156:, published in 2003, was based largely on captured North Korean documents in the U.S. National Archives, and was a step forward for efforts to understand North Korea more at the local level and beyond more conventional Cold War or Korean War-centered approaches. He has published articles in peer-reviewed journals on such subjects as Kim Il Sung's Manchurian guerrilla heritage, the "cultural Cold War" in Korea, and assessments of
238:"Dr. Armstrong has corrected the citation errors and, out of respect for the AHA, has returned the Fairbank Prize." Columbia University made no statement at this time, but did announce on June 1 that Armstrong had been awarded a 2017 President's Global Innovation Fund Grant for work with Joseph Terwilliger on exchanges with North Korean physicians.
310:, Armstrong responded that the sex was consensual. Columbia University's Office of Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action conducted an internal investigation of the accusation and found Armstrong guilty of harassment and of violating the university policy prohibiting relationships between professors and students.
246:
rather than archival documents. It also included two new sentences from
Armstrong in the front matter of the text: "I would like to add a special note of thanks to Dr. BalΓ‘zs Szalontai, whose pioneering research was insufficiently acknowledged in the prior printing of this book and who pointed out to
241:
The return of the prize prompted the head of
Cornell University Press to state in early July 2017 that the press would imminently issue a revised edition of the book. The new edition of the book appeared in the summer of 2017, without any formal announcement from the press. The new text contained few
233:
and these would be included in the next printing of the book. The press confirmed this with a single tweet on
January 11, 2017, saying "Charles Armstrong responds to critics, issues corrections to Tyranny of the Weak" and linking to Armstrong's blog post. However, Armstrong later deleted the post and
282:
On
September 10, 2019, Columbia University released a letter to faculty explaining that it had concluded a multi-part formal investigation of Armstrong's research conduct and determined that he had committed plagiarism. It further announced that Armstrong will retire at the end of 2020. He left the
224:
that he "did not comment on any specific issues critics have raised with the book". On
December 30, 2016, Armstrong directly addressed the issues raised by the critics, stating: "For those who find the book flawed, inaccurate or insufficiently researched, the answer is simple: write a better book."
237:
In June 2017, Armstrong returned the John King
Fairbank Prize to the American Historical Association in response to critical queries made by the association. In its press release, the association stated that they had "identified a set of citations that did not meet professional standards" and that
182:
was published by
Cornell University Press. The book sought to reassess North Korean foreign policy in the Cold War. The book received positive reviews, particularly because it appeared to draw from so many foreign archives and materials in multiple languages including Russian, Chinese, German, and
291:
According to BalΓ‘zs
Szalontai, who obtained a copy of the investigation's draft report in 2018, the investigation found evidence in the tenure file that Armstrong had plagiarized Szalontai's dissertation. A partial copy of an earlier draft of Columbia's investigation report was made public by the
260:
In an extensive interview in
December 2019, Szalontai revealed that Armstrong had not worked in any Russian archives at all, and said "some of the East German sources are fake, some are not fake," and further discussed some of the efforts by Andrei Lankov and other scholars to methodically check
286:
According to documents obtained by journalists
Khadija Hussein and Karen Xia, Columbia's investigation concluded in January 2019 and its scope extended back to Armstrong's tenure file submitted in 2003. That tenure file included draft chapters of what would ultimately become Armstrong's book
1649:
141:
Charles Armstrong is a specialist in the modern history of Korea and East Asia, and has written or edited numerous books on modern and contemporary Korea as well as the wider East Asia region (including Vietnam and Japan) and the Cold War.
1653:
216:
and were supported by documents that either did not exist or were completely unrelated to the subject. Szalontai compiled a table of 76 problematic cases and later expanded the table to include 90 of such cases.
1540:
757:
1039:
1852:
1214:
506:
1184:
212:
1421:
1245:
1572:
1276:
167:, has given keynote lectures at major Asian studies conferences, and is a regular fixture in US media coverage of the Korean peninsula, including documentary film and television.
461:
1994 β "The Origins and Future Demise of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea," Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University, 11 p. (working paper)
1632:
871:
1650:"Julie Moon's professor faced no consequences for her alleged rape. Now, she is supporting other survivors of sexual assault in their search for justice β Columbia Spectator"
247:
me numerous attribution errors in chapters 2 and 3. I apologize for my previous oversights and gratefully acknowledge Dr. Szalontai's assistance in correcting these errors."
