Chain mail - Knowledge

539: 910: 492: 3190: 1487: 27: 1102: 1475: 1463: 1439: 1391: 1375: 1423: 1407: 1050: 462: 595: 1359: 604: 1499: 1331: 331: 1297: 374: 1343: 1094: 1281: 1315: 67: 992: 667: 5247: 5239: 1168: 90: 2765: 833: 775:... karakuri-namban (riveted namban), with stout links each closed by a rivet. Its invention is credited to Fukushima Dembei Kunitaka, pupil, of Hojo Awa no Kami Ujifusa, but it is also said to be derived directly from foreign models. It is heavy because the links are tinned (biakuro-nagashi) and these are also sharp-edged because they are punched out of iron plate 2152: 450:'s regiment of "Iron Men" was manufactured from split rings which proved to be too brittle, and the rings would fragment when struck by bullets and aggravate the injury. The riveted mail armour worn by the opposing Sudanese Madhists did not have the same problem but also proved to be relatively useless against the firearms of British forces at the 848:), material used (iron versus bronze or steel), weave density (a tighter weave needs a thinner weapon to surpass), and ring thickness (generally ranging from 1.0 to 1.6 mm diameter (18 to 14 gauge) wire in most examples). Mail, if a warrior could afford it, provided a significant advantage when combined with competent fighting techniques. 824:(chain jackets) with detachable arms being worn by samurai police officials during the Edo period. The end of the samurai era in the 1860s, along with the 1876 ban on wearing swords in public, marked the end of any practical use for mail and other armour in Japan. Japan turned to a conscription army and uniforms replaced armour. 901:, was worn under the hauberk. Medieval surgeons were very well capable of setting and caring for bone fractures resulting from blunt weapons. With the poor understanding of hygiene, however, cuts that could get infected were much more of a problem. Thus mail armour proved to be sufficient protection in most situations. 435:. These three types of armour made up the bulk of the equipment used by soldiers, with mail being the most expensive. It was sometimes more expensive than plate armour. Mail typically persisted longer in less technologically advanced areas such as Eastern Europe but was in use throughout Europe into the 16th century. 966:(it was also “well documented” as it was found in a well). Outside of Europe this practice was more common such as "theta" links from India. Very few examples of historic butted mail have been found, and it is generally accepted that butted mail was never in wide use historically except in Japan, where mail ( 881:, Gotland, a majority of the skeletons showed wounds on less well protected legs. Although mail was a formidable protection, due to technological advances as time progressed, mail worn under plate armour (and stand-alone mail as well) could be penetrated by the conventional weaponry of another knight. 320:

There is some dispute among historians as to what exactly constituted the Carolingian byrnie. Relying... only on artistic and some literary sources because of the lack of archaeological examples, some believe that it was a heavy leather jacket with metal scales sewn onto it with strong thread. It was

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Several patterns of linking the rings together have been known since ancient times, with the most common being the 4-to-1 pattern (where each ring is linked with four others). In Europe, the 4-to-1 pattern was completely dominant. Mail was also common in East Asia, primarily Japan, with several more

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inherited her father's mail making tools to continue her work after his death. Mail from dead combatants was frequently looted and was used by the new owner or sold for a lucrative price. As time went on and infrastructure improved, it came to be used by more soldiers. The oldest intact mail hauberk

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Mail worn today for re-enactment and recreational use can be made in a variety of styles and materials. Most recreational mail today is made of butted links which are galvanised or stainless steel. This is historically inaccurate but is much less expensive to procure and especially to maintain than

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Up until the 14th century European mail was made of alternating rows of round riveted rings and solid rings. Sometime during the 14th century European mail makers started to transition from round rivets to wedge-shaped rivets, but continued using alternating rows of solid rings. Eventually European

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Scuba divers sometimes use mail to protect them from sharkbite, as do animal control officers for protection against the animals they handle. In 1980, marine biologist Jeremiah Sullivan patented his design for Neptunic full coverage chain mail shark resistant suits which he had developed for close

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was commonly used to supplement mail. Eventually mail was supplanted by plate for the most part, as it provided greater protection against windlass crossbows, bludgeoning weapons, and lance charges while maintaining most of the mobility of mail. However, it was still widely used by many soldiers,

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arrived wearing "armour similar to chains". Once in China, mail was imported but was not produced widely. Due to its flexibility, comfort, and rarity, it was typically the armour of high-ranking guards and those who could afford the exotic import (to show off their social status) rather than the

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also quite long, reaching below the hips and covering most of the arms. Other historians claim instead that the Carolingian byrnie was nothing more than a coat of mail, but longer and perhaps heavier than traditional early medieval mail. Without more certain evidence, this dispute will continue.

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Mail is used as protective clothing for butchers against meat-packing equipment. Workers may wear up to 4 kg (8.8 lb) of mail under their white coats. Butchers also commonly wear a single mail glove to protect themselves from self-inflicted injury while cutting meat, as do many oyster

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consisting of small metal rings linked together in a pattern to form a mesh. It was in common military use between the 3rd century BC and the 16th century AD in Europe, while it continued to be used in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East as late as the 17th century. A coat of this armour is often

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diminished. Eventually the word "mail" came to be synonymous with armour. It was typically an extremely prized commodity, as it was expensive and time-consuming to produce and could mean the difference between life and death in a battle. Historically mail makers were often men, but women also

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was constructed with links where the wire was turned or twisted two or more times; these split links are similar to the modern split ring commonly used on keychains. The rings were lacquered black to prevent rusting, and were always stitched onto a backing of cloth or leather. The kusari was

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round fired at a distance of one hundred yards (91 m). Another invention, a "splatter mask" or "splinter mask", consisted of rigid upper face protection and a mail veil to protect the lower face, and was used by early tank crews as a measure against flying steel fragments

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Conventional textile-based ballistic vests are designed to stop soft-nosed bullets but offer little defense from knife attacks. Knife-resistant armour is designed to defend against knife attacks; some of these use layers of metal plates, mail and metallic wires.

