171:
5546:
so that the Masses, whether they be celebrated with the plain voice or in song, with everything clearly and quickly executed, may reach the ears of the hearers and quietly penetrate their hearts. In those Masses where measured music and organ are customary, nothing profane should be intermingled, but only hymns and divine praises. If something from the divine service is sung with the organ while the service proceeds, let if first be recited in a simple, clear voice, lest the reading of the sacred words be imperceptible. But the entire manner of singing in musical modes should be calculated not to afford vain delight to the ear, but so that the words may be comprehensible to all; and thus may the hearts of the listeners be caught up into the desire for celestial harmonies and contemplation of the joys of the blessed."
5072:
5605:
4488:
5378:... every superstition shall be removed ... all lasciviousness be avoided; in such wise that figures shall not be painted or adorned with a beauty exciting to lust ... there be nothing seen that is disorderly, or that is unbecomingly or confusedly arranged, nothing that is profane, nothing indecorous, seeing that holiness becometh the house of God. And that these things may be the more faithfully observed, the holy Synod ordains, that no one be allowed to place, or cause to be placed, any unusual image, in any place, or church, howsoever exempted, except that image have been approved of by the bishop ...
9348:
3649:
4896:
5550:
for the long statement about music to be attenuated and many other prelates of the council joined enthusiastically. The only restrictions actually given by the 22nd session was to keep secular elements out of the music, making polyphony implicitly allowed. The issue of textual intelligibility did not make its way into the final edicts of the 22nd session but were only featured in preliminary debates. The 22nd session only prohibited "lascivious" and "profane" things to be intermingled with the music but
Paleotti, in his Acts, brings to equal importance the issues of intelligibility.
4011:
5653:, was a very important figure in reforming Church music after the Council of Trent. Though Borromeo was an aide to the pope in Rome and was unable to be in Milan, he eagerly pushed for the decrees of the council to be quickly put into practice in Milan. Borromeo kept in contact with his church in Milian through letters and eagerly encouraged the leaders there to implement the reforms coming from the Council of Trent. In one of his letters to his vicar in the Milan diocese, Nicolo Ormaneto of Verona, Borromeo commissioned the master of the chapel,
4904:
5284:
5367:, a highly sophisticated style striving for effect, that concerned many Churchmen as lacking appeal for the mass of the population. Church pressure to restrain religious imagery affected art from the 1530s and resulted in the decrees of the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563 including short and rather inexplicit passages concerning religious images, which were to have great impact on the development of Catholic art. Previous Catholic councils had rarely felt the need to pronounce on these matters, unlike
1178:
144:
4234:
5580:(Mass for Pope Marcellus) was performed before the council and received such a welcoming reception among the delegates that they completely changed their minds and allowed polyphony to stay in use in the musical liturgy. Therefore, Palestrina came to be named the "saviour of Church polyphony". This legend, though unfounded, has long been a mainstay of histories of music. The saviour-myth was first spread by an account by Aggazzari and Banchieri in 1609 who said that
14330:
11443:
6127:
14319:
11432:
9360:
6113:
6099:
3695:
1113:
43:
2816:
altogether new appearance. … The so-called 'counter-reformation' did not begin with the
Council of Trent, long after Luther; its origins and initial achievements were much anterior to the fame of Wittenberg. It was undertaken, not by way of answering the 'reformers,' but in obedience to demands and principles that are part of the unalterable tradition of the Church and proceed from her most fundamental loyalties.
4663:
5394:, a huge canvas for the refectory of a monastery, contained, in the words of the Holy Office: "buffoons, drunken Germans, dwarfs and other such scurrilities" as well as extravagant costumes and settings, in what is indeed a fantasy version of a Venetian patrician feast. Veronese was told that he must change his painting within a three-month period. He just changed the title to
5264:. Any work that might arouse "carnal desire" was inadmissible in churches, while any depiction of Christ's suffering and explicit agony was desirable and proper. In an era when some Protestant reformers were destroying images of saints and whitewashing walls, Catholic reformers reaffirmed the importance of art, with special encouragement given to images of the Virgin Mary.
5657:(1508–1587), to write a Mass that would make the words as easy to understand as possible. Borromeo also suggested that if Don Nicola, a composer of a more chromatic style, was in Milan he too could compose a Mass and the two be compared for textural clarity. Borromeo was likely involved or heard of the questions regarding textual clarity because of his request to Ruffo.
4284:) and returned them to the control of Catholic Spain. He took advantage of the divisions in the ranks of his opponents between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons, using persuasion to take advantage of the divisions and foment the growing discord. By doing so he was able to bring back the Walloon provinces to an allegiance to the king. By the
5646:
declarations but did not read the official
Tridentine pronouncements. Church musicians were probably influenced by order from their ecclesiastical patrons. Composers who reference the council's reforms in prefaces to their compositions do not adequately claim a musical basis from the council but a spiritual and religious basis of their art.
2794:: ‘Counter-Reformation’ was used by Protestant historians as a negative and one-dimensional concept that stressed the aspect of reaction and resistance to Protestantism and neglected that of reform within Catholicism. The term was understandably shunned by Catholic historians. Even when the Protestant historian
5549:
Canon 8 is often quoted as the
Council of Trent's decree on Church music, but that is a glaring misunderstanding of the canon; it was only a proposed decree. In fact, the delegates at the council never officially accepted canon 8 in its popular form but bishops of Granada, Coimbra, and Segovia pushed
2820:
The
Italian historian Massimo Firpo has distinguished "Catholic Reformation" from "Counter-Reformation" by their issues. In his view, the general "Catholic Reformation" was "centered on the care of souls ..., episcopal residence, the renewal of the clergy, together with the charitable and educational
5801:
passed with relatively little comment: little more than a mathematical convenience that simplified astronomical references for a more accurate calendar. Physical evidence suggesting
Copernicus's theory regarding the earth's motion was literally true promoted the apparent heresy against the religious
5558:
has been attributed to be the "saviour of Church music" because he said polyphony ought not to be driven out of the Church. But
Ferdinand was most likely an alarmist and read into the council the possibility of a total ban on polyphony. The Council of Trent did not focus on the style of music but on
5545:
Canon 8 states that "Since the sacred mysteries should be celebrated with utmost reverence, with both deepest feeling toward God alone, and with external worship that is truly suitable and becoming, so that others may be filled with devotion and called to religion: ... Everything should be regulated
3352:
faction of the monastic orders (that less slackness regarding external observances would aid fervour in internal piety) or to promote a top-down ("head and body") institution-centric focus that reform needed to start at and from the Pope, or bishops, or councils, or princes, or canon law. There was
5496:
and using non-liturgical songs was addressed in 1503, and secular singing and the intelligibility of the text in the delivery of psalmody in 1492. The delegates at the council were just a link in the long chain of Church clergy who had pushed for a reform of the musical liturgy reaching back as far
4353:
In a war composed mostly of sieges rather than battles, he proved his mettle. His strategy was to offer generous terms for surrender: there would be no massacres or looting; historic urban privileges were retained; there was a full pardon and amnesty; return to the
Catholic Church would be gradual.
