 3578: 3553: 3370: 3365: 3179: 3155: 3015: 2970: 2880: 2634: 2362: 2300: 2164: 1957: 1905: 1816: 1113:

shell has also been linked to femininity, with the univalve embodying masculinity.

1075:

likewise used for ornamentation of certain buildings and architectural structures.

829: 472:. From there his descendants would conquer surrounding areas starting with his son 445: 205: 1961: 625:

The Early pottery is also characterized by realistic modeling and painted scenes.

440:

around 1470, fifty years before the arrival of the Spanish in the region. Chimor (

4502: 4181: 4140: 4125: 4088: 4052: 3946: 3841: 3756: 3731: 3692: 3677: 3498: 3335: 3171: 1716: 1604: 1603:, if the analysis is correct, the discovery constitutes "the largest single mass 1550:

Each district had local shrines that varied in importance. These shrines, called

1536: 1456:

Chimú beaker with face, Central Andes, 1100–1536 A.D., made of hammered silver -

1425:

without higher finishing, while funeral ceramics show more aesthetic refinement.

1411:, Late Intermediate Period, 1250-1350, Camelid fiber and cotton tapestry weave - 1311: 859:

assumed the throne in 1493. They moved Minchançaman, the final Chimú emperor, to

3202: 3137: 1164:

Though the remains of shell workshops and artifacts are abundant in Chimor, the

847:

Chimor was the last Andean kingdom capable of stopping the Inca Empire, but the

4433: 4399: 4243: 4218: 4175: 4165: 4155: 4145: 4103: 3886: 3697: 3687: 3380: 3340: 3330: 3164: 3114: 1589:

In 2011, archaeologists uncovered human and animal skeletons in the village of

1259: 751: 610: 457: 408: 4535: 4519: 4339: 2884: 2366: 2168: 1882: 1862: 1793: 1773: 4716: 4389: 4233: 4202: 4170: 4114: 4082: 3921: 3881: 3871: 3866: 3856: 3851: 3786: 3781: 3736: 3300: 3257: 3027: 2982: 2892: 2646: 2374: 2312: 2176: 1969: 1917: 1909: 1828: 1820: 1441: 1373: 1185:

Four divers swim beneath the boat and are near spiky eggshell-shaped shells.

956: 825: 696:. Historians and archeologists contest how far south they managed to expand. 678: 600: 488: 430: 4480: 4476: 3468: 3463: 3124: 3108: 3069: 2856: 2544: 2508: 801:

around 1320 and changed the political structure of the society. Places like

4472: 4448: 4404: 4354: 4349: 4238: 4223: 4207: 4072: 4023: 4018: 3993: 3971: 3936: 3816: 3518: 3453: 3410: 2019: 1977: 1547:) was used to calculate the year and was believed to watch over the crops. 1397: 856: 848: 807: 798: 756: 733: 726: 686: 508: 496: 481: 473: 465: 461: 3956: 1535:

Several constellations were also viewed as important. Two of the stars of

1516:

The Chimú worshipped Mars (Nor) and Earth (Ghisa) deities, as well as the

4468: 4458: 4077: 4008: 3861: 3831: 3538: 3430: 3310: 3193: 2676: 1403: 876: 783: 647: 614: 535:

shellfish, which resides only in the warm coastal waters off present-day

526: 500: 434: 372: 359: 171: 1639:

The bulk of the Chimú population (approximately 26,000 people) lived in

1452: 4506: 4344: 4324: 3766: 3558: 3320: 1364: 864: 662:, and finishing in central present-day Trujillo. Later, it expanded to 3951: 3035: 2990: 2654: 2320: 1504: 1123: 1047: 790: 178:, Gold ceremonial dress, a map of Chimú cultural influence within Peru 4527: 4523: 4498: 4248: 3583: 3473: 1726: 1721: 1676: 1625: 1590: 1532:

to Ni for protection against drowning and bountiful catches of fish.