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A waist-length coat in medieval Europe was called a byrnie, although the exact construction of a byrnie is unclear, including whether it was constructed of mail or other armour types. Noting that the byrnie was the "most highly valued piece of armour" to the

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historically accurate reproductions. Mail can also be made of titanium, aluminium, bronze, or copper. Riveted mail offers significantly better protection ability as well as historical accuracy than mail constructed with butted links. Japanese mail (

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and heavy cavalry as well as armour for the soldiers themselves. Asian mail could be just as heavy as the European variety and sometimes had prayer symbols stamped on the rings as a sign of their craftsmanship as well as for divine protection.

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Samuel R. Meyrick, A Critical Inquiry into Ancient Armour, as it Existed in Europe, but Particularly in England, from the Norman Conquest to the Reign of King Charles II: with a Glossary of Military Terms of the Middle Ages, (London,

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metals. Mail artwork includes headdresses, decorative wall hangings, ornaments, chess sets, macramé, and jewelry. For these non-traditional applications, hundreds of patterns (commonly referred to as "weaves") have been invented.

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armies where it eventually became the armour of choice in India. Indian mail was constructed with alternating rows of solid links and round riveted links and it was often integrated with plate protection (mail and plate armour).

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When the mail was not riveted, a thrust from most sharp weapons could penetrate it. However, when mail was riveted, only a strong well-placed thrust from certain spears, or thin or dedicated mail-piercing swords like the

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Captain Cruise of the British Infantry designed a mail fringe to be attached to helmets to protect the upper face. This proved unpopular with soldiers, in spite of being proven to defend against a three-ounce (85 g)

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The flexibility of mail meant that a blow would often injure the wearer, potentially causing serious bruising or fractures, and it was a poor defence against head trauma. Mail-clad warriors typically wore separate rigid

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could also penetrate riveted mail. Some evidence indicates that during armoured combat, the intention was to actually get around the armour rather than through it—according to a study of skeletons found at the

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One of the drawbacks of mail is the uneven weight distribution; the stress falls mainly on shoulders. Weight can be better distributed by wearing a belt over the mail, which provides another point of support.

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into a rod and then proceed to draw it out into wire. The solid links would have been made by punching from a sheet. Guild marks were often stamped on the rings to show their origin and craftsmanship.

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types. However, it was one of the few military products that China imported from foreigners. Mail spread to Korea slightly later where it was imported as the armour of imperial guards and generals.

1422: 753:). The rings of Japanese mail were much smaller than their European counterparts; they would be used in patches to link together plates and to drape over vulnerable areas such as the armpits. 1474: 1486: 1358: 958:

was also used to create solid links, but there are few possible examples known; the only well-documented example from Europe is that of the camail (mail neck-defence) of the 7th-century

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Mail remained in use as a decorative and possibly high-status symbol with military overtones long after its practical usefulness had passed. It was frequently used for the

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21:80 It was We Who taught him the making of coats of mail for your benefit, to guard you from each other's violence: will ye then be grateful? (Yusuf Ali's translation)

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Civilizations that used mail invented specific terms for each garment made from it. The standard terms for European mail armour derive from French: leggings are called

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is used in conjunction with an armoured item it usually means that mail makes up the majority of the armour composition. An example of this would be

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Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-duc, Encyclopédie Médiévale and Dictionnaire Raisonne du Mobilier Francais de l'Epoque Carlovingienne a la Renaissance.

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In some films, knitted string spray-painted with a metallic paint is used instead of actual mail in order to cut down on cost (an example being

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in 718 by giving him a coat of "link armour" assumed to be mail. Earliest assumed reference to mail can be found in early 3rd century record by

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museum in Leeds in the form of a large curtain bearing the logo of the museum. It was acquired from the makers of the film's armour,

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The manufacture of armour and helmets in sixteenth century Japan: (Chūkokatchū seisakuben) Kōzan Sakakibara, C. E. Tuttle, 1964 p.84

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The Treatment of Mail on an Arm Guard from the Armoury of the Shah Shuja: Ethical Repair and in situ Documentation in Miniature

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mail makers stopped using solid rings and almost all European mail was made from wedge riveted rings only with no solid rings.

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David G Alexander, Decorated and inscribed mail shirts in the Metropolitan Museum, Waffen- und Kostumkunde 27 (1985), 29–36

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Large-linked mail is occasionally used as BDSM clothing material, with the large links intended for fetishistic purposes.

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by H. Russell Robinson, there is a picture of Japanese riveted kusari, and this quote from the translated reference of

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Indian theta link mail (bar link mail), alternating rows of solid theta rings and round riveted rings, 17th century.

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closed to reduce the chance of the rings splitting open when subjected to a thrusting attack or a hit by an arrow.