4182:
was a
Protestant-leaning or mediating movement within Catholicism, in France and the Spanish Netherlands, that was criticized for being crypto-Calvinist, denying that Christ died for all, promoting that Holy Communion should be received very infrequently, and more. After Jansenist propositions were
3376:
In the half-century before the reformation, the phenomenon of
Bishops closing down decadent monasteries or convents had become more common, as had programs to educate parish priests. In the half-century before the Council of Trent, various evangelical Catholic leaders had experimented with reforms
3368:
and the wealth, dioscese-absenteeism, and pre-occupation with secular power of important bishops were recognized as perennial and scandalous problems. These resisted serious reform (by successive popes and councils with those bishops, unable to compromise their own interests) for centuries, causing
3924:
While the traditional fundamentals of the Church were reaffirmed, there were noticeable changes to answer complaints that the Counter-Reformers were, tacitly, willing to admit were legitimate. Among the conditions to be corrected by Catholic reformers was the growing divide between the clerics and
5591:
The Pope Marcellus Mass, in short, was not important in its own day and did not help save Church polyphony. What is undeniable is that despite any solid evidence of his influence during or after the Council of Trent, no figure is more qualified to represent the cause of polyphony in the Mass than
5532:
would then contain melodies (usually the tenor line) and words from songs that could have been, and often were, on sensual subjects. The musical liturgy of the Church was being more and more influenced by secular tunes and styles. The Council of Paris, which met in 1528, as well as the Council of
5230:
was transformed from a social to a personal experience; that is, from a public community act to a private confession. It now took place in private in a confessional. It was a change in its emphasis from reconciliation with the Church to reconciliation directly with God and from emphasis on social
3990:
that had previously plagued the Church: the organization of religious institutions was tightened, discipline was improved, and the parish was emphasized. The appointment of bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated. In the past, the large landholdings forced many bishops to be "absent
5641:
Despite the dearth of edicts from the council regarding polyphony and textual clarity, the reforms that followed from the 22nd session filled in the gaps left by the council in stylistic areas. In the 24th session the council gave authority to "Provincial Synods" to discern provisions for Church
5491:
is believed to be the apex of the Counter-Reformation's influence on Church music in the 16th century. However, the council's pronouncements on music were not the first attempt at reform. The Catholic Church had spoken out against a perceived abuse of music used in the Mass before the Council of
2802:
divided on the subject. The term ‘Catholic Reformation’ appealed to Catholic historians because it offered them the possibility of avoiding the term ‘Counter-Reformation’, with its problematic connotation of a mere reaction to Protestantism. But it was rejected by Protestant historians – largely
4973:
order notable for their preaching and for their care for the poor and the sick, grew rapidly. Capuchin-founded confraternities took special interest in the poor and lived austerely. Members of orders active in overseas missionary expansion expressed the view that the rural parishes often needed
5541:
The Council of Trent met sporadically from December 13, 1545, to December 4, 1563, to reform many parts of the Catholic Church. The 22nd session of the council, which met in 1562, dealt with Church music in Canon 8 in the section of "Abuses in the Sacrifice of the Mass" during a meeting of the
2815:
The term ('counter-reformation'), however, though common, is misleading: it cannot rightly be applied, logically or chronologically, to that sudden awakening as of a startled giant, that wonderful effort of rejuvenation and reorganization, which in a space of thirty years gave to the Church an
5665:
manner with no complicated rhythms, and to use dissonance very conservatively. Ruffo's approach was certainly a success for textual clarity and simplicity, but if his music was very theoretically pure it was not an artistic success despite Ruffo's attempts to bring interest to the monotonous
5666:
four-part texture. Ruffo's compositional style which favored the text was well in line with the council's perceived concern with intelligibility. Thus the belief in the council's strong edicts regarding textual intelligibility became to characterize the development of sacred Church music.
5645:
Though originally theological and directed towards the attitudes of the musicians, the Council's decrees came to be thought of by Church musicians as a pronouncement on proper musical styles. This understanding was most likely spread through musicians who sought to implement the council's
5642:
music. The decision to leave practical application and stylistic matters to local ecclesiastical leaders was important in shaping the future of Catholic church music. It was left then up to the local Church leaders and Church musicians to find proper application for the council's decrees.
5202:
in 1571 was accredited to the Virgin Mary and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions. During and after the Catholic Reformation, Marian piety experienced unforeseen growth with over 500 pages of mariological writings during the 17th century alone. The Jesuit
3748:
5576:(c. 1525/26–1594), a Church musician and choirmaster in Rome, wrote a Mass for the council delegates in order to demonstrate that a polyphonic composition could set the text in such a way that the words could be clearly understood and that was still pleasing to the ear. Palestrina's
3940:, while Papal authorities sought to educate the faithful about the meaning, nature and value of art and liturgy, particularly in monastic churches (Protestants had criticised them as "distracting"). Handbooks became more common, describing how to be good priests and confessors.
4357:
Meanwhile, Catholic refugees from the north regrouped in Cologne and Douai and developed a more militant, Tridentine identity. They became the mobilizing forces of a popular Counter-Reformation in the south, thereby facilitating the eventual emergence of the state of
4981:, the first order of women to be dedicated to that goal. Devotion to the traditional works of mercy exemplified the Catholic Reformation's reaffirmation of the importance of both faith and works and salvation through God's grace and repudiation of the maxim
5660:
Ruffo took Borromeo's commission seriously and set out to compose in a style that presented the text so that all words would be intelligible and the textual meaning be the most important part of the composition. His approach was to move all the voices in a
5508:(archbishop of Bologna) began work on reforming religious orders and their practices involving the liturgy. The reforms prescribed to the cloisters of nuns, which included omitting the use of an organ, prohibiting professional musicians, and banishing
5032:, the belief that general councils of the Church collectively were God's representative on Earth rather than the Pope. Taking the Pope as an absolute leader, the Jesuits contributed to the Counter-Reformation Church along a line harmonized with Rome.
4811:, Rome recognized the Ruthenians' continued practice of Byzantine liturgical tradition, married clergy, and consecration of bishops from within the Ruthenian Christian tradition. Moreover, the treaty specifically exempts Ruthenians from accepting the
5634:, marks the "official turning point of the Counter Reformation's a cappella ideal." Kerle was the only ranking composer of the Netherlands to have acted in conformity with the council. Another musical giant on equal standing with Palestrina,
5553:
The idea that the council called to remove all polyphony from the Church is widespread, but there is no documentary evidence to support that claim. It is possible, however, that some of the Fathers had proposed such a measure. The emperor
4705:
surrendered to the Spanish authorities in Florida, presuming they would be treated fairly. The small number of Catholics among the shipwrecked were spared but the rest were all executed for heresy, with active clerical participation.
5178:
approach. Said Filippo, "If I have a real problem, I contemplate what Ignatius would do ... and then I do the exact opposite". As a recognition of their joint contribution to the spiritual renewal within the Catholic reformation,
3506:
attracted an aristocratic membership of priests and laymen to perform anonymous acts of charity and to discuss reform; the members subsequently became the key players in the church handling the Reformation. In 1548, then-layman
2751:, but had been lost to the Reformation. Various Counter-Reformation theologians focused only on defending doctrinal positions such as the sacraments and pious practices that were attacked by the Protestant reformers, up to the
5028:. After recovering from a serious wound, he took a vow to "serve only God and the Roman pontiff, His vicar on Earth." The emphasis on the Pope is a reaffirmation of the medieval papalism, while the Council of Trent defeated
4045:. It was divided into three classes. The first class listed heretical writers, the second class listed heretical works, and the third class listed forbidden writings which were published without the name of the author. The
5355:(1534–1541), came under persistent attack in the Counter-Reformation for, among other things, nudity (later painted over for several centuries), not showing Christ seated or bearded, and including the pagan figure of
5515:
Fueling the cry for reform from many ecclesial figures was the compositional technique popular in the 15th and 16th centuries of using musical material and even the accompanying texts from other compositions such as
5019:
Jesuits participated in the expansion of the Church in the Americas and Asia, by their missionary activity. Loyola's biography contributed to an emphasis on popular piety that had waned under political popes such as
5427:, this was "the death of medieval art", but it paled in contrast to the Iconclasm present in some Protestant circles and did not apply to secular paintings. Some Counter Reformation painters and sculptors include
7713:, generally include the deuterocanonical works with even a few additional items not found in Catholic Bibles, but they consider them of secondary authority and not on the same level as the other scriptures. The
4685:
brought religious peace in 1598. It affirmed Catholicism as the state religion but granted considerable toleration to Protestants, as well as political and military privileges. The latter would be lost at the
3450:
taught, preached and took confession but were under a bishop's direct authority and not linked to a specific parish or area like a vicar or canon. In Italy, the first congregation of regular clergy was the
5571:
and intelligibility of the text and the threat that polyphony was to be removed completely, which was assumed to be coming from the council, has a very dramatic legend of resolution. The legend goes that
1137:
5638:(1530/32–1594) was an important figure in music history though less of a purist than Palestrina. He expressed sympathy for the council's concerns but still showed favor for the "Parady chanson Masses."
5419:
considered without adequate scriptural foundation was in effect prohibited, as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art, and almost all nudity, including that of the infant Jesus.
5584:
was trying to replace all polyphony with plainsong. Palestrina's "Missa Papae Marcelli" was, though, in 1564, after the 22nd session, performed for the Pope while reforms were being considered for the
5403:
The number of such decorative treatments of religious subjects declined sharply, as did "unbecomingly or confusedly arranged" Mannerist pieces, as a number of books, notably by the Flemish theologian
4569:
of 1620. Defeated, the Protestant nobility and clergy of Bohemia and Austria were expelled from the country or forced to convert to Catholicism. Among these exiles were important German poets such as
5257:
style that emerged across Europe in the late sixteenth century. In areas where Catholicism predominated, architecture and painting, and to a lesser extent music, reflected Counter-Reformation goals.
2677:
Initiated in part to address the challenges of the Protestant Reformations, the Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort arising from the decrees of the Council of Trent. The effort produced
12507:
2821:
roles of the new religious orders", whereas the specific "Counter-Reformation" was "founded upon the defence of orthodoxy, the repression of dissent, the reassertion of ecclesiastical authority".
