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that people on both sides of the river were artists who created jewelry and other items carved out of bone. Spondylus shells, known for being precious goods at the time, were made into beads by locals who lived close to the temples. This shows an implication that artists were likely of high social status. People who lived closer to the temples were supplied with only the finest meat, usually llama meat. This llama meat was brought by the residents of the surrounding high-altitude communities. In contrast, those who lived in rural areas consumed lower-quality food and used
310:, between the coast and the jungle, made it an ideal location for the dissemination and collection of both ideas and material goods. This archaeological site is a large ceremonial center that has revealed a great deal about the Chavín culture. Chavín de Huántar served as a gathering place for people of the region to come together and worship. The transformation of the center into a valley-dominating monument made it a pan-regional place of importance. People went to Chavín de Huántar as a center: to attend and participate in rituals, consult an oracle, or enter a cult.
487:. Llama meat was extremely important as it was eaten by almost all the inhabitants in the area. Those who lived in the western half of the town ate younger and more delectable animals as opposed to the eastern side of town, whose residents ate lower-quality meat. These clear examples of social hierarchies show the differences between the people inside of town and those who lived in rural areas. While these social differences can be seen it is impossible to say how much of this social order was changed into a class system with multiple levels.
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563:, meaning center, expressing its significance to local indigenous communities at the time. After investigation at the site, Lumbreas theorized that elites in the communities may have developed the ritual at the site. He also believed that they may have persuaded followers to the temple in order to maintain their political and social structure.
415:, which is assumed to be a supreme deity of Chavín de Huántar. The figure is anthropomorphic, with a feline head and human body. Mortars, pestles, conch-shell trumpets, and many other items have also been found. Many of these artifacts have an anthropomorphic design or decoration and are thought to be associated with Chavín rituals.
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de Huántar, no later than 500 BC, a small village replaced the
Circular Plaza. The plaza was occupied by a succession of cultural groups, and residents salvaged building stones and stone carvings to use in house walls. Multiple occupation floors indicate the village was continuously occupied through the 1940s.
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The religious significance of Chavín de Huántar was inspired by the geography of the site. The confluence of two large rivers has been considered to have spiritual importance in many cultures. Similarly, Chavín de Huántar was developed as a religious ceremonial center. The confluence of two rivers is
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Chavín de Huántar was constructed over many stages starting prior to 1200 BC, with most major construction over by 750 BC. The site continued in use as a ceremonial center until around 500 BC, but its primary religious function had ceased prior to 400 BC. The site was increasingly occupied by casual
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Findings at Chavín de Huántar indicate that social instability and upheaval began to occur between 500 and 300 BC, at the same time that the larger Chavín culture began to decline. Large ceremonial sites were abandoned, some unfinished, and were replaced by villages and agricultural land. At Chavín
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in an effort to determine whether it was "planned by an elite or had resulted from some grassroots religious fervor." The technique was used to create digital blueprints. Because details such as stair placement remain constant throughout generations of builders, the site may be a very early example
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as "the birthplace of South
American culture", in recognition of its significance as a center of power for the Chavín culture, which he believed was the oldest in the highlands. Chavín de Huántar is located north of modern-day Lima at the confluence of two rivers: the Mosna and the Huanchecsa. This
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came to similar conclusions about the development of religious practices. Rick theorizes that the higher-ups (typically priests) at the temple would use deliberate techniques, material goods, and intricate architectural features to persuade and gain followers. These theories could be evidence that
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In Chavin de
Huantar the surrounding city and rural areas around the ceremonial centers show social inequalities. More gold jewelry, well-made ceramics, and higher-quality meals are available in the town east of the temple than in the village to the west. Investigations done by archaeologists show
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The architectural design of Chavín de Huántar changed over time as an old temple development was added to with a new temple. Changes were more complex than in one stage of renovation. Smaller renovations happened consistently over the Chavín horizon, ending by about 500 BC, when the new temple was
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surrounded by lower platforms. It is a U-shaped plaza with a sunken circular court in the center. The inside of the temple walls are decorated with sculptures and carvings. During its heyday, Chavín de Huántar was used as a religious center for ceremonies and events, perhaps a home for an oracle.