1092:"Charles Armstrong responds to critics, issues corrections to Tyranny of the Weak https://charleskarmstrong.com/2016/12/30/corrections-to-tyranny-of-the-weak/ β¦ #NorthKorea"
975:
841:
1009:
898:
765:
1532:
1118:
304:
A female student enrolled in Armstrong's 2014 Global Scholars summer course accused Armstrong of rape in 2020. According to the university's student newspaper
820:
1515:
423:
May 2005, Vol.5(2), pp. 161β187 (article; retracted by the journal on February 10, 2020, due to the author's 'fabrication and falsification of sources')
1065:
401:
2015 β "Socialist Postmodernism: Conceptual and comparative analysis of recent representative architecture in Pyongyang, Astana and Ashgabat, 1989β2014,"
1752:
925:
1154:
952:
1952:
34:, spending his last year on sabbatical after the university's determination that he had committed extensive plagiarism. Armstrong's works dealt with
795:
1449:
1206:
1779:"Socialist Postmodernism. Conceptual and comparative analysis of recent representative architecture in Pyongyang, Astana and Ashgabat, 1989β2014"
1091:
577:
1176:
1003:"A Table of 76 Examples of Source Fabrication, Plagiarism, and Text-Citation Disconnects in Charles K. Armstrong's Tyranny of the Weak (2013)"
1308:
1237:
1972:
1562:
1340:
1982:
1268:
1967:
1624:
867:
145:
He joined the Columbia faculty in 1996 and before leaving in 2020, taught courses on Korean history, U.S.-East Asian relations, the
1595:"The Failure of De-Stalinization in North Korea, 1953β1964. The DPRK In a Comparative Perspective. | Central European University"
1396:
979:
837:
1373:
1002:
1957:
1862:
1711:
894:
323:
1962:
1910:. Occasional paper series; no. 5, 1994. Ottawa, Ont.: Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University.
210:
and others) for deceptive scholarship. Szalontai asserted that many parts of the text closely resemble text in Szalontai's
319:
1947:
1878:
113:
in Seoul, earning a diploma in Korean language in 1986. He next spent a year in Northeast China teaching English at
921:
817:
1827:"The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950 β 1960'1950β1960 | The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus"
1937:
188:
70:
1073:
458:'Juche' and North Korea's Global Aspirations," North Korea International Documentation Project Working Paper #1
1594:
1478:"Statement of Retraction: '"Fraternal Socialism": The International Reconstruction of North Korea, 1953β62'"
1146:
1942:
268:'Fraternal Socialism': The International Reconstruction of North Korea, 1953β62", published in the journal
787:
948:
327:
269:
118:
636:
Armstrong, Charles (1995). "Centering the Periphery: Manchurian Exile(s) and the North Korean State".
1335:[Columbia University professor Armstrong responded to the plagiarism dispute over his work].
1303:[Charles Armstrong, a prominent North Korean scholar entangled in suspicions of plagiarism].
574:
516:
164:
1477:
1087:
230:
194:
Beginning in September 2016, the book was severely criticized by a number of North Korea scholars (
343:(first edition "reprinted with corrections") Withdrawn by the publisher, Cornell University Press.
1298:
546:
1927:
1778:
522:
184:
66:
1036:"Invalid Source Citations in Charles K. Armstrong' s Tyranny of the Weak: A Table of 90 Cases"
758:"The Korean War and the East Asian Peace by Professor Charles Armstrong (Columbia University)"
1509:
126:
90:
43:
1826:
1330:
242:
changes to the prose, but did feature changes to dozens of footnotes now citing Szalontai's
1977:
1177:"Charles K. Armstrong Receives 2017 President's Global Innovation Fund Grant from Columbia"
1095:
203:
157:
8:
1932:
1119:"After issuing dozens of corrections to high-profile book, historian shuts down his blog"
496:
207:
31:
322:
and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
1808:
1099:
949:"Speaking truth to power: The biggest scandal in Korean studies should be talked about"
739:
696:
661:
653:
618:
306:
163:
He was a visiting professor in 2008 at the Graduate School of International Studies at
78:
47:
1858:
1812:
1800:
1707:
1675:
1497:
1363:
743:
731:
665:
622:
610:
489:
110:
1790:
1533:"History professor Charles Armstrong found guilty of plagiarism, to retire in 2020"
1489:
723:
688:
645:
602:
293:
251:
114:
27:
1905:
1493:
419:'Fraternal Socialism': The International Reconstruction of North Korea, 1953β61,"
824:
679:
Armstrong, Charles (February 2003). "The Cultural Cold War in Korea, 1945-1950".