820: 704: 696: 2741: 1729: 3896: 1235: 1230: 716: 712: 643:, being called "chained ring armor". China first encountered the armour in 384 when its allies in the nation of 454:. During World War I, Wilkinson Sword transitioned from mail to a lamellar design which was the precursor to the 4771: 4100: 2983: 1193: 4533: 4015: 26: 3705: 3470: 3085: 2989:

The Maille Artisans International League (MAIL) – Hundreds of weaves/tutorials/articles, and gallery pictures

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Mail is widely used in industrial settings as shrapnel guards and splash guards in metal working operations.

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Mail has applications in sculpture and jewellery, especially when made out of precious metals or colourful

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Catalogue of the Exhibition of Ancient Helmets and Examples of Mail, William Burgess & Baron De Cosson

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if mid-thigh length. A layer (or multiple layers) of mail sandwiched between layers of fabric is called a

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at a burial in Horný Jatov, Slovakia dated in the 3rd century BC, and in a chieftain's burial located in

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A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration, and Use of Arms and Armor: In All Countries and in All Times

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A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: In All Countries and in All Times

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A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: In All Countries and in All Times

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A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: In All Countries and in All Times

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A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms And Armor in All Countries and in All Times

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pattern mail dating from at least the 4th century BC. Mail may have been inspired by the much earlier

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could harm the wearer by their impact without penetrating the armour; usually a soft armour, such as

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Historically, in Europe, from the pre-Roman period on, the rings composing a piece of mail would be

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warrior, 1st century BC, a statue depicting a Romanized Gaulish warrior wearing mail and a Celtic

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Mail armour was introduced to the Middle East and Asia through the Romans and was adopted by the

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wrote that the ancient Persians wore scale armour, but mail is also distinctly mentioned in the

5143: 4953: 4801: 4600: 3926: 3876: 3240: 2258:'Without the Faces of Men': Facially Disfigured Great War Soldiers of Britain and the Dominions 1234:, which was filmed on a very small budget). Films more dedicated to costume accuracy often use 1058: 1009: 741:(1336–1392). The Japanese used many different weave methods including a square 4-in-1 pattern ( 334:

Mail armour and equipment of Polish medium cavalryman, from the second half of the 17th century

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Rusu, M., "Das Keltische Fürstengrab von Ciumeşti in Rumänien", Germania 50, 1969, pp. 267–269

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Ancient Roman originals can be seen on the pages of the Roman Military Equipment Web museum,

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Illustrated Directory of Special Forces, Ray Bonds, David Miller, Zenith Imprint, 2003 p. 368

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Ottoman riveted mail, alternating rows of round riveted links and solid links, 16th century.

1049: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4590: 4433: 4315: 4220: 4170: 3854: 2822:"Chainmail, Metal Spikes and Unbreakable Material: Can We Design a 'Shark-Proof' Wetsuit?" 1707: 603: 8: 5271: 4766: 4625: 4340: 4140: 4085: 3678: 3668: 3591: 3054: 3039: 2241: 2099: 1614: 2589:"Old vs. New - Bows and Crossbows tested on Butted and Riveted Mail Armor ("Chainmail")" 5075: 5003: 4851: 4836: 4720: 4145: 4075: 3916: 2719: 2636:. Stockholm, Sweden: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien. p. 160. 1814:

Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World

949: 451: 94: 2764: 1263:, Tina Turner is said to have worn actual mail and she complained how heavy this was. 1081:) is one of the few historically correct examples of mail being constructed with such 594: 5238: 5181: 5092: 5060: 4902: 4675: 4305: 4295: 4225: 4210: 4135: 4105: 4095: 3871: 3720: 3683: 3544: 3539: 3139: 2747: 2723: 2541: 2505: 2445: 2398: 2379: 1825: 1795: 1629: 1257:, when the museum hosted an exhibition of WETA armour from their films. For the film 959: 857: 738: 549: 416: 3034: 2746:. The Archaeology of York. Vol. 17/8. London: Council for British Archaeology. 506:

Persians starting in the 3rd century AD, where it was supplemental to the scale and

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European wedge riveted mail, showing both sides of the rings, 16th to 17th century.

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Reed Jr., Robert W. "Armour Purchases and Lists from the Howard Household Books",

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After the fall of the Western Empire, much of the infrastructure needed to create

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are not fully known. One theory is that it originally derives from the Latin word

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Electrical applications for mail include RF leakage testing and being worn as a

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blow could break through the armour. Strong projectile weapons such as stronger

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at least from the time of the Mongol invasion (1270s) but particularly from the

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links. Butted link mail was also used by the Moros of the Philippines in their

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together meaning that the ends touched each other and were not riveted, or the

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was an armourer who worked in Cheapside in the early 1300s and in York in 1446

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Mail continues to be used in the 21st century as a component of stab-resistant

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Oriental Armour, H. Russell Robinson, 1967 Walker and Co., New York, pp. 11-12

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of military uniforms. It is still used in this form by some regiments of the

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During the late 19th and early 20th century, mail was used as a material for

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patterns being utilised and an entire nomenclature developing around them.