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After the new temple was complete, Chavín de Huántar still embodied a U-shaped ceremonial center design. The renovations enlarged the site considerably and added a larger, sunken rectangular plaza. The main objective of the renovations appears to have been to enable more people to gather in one
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stabilizing primary monuments, repairing underground structures, documenting the site with high precision instruments, locating underground structures with non-intrusive technologies, revealing, assessing and when appropriate removing post-Chavín structures to reveal original architecture;
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to at least 3000 BC, with ceremonial center activity occurring primarily toward the end of the second millennium, and through the middle of the first millennium BC. While the fairly large population was based on an agricultural economy, the city's location at the headwaters of the
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The site contains a number of major structures, including
Temples A, B, C and D, and areas and buildings designated as the Major Plaza, the Circular Plaza, the Old Temple and New Temple. But the latter two designations are no longer accurate in light of recent research advances.
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cataloguing (sic) artifacts, and improving site interpretation facilities, while the local community is engaged through conservation and craft training, employment, tourism entrepreneurship and regular consultations regarding the management of the site and its environs."
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In 2018, Rick's group used four-wheel-drive robots to search the temple. They discovered 30 tunnels, as well as the graves of several people buried under rocks. Further research is needed to study the human remains and any associated grave goods.
539:, which can be defined as the harmonious meeting of opposing forces. Chavín de Huántar likely was thought to have been a meeting place of natural and cosmic forces. The area is known to have natural hot springs and an awe-inspiring view of the
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The plaza in the classic period, after 700 BC, is bounded on three sides by major
Temples A, B, and C. The plaza is perfectly circular and is close to 20 metres (66 ft) in diameter, with a floor consisted of pillow-shaped pavers of yellow
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The "Old Temple", dating from the site's early history, was an inward-facing structure composed primarily of passageways built around a circular courtyard. The structure contained obelisks and stone monuments with relief carvings depicting
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Chavín de Huántar is located in a lowland valley at the confluence of the Mosna and the
Huanchecsa. High altitude valleys are located nearby. Consequently, the people at Chavín de Huántar were able to cultivate both lowland crops such as
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completed. With the simpler design of the old temple, Chavín de Huántar followed the U-shaped ceremonial center design accompanied by a sunken circular plaza that was typical of many coastal settlements in the Early
Horizon period.
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515:, also known as Caral-Supe, as the site of the first civilization in the Americas and what is now Peru. Dated to 5,000 years ago, it covered an area across four river valleys, about 100 miles north of Lima.
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The "Circular Plaza" appears to have been a sacred and ritually important, open-air space within a ceremonial center. Prior to 800–700 BC, this location had a number of functions, including serving as an
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The "New Temple", constructed between 500 and 200 BC, is also based on a gallery and plaza design and contained many relief sculptures. The Lanzon deity is shown here, holding a
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of varying width. The two broadest courses were carved in arcs closest to the western staircase and in two pairs of terminal stones flanking the eastern staircase.
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The Chavín civilization was centered on the site of Chavín de Huántar, the religious center of the Chavín people and the political capital. The temple is a massive
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Building authority at Chavín de Huántar: Models of social organization and development in the initial period and early horizon". In
Silverman, Helaine (ed.).
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tools, while those who lived in urban areas imported high-quality obsidian to create sharper blades. Llama meat could be said to be freeze-fried to produce
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Excavation of burial sites has given evidence of a small elite class, whose tombs contained elaborate burial goods, consisting of precious metals, colorful
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443:, and other valuables. Most burials were simpler, with bodies interred in shallow pits, dressed in cotton clothing and accompanied by a simple tool kit.
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602:. Their work is also directed at supporting local training and development of skills among the residents. According to GHF, their work has involved:
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Local style in art and decoration included scrolls, simple curves, straight lines, and images of wild animals. Chavín sculpture is usually of white
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Archaeologists continue to debate about the likely religious practices during the peak period at Chavín de Huántar. In the 1970s
Peruvian
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874:"Laser mapping tool traces ancient sites – Device made for contractors helps archaeologists create first-ever digital blueprints"
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in the high altitude areas for food and to serve as transport animals, to carry heavy loads on the steep slopes of the hills.
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Burger, Richard L (2008). "Chavín de Huántar and Its Sphere of
Influence". In Silverman, Helaine; Isbell, William (eds.).
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was found in a wide variety of forms, including bottles and bowls, decorated with a wider range of distinctive elements.
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visited the site and learned some of the oral history from the locals. They believe the word Chavín comes from the
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research partnership (see Exploring Chavín de Huántar link above for additional contextual information)
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Detail of the stone engraving known as the Raimondi Stela, probably from the site of Chavín de Huántar.
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the temple and the priests in it exercised much power over local communities during its peak period.
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site allowed for easy access by the waterways and, at the same time, limited access to outsiders.