1386: 1385:, ferruginosa, or mordant aluminum; as well as from animals, such as 1320: 1306: 1299: 1293: 1284: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1254: 1241: 1222: 1211: 1197: 1180: 1166: 1141: 1131: 1117: 1109: 1102: 1095: 1070: 1063: 1004: 802: 741: 705: 655: 541: 531: 195: 175: 4032: 3702: 1616: 1228: 921: 42: 4514: 4364: 3906: 3901: 3791: 3771: 3019: 2974: 2638: 2304: 1544: 1360: 855:, defeating the emperor Minchançaman, and was nearly complete when 663: 525:, the Chimú, unlike the Inca, considered it more powerful than the 3926: 4510: 4047: 3931: 3672: 3568: 3543: 3528: 3448: 3443: 3400: 3375: 3345: 1509: 1390: 1171: 909: 833: 659: 566: 536: 400: 167: 3976: 1682:

Artisan-class dwellings and workshops spread throughout the city

844:. The people paid tribute to the rulers with products or labor. 832:. The legends of war were said to have been told by the leaders 514:

The Chimú resided on a strip of desert on the northern coast of

487:

The first valleys seem to have joined forces willingly, but the

4453: 4443: 3826: 3821: 3682: 3563: 3513: 3503: 3478: 2831:

Making Value, Making Meaning: Techné in the Pre-Columbian World

2570:

Making Value, Making Meaning: Techné in the Pre-Columbian World

2057:

Holstein, Otto. 1927. "Chan-chan: Capital of the great Chimu",

1552: 1498: 1378: 1368: 917: 824:

The state governed such social classes until the empire of the

637:

Map of the area of control and influence of the Chimor culture.

579: 571: 561: 557: 549: 404: 2910:

Florida Atlantic University, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing

2602:

Florida Atlantic University, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing

633: 4093: 4037: 4028: 3916: 3493: 2250:

There’s a 1,200-year-old Phone in the Smithsonian Collections

1687: 1594: 1529: 1525: 1494: 1248: 967: 963: 913: 860: 745: 721: 709: 618: 476:. Guacricur integrated Chimú reign over the lower valley and 4675:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

3242: 3147:

Golden Kingdoms: Luxury & Legacy in the Ancient Americas

1867:. Estudios Indiana. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag. p. 225. 1778:. Estudios Indiana. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag. p. 225. 666:. During this time Arequipa was framed by 3 volcanoes. (39) 453:, encompassing 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) of coastline. 2030:. Vol. 7 : South America (1 ed.). Springer. 1558: 1540: 1486: 1469: 1382: 1236: 1016: 693: 651: 606: 583: 575: 553: 522: 515: 2229:

The Northern Dynasties: Kingships and Statecraft in Chimor

1389:. The garments were made of the wool of four animals: the 1126:

conditions, its presence is seen as an omen for disaster.

2787:

Moore, Jerry D. 1992. Pattern and meaning in prehistoric

1521: 1517: 1490: 2085:

The Northern Dynasties Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor

2912:– via ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 1282:

the Chimú did not attempt to expand its command of the

937:

which expanded the strength of their cultivated areas.

2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 955:

The Chimú used walk-in wells, similar to those of the

689:

in the Lambayeque Valley was also ruled by the Chimú.

605:

The oldest civilization present on the north coast of

4728:

States and territories established in the 9th century

4670:

Painting in the Americas before European colonization

2730:"Ancient Mass Child Sacrifice May Be World's Largest" 2227:

Moseley, M. E. & Cordy-Collins, A. (Ed.) (1990).

1934:, Ringwood: Penguin Books Australia Ltd., pp. 247-274 34:

Political grouping of the Chimú culture in early Peru

2090: 1752:"Chan Chan : Capital of Kingdom Chimú - UNESCO" 539:. Associated with the sea, rainfall, and fertility, 2204: 1291:Little information exists about the means by which 755:Gold adornments of the Chimú dated to about 1300 - 594: 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2150: 1620:Carvings of fish in the Tschudi Complex, Chan Chan 1051:Chimú collar, twelfth-fourteenth century, made of 863:and redirected gold and silver there to adorn the 460:, the history of Chimor began with the arrival of 2103:Christie, J. J. & Sarro, P. J (Eds). (2006). 429:. The culture arose about 900 CE, succeeding the 4714: 3208:Video of possible Quingam letter discussed above 2070:Bennett, Wendell C. (1937). "Chimu archeology", 1628:, there are ten large, walled enclosures called 1512:on his boat - Lombards Historical Society Museum 4723:15th-century disestablishments in South America 794:increased identities socially and politically. 4650:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas 4635:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas 2018: 2005:Rowe, John H. (1948) "The kingdom of Chimor", 1396:The majority of Chimú textiles were made from 927: 503:. But the Inca conquest began in the 1470s by 4758:States and territories disestablished in 1470 3228: 3115:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74907-5_39 2135: 2133: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 1895: 1806: 1539:were considered to be the emissaries of the 1314:, who was a member of the expedition led by 875:Chan Chan could be said to have developed a 4743:9th-century establishments in South America 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 1932:The Art and Architecture of Ancient America 1902:Boletín de la Academia Peruana de la Lengua 1813:Boletín de la Academia Peruana de la Lengua 1271:from its source in Ecuador to workshops in 887:Chimú vessel representing a fisherman on a 3235: 3221: 3092:"Thorny Oysters: The Daughters of the Sea" 2799: 2797: 2402:"Thorny Oysters: The Daughters of the Sea" 2107:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press 1864:Lost languages of the Peruvian north coast 1775:Lost languages of the Peruvian north coast 160: 4640:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 3125:https://doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.64 3123:, vol. 26, no. 1, 2015, pp. 64–86., 3005: 2811: 2809: 2783: 2781: 2290: 2128: 2110: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1943: 1896:Salas García, José Antonio (2010-12-31). 1807:Salas García, José Antonio (2010-12-31). 1432:Earthenware jar, between 1100 and 1550 - 1359:The Chimú embellished their fabrics with 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 3244:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures 3138:Central and Southern Andes, 1000–1400 AD 2923:. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 2870: 2710:"Mass human sacrifice unearthed in Peru" 2440:. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 2352: 2148: 2044: 1615: 1503: 1451: 1427: 1402: 1310:is a report written by Spanish colonist 1247: 1152: 1081: 1046: 943: 882: 750: 720: 632: 394: 3185:Thorny Oyster: The Daughters of the Sea 2960: 2794: 2624: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2064: 1204: 1170:shell originates in the warm waters of 725:Chimú Piece, Imperial Epoch, 1300–1532 14: 4715: 2916: 2907: 2828: 2806: 2778: 2592: 2567: 2433: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 1984: 1675:Domestic architecture associated with 1565:) with an associated legend and cult. 1561:, and had a sacred object of worship ( 1178:they gather shells, and portrayals of 3216: 2920:Art of the Andes: From Chavín to Inca 2620: 2618: 2563: 2561: 2437:Art of the Andes: From Chavín to Inca 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 1860: 1841: 1771: 1135:exhibits seasonal toxicity, known as 1042: 898:The majority of the citizens in each 628: 444: 2941: 2464: 1252:Chimú pendant, 900-1470 AD, made of 1008:, a type of marine bivalve mollusk. 