581:
106:
102:
199:
1795:
430:'A Socialism of Our Style': North Korean Ideology in a Post-Communist Era," in
381:
377:
122:
1701:
727:
1921:
1804:
1727:
1501:
735:
614:
593:
Dennehy, Kristine (2003). "The North Korean Revolution, 1945β1950 (review)".
195:
130:
1450:"Disgraced Korea scholar, formerly of Columbia, loses paper for plagiarism"
170:
1907:
The origins and future demise of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
405:
Vol.2 (2), pp. 98β118 (article; co-authored with Jelena Prokopljevic)
1563:"Award-winning North Korea scholar plagiarized sources, university finds"
816:
Stanford University, Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center,
649:
606:
146:
23:
714:
Armstrong, Charles K. (May 2011). "Trends in the Study of North Korea".
657:
1422:"DPRK history and plagiarism in Korean Studies β NKNews Podcast Ep.106"
700:
86:
74:
35:
105:(having transferred from East Asian studies during his first year) at
1238:"Criticism swirls around high-profile history book about North Korea"
254:. It was also covered by South Korean media, Chinese media, and the
250:
A short review of the controversy was published in a collective blog
51:
39:
1035:
788:"Who Are They? β Some Historical Perspective | Kim's Nuclear Gamble"
692:
220:
Soon after the allegations were made public, Armstrong responded to
1602:
868:"Ivy League professor accused of discrepancies in North Korea book"
1207:"History book award returned amid questions about citation errors"
408:"The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950 β 1960,"
1567:
1426:
1103:
221:
1397:"Columbia professor booted for plagiarizing book on North Korea"
895:""Tyranny of the Weak": The row engulfing North Korean studies"
500:
374:
Korea at the Center: Dynamics of Regionalism in Northeast Asia
73:
asked him to account for issues with the citations, including
1777:
Prokopljevic, Jelena; Armstrong, Charles K. (July 19, 2015).
510:
55:
93:
of professors with students. He left Columbia in June 2020.
1625:"Columbia historian stepping down after plagiarism finding"
82:
85:
accusations from a student, where he was found guilty of "
473:
State and Social Transformation in North Korea, 1945β1950
348:
Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950β1992
341:
Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950β1992
225:
Armstrong stated that he had submitted 52 corrections to
180:
Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950β1992
1753:"Korean Society: Civil Society, Democracy and the State"
1644:
1642:
1086:
1854:
North Korean foreign relations in the post-Cold War era
1269:"High-profile book on North Korea earns 52 corrections"
389:
Korean Society: Civil Society, Democracy, and the State
277:
274:, was retracted for plagiarism from Szalontai's book.
187:, given to the best book in East Asian History by the
149:, and approaches to international and global history.
81:. He was investigated by Columbia in 2020 relating to
1776:
1639:
547:"Incident 8768 | Academic Sexual Misconduct Database"
22:(born February 11, 1962) is an American historian of
1851:
Kim, Samuel S.; Armstrong, Charles K., eds. (1998).
1706:. EBSCOhost (Second ed.). New York: Routledge.
109:
in 1984, and continued his studies for two years at
1059:
1057:
1323:
818:North Korea in The Cold War International System,"
1514:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1260:
1919:
1857:. Hong Kong; New York: Oxford University Press.
1291:
1054:
976:"Re-revised posting "Revoking a Recommendation""
1229:
366:
967:
440:1990 β "South Korea's 'Northern policy'," in
395:
117:and then went onto study for an M.Sc. at the
1879:"Juche and North Korea's Global Aspirations"
1850:
1527:
1525:
1361:
569:
567:
525:, American Historical Association (returned)
403:Tiempo devorado: revista de historia actual,
299:
264:In February 2020, Armstrong's 2005 article:
183:Korean. The book was the 2014 winner of the
1141:
1139:
435:Foreign Relations in the post-Cold War Era
946:
89:" and violating school policy prohibiting
1903:
1794:
1699:
1522:
913:
861:
859:
713:
678:
635:
564:
1953:Alumni of the London School of Economics
1635:from the original on September 22, 2019.