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over their mail coifs for head protection. Likewise, blunt weapons such as

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Mail's resistance to weapons is determined by four factors: linkage type (

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In early medieval Europe "byrn(ie)" was the equivalent of a "coat of mail"

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Charles Henry Ashdown, British and Foreign Arms and Armour, (London, 1909

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rejects the unaccustomed armour" (detail of fol. 28r of the 13th century

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1603 to 1868 as a stand-alone defense. According to George Cameron Stone

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armour of the rank and file, who used more common brigandine, scale, and

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rings, for the lower cost and weight. Such ABS mail coats were made for

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which was used as a primary form of armour through the Imperial period.

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Horsfall, I. et al., "An Assessment of Human Performance in Stabbing",

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Arms and Armor of the Samurai: The History of Weaponry in Ancient Japan

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Arms and Armor of the Samurai: The History of Weaponry in Ancient Japan

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Typically worn under mail armour if thin or over mail armour if thick:

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Arms and Armor of the Samurai: The History of Weaponry in Ancient Japan

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soldier, Bennet, Bradbury, DeVries, Dickie, and Jestice indicate that:

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Francis Grose, A Treatise on Ancient Armour and Weapons, London, 1786

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Bennet, M., Bradbury, J., DeVries, K., Dickie, I., & Jestice, P.

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for defense against shark bites, and a number of other applications.

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suit by tesla coil enthusiasts and high voltage electrical workers.

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Maillers Worldwide - weaves/tutorials/articles, and gallery photos

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Medicine in the Crusades: Warfare, Wounds and the Medieval Surgeon

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Company. Results were unsatisfactory; Wilkinson mail worn by the

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The manufacture of armour and helmets in sixteenth century Japan

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The Manufacture of Armour and Helmets in Sixteenth-Century Japan

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WWI Splatter Mask on display at the Army Medical Services Museum

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Roman soldier 175 A.D. from a northern province (re-enactment).

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already used. Mail was commonly also used as horse armour for

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The Apprentice Armorer's Illustrated Handbook For Making Mail

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by H. Russell Robinson, London, Arms & Armour P., p. 58,

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A rare example of Japanese riveted mail, round riveted rings.

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were worn on occasions, sometimes under the ordinary clothing

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soldiers in mail armour. Note the scene of stripping a mail

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The use of mail as battlefield armour was common during the

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makes use of mail, notably during the "Red Wedding" scene.

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Edo period Japanese (samurai) chain armour or kusari gusoku

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Ring Guide – Sizing Specialty Square Rings to Round Weaves

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The earliest examples of surviving mail were found in the

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Butted or split (twisted) links made up the majority of

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first came into contact with mail fighting the Gauls in

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Mail was also used for face protection in World War I.

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http://artofchainmail.com/patterns/european/index.html

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sometimes concealed entirely between layers of cloth.

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Richardson, T. (2011). "Armour in England, 1325–99".

184:). Another theory relates the word to the old French 2497: 2437: 2321:先帝赐臣铠：黑光、明光各一领、两当铠一领、环锁铠一领、马铠一领。今代以昇平，兵革无事，乞悉以付铠曹自理。 944:

repeatedly until the desired diameter was achieved.

759:

was known and used in Japan. On page 58 of the book

635:

when its allies in Central Asia paid tribute to the

411:still in existence is thought to have been worn by 1887: 1286:Edo period 1800s Japanese (samurai) mail socks or 719:, and other armoured clothing were produced, even 3050:Chain Mail 101: Learn all about making Chain Mail 1794:, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006 495:Tibetan warrior in mail reinforced by additional 5263: 1723: 1575:(also known as quilted armour or a padded jack) 1563: 1380:Close up of Mughal riveted mail and plate coat 1348:Examples of Edo period Japanese (samurai) mail 1148:Chainmail armor is one of the armor tiers from 3045:http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armor-ii 1886: 1302:Japanese Edo period mail jacket, butted rings 783:links used by the Japanese. Links were either 4042: 3471: 3070: 2658: 2656: 1559:, type of mail from the Nusantara archipelago 1320:Edo period Japanese (samurai) mail gauntlets 798:or chain armour was commonly used during the 198:refers to a loop or stitch. The Arabic words 151:religion that written in the 6th century AD. 3842: 1452:). The image depicts a method of removing a 1396:Close up detail of Mughal riveted mail hood 560:(Tamerlane) and the Sogdians and by India's 221: 203: 125:. Its invention is commonly credited to the 3007:The Ringinator - Tool for making jump rings 2695: 2444:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 424. 1196:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 292:. A mail collar hanging from a helmet is a 175: 4049: 4035: 3478: 3464: 3077: 3063: 2701: 2653: 2504:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 61. 2139:. The Wilkinson Sword Co. Ltd. p. 41. 1653:"chain mail" Cambridge dictionaries online 1044: 568:in late 12th century and commonly used by 2777: 2631: 2625: 2558:The connoisseur's book of Japanese swords 2188:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 69. 2173:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 85. 1968:Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World 1925:Trésor de la langue française informatisé 1548:with scales attached to a backing of mail 1216:Learn how and when to remove this message 917:from 1698 showing the manufacture of mail 3017:The Ring Lord Chainmail Discussion Forum 2969:Erik D. Schmid/The Mail Research Society 2743:The Anglian Helmet from 16–22 Coppergate 2560:, Kōkan Nagayama, Kodansha International 2226:Helmets and body armor in modern warfare 2168: 2134: 2086:The Journal of the Mail Research Society 1100: 1092: 1061:groups, especially those whose focus is 1048: 1012:was among the first to develop and test 1008:. Shark expert and underwater filmmaker 990: 908: 831: 665: 537: 490: 460: 372: 354:were developed. It is believed that the 329: 271: 88: 65: 25: 2736: 2491: 2395:Japanese Arms & Armor: Introduction 2261:(PhD thesis). UNSW Sydney. p. 37. 2044: 761:Japanese Arms & Armor: Introduction 5264: 3086:Components of medieval European armour 2921: 2648:Arms and Armour of the Medieval Knight 2100:"Fashion in European Armor, 1600–1700" 1841: 836:Mail hauberk from the Museum of Bayeux 4030: 3459: 3058: 2783:"Fast-Food Nation: Meat and Potatoes" 2433: 2431: 2429: 2254: 2183: 2040: 2038: 1601:(supplementary plates worn over mail) 1138: 180:, meaning 'spot' or 'opacity' (as in 2634:Armour from the Battle of Wisby 1361 2498:George Cameron Stone (2 July 1999). 2438:George Cameron Stone (2 July 1999). 2222: 2097: 1948:The Middle English Dictionary Online 1908:participating institution membership 1784:Warhorse: Cavalry in Ancient Warfare 1514: 1194:adding citations to reliable sources 1161: 564:. Mail armour was introduced by the 237:are in Old French and Anglo-Norman: 103:) wearing mail armour and bearing a 2882:. Discovery Channel. Archived from 2760:from the original on 21 March 2024. 2666:. Cambridge University Press, 2007. 1824:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003 1811:Robert E. Krebs, Carolyn A. Krebs, 1687: 1412:Mughal riveted mail and plate coat 1249:can be seen in the entrance to the 1029: 233:The first attestations of the word 222: 204: 13: 2861:Straight Up: Helicopters in Action 2859:Douglas, David (director) (2002). 2426: 2035: 1970:. Thomas Dunne Books, 2005, p. 82. 1088: 1016:in 1979 while diving with sharks. 625:axeman in mail and lamellar armour 14: 5293: 2962: 2873: 1708:"Celtic chainmail – Balkan Celts" 986: 684:which means chain. When the word 422:By the 14th century, articulated 5246: 5245: 5237: 3945:Body armor performance standards 3485: 3188: 3002:Butted mail: A Mailmaker's Guide 2763: 2677:The Knight and the Blast Furnace 2621:from the original on 2017-12-23. 2536:Ian Bottomley & A.P. Hopson 2458:from the original on 3 June 2016 2374:Ian Bottomley & A.P. Hopson 1852:from the original on 2017-12-23. 1504:Man wearing mail in modern days. 1497: 1485: 1473: 1461: 1437: 1421: 1405: 1389: 1373: 1357: 1341: 1329: 1313: 1295: 1279: 1166: 827: 602: 593: 518:Mail armour is mentioned in the 393:from a dead combatant at bottom. 