982: 948:Chimú vessel showing a sexual act - 425:) was the political grouping of the 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 3668:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela 2764:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2259: 2231:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. 932:The Chimú developed mainly through 732:The Chimú society was a four-level 24: 4768:Indigenous culture of the Americas 4738:Former monarchies of South America 4660:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas 3639:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia 2615: 2558: 2418: 2389: 2335: 1557:were also found in other parts of 25: 4784: 3651:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador 3622:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia 3131: 2149:Cutright, Robyn E. (March 2015). 2105:Palaces and Power in the Americas 1944:Silverman, Helaine (1991-05-17). 1672:- citadels or palatial fortresses 1093:The symbolic significance of the 1055:beads, stone beads, and cotton - 449:) was the largest kingdom in the 433:, and was later conquered by the 399:Chimú Tapestry Shirt, 1400–1540, 4692: 3644:Archaeological sites in Colombia 3617:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil 3052:Ritual Sacrifice in Ancient Peru 2736:. April 26, 2018. Archived from 2491:Ritual Sacrifice in Ancient Peru 1844:"A Summary Of The Chimu Kingdom" 1508:Chimú gold plaque, displays god 1413:Los Angeles County Museum of Art 595:Early Chimú (Moche civilization) 377: 352: 41: 4753:Former empires in South America 3627:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile 2752: 2722: 2702: 2693: 2669: 2586: 2529: 2483: 2458: 2243: 2234: 2191: 2142: 2077: 2012: 1611: 893:Museum of the Americas (Madrid) 891:(reed watercraft), 1100–1400 - 851:conquest began in the 1470s by 52:needs additional citations for 3096:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2917:Miller, Rebecca Stone (1996). 2434:Miller, Rebecca Stone (1996). 2406:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1937: 1924: 1889: 1854: 1835: 1800: 1765: 1744: 1636:the appearance of a fortress. 991: 950:Museum of the Americas, Madrid 773:Cultural and Economic Exchange 13: 1: 4571:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala 3632:Archaeological sites in Chile 2593:Martin, Alexander J. (2001). 1962:10.1126/science.252.5008.1011 1737: 1543:. The constellation Fur (the 1447: 1137:Paralytic shellfish poisoning 973: 307: 152: 4665:Mesoamerican writing systems 4622: 3661:Archaeological sites in Peru 2829:Costin, Cathy Lynne (2016). 2568:Costin, Cathy Lynne (2016). 1568: 641: 511:assumed the throne in 1493. 7: 4561:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán 3160:Yale University Art Gallery 3156:Art of the Ancient Americas 1705: 1475: 1458:Yale University Art Gallery 1419: 1331: 928:Subsistence and agriculture 813: 10: 4789: 4587:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 4490:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil 3189:Metropolitan Museum of Art 3151:Metropolitan Museum of Art 3142:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2822: 2028:Encyclopedia of Prehistory 1572: 1480: 1196:(the Divers), a relief in 1088:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1057:Metropolitan Museum of Art 870: 817: 598: 589: 26: 4688: 4630: 4621: 4541: 4464: 4439: 4410: 4385: 4360: 4335: 4310: 4279: 4254: 4229: 4198: 4161: 4136: 4099: 4068: 4043: 4014: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3985: 3812:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia) 3597: 3429: 3286: 3250: 2885:10.1017/s0003598x00114061 2367:10.1017/s0003598x00114061 2169:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.64 1148: 828:conquered the kingdom of 331: 327: 314: 301: 297: 287: 283: 273: 263: 253: 243: 239: 231: 223: 215: 201: 191: 183: 159: 151: 141: 4699:Civilizations portal 3656:Cultural periods of Peru 3176:Michael C. Carlos Museum 3121:Latin American Antiquity 3008:Latin American Antiquity 2853:Michael C. Carlos Museum 2541:Michael C. Carlos Museum 2293:Latin American Antiquity 2199:Latin American Antiquity 2157:Latin American Antiquity 2026:, eds. (2001). "Chimú". 