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Life Across the River: Agricultural, Ritual, and Production Practices at Chavín de Huántar, Peru
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Rick, John W (2005). "The Evolution of Authority and Power at Chavín de Huántar, Peru".
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But discoveries and excavations since the late 20th century have established the older
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290:. Some of the Chavín relics from this archaeological site are on display in the
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peak, both of which may have added to the religious significance of the site.
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slideshow, maps, and 3-D multimedia presentations about Chavín de Huántar
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The Lanzón Stela at Chavín, still image from a video of a photo-textured
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The site was described by early 20th-century Peruvian archaeologist
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This article is about the archaeological site. For the nation, see
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Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association
922:"Robots reveal possible 3,000-year-old human sacrifices in Peru"
272:, at an elevation of 3,180 meters (10,430 ft), east of the
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897:. Vol. Sphere of Influence. Springer. pp. 681–703.
723:(Second ed.). Routledge World Archaeology. p. 147.
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Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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for entering Temple A through the temple's north staircase.
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for the operations use of tunnels like the passageways of
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1105:-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), data from a
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Painting in the Americas before European colonization
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1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
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available, based on its 2005–2006 laser scanning and
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shell in the right hand, while the left hand holds a
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14.79 ha (36.5 acres; 1,592,000 sq ft)
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Chavin de Huantar: Organ World's largest and oldest?
1037:(Jul 2011). "Writing, Wheels, and Bucket Brigades".
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The area of the Chavín and site of Chavín de Huántar
996:"Laser Scanning for Cultural Heritage Applications"
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776:
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761:
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950:Kembel, Silvia Rodriguez; Rick, John W (2004). "
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499:El Castillo, part of the Chavín de Huántar ruins
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571:In the early 2000s John Rick and his team from
4467:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4452:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
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1347:
1155:
935:"Visiting Chavín de Huántar – Horizon Guides"
891:Chavín de Huántar and itItsphere of Influence
428:shell, considered to have sacred properties.
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283:Chavín de Huántar has been designated as a
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1354:
1340:
1162:
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949:
932:
815:"Chavín de Huántar Slideshow Introduction"
795:Global Heritage Fund (GHF) - Where We Work
743:
706:
51:
4457:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1226:Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa
993:
843:
636:Iperu, tourist information and assistance
301:Occupation at Chavín de Huántar has been
75:
3061:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
664:List of oldest buildings in the Americas
494:
483:which is the inspiration for modern-day
436:place, as the site in general expanded.
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353:
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316:
268:, 434 kilometers (270 mi) north of
1099:Chavín de Huántar Digital Media Archive
1083:Chavín de Huántar (archaeological site)
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14:
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919:
895:Handbook of South American Archaeology
888:
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595:(GHF) began conservation work at this
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958:. Wiley / Blackwell. pp. 51–76.
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527:. The people were also domesticating
350:The Circular Plaza at Chavín in 2005.
4567:Tourist attractions in Ancash Region
1184:List of World Heritage Sites in Peru
1033:
972:
755:
669:List of archaeological sites in Peru
490:
264:culture. The site is located in the
3485:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
469:
325:
159:Before 1200 BC; 3223–3224 years ago
24:
4477:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
3456:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
1027:
566:
25:
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3468:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
3439:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
1117:Chavín de Huántar project summary
1070:
1010:from the original on 16 Oct 2014.
339:residents of the highly distinct
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3461:Archaeological sites in Colombia
3434:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
1246:
1076:
933:Gasparovic, Mike (12 Dec 2020).
920:Gimeno, Fernando (21 Aug 2018).
884:from the original on 4 Jun 2019.
643:, said to be named by President
579:Rick also studied the site with
523:and high altitude crops such as
74:
67:
4552:Former populated places in Peru
3444:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
34:. For the modern district, see
1237:Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System
1000:Professional Surveyor Magazine
807:
788:
712:
13:
1:
4388:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
3449:Archaeological sites in Chile
2574:Quriwayrachina, La Convención
674:
584:of the use of a standardized
146:3,180 metres (10,430 ft)
57:Overview of Chavín de Huántar
4562:Archaeological sites in Peru
4547:World Heritage Sites in Peru
4482:Mesoamerican writing systems
4439:
3478:Archaeological sites in Peru
1363:Archaeological sites in Peru
1220:Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca
1015:Sayre, Matthew Paul (2010).
903:10.1007/978-0-387-74907-5_35
366:data collected by nonprofit
195:Chavín (Archaeological Site)
7:
4378:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
2679:Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica
1094:Exploring Chavín de Huántar
880:. San Francisco Chronicle.