249:or other variants, which became 5282:Military equipment of antiquity 2940: 2915: 2897: 2867: 2852: 2828: 2814: 2800: 2771: 2730: 2682: 2669: 2640: 2601: 2572: 2550: 2530: 2518:from the original on 1 May 2016 2470: 2408: 2388: 2368: 2347: 2326: 2306: 2297: 2273: 2248: 2216: 2192: 2177: 2162: 2143: 2128: 2113: 2091: 2078: 2053: 2026: 2017: 2007: 1998: 1987:from the original on 2013-01-15 1973: 1960: 1937: 1914: 1880: 1856: 1842:Laufer, Berthold (1914-01-01). 1835: 1805: 1775: 1231:Monty Python and the Holy Grail 1105:A modern example of the use of 745:), a hexagonal 6-in-1 pattern ( 2716:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2011.06.001 2690:Forensic Science International 2184:Stone, George Cameron (1999). 1772:, Dover Publications, New York 1762: 1753: 1744: 1714: 1664: 1646: 1579:Can be worn over mail armour: 1143: 981: 904: 552:, mail was quickly adopted in 415:, who died in 1386 during the 296:. A shirt made from mail is a 16:Personal armour of metal links 1: 3731:Boiled leather (cuir bouilli) 3706:Kusari (Japanese mail armour) 3022:Phong's Chainmaille Tutorials 2047:Dictionary of the Middle Ages 1845:Notes on Turquois in the East 1640: 1536:Kusari (Japanese mail armour) 662:Kusari (Japanese mail armour) 2355:Brassey's Book of Body Armor 2285:American Militaria Reference 2169:Robinson, H. Russel (2002). 1676:University of North Carolina 1564:Armour supplementary to mail 1364:Riveted mail and plate coat 522:as being a gift revealed by 413:Leopold III, Duke of Austria 325: 216:worn by Coptic priests) and 165: 147:, the holy scripture of the 129:, but there are examples of 7: 4616:Helmet Steel Airborne Troop 4056: 2704:Journal of Medieval History 2137:The Wilkinson Sword Catalog 2045:Strayer, Joseph R. (1982). 1678:. Accessed 4 November 2018. 1509: 936:Both were commonly made of 692:which means chain armour. 78:around his neck, bearing a 21:Chain mail (disambiguation) 10: 5298: 4752:Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet 2088:, Vol. 1. No. 1, July 2003 2049:. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1272: 1260:Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome 1033: 659: 486: 212:, a hooded cloak', also a 61: 18: 5233: 5157: 5116: 5026: 4941: 4865: 4734: 4573: 4542: 4369: 4273: 4264: 4064: 4024: 3998: 3984: 3783: 3755: 3739: 3517: 3494: 3422: 3371: 3320: 3249: 3218: 3197: 3186: 3092: 2922:magpie (29 August 2015). 2880:Daily Planet Segment 2008 2632:Thordeman, Bengt (1940). 1895:Oxford English Dictionary 1428:Mughal riveted mail hood 970:) was commonly made from 856:, could penetrate, and a 749:) and a European 4-in-1 ( 3850:Armour of the Kelly gang 3696:Karuta (Japanese armour) 2692:, 102 (1999). pp. 79–89. 2646:D. Edge and J. Paddock. 1552:Tatami (Japanese armour) 655: 584: 3748:Bullet-resistant armour 3701:Kikko (Japanese armour) 3518:Historical armour types 2979:Excavated lorica hamata 2840:collections.anmm.gov.au 2223:Dean, Bashford (1920). 2135:Randolph, T.H. (1892). 2120:"Men Who Wear Armour". 1900:Oxford University Press 1157: 1109:, a bracelet using the 1097:Major's shoulder chains 1045:Historical re-enactment 631:Mail was introduced to 186: 170:The origin of the word 58:or sometimes a byrnie. 4954:Advanced Combat Helmet 3999:Fictional armour types 2928:Birds Before the Storm 1688:Gonagle, Brendan Mac. 1113: 1098: 1059:historical reenactment 1054: 996: 976:mail and plate armours 918: 837: 812: 777: 671: 545: 536: 499: 483:) inside the vehicle. 466: 442:, most notably by the 394: 335: 323: 277: 176: 110: 86: 31: 30:A European mail shirt. 5046:Boxing / Martial Arts 3597:Mail and plate armour 2781:(September 3, 1998). 2650:(London: Bison), 1988 2255:Neale, Kerry (2015). 2231:Yale University Press 1531:Mail and plate armour 1241:The Lord of the Rings 1104: 1096: 1052: 994: 912: 835: 806:Entire suits of mail 804: 773: 669: 541: 532: 494: 464: 376: 333: 318: 300:if knee-length and a 275: 194:). In modern French, 92: 69: 29: 4596:M32 (Czechoslovakia) 3855:Brewster Body Shield 2281:"Tank Splatter Mask" 1864:"Neptunic Sharksuit" 1768:Stone, G.C. (1934): 1672:The Celts Themselves 1190:improve this section 402:undertook the work: 19:For other uses, see 4767:Romanian M73 helmet 4721:M1918 (Switzerland) 4641:Mk II talker helmet 4606:Stahlhelm (Germany) 4161:Henry VIII's Horned 3740:Modern armour types 3679:Gothic plate armour 3669:Kasten-brust armour 3592:Transitional armour 2924:"Wearing Chainmail" 2810:. 26 December 2017. 2662:Mitchell, Piers D. 2242:Library of Congress 2204:www.vikingsword.com 1898:(Online ed.). 1615:Transitional armour 995:Neptunic shark suit 715:, shoulder guards, 404:Alice la Haubergere 269:in Middle English. 