1930:Kubler, George. (1962). 1910:10.46744/bapl.201002.004 1904:(in Esperanto): 83–128. 1861:Urban, Matthias (2019). 1821:10.46744/bapl.201002.004 1815:(in Esperanto): 83–128. 1772:Urban, Matthias (2019). 1381:; and minerals, such as 1159:Michael C. Carlos Museum 996: 797:The Chimú conquered the 700:Life in the Chimú Empire 646:During the reign of the 451:Late Intermediate Period 27:Not to be confused with 4748:1470s disestablishments 4593:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 3439:Mesoamerican chronology 3198:Encyclopædia Britannica 2681:Encyclopedia Britannica 1842:Sadio, Julovar (2021). 727:Larco Museum Collection 716: 582:from reacting with the 3296:Archaeological periods 3082:: CS1 maint: others ( 2521:: CS1 maint: others ( 2074:45, (1) (Jul.): 35-48. 2072:The Scientific Monthly 2061:17, (1) (Jan.): 36-61. 1621: 1513: 1460: 1436: 1416: 1262: 1258:shell and turquoise - 1161: 1090: 1059: 952: 895: 759: 748:and irrigated fields. 729: 638: 442:Spanish pronunciation: 411: 4599:List of Conquistadors 4486:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal 3897:Quebrada de Humahuaca 3316:Caddoan Mississippian 2789:Peruvian architecture 2024:Peregrine, Peter Neal 1898:"La lengua pescadora" 1809:"La lengua pescadora" 1619: 1573:Further information: 1507: 1455: 1431: 1406: 1251: 1156: 1085: 1050: 947: 886: 818:Further information: 782:in the north and the 754: 724: 636: 398: 202:Common languages 4733:Andean civilizations 4566:Francisco de Montejo 4494:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I 3607:Andean civilizations 3534:Shaft tomb tradition 1575:Punta Lobos massacre 1205:Production and trade 275:• c. 1450–1470 61:improve this article 4532:Manco Inca Yupanqui 3837:Manteño-Huancavilca 3306:Ancestral Puebloans 2969:(4Part1): 597–607. 2942:Park, Yumi (2012). 2734:National Geographic 2633:(4Part1): 597–607. 2465:Park, Yumi (2012). 2059:Geographical Review 1956:(5008): 1011–1012. 1732:Swamps of Huanchaco 1679:'s non-royal gentry 1600:National Geographic 1015:species present in 889:caballito de totora 456:According to Chimú 303:• Established 4773:Prehistory of Peru 4655:Columbian exchange 4645:Portal:Mesoamerica 3797:La Tolita (Tumaco) 3612:Indigenous peoples 3351:Hopewell tradition 3278:Indigenous peoples 3170:2019-03-01 at the 2963:American Antiquity 2627:American Antiquity 2007:Aus Acta Americana 1691:s or temple mounds 1622: 1514: 1485:In Pacasmayo, the 1461: 1437: 1434:Walters Art Museum 1417: 1263: 1162: 1091: 1060: 1043:Uses and symbolism 1037:Spondylus princeps 1033:Spondylus calcifer 1028:Spondylus princeps 1022:Spondylus calcifer 1011:The most abundant 953: 896: 853:Topa Inca Yupanqui 760: 730: 683:Jequetepeque River 639: 629:Expansion and rule 578:, which prevented 505:Topa Inca Yupanqui 468:from the sea on a 438:Topa Inca Yupanqui 412: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4680:Pre-Columbian art 4616: 4615: 4610:Francisco Pizarro 4576:Pedro de Alvarado 3892:Pucará de Tilcara 2766:. August 29, 2019 2740:on April 26, 2018 1874:978-3-7861-2826-7 1785:978-3-7861-2826-7 1581:Punta Lobos, Peru 1316:Francisco Pizarro 1233:Lambayeque Region 983:Split inheritance 934:intensive farming 840:and Taycanamo in 419:Kingdom of Chimor 393: 392: 389: 388: 385: 384: 365: 364: 292:Late Intermediate 143:Kingdom of Chimor 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 4780: 4763:Former countries 4697: 4696: 4695: 4619: 4618: 4605:Spanish Conquest 4582:Spanish Conquest 4557:Spanish Conquest 4546:Spanish Conquest 3988: 3987: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3214: 3213: 3180:Emory University 3127:. Accessed 2022. 3105: 3103: 3102: 3087: 3081: 3073: 3047: 3002: 2957: 2938: 2913: 2904: 2879:(304): 257–268. 