5374:
The decree confirmed the traditional doctrine that images only represented the person depicted, and that veneration to them was paid to the person, not the image, and further instructed that:
2685:
documents, heresy trials, anti-corruption efforts, spiritual movements, the promotion of new religious orders, and the flourishing of new art and musical styles. Such policies (e.g., by the
6795:
5822:, for publishing writings said to be "vehemently suspected of being heretical." His opponents condemned heliocentric theory and temporarily banned its teaching in 1633. Similarly, the
10119:
9956:
5533:
Trent were making attempts to restore the sense of sacredness to the Church setting and what was appropriate for the Mass. The councils were simply responding to issues of their day.
5167:
to Christ, the deepening of prayer, and commitment to God's will. Teresa was given the task of developing and writing about the way to perfection in her love and unity with Christ.
12215:
9136:
5764:
was almost ten days out of step with the seasons and the heavenly bodies. Among the astronomers who were asked to work on the problem of how the calendar could be reformed was
5756:
More celebrations of holidays and similar events raised a need to have these events followed closely throughout the dioceses. But there was a problem with the accuracy of the
3999:
or on landed estates rather than in their dioceses. The Council of Trent gave bishops greater power to supervise all aspects of religious life. Zealous prelates, such as
13530:
12860:
12009:
9711:
9025:
5240:
1960:
911:
472:
4895:
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8122:
5782:(1512–1517). As he explains, a proper measurement of the length of the year was a necessary foundation to calendar reform. By implication, his work replacing the
13073:
9741:
9332:
9327:
1144:
3519:, who were given their constitutions in 1564 and recognized as a religious order by the pope in 1575. They used music and singing to attract the faithful.
13565:
11046:
4966:
especially worked in rural parishes. Most of these had been founded earlier in the 15th Century, as part of Catholic reforms before the Council of Trent.
4380:
10144:
6412:
5826:
in Naples had been shut down in 1578. As a result of clerical opposition, heliocentricists emigrated from Catholic to Protestant areas, some forming the
4987:
emphasized by Protestants sects. Not only did they make the Church more effective, but they also reaffirmed fundamental premises of the medieval Church.
8676:
8156:
5528:. Several voices singing different texts in different languages made any of the text difficult to distinguish from the mixture of words and notes. The
4376:
The Augsburg Interim was a period where Counter-Reformation measures were exacted upon defeated Protestant populations following the Schmalkaldic War.
5002:
traditions, the Jesuits organized along military lines. The worldliness of the Renaissance Church had no part in their new order. Loyola's masterwork
4041:
was a directory of prohibited books which was updated twenty times during the next four centuries as books were added or removed from the list by the
1653:
11479:
10611:
9051:
6962:
9397:
9126:
6334:
4962:
attempted either to be less decadent or to engage in charitable service, and set examples of Catholic renewal particularly in Southern Europe. The
4959:
4756:
7757:
Firpo, Massimo (May 2016). "Rethinking "Catholic Reform" and "Counter-Reformation": What Happened in Early Modern Catholicism—a View from Italy".
3348:
At times, the reform talk in the councils tended to lack enough specificity to result in an effective program—except for a tendency to follow the
1978:
10932:
6787:
4624:, in 1777 against the expulsion of Protestants from Moravia, calling her choices "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous." His 1781
2780:
Protestant historians have tended to speak in terms of Catholic reform as part of the Counter-Reformation, itself a response to the Reformation.
2724:
by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with
2490:
6969:. United States Committee, International Council on Monuments and Sites, for the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service. p. 87.
5245:
The Catholic Church was a leading arts patron across much of Europe. The goal of much art in the Counter-Reformation, especially in the Rome of
3396:
decisively broke from the Catholic Church in the 1520s. The two distinct dogmatic positions within the Catholic Church solidified in the 1560s.
12225:
11972:
5596:
upon hearing Palestrina's music would make Palestrina, by Papal Brief, the model for future generations of Catholic composers of sacred music.
4628:
can be regarded as the end of the political Counter-Reformation, although there were still smaller expulsions against Protestants (such as the
1629:
6262:
6232:
4350:
as 60,000 citizens (60 per cent of the pre-siege population) fled north. All of the Southern Netherlands was once more under Spanish control.
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9451:
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8163:
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The spirituality of Filippo Neri, who lived in Rome at the same time as Ignatius, was practically oriented, too, but totally opposed to the
4715:
12492:
9994:
8115:
6890:
Soen, Violet (2012). "Reconquista and Reconciliation in the Dutch Revolt: The Campaign of Governor-General Alexander Farnese (1578–1592)",
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The Theatines undertook checking the spread of heresy and contributed to a regeneration of the clergy. The Capuchins, an offshoot of the
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11633:
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A Preliminary inventory of Spanish colonial resources associated with National Park Service units and national historic landmarks, 1987
6963:
Henderson, Richard R.; International Council on Monuments and Sites. U.S. Committee; United States National Park Service (March 1989).
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2674:) also encompasses reforms and movements within the Church in the periods immediately before Protestantism or Trent and lasting later.
2078:
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11835:
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6905:
Janssen, Geert H. (2012). "The Counter-Reformation of the Refugee: Exile and the Shaping of Catholic Militancy in the Dutch Revolt",
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Thus, the Council of Trent attempted to improve the discipline and administration of the Church. The worldly excesses of the secular
5415:, and instructions by local bishops, amplified the decrees, often going into minute detail on what was acceptable. Much traditional
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as predominantly Catholic and also try to reconvert nations such as Sweden and England that once were Catholic from the time of the
13492:
13444:
13001:
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3967:. The Catholic Church responded to these problems by a vigorous campaign of reform, inspired by earlier Catholic reform movements:
3389:), replaced the Hail Mary with the Pater Noster prayer, and made available vernacular French versions of the Gospels and Epistles.
3345:, justification). Ending schism and war (especially papal war) was regarded by some prelates as the pre-condition for reformation.
1619:
5751:
5131:
The Catholic Reformation was not only a political and Church policy oriented movement, but it also included major figures such as
3929:
and lacked opportunities for proper theological training. Addressing the education of priests had been a fundamental focus of the
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the laity; many members of the clergy in the rural parishes had been poorly educated. Often, these rural priests did not know
2850:'Post-Tridentine' - sometimes synonym for Tridentine; alteratively some subsequent distinct reaction or development (such as "
2300:
14001:
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11263:
11211:
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5630:(1531/32–1591) was also credited with giving a model of composition for the Council of Trent. His composition in four-parts,
4892:, where a sizeable Protestant minority remains to this day, although Catholics still are the largest Christian denomination.
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2249:
2010:
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1130:
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3439:, recognized by the pope in 1619. This order was well known to the laity and played an important role in public preaching.
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86:
60:
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Marnef, Guido. "Belgian and Dutch Post-war Historiography on the Protestant and Catholic Reformation in the Netherlands",
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7075:, Garden City, New York: Image Books, Ch. 3, "Revival and Reformation, 1495–1530", Sec. iii, "The Italian Saints", p. 86.
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4007:(1538–1584), later canonized as a saint, set an example by visiting the remotest parishes and instilling high standards.
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Conservative and reforming parties still survived within the Catholic Church even as the Protestant Reformations spread.
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The regular orders made their first attempts at reform in the 14th century. The 'Benedictine Bull' of 1336 reformed the
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17:
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75:
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Menchi, Silvana Seidel. "The Age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Italian Historiography, 1939–2009",
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because they did not want the term ‘Reformation’ to be used for anything other than the Protestant Reformation.
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bishops" who at times were property managers trained in administration. Thus, the Council of Trent combated "
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2059:
1840:
1746:
1624:
786:
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Harline, Craig. "Official Religion: Popular Religion in Recent Historiography of the Catholic Reformation",
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2020:
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The Council of Trent proclaimed that architecture, painting and sculpture had a role in conveying Catholic
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4390:(plural), were founded especially as homes for refugees fleeing the Counter-Reformation. Supporters of the
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Old Testament and the New, but not interspersed among the other Old Testament books as in Catholic Bibles.
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2015:
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4410:. Most towns were named either after the ruler who established them or as expressions of gratitude, e.g.
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The 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries saw a spiritual revival in Europe, incubated by the rise of preaching
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of the Catholic Church. Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross were Spanish mystics and reformers of the
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in 1579, he secured the support of the 'Malcontents', as the Catholic nobles of the south were styled.