641:Operation Chavín de Huántar
629:
27:Archaeological site in Peru
10:
4583:
4404:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
4307:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
2274:Ñawpallaqta, Huanca Sancos
1764:Huamanmarca, La Convención
872:Abate, Tom (17 Jan 2012).
864:
659:Stela of the cactus bearer
185:UNESCO World Heritage Site
36:Chavín de Huantar District
29:
4505:
4447:
4438:
4358:
4281:
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4227:
4202:
4177:
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3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3807:
3802:
3629:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
3414:
3246:
3103:
3067:
1369:
1299:
1277:
1256:
1243:
1190:
1181:
1126:Explore Chavín de Huántar
1021:(PhD diss.). UC Berkeley.
924:. efe-epa. Archived from
721:The Ancient Central Andes
719:Quilter, Jeffery (2022).
547:Early religious practices
239:
231:
219:
209:
199:
191:
182:
178:
173:
163:
155:
150:
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50:
4516:Civilizations portal
3473:Cultural periods of Peru
2874:Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas
2569:Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho
2429:Pumamarka, San Sebastián
2359:Pirca Pirca, La Libertad
1291:Rio Abiseo National Park
994:Risvetski, John (2006).
987:10.1525/ap3a.2004.14.071
296:Museo Nacional de Chavín
4410:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
3256:Mesoamerican chronology
2074:Llaqta Qulluy, Tayacaja
1864:Inka Wasi, Huancavelica
1264:Huascarán National Park
1215:Historic Centre of Lima
1130:Global Heritage Network
804:Accessed on 2009-04-28.
800:April 11, 2009, at the
591:Beginning in 2004, the
40:Chavin (disambiguation)
3113:Archaeological periods
2719:The Toads of Wiraqucha
2169:Mawk'allaqta, La Unión
2159:Mawk'allaqta, Castilla
2069:Llaqta Qulluy, Conayca
1849:Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba
1284:Historic Sanctuary of
1135:MNSU Chavín de Huántar
939:horizontravelpress.com
707:Kembel & Rick 2004
609:
500:
379:
371:
351:
322:
38:. For other uses, see
4416:List of Conquistadors
4303:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
3714:Quebrada de Humahuaca
3133:Caddoan Mississippian
2834:Ventanillas de Otuzco
2419:Pukara, Vilcas Huamán
2164:Mawk'allaqta, Espinar
2064:Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria
1984:Kunturmarka, Ayacucho
1894:Inti Watana, Urubamba
1884:Inti Watana, Ayacucho
1844:Inka Tampu, Huayopata
604:
498:
377:
357:
349:
320:
4383:Francisco de Montejo
4311:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
3424:Andean civilizations
3351:Shaft tomb tradition
3009:Yanaqi - Qillqamarka
2564:Quriwayrachina, Anta
2284:Ñawpallaqta, Lucanas
2279:Ñawpallaqta, Fajardo
2184:Mawk'allaqta, Sandia
2179:Mawk'allaqta, Paruro
2174:Mawk'allaqta, Melgar
2079:Llaqta Qulluy, Vilca
2024:Laguna de las Momias
1839:Inka Raqay, Ayacucho
1834:Inka Raqay, Apurímac
1424:Awkimarka (Apurímac)
1379:Ahuila Gencha Machay
1222:and Pampas de Jumana
1171:World Heritage Sites
1121:Global Heritage Fund
1085:at Wikimedia Commons
878:SFGate – Innovations
620:digital preservation
593:Global Heritage Fund
343:cultural tradition.
276:at the start of the
205:Cultural: (iii)
127:9.59278°S 77.17833°W
4349:Manco Inca Yupanqui
3654:Manteño-Huancavilca
3123:Ancestral Puebloans
2659:Soro Mik'aya Patjxa
2554:Qurimarka, Apurímac
2469:Purunllacta, Soloco
2434:Pumamarka, Urubamba
1859:Inka Wasi, Ayacucho
1779:Huaycán de Pariachi
1574:Choquequirao Puquio
1534:Chauchilla Cemetery
1429:Awkimarka (Huánuco)
1206:Archaeological Site
1200:Archaeological Zone
1107:Stanford University
694:, pp. 681–706.