2867: 2865: 2864: 2855:. Archived from 2844: 2816: 2813: 2804: 2801: 2792: 2785: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2716: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2687: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2622: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2599: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2565: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2543:. Archived from 2533: 2527: 2526: 2520: 2512: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2431: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2398: 2387: 2386: 2361:(304): 257–268. 2350: 2333: 2332: 2288: 2257: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2232: 2225: 2202: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2154: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2126: 2123: 2108: 2101: 2088: 2081: 2075: 2068: 2062: 2055: 2042: 2041: 2016: 2010: 2003: 1982: 1981: 1941: 1935: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1748: 1520:(Jiang) and the 830:Lambayeque, Peru 766:Quebrada del Oso 521:Worshipping the 448: 446:[tʃi'mu] 443: 381: 380: 369: 368: 356: 355: 349: 348: 333: 332: 309: 164: 154: 139: 138: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4691: 4684: 4626: 4617: 4607: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4559: 4548: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4503:Quemuenchatocha 4501: 4492: 4488: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4432: 4301: 4210: 4184: 4173: 4120:Human Sacrifice 4117: 4109:Human Sacrifice 4106: 4080: 4053:Mayan Languages 3981: 3593: 3425: 3282: 3263:Genetic history 3246: 3241: 3172:Wayback Machine 3134: 3100: 3098: 3090: 3075: 3074: 3062: 3050: 2954: 2935: 2862: 2860: 2847: 2841: 2825: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2807: 2802: 2795: 2786: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2685: 2683: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2623: 2616: 2608: 2597: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2566: 2559: 2550: 2548: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2514: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2432: 2419: 2410: 2408: 2400: 2399: 2390: 2351: 2336: 2289: 2260: 2252:Baldwin, Neil. 2248: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2226: 2205: 2196: 2192: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2129: 2124: 2111: 2102: 2091: 2082: 2078: 2069: 2065: 2056: 2045: 2038: 2017: 2013: 2004: 1985: 1942: 1938: 1929: 1925: 1894: 1890: 1875: 1859: 1855: 1840: 1836: 1805: 1801: 1786: 1770: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1712:Chimor–Inca War 1708: 1614: 1605:child sacrifice 1577: 1571: 1483: 1478: 1450: 1422: 1334: 1312:Francisco Xerez 1207: 1151: 1045: 999: 994: 985: 976: 930: 873: 822: 820:Chimor–Inca War 816: 719: 644: 631: 603: 597: 592: 441: 378: 353: 320: 304: 276: 266: 256: 246: 179: 147: 144: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4786: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4614: 4613: 4602: 4579: 4554: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4517: 4496: 4483: 4466: 4465:Notable Rulers 4462: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4434:Neo-Inca State 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4205: 4200: 4196: 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2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2020:Ember, Melvin 2015: 2009:6, (1-2): 27. 2008: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1940: 1933: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1857: 1849: 1848:Quora History 1845: 1838: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1768: 1753: 1747: 1743: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1618: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1528:flour of red 1527: 1523: 1519: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1473: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1454: 1445: 1443: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375: 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657: 653: 649: 635: 626: 623: 620: 616: 613:, Moche, and 612: 608: 602: 601:Moche culture 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 568: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 543: 538: 534: 533: 528: 524: 519: 