5004:Lightweight Helmet 4479:Lobster-tailed pot 3917:Osprey body armour 2998:Construction tips 2953:2009-06-19 at the 2909:2016-05-06 at the 2565:2016-04-27 at the 2485:2016-05-12 at the 2420:2016-05-12 at the 2362:2016-05-04 at the 2341:2016-05-27 at the 2155:2016-05-03 at the 2098:Breiding, Dirk H. 1954:2013-07-31 at the 1931:2016-03-05 at the 1820:2016-05-12 at the 1790:2016-05-06 at the 1738:2016-05-01 at the 1658:2015-11-24 at the 1139:In popular culture 1114: 1099: 1055: 997: 919: 838: 765:Sakakibara Kozan's 672: 546: 500: 467: 452:battle of Omdurman 395: 350:and more advanced 336: 294:camail or aventail 278: 111: 95:ancient Macedonian 87: 32: 5259: 5258: 5227: 5226: 5066:Gridiron football 5022: 5021: 4676:SSh-39 and SSh-40 4611:M1934/39 (Greece) 3958: 3957: 3940: 3939: 3872:Ranger Body Armor 3838: 3837: 3784:Ballistic fabrics 3684:Maximilian armour 3540:Lorica segmentata 3453: 3452: 2511:978-0-486-40726-5 2451:978-0-486-40726-5 2378:P.57 & P.186 1906:(Subscription or 1731:The ancient world 1630:Proofing (armour) 1515:Mail-based armour 1247:Lord of the Rings 1226: 1225: 1218: 1111:roundmaille weave 960:Coppergate Helmet 739:Nambokucho Period 678:, mail is called 550:Abbasid Caliphate 440:bulletproof vests 417:Battle of Sempach 5289: 5249: 5248: 5241: 4661:M1940 (Portugal) 4336:Late Roman ridge 4271: 4270: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4028: 4027: 3840: 3839: 3753: 3752: 3744: 3743: 3659:Greenwich armour 3480: 3473: 3466: 3457: 3456: 3192: 3150:Lobster tail pot 3079: 3072: 3065: 3056: 3055: 2957: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2934: 2919: 2913: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2846: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2794: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2761: 2738:Tweddle, Dominic 2734: 2728: 2727: 2699: 2693: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2667: 2660: 2651: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2576: 2570: 2554: 2548: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2495: 2489: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2435: 2424: 2412: 2406: 2392: 2386: 2372: 2366: 2351: 2345: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2210: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2166: 2160: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2107: 2095: 2089: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2042: 2033: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1992: 1977: 1971: 1964: 1958: 1941: 1935: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1903: 1891: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1839: 1833: 1809: 1803: 1781:Philip Sidnell, 1779: 1773: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1685: 1679: 1670:Ashton, Kasey. " 1668: 1662: 1650: 1501: 1489: 1477: 1465: 1441: 1425: 1409: 1393: 1377: 1361: 1345: 1333: 1317: 1299: 1283: 1221: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1201: 1170: 1162: 1030:Stab-proof vests 1004:encounters with 606: 597: 448:Khedive of Egypt 225: 224: 207: 206: 189: 182:macula of retina 179: 115:Carpathian Basin 5297: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5277:Medieval armour 5262: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5251:Category:Armour 5229: 5228: 5223: 5153: 5144:Riot protection 5112: 5018: 4969:ECH (Australia) 4937: 4861: 4730: 4726:Type 92 Tetsubo 4651:Netherlands M34 4601:M1923 (Denmark) 4569: 4565:Tarleton helmet 4538: 4371: 4365: 4260: 4116:Coventry Sallet 4068: 4066: 4060: 4055: 4020: 3994: 3980: 3954: 3936: 3834: 3830:Ballistic nylon 3779: 3757:Ballistic plate 3735: 3654:Munition armour 3567:Lamellar armour 3562:Lorica squamata 3513: 3490: 3484: 3454: 3449: 3418: 3367: 3316: 3245: 3214: 3193: 3184: 3125:Enclosed helmet 3088: 3083: 3035:Romancoins.info 2965: 2960: 2955:Wayback Machine 2945: 2941: 2932: 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1990: 1988: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1965: 1961: 1956:Wayback Machine 1942: 1938: 1933:Wayback Machine 1919: 1915: 1905: 1885: 1881: 1872: 1870: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1840: 1836: 1822:Wayback Machine 1810: 1806: 1792:Wayback Machine 1780: 1776: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1740:Wayback Machine 1728: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1686: 1682: 1669: 1665: 1660:Wayback Machine 1651: 1647: 1643: 1594:Lamellar armour 1566: 1517: 1512: 1505: 1502: 1493: 1490: 1481: 1478: 1469: 1466: 1457: 1442: 1433: 1426: 1417: 1410: 1401: 1394: 1385: 1378: 1369: 1362: 1353: 1346: 1337: 1334: 1325: 1324:, butted rings. 1322:kusari han kote 1318: 1309: 1305:kusari katabira 1300: 1291: 1290:, butted rings. 1284: 1275: 1266:Game of Thrones 1251:Royal Armouries 1222: 1211: 1205: 1202: 1187: 1171: 1160: 1146: 1141: 1091: 1089:Decorative uses 1047: 1038: 1032: 989: 984: 907: 879:battle of Visby 830: 821:kusari katabira 664: 658: 629: 628: 627: 626: 609: 608: 607: 599: 598: 587: 562:Delhi Sultanate 508:lamellar armour 489: 444:Wilkinson Sword 379:Bayeux Tapestry 377:Panel from the 328: 288:, and mittens, 168: 64: 49:) is a type of 37:(also known as 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5295: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5243: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5207:American fiber 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4742:Bangtan Helmet 4738: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4711:M1937 (Sweden) 4708: 4706:M1926 (Sweden) 4703: 4698: 4696:M1942 Modelo Z 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4591:M36 (Bulgaria) 4588: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4277: 4275: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4251:Witcham Gravel 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4141:Guilden Morden 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4121:Crosby Garrett 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 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No. 794 2770: 2752: 2729: 2710:(3): 304–320. 