600:World Heritage Site
573:Stanford University
456:mortars and pestles
332:flat-topped pyramid
288:World Heritage Site
250:archaeological site
132:-9.59278; -77.17833
123: /
47:
4472:Columbian exchange
4462:Portal:Mesoamerica
3614:La Tolita (Tumaco)
3429:Indigenous peoples
3168:Hopewell tradition
3095:Indigenous peoples
2889:Wanakawri, Huánuco
2464:Purunllacta, Cheto
2324:Paracas Candelabra
1989:Kunturmarka, Pasco
1889:Inti Watana, Calca
1269:Manu National Park
956:Andean archaeology
501:
380:
372:
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323:
298:in Chavín itself.
292:Museo de la Nación
192:Official name
45:
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4497:Pre-Columbian art
4433:
4432:
4427:Francisco Pizarro
4393:Pedro de Alvarado
3709:Pucará de Tilcara
3027:
3026:
2404:Pukara, Coporaque
2364:Pirca Pirca, Lima
1729:Huaca Huallamarca
1539:Chavín de Huantar
1329:
1328:
1081:Media related to
912:978-0-387-74906-8
491:Site significance
274:Cordillera Blanca
246:Chavín de Huántar
243:
242:
83:Shown within Peru
46:Chavín de Huántar
18:Chavín de Huantar
16:(Redirected from
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4422:Spanish Conquest
4399:Spanish Conquest
4374:Spanish Conquest
4363:Spanish Conquest
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2884:Wanakawri, Cusco
2879:Wamanmarka, Lima
2714:Templo del Zorro
2559:Qurimarka, Cusco
2049:Llamachayuq Qaqa
2029:Lauricocha Caves
2014:K'allapayuq Urqu
1999:Kusichaka valley
1744:Huaca San Marcos
1719:Huaca del Dragón
1714:Huaca de la Luna
1384:Amaru Marka Wasi
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1103:creative commons
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645:Alberto Fujimori
470:Social Structure
326:Site description
294:in Lima and the
278:Conchucos Valley
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3937:Human Sacrifice
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3870:Mayan Languages
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3080:Genetic history
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2744:Toquepala Caves
2509:Qillqay Mach'ay
2409:Pukara, Fajardo
2134:Marcahuamachuco
2104:Machu Pitumarka
1934:Jisk'a Iru Muqu
1904:Intini Uyu Pata
1819:Incahuasi, Lima
1749:Huaca Santa Ana
1674:Guitarrero Cave
1499:Caves of Sumbay
1399:Asiru Phat'jata
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1035:Mann, Charles C
1030:
1028:Further reading
1025:
966:
945:on 28 Sep 2020.
928:on 21 Aug 2018.
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844:Risvetski 2006
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825:on 30 Jun 2014
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4530:
4518:
4517:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4428:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4368:Hernán Cortés
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3416:South America
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3238:Weeden Island
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:Poverty Point
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Mississippian
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3105:North America
3102:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Paleo-Indians
3073:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3020:
3019:Yuraq Mach'ay
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Usnu, Huánuco
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Qhapaq Kancha
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Puyupatamarca
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Ollantaytambo
2292:
2290:
2289:Ñusta Hispana
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:Killa Mach'ay
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:Inka Tunuwiri
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Huayna Picchu
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:Huánuco Pampa
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Huaca del Sol
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:Hatun Rumiyoc
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:Guellayhuasin
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:El Cañoncillo
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:Cajamarquilla
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:Baths of Boza
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:Auquilohuagra
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:City of Cuzco
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:Vintage Books
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1006:(3 (March)).
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
967:
961:
957:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
927:
923:
918:
914:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
869:
857:
852:
845:
840:
824:
820:
816:
810:
803:
799:
796:
791:
784:
779:
777:
770:, p. 62.