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6255:"Counter-Reformation | Definition, Summary, Outcomes, Jesuits, Facts, & Significance | Britannica"
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A primary emphasis of the Counter-Reformation was a mission to reach parts of the world that had been
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6524:"Organizational Revival from within: Explaining Revivalism and Reform in the Roman Catholic Church"
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3796:. It recommended that the form of Mass should be standardised, and this took place in 1570, when
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3446:, taking special vows but with no obligation to assist in a monastery's religious offices. These
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received the Ruthenian bishops into full communion on February 7, 1596. Under the treaty of the
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3361:'s doctrine of mandatory apostolic poverty was decisively rejected at the Council of Constance.
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A religious order founded by St. Angela de Merici for the sole purpose of educating young girls
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5400:, still an episode from the Gospels, but a less doctrinally central one, and no more was said.
5253:, was to restore Catholicism's predominance and centrality. This was one of the drivers of the
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4931:
4695:
4694:, who resumed persecution of Protestants and finally abolished their right to worship with the
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3762:(1534–1549) is considered the first pope of the Counter-Reformation, and he also initiated the
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A Roskovany, conceptu immacolata ex monumentis omnium seculorum demonstrate III, Budapest 1873
5198:
The Virgin Mary played an increasingly central role in Catholic devotions. The victory at the
4338:. The town was open to the sea, strongly fortified, and well defended under the leadership of
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The kinds of positive reforms considered were not necessarily the ones that pre-occupied the
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Catholic political and religious response to the Protestant Reformation and earlier reformism
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Lotz-Heumann, Ute (22 March 2013). Bamji, Alexandra; Janssen, Geert H.; Laven, Mary (eds.).
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Probably the most extreme move at reform came late in 1562 when, instructed by the legates,
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method on Marian theology. Other well-known contributors to Marian spirituality are Saints
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2843:'Tridentine' - initiated at, or as a result of, the Council of Trent (1545–1563) (such as "
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The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola: Reform in the Church, 1495–1540
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The Invention of Papal History: Onofrio Panvinio between Renaissance and Catholic Reform
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8276:
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6571:"Lay spirituality in the high Middle Ages: how the layman became a match for the saint"
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The Council of Trent brought about other changes in music: most notably developing the
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The effects of the Council of Trent and the Counter-Reformation also paved the way for
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In the Habsburg hereditary lands, which had become predominantly Protestant except for
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obligatory. It rejected all compromise with Protestants, restating basic tenets of the
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5878:
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4565:, who began suppressing Protestant activity in 1576. This conflict escalated into the
3833:, according to which the consecrated bread and wine are held to have been transformed
3296:, an urbanized laity who could not flee the towns for monasteries, and other reasons.
1505:
667:
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8754:
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8613:
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7886:
The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700: A Reassessment of the Counter Reformation
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4342:. Farnese cut off all access to the sea by constructing a bridge of boats across the
4304:
3766:(1545–1563), tasked with institutional reform, addressing contentious issues such as
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4303:, where they resolved to stick together to fight Spain. Farnese secured his base in
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7907:(1979) expresses the older view that it was a movement of reactionary conservatism.
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The Reformation theologians: an introduction to theology in the early modern period
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ruling the area, converted to Protestantism, Catholics elected another archbishop,
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introduced the term ‘Catholic Reformation’ in 1880, German historiography remained
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1370 cm × 1200 cm (539.3 in × 472.4 in)
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showed the emphasis of handbooks characteristic of Catholic reformers before the
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were deported to the eastern part of the Habsburg domain. As heir to the throne,
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New religious orders were a fundamental part of the reforms. Orders such as the
4632:). In 1966, Archbishop Andreas Rohracher expressed regret about the expulsions.
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The Jesuits were the most effective of the new Catholic orders. An heir to the
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de Groof, Bart (1993). "Alexander Farnese and the Origins of Modern Belgium",
5736:
Another reform following the Council of Trent was the publication of the 1568
4899:
Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)
2807:
Catholic historians tend to emphasize them as different. The French historian
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During the centuries of Counter-Reformation, new towns, collectively termed
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resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the
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7787:
Leichtentritt, Hugo (1944). "The Reform of Trent and Its Effect on Music".
6030:
6006:
6000:
5730:
5674:
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5662:
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sins of hostility to private sins (called "the secret sins of the heart").
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7129:(1975). "The Social History of Confession in the Age of the Reformation".
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Darker colour approximates most intense period of unrest, change or impact
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The Mass in Sweden: Its Development from the Latin Rite from 1531 to 1917
6473:
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169 cm × 137 cm (67 in × 54 in)
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878:
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719:
672:
8055:
8010:
7889:
7808:(1957). "Vincenzo Ruffo and Musical Reform after the Council of Trent".
7555:
and Dinneen, William (1944). "Recent Work on Music in the Renaissance",
7295:
6628:
6604:
5778:(1543), Copernicus mentioned the reform of the calendar proposed by the
5464:
5359:. Italian painting after 1520, with the notable exception of the art of
4716:
Reformation in Italy § Causes of the Italian Reformation's collapse
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From Rome to Eternity: Catholicism and the Arts in Italy, ca. 1550–1650
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4163:
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3816:
3767:
3719: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Geocentric model § Historical positions of the Catholic hierarchy
5492:
Trent ever convened to discuss music in 1562. The manipulation of the
3385:, had statues other than Christ removed from his churches (though not
3369:
friction as radical reformers periodically arose in response, such as
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13902:
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4797:
4691:
4674:
4590:
4403:
4246:
4179:
4171:
3936:
Parish priests were to be better educated in matters of theology and
3856:. Other practices that drew the ire of Protestant reformers, such as
3820:
3809:
3472:
3452:
3334:
2268:
1658:
1510:
1256:
1043:
1038:
791:
488:
483:
332:
8038:
The Counter-reformation: Catholic Europe and the Non-christian World
7919:
The Counter Reformation: Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe
7142:
4494:
was the great Flemish artist of the Counter-Reformation. He painted
4241:
rescues his pursuer and is subsequently burned at the stake in 1569.
3694:
3513:
Confraternity of the Most Holy Trinity of Pilgrims and Convalescents
3502:'s hospital ministry started spreading: in Rome, starting 1514, the
3423:
founded the Poor Hermits of Saint Francis of Assisi, who became the
42:
13618:
13487:
12855:
12734:
12374:
12153:
12067:
11813:
11803:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11431:
11339:
11166:
10265:
9634:
9359:
8714:
8468:
8456:
6642:
Roest, Bert (2 July 2009). "Observant reform in religious orders".
6168:
6126:
6098:
5893:
5819:
5769:
5757:
5525:
5444:
5261:
5171:
called John of the Cross the greatest of all mystical theologians.
4885:
4812:
4513:
3955:(1513–1521), whose campaign to raise funds for the construction of
3930:
3793:
3492:
3330:
2709:
2651:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1112:
1033:
980:
714:
560:
9375:
8067:
Bradshaw, Brendan. "The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation",
7317:
Painting in Sixteenth-Century Venice: Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto
3515:: this developed into the relatively-free religious community the
14318:
13927:
13907:
13764:
13653:
12892:
12822:
12482:
12446:
11136:
9974:
9848:
9791:
8971:
8585:
8207:
8017:
Wondrous in His Saints: Counter Reformation Propaganda in Bavaria
7717:
may use Bibles that place the deuterocanonical works between the
6112:
5888:
5815:
5460:
5404:
5254:
5208:
4974:
Christianizing as much as the heathens of Asia and the Americas.
4889:
4881:
4877:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4609:
4465:
4343:
4335:
4312:
4311:, then moved against Brabant and Flanders. City after city fell:
4281:
3884:
3476:
2682:
2539:
2420:
1392:
1295:
1224:
1023:
704:
493:
30:"Catholic revival" redirects here. For the literary revival, see
8000:
Trent and All That: Renaming Catholicism in the Early Modern Era
7229:
Social History of Art, Volume 2: Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque
4690:
of 1629, but the religious toleration lasted until the reign of
4662:
4280:, in which he captured the main cities in the south (the future
3747:
13134:
11908:
11828:
11695:
11289:
10594:
10579:
10523:
10490:
9137:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
8580:
8490:
8395:
5696:
5631:
5620:
5517:
5428:
5360:
5312:
5175:
5122:
4845:
4841:
4324:
4308:
4168:
4072:
3876:
were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually commendable practices.
3774:
3357:' ideal of poverty as a way to short-circuit careerism, though
3263:
2725:
2705:
2694:
630:
430:
7198:
4210:
Reformation in Ireland § Religious policy of Queen Mary I
3852:
of Christ, was also reaffirmed, as were the traditional seven
3442:
To respond to the new needs of evangelism, clergy formed into
2736:. It also involved political activities and used the regional
2701:, although smaller expulsions took place in the 19th century.