1136:
947:Tertitskiy, Fyodor (December 13, 2016).
830:
1575:from the original on September 13, 2019
1543:from the original on September 13, 2019
1027:
940:
928:from the original on September 13, 2019
592:
551:academic-sexual-misconduct-database.org
495:2002 β German Academic Exchange Grant,
490:Fulbright Senior Scholar Research Grant
133:, a noted historian of Korean Studies.
69:, but he returned it in 2017 after the
16:American historian of Korea (born 1962)
1920:
1447:
1376:from the original on November 10, 2017
1266:
1248:from the original on September 7, 2019
1235:
1217:from the original on September 7, 2019
1187:from the original on September 7, 2019
1116:
892:
886:
865:
856:
798:from the original on September 6, 2017
485:1991 β 2 Fulbright IIEE Research Grant
361:The North Korean Revolution, 1945-1950
154:The North Korean Revolution, 1945β1950
26:. From 2005 to 2020, he worked as the
1676:"Browse Books, Authors, and Articles"
1472:
1470:
1394:
1063:
1033:
1015:from the original on December 7, 2017
1000:
994:
973:
955:from the original on January 10, 2017
919:
866:Hotham, Oliver (September 30, 2016).
437:(book chapter; editor: Samuel S. Kim)
171:Plagiarism and source fabrication in
1652:. September 24, 2021. Archived from
1066:"Corrections to Tyranny of the Weak"
541:
539:
1395:Klein, Melissa (October 12, 2019).
1343:from the original on March 24, 2019
1311:from the original on March 24, 2019
1267:McCook, Alison (January 31, 2017).
1236:McCook, Alison (October 13, 2016).
1157:from the original on March 24, 2019
920:Myers, Brian (September 13, 2016).
901:from the original on March 24, 2019
874:from the original on March 24, 2019
838:"John K. Fairbank Prize Recipients"
507:Institute for Scholars at Reid Hall
278:Columbia University's investigation
13:
1973:21st-century American male writers
1467:
1448:Marcus, Adam (February 20, 2020).
1300:λ―Έκ΅μ λνμ μΈ λΆννμ μ°°μ€ μμ€νΈλ‘±μ΄ νμ μνΉμ νλ§λ Έλ€
1279:from the original on July 23, 2019
1102:on September 13, 2019 – via
1042:from the original on July 16, 2017
893:Lankov, Andrei (October 5, 2016).
844:from the original on April 6, 2019
444:Vol.3(1), pp. 35β45 (article)
178:In 2013, Charles Armstrong's book
14:
1994:
1983:American male non-fiction writers
1362:Fu Shiye ε
ιι (October 11, 2016).
1117:McCook, Alison (April 20, 2018).
536:
448:
313:
244:Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era
213:Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era
1968:21st-century American historians
1332:μμ€νΈλ‘± μ½λΌλΉμλ κ΅μκ° μμ μ νμ μλΉμ λν΄ λ΅νλ€
261:Armstrong's suspicious sources.
121:in 1988. He earned his Ph.D. in
1897:
1871:
1844:
1819:
1770:
1745:
1720:
1693:
1668:
1617:
1587:
1555:
1496:(inactive September 18, 2024).
1441:
1414:
1388:
1355:
1339:(in Korean). January 11, 2017.
1199:
1169:
1110:
1080:
465:
376:(co-edited with Samuel S. Kim,
296:website on September 20, 2019.
189:American Historical Association
71:American Historical Association
58:, with a focus on North Korea.
30:Professor of Korean Studies at
1904:Armstrong, Charles K. (1994).
1700:Armstrong, Charles K. (2014).
1307:(in Korean). October 7, 2016.
1147:"2014 Fairbank Prize Returned"
810:
780:
750:
707:
672:
629:
586:
1:
1494:10.1080/14682745.2020.1724643
1488:(2): 253. February 10, 2020.