769:
764:
757:
752:
745:
740:
732:
730:9780367481513
726:
722:
715:
708:
703:
701:
693:
688:
686:
684:
679:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
646:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
627:
623:
621:
617:
613:
608:
603:
601:
598:
594:
589:
587:
586:building code
582:
577:
574:
564:
562:
558:
554:
544:
542:
538:
532:
530:
526:
522:
516:
514:
509:
506:
497:
488:
486:
482:
478:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
437:
433:
429:
427:
426:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
400:
398:
394:
388:
386:
376:
369:
365:
361:
356:
348:
344:
342:
336:
333:
319:
315:
311:
309:
308:Marañón River
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:Ancash Region
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
212:
208:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
177:
172:
169:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
145:
141:
136:
108:
104:
101:
97:
96:Ancash Region
94:
90:
70:
61:
54:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4529:
4507:
4440:
4290:Moctezuma II
4247:Inca history
4172:Andean Music
4116:Architecture
4111:Architecture
4106:Architecture
4101:Architecture
4097:Architecture
4091:Gender Roles
3836:Tenochtitlan
3759:Timoto–Cuica
3754:Tierradentro
3539:Casma–Sechin
3271:Chalcatzingo
2949:Wayna Q'inti
2939:Wat'a, Cusco
2899:Waqra Pukara
2849:Vilcashuamán
2619:Sacsayhuamán
2549:Quri Winchus
2479:Pusuquy Pata
2454:Puqin Kancha
2414:Pukara, Puno
2109:Machu Q'inti
2094:Machu Picchu
1959:Killarumiyuq
1909:Intipa Ñawin
1829:Inka Mach'ay
1804:Huchuy Qosqo
1734:Huaca Prieta
1679:Hatun Machay
1659:Gran Pajatén
1569:Choquequirao
1564:Choquepuquio
1559:Chipaw Marka
1509:Cerro Pátapo
1286:Machu Picchu
1203:
1038:
1017:
1003:
999:
978:
974:
955:
951:
943:the original
938:
926:the original
894:
890:
877:
851:
839:
827:. Retrieved
823:the original
818:
809:
790:
763:
751:
739:
720:
714:
648:
624:
610:
605:
590:
578:
570:
560:
550:
536:
533:
517:
510:
502:
473:
445:
438:
434:
430:
423:
417:
401:
389:
381:
337:
329:
312:
303:carbon-dated
300:
282:
245:
244:
4353:Túpac Amaru
4337:Manco Cápac
4286:Moctezuma I
4197:Agriculture
4192:Agriculture
4187:Agriculture
4178:Agriculture
4121:Road System
4010:Mathematics
3875:Muysc Cubun
3729:San Agustín
3679:Monte Verde
3356:Teotihuacan
3248:Mesoamerica
3143:Coles Creek
3128:Anishinaabe
3085:Archaeology
2994:Wiñay Wayna
2989:Willkaraqay
2974:Wila Wilani
2929:Wari Willka
2919:Waraqu Urqu
2864:Waman Pirqa
2769:Tunay Q'asa
2749:Toro Muerto
2699:Taqrachullu
2689:Tanqa Tanqa
2684:Tampukancha
2674:Tambomachay
2669:Tambo Totem
2539:Qunchamarka
2529:Qullqapampa
2439:Pumaq Hirka
2389:Puka Pukara
2354:Pinkuylluna
2344:Pikimach'ay
2259:Nazca Lines
2254:Muyuq Marka
2239:Mullu Q'awa
2214:Mirq'imarka
2189:Mawk'ataray
2124:Maray Qalla
2114:Mallkuamaya
2099:Machu Pirqa
2089:Machu Colca
2044:Llamachayuq
1979:Kuntur Wasi
1874:Inkilltambo
1799:Huayrapongo
1759:Hualpayunca
1754:Huacramarca
1694:Hatun Uchku
1664:Gran Vilaya
1464:Buena Vista
1419:Awkin Punta
1051:. pp.
856:Gimeno 2018
692:Burger 2008
614:has made a
513:Norte Chico
360:point cloud
220:Inscription
130: /
106:Coordinates
4536:Categories
4324:Tisquesusa