13860:
13320:
13259:
13216:
12456:
11387:
10555:
10519:
5811:
5493:
4849:
4832:
The Counter-Reformation succeeded in drastically diminishing
4558:
4455:
4394:
settled in parts of Silesia and Poland. Protestants from the
4328:
4091:
Liturgia Svecanæ Ecclesiæ catholicæ & orthodoxæ conformia
4000:
3959:
by supporting use of indulgences served as a key impetus for
3926:
2697:
history with exiles of Protestants continuing until the 1781
6314:
Der geschichtliche Ablauf der Auswanderung aus dem Zillertal
10560:
10279:
8095:
7846:
Monson, Craig A. (2002). "The Council of Trent Revisited."
6481:
4801:
3996:
2784:
In nineteenth-century Germany, the term became part of the
2658:
at the time. It is frequently dated to have begun with the
6605:"Concepts of Reform Proposed at the Fifth Lateran Council"
4206:
Scottish Reformation § Political background (1528–59)
3915:, which served as authoritative Church teaching until the
3907:(both held in the 4th century AD), which had affirmed the
3498:
At the end of the 1400s, a reform movement inspired by St
3377:
that came to be associated with Protestants: for example,
9026:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
7343:
6372:
The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation
5599:
5371:
ones which have often ruled on specific types of images.
5241:
Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation
4792:
Orthodox Christians to return to full communion with the
4113:. This theatre of the Counter-Reformation was called the
3435:
rule of life to its original purity, giving birth to the
6324:(in German), 1837-auswanderer.de. Accessed 13 June 2020.
4276:
Farnese led a successful campaign 1578–1592 against the
3895:
by Protestants) on a par with the 39 books found in the
3241:
Second Millennium Western Mainstream Reformist Movements
2666:
in 1648, though this is controversial. The broader term
7202:
Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective
6929:(in German). Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.
5626:
Like his contemporary Palestrina, the Flemish composer
4907:
End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)
4018:
depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.
3887:
listing of the Old Testament Bible, which included the
13074:
Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America
5790:
was prompted in part by the need for calendar reform.
5483:
3982:
The council, by virtue of its actions, repudiated the
3951:(1492–1503), intensified during the Reformation under
9057:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
7739:
Enlightenment and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Europe
5681:" (Madrigali Spirituali). Additionally, the numerous
3416:
were recognized as a separate congregation of monks.
8096:
The Catholic Counter-Reformation in the 21st Century
8019:. Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1993.
6944:
6759:
6503:
6094:
5559:
attitudes of worship and reverence during the Mass.
4742:
Spanish Inquisition § Protestants and Anglicans
4532:, and successfully defeated Gebhard and his allies.
3318:
Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)
8024:
Protestant Resistance in Counterreformation Austria
7516:Davey, Henry. "Giovanni Pierluigi, da Palestrina",
7175:
The Counter-Reformation, Baroque and Neo-classicism
7171:
6414:
Johann Sleidan and the Protestant Vision of History
4508:The Cologne War (1583–1589) was a conflict between
4402:and northern Germany. French Huguenots crossed the
4334:Farnese finally laid siege to the great seaport of
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8130:
7971:Catholic Europe, 1592–1648: Centre and Peripheries
7386:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7376:
7374:
7178:. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 93–107.
5536:
2662:(1545–1563) and to end with the conclusion of the
234:
7267:"Text of the 25th decree of the Council of Trent"
4731:Reformation § Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3257:
14346:
9127:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
8002:(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).
6868:Swedish and English Translation of the Red Book.
6788:"General Instruction of the Roman Missal, no. 7"
6710:. Guy Bedouelle, OP. in Lindberg, Carter (ed.)
4960:Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri
4757:Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein
4093:, also called the "Red Book". This launched the
4078:
3911:as scripture. The council also commissioned the
8052:The Counter-Reformation: The Essential Readings
7539:
7537:
7371:
7103:Stegmüller, Otto (1967). "Barock" (in German).
6879:Bulletin de l'Institut Historique Belge de Rome
6817:"Order of Friars Minor - Catholic Encyclopedia"
5810:was placed under house arrest, served in Rome,
4608:were exiled in the 18th century, especially to
4299:, controlled by Calvinists, responded with the
3995:", which was the practice of bishops living in
3399:
2382:(retained by Lutherans, mostly banned by Trent)
7952:; pp. 517–649; by French Catholic scholar
7422:
7420:
7225:
6735:
6733:
6472:
5613:The Catholic faith defeats Protestant heresies
4022:
3784:The council upheld the basic structure of the
2824:Other relevant terms that may be encountered:
14034:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
13733:
13150:
11473:
9391:
8116:
7849:Journal of the American Musicological Society
6521:
5802:thought of the time. As a result, during the
5793:An actual new calendar had to wait until the
4977:The Ursulines focused on the special task of
4561:, the Counter-Reformation began with Emperor
4202:English Reformation § Marian Restoration
3481:Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca
2615:
1138:
7596:
7594:
7534:
7131:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
6528:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
6368:
4681:, resulting in millions of deaths until the
4291:The seven northern provinces as well as the
4120:
3543:(1571), occurring during the pontificate of
11487:
7417:
7397:. "Church Music and the Council of Trent".
7125:
6771:
6730:
4183:condemned it led to the development of the
3253:Green=Catholic; Red=Protestant; Blue=Other
13157:
13143:
11480:
11466:
11320:International Alliance of Catholic Knights
9398:
9384:
9142:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
9092:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
8123:
8109:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6598:
6596:
5282:
5070:
4669:, Florida, where the survivors were killed
4553:Moravian Church § Counter-Reformation
3669:was the Catholic response to the Lutheran
3276:), the examples of nascent saints such as
2769:'Counter-Reformation’ is a translation of
2622:
2608:
1145:
1131:
7979:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199272723.001.0001
7626:
7624:
7591:
7199:Gardner, Helen; Kleiner, Fred S. (2010).
6833:
6522:Finke, Roger; Wittberg, Patricia (2000).
5797:in 1582. At the time of its publication,
5035:
3735:Learn how and when to remove this message
3630:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
7342:, chapter VIII, especially pp. 107–128,
6956:
5603:
4661:
4486:
4232:
4049:was finally suspended on 29 March 1967.
4009:
3746:
3647:
3535:(1570), the codification of the uniform
2720:traditions of the Church, the reform of
12898:Fostering of early experimental science
7826:Manzetti, Leo P. (1928). "Palestrina".
6681:
6668:
6602:
6593:
6184:League for Catholic Counter-Reformation
4852:, and the vast lands controlled by the
4720:
4650:Persecution of Huguenots under Louis XV
4071:provided material in Latin to help the
3635:
3607:(1618–1648) during the pontificates of
3270:, lay spiritual movements (such as the
939:Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition
907:Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith
14:
14347:
13002:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy
9779:
7735:
7621:
7518:Proceedings of the Musical Association
6950:
6920:
6568:
6364:
6362:
5745:
5600:Reforms following the Council of Trent
4888:. It did not succeed as completely in
4546:
4185:Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands
3527:Key events of the period include: the
3522:
3479:, canonically recognised in 1540, the
1813:Censorship of the Bible § 16th century
13138:
11461:
9379:
8104:
7894:
7756:
7683:
7666:
6765:
6644:The Cambridge History of Christianity
6641:
6509:
6453:
6235:from the original on 18 November 2008
4581:. This influenced the development of
3379:Guillaume Briçonnet (bishop of Meaux)
7292:"Transcript of Veronese's testimony"
7073:A Popular History of the Reformation
6411:Kess, Alexandra (15 December 2016).
6410:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6209:
5207:was the first theologian to use the
4190:
3812:appropriated by grace through faith
3717:adding citations to reliable sources
3688:
3659:(right) being presented to Charles V
3531:(1545–1563); the excommunication of
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
9405:
8996:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
7340:Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1660
6834:Yelverton, Eric Esskildsen (1920).
6495:– via the fall 1993 issue of
6454:Janet, Richard J. (10 April 2014).
6359:
5775:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
5772:(Frauenburg). In the dedication to
5685:were mostly prohibited in the 1570
5484:Reforms before the Council of Trent
5423:According to the great medievalist
4911:
4819:as a condition for reconciliation.
4673:In France, from 1562 Catholics and
4372:Augsburg Interim § The Interim
4142:Examination of the Council of Trent
3678:
3414:Camaldolese Hermits of Monte Corona
2828:'Pre-Tridentine' - before, or the
24:
8551:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
8085:(2009) Vol. 100, pp. 193–217.
8078:(2009) Vol. 100, pp. 271–292.
8044:
7921:(1995), emphasis on historiography
7860:
7673:. London Writers Ltd. p. 136.