529:
101:Armstrong earned his B.A. in
96:
1958:University of Chicago alumni
716:The Journal of Asian Studies
505:2006 β Fellow in Residence,
391:(textbook, reissued in 2006)
367:Edited volumes and textbooks
7:
1963:Columbia University faculty
922:"Revoking a Recommendation"
10:
1999:
396:Articles and book chapters
317:
119:London School of Economics
1365:θ’«δΈΎζ₯ηε₯倧ζζεεΊζΎζΉζ°ι»οΌεηζΆε°ζ΄ζ£θ注ιθ――
1088:Cornell University Press
762:SOAS University of London
728:10.1017/S0021911811000027
580:October 18, 2010, at the
517:Seoul National University
479:
300:Sexual assault accusation
283:university in June 2020.
165:Seoul National University
136:
1948:Yonsei University alumni
1796:10.5565/rev/tdevorado.27
1732:Cornell University Press
1680:Cornell University Press
1537:Columbia Daily Spectator
1364:
1331:
1299:
1070:Charles Armstrong's blog
681:Journal of Asian Studies
523:John King Fairbank Prize
231:Cornell University Press
475:(University of Chicago)
1938:Experts on North Korea
1631:. September 20, 2019.
1571:. September 11, 2019.
1211:www.insidehighered.com
823:July 20, 2011, at the
515:2008 β Toyota Fellow,
185:John K. Fairbank Prize
67:John K. Fairbank Prize
20:Charles King Armstrong
1656:on September 24, 2021
573:Columbia University,
356:(reissued in 2013/14)
127:University of Chicago
44:architectural history
1605:on February 24, 2020
1090:(January 11, 2017).
1064:Armstrong, Charles.
650:10.1353/ks.1995.0017
607:10.1353/ks.2005.0005
324:adding missing items
289:Tyranny of the Weak.
158:North Korean studies
1943:Yale College alumni
1337:The Huffington Post
1305:The Huffington Post
1076:on January 7, 2017.
1034:Szalontai, Balazs.
1001:Szalontai, Balazs.
974:Szalontai, Balazs.
497:Humboldt University
227:Tyranny of the Weak
173:Tyranny of the Weak
63:Tyranny of the Weak
50:in the contexts of
32:Columbia University
982:on October 5, 2016
307:Columbia Spectator
79:source fabrication
48:diplomatic history
1864:978-0-19-590604-2
1728:"Product Details"
1713:978-1-136-16132-2
1181:weai.columbia.edu
1153:. June 29, 2017.
1098:). Archived from
575:faculty bio notes
234:his entire blog.
229:to the publisher
208:Fyodor Tertitskiy
111:Yonsei University
1990:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1875:
1869:
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1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
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1688:
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1663:
1661:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1629:Retraction Watch
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1601:. Archived from
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1559:
1553:
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1550:
1548:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1482:Cold War History
1474:
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1462:
1460:
1454:Retraction Watch
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1273:Retraction Watch
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1242:Retraction Watch
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1213:. July 5, 2017.
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1173:
1167:
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1162:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1123:Retraction Watch
1114:
1108:
1107:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1072:. Archived from
1061:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1007:
998:
992:
991:
989:
987:
978:. Archived from
971:
965:
964:
962:
960:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
917:
911:
910:
908:
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884:
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863:
854:
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851:
849:
834:
828:
814:
808:
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805:
803:
784:
778:
777:
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773:
768:on March 1, 2021
764:. Archived from
754:
748:
747:
711:
705:
704:
676:
670:
669:
633:
627:
626:
590:
584:
571:
562:
561:
559:
557:
543:
457:
429:
421:Cold War History
418:
328:reliable sources
294:Retraction Watch
271:Cold War History
267:
252:Retraction Watch
200:BalΓ‘zs Szalontai
115:Jilin University
91:sexual relations
28:Korea Foundation
1998:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1918:
1917:
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1915:
1902:
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1877:
1876:
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1865:
1849:
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1835:
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1820:
1783:Tiempo Devorado
1775:
1771:
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1127:
1125:
1115:
1111:
1085:
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1055:
1045:
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1933:Koreanists
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530:References
354:The Koreas
334:Monographs
318:This is a
97:Early life
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75:plagiarism
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1427:NK News
1104:Twitter
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