4298:Cuauhtémoc
4294:Cuitláhuac
3624:Lauricocha
3594:Gran Chaco
3584:Cupisnique
3569:Chinchorro
3544:Chachapoya
3534:Caral–Supe
3376:Tlaxcaltec
3366:Teuchitlán
3281:Chupícuaro
3208:Plum Bayou
3203:Plaquemine
3173:Marksville
3138:Chichimeca
2984:Wilcahuaín
2924:Warawtampu
2894:Waqlamarka
2844:Vilcabamba
2799:Uskallaqta
2764:Tunanmarca
2709:Tarmatambo
2644:Sillustani
2629:Sayacmarca
2614:Runkuraqay
2544:Qunchupata
2519:Quillarumi
2499:Qillqatani
2394:Puka Tampu
2369:Pirhuaylla
2339:Pikillaqta
2334:Patallaqta
2309:Pachatusan
2304:Pachacamac
2219:Miyu Pampa
2209:Miraflores
2149:Markapukyu
2144:Markansaya
2139:Markahirka
2129:Marayniyoq
2084:Llaqtapata
2019:K'ipakhara
2004:Khichuqaqa
1899:Intikancha
1879:Inti Punku
1869:Inkapintay
1709:Honcopampa
1704:Hatunmarka
1699:Hatun Usnu
1649:El Paraíso
1644:El Ingenio
1619:Coricancha
1609:Condorcaga
1599:Colcampata
1589:Cochabamba
1554:Chichakuri
1544:Chawaytiri
1529:Chanquillo
1519:Chacamarca
1504:Cerro Baúl
1409:Auga Punta
1232:Caral-Supe
783:Abate 2012
768:Sayre 2010
675:References
485:beef jerky
460:tapestries
450:and black
364:laser scan
223:1985 (9th
174:Site notes
118:77°10′42″W
4345:Atahualpa
4341:Pachacuti
4316:Nemequene
4182:Chinampas
4004:Astronomy
3993:Astronomy
3973:Mythology
3968:Mythology
3963:Mythology
3958:Mythology
3954:Mythology
3784:Wankarani
3774:Tuncahuán
3664:Marajoara
3619:Las Vegas
3505:Atacameño
3401:Xochipala
3341:Purépecha
3301:Epi-Olmec
3291:Cuicuilco
3233:Troyville
3223:St. Johns
2914:Waraqayuq
2909:Warahirka
2869:Wamanilla
2839:Ventarron
2814:Usnu Muqu
2774:Tupu Inka
2754:Trinchera
2704:Tarahuasi
2694:Tantarica
2664:Susupillu
2624:Sara Sara
2599:Rumicolca
2579:Qasa Pata
2534:Qulu Qulu
2489:Qaqapatan
2459:Puruchuco
2399:Puka Urqu
2319:Pañamarca
2299:Pacatnamu
2269:Ninamarca
2264:Nina Kiru
2249:Muyu Urqu
2244:Muyu Muyu
2234:Mulinuyuq
1939:Kanamarka
1919:Iskuqucha
1824:Ingatambo
1774:Huankarán
1624:Cumbemayo
1614:Cota Coca
1594:Cochapata
1524:Chan Chan
1484:Carachupa
1479:Cao Viejo
1459:Bandurria
1444:Ayawayq'u
1439:Ayamachay
1389:Arhuaturo
1305:Argentina
1198:Chan Chan
981:: 71–89.
756:Rick 2005
622:project.
452:limestone
425:Spondylus
393:diatomite
210:Reference
115:9°35′34″S
4441:See also
4359:Conquest
4332:Zoratama
3999:Calendar
3988:Calendar
3983:Calendar
3979:Calendar
3948:Religion
3943:Religion
3932:Religion
3921:Religion
3917:Religion
3906:Numerals
3900:Numerals
3861:Language
3841:Multiple
3779:Valdivia
3764:Tiwanaku
3724:Saladoid
3719:Quimbaya
3609:Kuhikugu
3589:Diaguita
3579:Chorrera
3396:Veraguas
3391:Veracruz
3371:Tlatilco
3183:Mogollon
3090:Cultures
3068:Americas
2964:Wichqana
2739:Titiqaqa
2634:Sayhuite
2604:Rumiwasi
2524:Quishuar
2444:Pumawasi
2424:Pukarani
2379:Pirwayuq
2349:Pilluchu
2329:Paraccra
2054:Llamayuq
1994:Kuntuyuq
1929:Jinkiori
1814:Inca Uyo
1634:El Brujo
1579:Churajón
1549:Cheqollo
1469:Cahuachi
1449:Azángaro
1434:Aya Muqu
1317:Colombia
1191:Cultural
1045:New York
1008:Archived
882:Archived
798:Archived
630:See also
525:potatoes
441:textiles
420:strombus
201:Criteria
164:Cultures
92:Location
4328:Tundama
4257:Peoples
4242:History
4237:History
4232:History
4228:History
4222:Cuisine
4217:Cuisine
4212:Cuisine
4207:Cuisine
4203:Cuisine