517: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 497:Wari cultures 494: 490: 489:Sican culture 485: 483: 482:Moche Valleys 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 454: 452: 447: 439: 436: 432: 431:Moche culture 428: 427:Chimú culture 424: 420: 416: 410: 406: 402: 397: 376: 374: 371: 370: 367: 361: 358: 351: 350: 347: 346: 343: 340: 338: 335: 334: 330: 326: 322: 319: 318:Inca conquest 313: 306: 300: 296: 293: 290: 286: 282: 278: 272: 268: 262: 258: 252: 248: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 211: 207: 204: 200: 197: 194: 190: 186: 182: 177: 173: 169: 163: 158: 150: 140: 131: 128: 120: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 30: 19: 4690: 4623: 4473:Moctezuma II 4430:Inca history 4355:Andean Music 4299:Architecture 4294:Architecture 4289:Architecture 4284:Architecture 4280:Architecture 4274:Gender Roles 4019:Tenochtitlan 3942:Timoto–Cuica 3937:Tierradentro 3746: 3722:Casma–Sechin 3454:Chalcatzingo 3120: 3099:. 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Retrieved 1746: 1695: 1686: 1669: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1612:Architecture 1598: 1588: 1585: 1578: 1562: 1551: 1549: 1537:Orion's Belt 1534: 1515: 1484: 1466: 1462: 1438: 1423: 1395: 1372: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1335: 1326: 1319: 1305: 1298: 1292: 1290: 1283: 1276: 1266: 1264: 1253: 1240: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1208: 1193: 1189: 1188:Sections of 1187: 1179: 1176: 1165: 1163: 1140: 1130: 1128: 1116: 1115: 1108: 1101: 1094: 1092: 1077: 1069: 1062: 1061: 1052: 1036: 1032: 1026: 1020: 1012: 1010: 1003: 1000: 986: 977: 961: 954: 938: 931: 904: 899: 897: 874: 857:Huayna Capac 846: 823: 808:Jequetepeque 799:Jequetepeque 796: 788: 776: 772: 771: 764: 761: 757:Larco Museum 737: 734:hierarchical 731: 703: 699: 698: 691: 687:Pampa Grande 676: 672: 668: 645: 624: 615:Viru Valleys 604: 565: 547: 540: 530: 520: 513: 509:Huayna Capac 486: 466:Moche Valley 458:oral history 455: 435:Inca emperor 426: 423:Chimú Empire 422: 418: 414: 413: 342:Succeeded by 341: 336: 279:Minchançaman 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 4536:Túpac Amaru 4520:Manco Cápac 4469:Moctezuma I 4380:Agriculture 4375:Agriculture 4370:Agriculture 4361:Agriculture 4304:Road System 4193:Mathematics 4058:Muysc Cubun 3912:San Agustín 3862:Monte Verde 3539:Teotihuacan 3431:Mesoamerica 3326:Coles Creek 3311:Anishinaabe 3268:Archaeology 2849:"Earspools" 2537:"Earspools" 2254:Smithsonian 1398:alpaca wool 1122:related to 992:Visual arts 877:bureaucracy 648:Wari Empire 501:Inca Empire 478:Ñancempinco 373:Inca Empire 360:Wari Empire 337:Preceded by 269:Ñancempinco 4717:Categories 4507:Tisquesusa 4481:Cuauhtémoc 4477:Cuitláhuac 3807:Lauricocha 3777:Gran Chaco 3767:Cupisnique 3752:Chinchorro 3727:Chachapoya 3717:Caral–Supe 3559:Tlaxcaltec 3549:Teuchitlán 3464:Chupícuaro 3391:Plum Bayou 3386:Plaquemine 3356:Marksville 3321:Chichimeca 3101:2018-04-12 3061:0292708939 2863:2018-04-13 2770:August 29, 2744:August 29, 2715:2009-10-09 2686:2018-04-20 2551:2018-04-13 2500:0292708939 2411:2018-04-12 2256:, Dec 2013 1883:1090545680 1794:1090545680 1738:References 1696:audiencias 1670:ciudadelas 1659:audiencias 1655:ciudadelas 1647:Ciudadelas 1630:ciudadelas 1448:Metallurgy 1365:embroidery 1194:Buceadores 1190:ciudadelas 1129:Moreover, 1031:Broderip. 974:Technology 939:Huachaques 865:Qurikancha 780:Late Sicán 738:ciudadelas 470:balsa raft 403:fiber and 259:Guacricaur 224:Government 219:Polytheist 87:newspapers 4528:Atahualpa 4524:Pachacuti 4499:Nemequene 4365:Chinampas 4187:Astronomy 4176:Astronomy 4156:Mythology 4151:Mythology 4146:Mythology 4141:Mythology 4137:Mythology 3967:Wankarani 3957:Tuncahuán 3847:Marajoara 3802:Las Vegas 3688:Atacameño 3584:Xochipala 3524:Purépecha 3484:Epi-Olmec 3474:Cuicuilco 3416:Troyville 3406:St. Johns 3078:cite book 3044:164108466 3028:1045-6635 2999:163248896 2983:0002-7316 2901:160047859 2893:0003-598X 2873:Antiquity 2663:163248896 2647:0002-7316 2517:cite book 2383:160047859 2375:0003-598X 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