2694: 2681: 2668: 2652: 2639: 2624: 2600: 2571: 2549: 2529: 2510: 2490: 2469: 2450: 2425: 2407: 2387: 2367: 2346: 2325: 2305: 2296: 2272: 2247: 2215: 2191: 2176: 2161: 2142: 2127: 2122:The Daily Mail 2112: 2090: 2077: 2052: 2034: 2025: 2016: 2006: 1997: 1972: 1959: 1936: 1913: 1879: 1855: 1834: 1804: 1774: 1761: 1752: 1743: 1722: 1713: 1710:. 8 July 2013. 1699: 1680: 1663: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1596: 1591: 1589:Coat of plates 1586: 1577: 1576: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1554: 1549: 1546:Lorica plumata 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1460: 1458: 1443: 1436: 1434: 1427: 1420: 1418: 1411: 1404: 1402: 1395: 1388: 1386: 1379: 1372: 1370: 1363: 1356: 1354: 1347: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1328: 1326: 1319: 1312: 1310: 1301: 1294: 1292: 1285: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1224: 1223: 1174: 1172: 1165: 1159: 1156: 1145: 1142: 1140: 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Retrieved 2927: 2917: 2899: 2888:. Retrieved 2884:the original 2879: 2869: 2860: 2854: 2843:. Retrieved 2839: 2830: 2816: 2802: 2791:. Retrieved 2786: 2773: 2742: 2732: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2689: 2684: 2676: 2671: 2663: 2647: 2642: 2633: 2627: 2612: 2603: 2592: 2580:Ghostarchive 2578:Archived at 2574: 2569:, 1998 p. 43 2557: 2552: 2540:pp. 155–156 2537: 2532: 2520:. Retrieved 2500: 2493: 2477: 2472: 2460:. Retrieved 2440: 2410: 2394: 2390: 2375: 2370: 2354: 2349: 2333: 2328: 2320: 2315: 2308: 2299: 2288:. Retrieved 2284: 2275: 2267:1959.4/55193 2257: 2250: 2240:– via 2235:. Retrieved 2225: 2218: 2207:. Retrieved 2203: 2194: 2185: 2179: 2170: 2164: 2150:Google Books 2145: 2136: 2130: 2121: 2115: 2104:. Retrieved 2093: 2085: 2080: 2069:. Retrieved 2067:. 2024-09-10 2064: 2055: 2046: 2028: 2019: 2009: 2000: 1989:. Retrieved 1975: 1967: 1962: 1947: 1939: 1924: 1916: 1893: 1882: 1871:. Retrieved 1867: 1858: 1844: 1837: 1813: 1807: 1783: 1777: 1764: 1755: 1746: 1730: 1725: 1716: 1702: 1693: 1683: 1666: 1648: 1619: 1605:Scale armour 1578: 1567: 1450:Morgan Bible 1429: 1414:zirah Bagtar 1413: 1397: 1382:zirah Bagtar 1381: 1366:zirah bagtar 1365: 1349: 1321: 1303: 1287: 1264: 1258: 1246: 1243:film trilogy 1240: 1229: 1227: 1212: 1203: 1188:Please help 1176: 1149: 1147: 1134: 1126: 1122:British Army 1115: 1110: 1106: 1083:butted links 1082: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1056: 1039: 1024:Faraday cage 1021: 1018: 1002: 998: 971: 967: 954: 938:wrought iron 935: 931: 924: 920: 883: 870:recurve bows 850: 839: 819: 815: 814:In his book 813: 807: 805: 795: 794: 788: 784: 780: 778: 774: 768: 760: 756: 755: 750: 746: 742: 733:was used in 728: 727: 720: 717:thigh guards 693: 689: 685: 679: 673: 637:Tang Emperor 630: 623:Song dynasty 619: 612: 554:Central Asia 547: 533: 517: 501: 497:mirror plate 468: 437: 433:padded jacks 424:plate armour 421: 408:Agnes Hecche 399:plate armour 396: 348:plate armour 337: 319: 310: 279: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 232: 217: 199: 195: 191: 171: 169: 153: 139: 135:scale armour 112: 104: 98: 80:Celtic-style 46: 42: 38: 34: 33: 4959:BK-3 helmet 4913:Hełm wz. 93 4837:Paratrooper 4822:Modèle 1978 4817:Modèle 1951 4792:Hełm wz. 67 4787:Hełm wz. 63 4782:Hełm wz. 50 4656:Hełm wz. 31 4621:M33 (Italy) 4560:Pith helmet 4555:Pickelhaube 4543:Late Modern 4519:Spangenhelm 4504:Pickelhaube 4404:Cervelliere 4286:Boar's tusk 4146:Guisborough 4111:Coțofenești 4016:Power armor 4011:Ring armour 4006:Banded mail 3962:Flak jacket 3892:FSBE AAV QR 3882:Dragon Skin 3818:UHMWPE/HPPE 3775:Steel plate 3770:Doron plate 3632:Breastplate 3257:Breastplate 3175:Spangenhelm 3120:Cervelliere 2522:18 February 2462:18 February 1981:"Chainmail" 1694:Balkancelts 1635:Ring armour 1557:Baju Rantai 1521:Banded mail 1430:kulah zirah 1398:kulah zirah 1288:kusari tabi 1236:ABS plastic 1144:Video games 1067:Middle Ages 1014:shark suits 982:Modern uses 905:Manufacture 767:1800 book, 747:hana gusari 722:kusari tabi 713:shin guards 616:Western Xia 543:Mughal Army 512:cataphracts 456:flak jacket 429:brigandines 427:along with 387:Anglo-Saxon 344:Middle Ages 314:Carolingian 156:body armour 149:Zoroastrian 5272:Body armor 5266:Categories 5093:Motorcycle 5076:Revolution 5061:Equestrian 4888:M90 (Iraq) 4469:Kulah khud 4429:Frog-mouth 4306:Corinthian 4296:Chalcidian 4226:Sutton Hoo 4211:Ribchester 4171:Iron Gates 4166:Horncastle 4136:Gjermundbu 4106:Coppergate 4096:Canterbury 4067:historical 4065:Individual 3985:Components 3806:Kevlar KM2 3607:Brigandine 3582:Chain mail 3525:Linothorax 3499:Body armor 3302:Lance rest 3262:Brigandine 3180:Kettle hat 3140:Frog mouth 3135:Great helm 2933:2020-09-29 2890:2011-08-20 2845:2020-10-29 2793:2020-11-19 2675:Williams, 2290:2023-10-12 2237:2023-10-12 2209:2024-02-23 2106:2020-10-03 2071:2024-09-10 1991:2013-02-13 1910:required.) 1873:2024-07-26 1641:References 1625:Cataphract 1584:Brigandine 1118:epaulettes 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