6754:The Cambridge Modern History Atlas
5649:The Cardinal Archbishop of Milan,
4902:
4894:
4214:
4167:condemned 101 propositions of the
4052:
3381:in Paris, with his former teacher
960:Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum
25:
14371:
8089:
8083:Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte
8076:Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte
8061:
7986:Europe in the Seventeenth Century
7912:Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte
7520:, 25th Sess. (1898–1899), p. 53.
7254:Baroque Art: A Topical Dictionary
7232:. Psychology Press. p. 192.
7205:. Cengage Learning. p. 192.
7047:from the original on 18 June 2015
6908:Journal of Ecclesiastical History
6206:
5562:
5267:
5195:on the same day, March 12, 1622.
4827:
4575:Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg
4249:took control of various parts of
4139:was the Catholic response to the
3947:Church, epitomized by the era of
3854:sacraments of the Catholic Church
2121:16th century Renaissance humanism
1860:Political and religious conflicts
14329:
14328:
14317:
13445:State church of the Roman Empire
13164:
11442:
11441:
11430:
11398:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
10946:Criticism of the Catholic Church
9358:
9346:
8677:Fourth Council of Constantinople
8632:Second Council of Constantinople
7995:(Fordham University Press, 1992)
7865:
7588:Smith and Dinneen (1944). p. 45.
6921:Martin, Christiane, ed. (2001).
6743:(in French), Hachette U, p. 213.
6343:. 7 October 2002. Archived from
6282:
6125:
6111:
6097:
6078:Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria
5909:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
5833:
5574:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
4784:Belarusian Greek Catholic Church
4761:
4677:(Reformed Protestants) fought a
4620:spoke vehemently to his mother,
4195:
4043:Sacred Congregation of the Index
3918:Catechism of the Catholic Church
3693:
3615:; and the formation of the last
3003:Cluniac (Monastic) and Gregorian
2103:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age
1979:Influence on church architecture
1176:
1111:
586:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
187:Catholic Reformation and Revival
169:
142:
41:
13428:First seven ecumenical councils
9565:First seven ecumenical councils
8647:Third Council of Constantinople
8571:First Council of Constantinople
7899:. New York: HarperSanFrancisco.
7760:Journal of Early Modern History
7728:
7700:
7677:
7660:
7651:
7642:
7633:
7612:
7603:
7582:
7573:
7546:
7510:
7501:
7492:
7483:
7474:
7465:
7456:
7447:
7438:
7429:
7356:
7329:
7309:
7284:
7273:from the original on 2011-06-29
7259:
7246:
7219:
7192:
7165:
7119:
7110:
7097:
7078:
7062:
7029:
7010:
6983:
6933:from the original on 2020-10-28
6914:
6899:
6893:Journal of Early Modern History
6884:
6871:
6827:
6809:
6798:from the original on 2019-06-07
6780:
6746:
6700:
6635:
6562:
6515:
6488:from the original on 2017-03-19
6460:Homiletic & Pastoral Review
6295:from the original on 2023-01-22
6265:from the original on 2008-11-18
5760:: by the sixteenth century the
5689:. The remaining sequences were
5556:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
5542:council on September 10, 1562.
5537:Reforms during the 22nd session
5478:
4014:This 1711 illustration for the
3899:. This reaffirmed the previous
3704:needs additional citations for
3595:, of which the main figure was
966:Pontifical Gregorian University
318:Olav Engelbrektsson's rebellion
176:Faith, or The Church Triumphant
52:needs additional citations for
14295:Relations with other religions
13701:Church of the East (Nestorian)
13696:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)
12861:Separation of church and state
12530:Formal and material principles
12515:Separation of church and state
10140:Separation of church and state
8886:Dissolution of the monasteries
8152:History of the Catholic Church
7964:Counter-reformation, 1550–1610
7946:History of the Catholic Church
6609:Archivum Historiae Pontificiae
6466:
6447:
6404:
6375:. Routledge Handbooks Online.
6327:
6306:
6276:
6247:
6228:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
6179:History of the Catholic Church
5397:The Feast in the House of Levi
5234:
4766:
4646:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
4600:Others moved to Saxony or the
4522:Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg
4261:fought back. The king sent in
4111:Collegium regium Stockholmense
3792:system, religious orders, and
3781:, and other financial abuses.
3266:, the standardization of the
3258:Precursor Catholic Reformation
2765:Reformation § Terminology
2758:
2716:in the spiritual life and the
2693:) had long-lasting effects in
1804:Counter-Reformation § Politics
1077:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
13:
1:
12525:Hymnody of continental Europe
12502:
11676:Apostles in the New Testament
8760:Fourth Council of the Lateran
8735:Second Council of the Lateran
8344:Apostles in the New Testament
7600:Leichtentritt (1944). p. 326.
6652:10.1017/CHOL9780521811064.031
6199:
6164:Counter-Reformation in Poland
6151:Catholic-Protestant relations
5915:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
5852:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
4727:Counter-Reformation in Poland
4579:Johann Wilhelm von Stubenberg
4516:factions that devastated the
4148:
4087:Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica
4080:Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica
4075:catechize in the vernacular.
3874:veneration of the Virgin Mary
3870:venerable images and statuary
3551:in Rome, the founding of the
3353:considerable support for the
3337:, married priests) and later
2734:French school of spirituality
2646:), also sometimes called the
2516:Conclusion and commemorations
2199:Hymnody of continental Europe
2112:Folklore of the Low Countries
1803:
1747:Frederick V, Elector Palatine
1410:Theologies of seminal figures
401:French school of spirituality
235:Nova ordinantia eclessiastica
223:Regimini militantis Ecclesiae
8874:Catholic Counter-Reformation
8740:Third Council of the Lateran
8730:First Council of the Lateran
8186:Catholic ecumenical councils
8071:(1983) 33#11 pp. 42–45.
8026:. New York: Routledge, 2020.
7914:(1990), Vol. 81, pp 239–262.
7897:Butler's Lives of the Saints
7670:The Day the Universe Changed
7338:, (1940; refs to 1985 edn).
7172:Kruft, Hanno-Walter (1994).
7018:Treaty of the Union of Brest
6682:Mullett, Michael A. (2023).
5780:Fifth Council of the Lateran
5163:, whose ministry focused on
4703:Huguenot shipwreck survivors
4229:War of the Jülich Succession
4101:against his younger brother
3400:Priests and Religious Orders
3323:Fifth Council of the Lateran
1421:Theology of Huldrych Zwingli
7:
14002:Views on poverty and wealth
11973:Eastern Orthodox opposition
7988:(6th ed., 1965). pp 82–117.
6715:. Oxford: Blackwell. 2002.
6603:Minnich, Nelson H. (1969).
6090:
6048:Sigismund the Old of Poland
5824:Academia Secretorum Naturae
5382:Ten years after the decree
4822:
4348:Antwerp surrendered in 1585
4105:. During this time, Jesuit
4038:Index Librorum Prohibitorum
4031:Index Librorum Prohibitorum
4024:Index Librorum Prohibitorum
4016:Index Librorum Prohibitorum
3603:); the final phases of the
3463:. This was followed by the
2712:for the proper training of
2708:included the foundation of
2148:English Renaissance theatre
1630:Denmark–Norway and Holstein
918:Index Librorum Prohibitorum
10:
14376:
14247:World Evangelical Alliance
14209:Traditionalist Catholicism
11990:Art patronage of Julius II
11437:Catholic Church portal
8220:History of the Roman Curia
7939:The Catholic Enlightenment
7007:(1917), via newadvent.org.
6478:"The Catholic Reformation"
6289:World History Encyclopedia
6072:William V, Duke of Bavaria
5749:
5615:; part of a fresco inside
5238:
5039:
4915:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4754:
4739:
4724:
4713:
4639:
4602:Margraviate of Brandenburg
4550:
4542:Reformation § Belgium
4539:
4535:
4501:
4482:
4369:
4365:
4218:
4199:
4154:
4126:
4058:
4028:
3883:, officially accepted the
3682:
3641:
3547:; the construction of the
3335:communion under both kinds
2762:
2749:Christianisation of Europe
2343:Lutheran and Anglican Mass
2208:Music of the British Isles
2135:16th century in literature
29:
14312:
14262:
14242:World Council of Churches
14217:
14135:
14019:
14010:
13965:
13750:
13734:
13729:Latter Day Saint movement
13714:
13674:
13574:
13555:
13501:
13458:
13403:
13309:
13288:
13247:
13215:
13172:
13082:
12917:
12836:
12765:
12700:
12622:
12553:
12493:Calvinist–Arminian debate
12467:
12234:
12117:
11953:
11844:
11726:
11624:
11513:
11495:
11425:
11363:Aid to the Church in Need
11353:
11210:
11023:
10984:Vatican Television Center
10959:
10869:
10759:
10629:Eastern Catholic Churches
10610:
10499:
10392:
10339:
10264:
10235:
10160:
10085:
10020:
9965:
9884:
9754:
9668:
9600:
9545:
9464:
9441:
9413:
9341:
9241:
9107:
9034:
8969:
8956:European wars of religion
8853:
8788:
8690:
8612:
8503:
8426:
8286:
8275:
8267:Eastern Catholic Churches
8142:
8040:(2nd ed. 2005), advanced.