4061:Warfare
4056:Warfare
4051:Warfare
4047:Warfare
4041:Society
4036:Economy
4025:Society
4020:Society
4016:Society
3886:Writing
3880:Quechua
3865:Nahuatl
3832:Capital
3769:Toyopán
3749:Tairona
3659:Mapuche
3574:Chiripa
3549:Chancay
3520:Cañaris
3495:Amotape
3490:El Abra
3406:Zapotec
3386:Totonac
3361:Tepanec
3346:Quelepa
3316:Mezcala
3306:Huastec
3276:Cholula
3266:Capacha
3261:Acolhua
3218:Sinagua
3193:Patayan
3163:Hohokam
3153:Fremont
2969:Wich'un
2959:Wichama
2824:Uyu Uyu
2819:Usqunta
2609:Runayoc
2589:Raqch'i
2474:Pusharo
2449:Punkuri
2224:Molloko
2199:Miculla
2119:Mameria
2059:Llamuqa
2039:Llactan
1944:Kanichi
1769:Huamboy
1654:Garagay
1629:Cutimbo
1489:Carajía
1321:Ecuador
1309:Bolivia
1257:Natural
1053:273–274
865:Sources
649:Huántar
561:chaupin
557:Quechua
541:Wantsan
481:charqui
464:Pottery
448:granite
409:caimans
405:jaguars
397:courses
225:Session
156:Founded
151:History
4271:Muisca
4266:Mayans
4261:Aztecs
3895:Script
3890:Script
3850:Bacatá
3821:Muisca
3704:Pucará
3699:Piaroa
3694:Paiján
3689:Omagua
3644:Lupaca
3639:Lokono
3604:Kalina
3599:Huetar
3559:Chavín
3554:Chango
3529:Nariño
3525:Capulí
3515:Calima
3510:Aymara
3500:Arawak
3381:Toltec
3331:Olmecs
3326:Nicoya
3321:Mixtec
3296:Diquis
3198:Picosa
3188:Oshara
3158:Glades
3148:Dorset
3004:Yanaca
2904:Waqutu
2859:Vitcos
2794:Urpish
2779:T'akaq
2759:Túcume
2729:Tinyaq
2654:Sóndor
2639:Sechín
2594:Revash
2514:Quiaca
2504:Qillqa
2374:Piruro
2314:Paiján
2204:Millka
2034:Layzón
1974:Kukuli
1969:Kuelap
1964:Kotosh
1809:Huiñao
1604:Collor
1404:Aspero
1374:Acaray
1319:, and
1204:Chavín
1059:
962:
909:
829:12 Oct
727:
597:UNESCO
559:word,
537:tinkuy
529:llamas
413:Lanzón
385:atrium
362:using
341:Huaraz
285:UNESCO
258:Chavín
248:is an
143:Height
4276:Incas
4167:Music
4162:Music
4157:Music
4153:Music
4086:Women
4081:Women
4076:Women
4072:Women
4030:Trade
3911:Quipu
3855:Cusco
3846:Hunza
3811:Aztec
3744:Taíno
3739:Sican
3734:Shuar
3684:Nazca
3674:Mollo
3669:Moche
3649:Luzia
3564:Chimú
3336:Pipil
3311:Izapa
3286:Coclé
3228:Thule
3118:Adena
3014:Yaynu
2979:Wilca
2934:Waruq
2734:Tipón
2724:Tikra
2649:Sipán
2494:Qenko
2384:Písac
2229:Moray
2194:Mazur
2154:Marpa
1949:Kenko
1789:Huari
1584:Chuya
1494:Caral
1394:Asana
1313:Chile
1303:with
1278:Mixed
1111:CyArk
819:CyArk
612:CyArk
521:maize
477:chert
368:CyArk
4066:Army
3848:and
3826:Inca
3816:Maya
3794:Zenú
3789:Wari
3634:Lima
1924:Isog
1175:Peru
1057:ISBN
960:ISBN
907:ISBN
831:2014
725:ISBN
270:Lima
262:Inca
254:Peru
232:Area
100:Peru
4147:Art
4142:Art
4137:Art
4132:Art
4128:Art
1173:in
1128:on
1119:at
983:doi
899:doi
252:in
214:330
4538::
4385:)
1315:,
1311:,
1307:,
1055:.
1047::
1004:26
1002:.
998:.
979:14
977:.
937:.
905:.
893:.
876:.
817:.
775:^
699:^
682:^
588:.
462:.
407:,
280:.
98:,
4429:)
4425:(
4418:)
4414:(
4412:)
4408:(
4406:)
4402:(
4395:)
4391:(
4381:(
4370:)
4366:(
4123:)
4119:(
4032:)
4028:(
4006:)
4002:(
3995:)
3991:(
3939:)
3935:(
3928:)
3924:(
3902:)
3898:(
3527:/
3053:e
3046:t
3039:v
1355:e
1348:t
1341:v
1163:e
1156:t
1149:v
1109:/
1101:(
1065:.
989:.
985::
968:.
952:4
915:.
901::
858:.
846:.
833:.
785:.
758:.
746:.
733:.
709:.
370:.
227:)
42:.
20:)
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