8005:Pollen, John Hungerford.
7917:Jones, Martin D. W.
7773:10.1163/15700658-12342506
7559:, Vol. 42, No. 1, p. 45.
7462:Monson (2002). pp. 10–11.
7363:The death of Medieval Art
6739:Péronnet, Michel (1981).
6708:Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples
6174:European wars of religion
5473:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
5326:
5318:
5308:
5300:
5290:
5281:
5274:
5114:
5106:
5096:
5088:
5078:
5069:
5064:
4750:
4701:In 1565, several hundred
4635:
4583:German Baroque literature
4136:Defensio Tridentinæ fidei
4129:Defensio Tridentinæ fidei
4122:Defensio Tridentinæ fidei
3491:in 1588, and finally the
3383:Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples
3189:
2664:European wars of religion
2569:Calendrical commemoration
1882:War of the Three Kingdoms
1416:Theology of Martin Luther
1062:Catholic literary revival
581:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
293:European Wars of Religion
241:Defensio Tridentinæ fidei
180:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
32:Catholic literary revival
14270:Anti-Christian sentiment
13450:Christian biblical canon
12982:Christian existentialism
11305:Communion and Liberation
10769:Eastern Catholic liturgy
9934:Mystici Corporis Christi
9862:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
9087:Mary of the Divine Heart
8710:Clash against the empire
8662:Second Council of Nicaea
8556:Old St. Peter's Basilica
7957:The Catholic Reformation
7709:churches, following the
7693:
7657:Lockwood (1957). p. 362.
7648:Lockwood (1957). p. 348.
7630:Lockwood (1957). p. 346.
7579:Manzetti (1928). p. 332.
7498:Manzetti (1928). p. 331.
7426:Manzetti (1928). p. 330.
7403:, Vol. 39, No. 4 (1953)
7319:, 2nd ed., Cambridge UP
6777:Péronnet (1981). p. 214.
6684:The Catholic Reformation
6575:Reading Medieval Studies
5692:Victimae paschali laudes
4773:Chaldean Catholic Church
4746:Reformation § Spain
4735:
4709:
4340:Marnix van St. Aldegonde
3835:really and substantially
3431:suggested reforming the
1281:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel
953:Philosophy and education
211:Decet Romanum Pontificem
14324:Christianity portal
13483:Investiture Controversy
11489:History of Christianity
10120:Philosophy of canon law
10050:Mariology of the saints
9630:Investiture Controversy
9353:Vatican City portal
8705:Investiture Controversy
8561:First Council of Nicaea
8056:excerpt and text search
8011:excerpt and text search
8007:The Counter-Reformation
7905:The Counter Reformation
7895:Walsh, M., ed. (1991).
7890:excerpt and text search
7553:Smith, Carleton Sprague
7365:. Extract from book by
7315:Rostand, David (1997).
7226:Hauser, Arnold (1999).
7105:Lexikon der Marienkunde
6540:10.1111/0021-8294.00013
6054:Sigismund III of Poland
5609:Johann Michael Rottmayr
5504:(bishop of Modena) and
5119:Gallerie dell'Accademia
4796:while preserving their
4654:French Wars of Religion
4257:, the Catholics led by
4089:was an addendum to the
3933:reformers in the past.
3573:French Wars of Religion
3444:religious congregations
3129:Protestant Reformations
3112:Oratories and Societies
3093:Hussites and Utraquists
2656:Protestant Reformations
2414:First Wittenberg hymnal
1872:French Wars of Religion
1686:Major political leaders
1426:Theology of John Calvin
912:Excommunicable offences
526:Michelangelo Caravaggio
373:Jacobite rising of 1689
353:Strasbourg Bishops' War
348:French Wars of Religion
14275:Christian universalism
13666:Western Rite Orthodoxy
13511:Protestant Reformation
13050:Fourth Great Awakening
12937:Second Great Awakening
12176:Fall of Constantinople
11968:Development of primacy
11373:Catholic Charities USA
11007:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
10995:Vatican Polyglot Press
10045:Mariology of the popes
9683:Protestant Reformation
9365:Catholicism portal
9176:Second Vatican Council
9062:Our Lady of La Salette
8869:Protestant Reformation
8856:Protestant Reformation
8775:Second Council of Lyon
8164:Ecclesiastical history
7969:Ó hAnnracháin, Tadhg.
7742:. London: I.B.Tauris.
7736:Beales, Derek (2005).
7087:Ascent of Mount Carmel
6927:Lexikon der Geographie
6881:, Vol. 63, pp 195–219.
6842:Henry Bradshaw Society
6569:Sibson, Carol (2017).
6335:"Anniversary Thoughts"
5623:
5380:
5036:Devotion and mysticism
4936:Augustinian Recollects
4932:Discalced Augustinians
4908:
4900:
4696:Edict of Fontainebleau
4670:
4614:Transylvanian Landlers
4499:
4242:
4019:
3957:Saint Peter's Basilica
3756:
3660:
3631:Councils and documents
3555:, the adoption of the
3504:Oratory of Divine Love
2818:
2805:
2789:
2774:
2753:Second Vatican Council
2671:
2643:
2130:16th century in poetry
1933:German Renaissance Art
1913:Painting and sculpture
1118:Catholicism portal
1014:Discalced Augustinians
999:Augustinian Recollects
924:Portuguese Inquisition
504:Spanish Golden Century
298:Dalecarlian Rebellions
194:Councils and documents
14360:Christian terminology
13933:Anointing of the Sick
13045:Reformed epistemology
12987:Third Great Awakening
12957:Seventh-day Adventist
12878:First Great Awakening
12751:Book of Common Prayer
12545:Protestant work ethic
12088:Independent Catholics
12039:Monastery dissolution
11127:Good Shepherd Sisters
10969:Holy See Press Office
10207:Doctors of the Church
10040:Immaculate Conception
9995:Anointing of the Sick
9530:History of the papacy
9072:First Vatican Council
8770:First Council of Lyon
8534:Constantine the Great
8230:Christian monasticism
7924:Jones, Pamela M. and
7829:The Musical Quarterly
7810:The Musical Quarterly
7789:The Musical Quarterly
7767:(3). Brill: 293–312.
7667:Burke, James (1985).
7639:Monson (2002). p. 26.
7618:Monson (2002). p. 27.
7507:Monson (2002). p. 16.
7489:Monson (2002). p. 24.
7480:Monson (2002). p. 22.
7471:Monson (2002). p. 12.
7444:Monson (2002). p. 21.
7435:Monson (2002). p. 20.
7400:The Musical Quarterly
7252:Earls, Irene (1996).
7107:. Regensburg, p. 566.
7041:Catholic Encyclopedia
7004:Catholic Encyclopedia
6686:. London: Routledge.
6497:The Dawson Newsletter
6456:"On Catholic History"
6423:10.4324/9781315251509
6381:10.4324/9781315613574
6285:"Counter-Reformation"
6223:"Counter-Reformation"
5712:Lauda Sion Salvatorem
5607:
5567:The crises regarding
5376:
5065:The Battle of Lepanto
4916:Further information:
4906:
4898:
4782:Further information:
4665:
4551:Further information:
4518:Electorate of Cologne
4496:Adoration of the Magi
4490:
4392:Unity of the Brethren
4236:
4219:Further information:
4013:
3808:. The council upheld
3750:
3651:
3579:and the execution of
3549:Gregorian observatory
3282:Antoninus of Florence
2813:
2796:Wilhelm Maurenbrecher
2782:
2538:Simultaneous rise of
2450:Book of Common Prayer
2250:Scottish church music
2236:Anglican church music
1717:Gaspard II de Coligny
1692:Henry VIII of England
1496:Peter Martyr Vermigli
646:Francisco de Zurbarán
551:Artemisia Gentileschi
411:Ignatian spirituality
343:Prayer Book Rebellion
76:"Counter-Reformation"
14254:Nondenominationalism
14127:Role in civilization
13594:Independent Catholic
13536:Relations with Islam
13516:Catholic Reformation
12868:Edicts of toleration
12677:Three Forms of Unity
12442:Bohemian Reformation
12015:Catholic Reformation
11872:Roman state religion
11691:Council of Jerusalem
11000:L'Osservatore Romano
10938:Role in civilisation
10664:Croatian and Serbian
10412:Episcopal conference
10374:St. Peter's Basilica
9732:Sexual abuse scandal
9688:Catholic Reformation
9249:Sexual abuse scandal
9158:Mit brennender Sorge
9001:Age of Enlightenment
8780:Bernard of Clairvaux
8657:Byzantine Iconoclasm
8596:Council of Chalcedon
8376:Council of Jerusalem
8245:Role in civilization
8225:Religious institutes
8157:By country or region
7955:Mullett, Michael A.
7903:Dickens, A. G.
7093:. Image Books. 1958.
6189:Second scholasticism
5944:Catherine de' Medici
5702:Veni Sancte Spiritus
5578:Missa Papae Marcelli
5489:The Council of Trent
5386:was summoned by the
5249:and the Flanders of
5228:sacrament of penance
5213:Lawrence of Brindisi
4928:Discalced Carmelites
4918:Second scholasticism
4721:Poland and Lithuania
4642:Massacre of Mérindol
4626:Patent of Toleration
4606:Salzburg Protestants
4585:, especially around
4331:opened their gates.
4161:The 1713 papal bull
3879:The council, in the
3862:veneration of saints
3713:improve this article
3666:Confutatio Augustana
3653:Confutatio Augustana
3644:Confutatio Augustana
3637:Confutatio Augustana
3571:(r. 1572–1585); the
3561:Jesuit China mission
3553:Gregorian University
3355:evangelical counsels
3312:Council of Constance
3278:Catherine of Bologna
3146:English Reformations
2852:post-Tridentine Mass
2699:Patent of Toleration
2672:Reformatio Catholica
2668:Catholic Reformation
2650:, was the period of
2529:Protestant orthodoxy
2502:Whole Book of Psalms
2466:Book of Common Order
2334:Ecclesiastical Latin
1887:German Peasants' War
1439:Protestant Reformers
1369:Northern Renaissance
1364:Bohemian Reformation
1348:Contributing factors
1252:Gottschalk of Orbais
1019:Discalced Carmelites
971:Second scholasticism
807:Catherine de' Medici
730:Lawrence of Brindisi
521:Gian Lorenzo Bernini
303:German Peasants' War
217:Confutatio Augustana
61:improve this article
14355:Counter-Reformation
14300:Unlimited atonement
14285:Cultural Christians
13724:Jehovah's Witnesses
13346:Sermon on the Mount
13275:Christian tradition
13202:Lists of Christians
13040:Liberation theology
12947:Jehovah's Witnesses
12780:Radical Reformation
12508:Resistance theories
12395:Christian mysticism
12390:Early Scholasticism
12102:Ecclesial community
12000:Counter-Reformation
11865:Constantinian shift
11335:Neocatechumenal Way
11300:Charismatic Renewal
11014:Annuario Pontificio
10612:Particular churches
10288:Ecumenical councils
10060:Perpetual virginity
9895:Communitas perfecta
9839:Sermon on the Mount
9077:Papal infallibility
9067:Our Lady of Lourdes
9016:Shimabara Rebellion
8860:Counter-Reformation
8050:Luebke, David, ed.
8036:Wright, A. D.
8031:Counter-Reformation
8015:Soergel, Philip M.
7962:O'Connell, Marvin.
7453:Monson (2002). p.9.
6194:Spanish Inquisition
6157:Corpus Catholicorum
6119:Christianity portal
5766:Nicolaus Copernicus
5746:Calendrical studies
5731:Masses for the Dead
5390:to explain why his
5165:interior conversion
5155:, who added to the
5005:Spiritual Exercises
4874:Spanish Netherlands
4658:Huguenot rebellions
4630:Zillertal expulsion
4547:Bohemia and Austria
4520:. After Archbishop
4273:from 1578 to 1592.
4271:Spanish Netherlands
4095:Liturgical Struggle
3817:works of that faith
3755:, from an engraving
3672:Augsburg Confession
3657:Confessio Augustana
3587:; the birth of the
3523:Contemporary events
3455:founded in 1524 by
3301:ecumenical councils
3167:Counter Reformation
3065:Humanism (Catholic)
2838:pre-Tridentine Mass
2636:Counter-Reformation
2534:Peace of Westphalia
2525:Confessionalization
2329:Liturgical Struggle
2255:Normative principle
1834:Holy Roman Emperors
1783:Counter-Reformation
1234:Girolamo Savonarola
1087:Proto-Protestantism
976:School of Salamanca
934:Spanish Inquisition
641:Juan de Valdés Leal
323:Pilgrimage of Grace
259:Immensa aeterni Dei
247:Regnans in Excelsis
163:Counter-Reformation
14145:Crusading movement
13413:Ante-Nicene period
13114:Oriental Orthodoxy
12757:King James Version
12569:Ninety-five Theses
12365:Apostolic Brethren
12139:Church of the East
12134:Oriental Orthodoxy
11980:Crusading movement
11500:Early Christianity
11172:Premonstratensians
9555:Ante-Nicene period
9433:Lists of Catholics
9122:Our Lady of Fátima
8911:Ignatius of Loyola
8835:Catherine of Siena
8803:Pope Boniface VIII
8622:Benedict of Nursia
8591:Council of Ephesus
8428:Ante-Nicene period
8381:Split with Judaism
8215:Crusading movement
8029:Unger, Rudolph M.
7998:O'Malley, John W.
7944:Mourret, Fernand.
7852:, Vol. 55, No. 1,
7839:2016-06-11 at the
7832:, Vol. 14, No. 3,
7819:2016-01-31 at the
7812:, Vol. 43, No. 3,
7806:Lockwood, Lewis H.
7798:2016-01-31 at the
7791:, Vol. 30, No. 3.
7566:2016-01-31 at the
7527:2016-08-18 at the
7410:2016-06-11 at the
7023:2016-03-03 at the
6994:2009-10-29 at the
6474:Daniel-Rops, Henri
6320:2016-05-07 at the
6259:www.britannica.com
6146:Anti-Protestantism
6105:Catholicism portal
6037:Cardinal Richelieu
5965:Philip II of Spain
5938:Mary I of Scotland
5927:Ignatius of Loyola
5828:Melanchthon Circle
5795:Gregorian calendar
5788:heliocentric model
5624:
5510:polyphonic singing
5347:, a fresco in the
5181:Ignatius of Loyola
5137:Ignatius of Loyola
5133:Catherine of Genoa
5042:Ignatius of Loyola
4909:
4901:
4671:
4595:crypto-Protestants
4571:Sigmund von Birken
4500:
4476:Neusalza-Spremberg
4461:Johanngeorgenstadt
4400:Lower Rhine region
4398:often fled to the
4396:County of Flanders
4293:County of Flanders
4259:Philip II of Spain
4243:
4107:Laurentius Nicolai
4099:John III of Sweden
4020:
3905:Synods of Carthage
3831:Transubstantiation
3827:states (2:22–26).
3757:
3661:
3557:Gregorian calendar
3500:Catherine of Genoa
3294:Christian humanism
3290:Catherine of Genoa
2439:Thomissøn's hymnal
2241:Exclusive psalmody
1997:Metaphysical poets
1919:Northern Mannerism
1909:Art and literature
1822:Anti-Protestantism
1758:Electors of Saxony
1722:Henry IV of France
1712:William the Silent
1635:Sweden and Finland
1526:Balthasar Hubmaier
1491:Heinrich Bullinger
1451:Philip Melanchthon
1384:Johannes Gutenberg
1374:Christian humanism
1316:Ninety-five Theses
1184:Ninety-five Theses
1067:History of Germany
750:Cardinal Richelieu
710:Ignatius of Loyola
636:Georges de la Tour
571:Giovanni Lanfranco
453:Transubstantiation
313:Tyrone's Rebellion
14342:
14341:
14308:
14307:
14236:Charta Oecumenica
13746:
13745:
13736:Iglesia ni Cristo
13551:
13550:
13531:French Revolution
13521:Thirty Years' War
13393:Apostolic fathers
13361:Great Commandment
13132:
13131:
13109:Eastern Orthodoxy
12977:Finnish Awakening
12932:Holiness movement
12873:Congregationalism
12832:
12831:
12692:Metrical psalters
12129:Eastern Orthodoxy
12073:Neo-Scholasticism
11780:Canon development
11681:Jewish Christians
11455:
11454:
10865:
10864:
10258:
10081:
10080:
9773:
9750:
9749:
9742:COVID-19 pandemic
9712:French Revolution
9702:Thirty Years' War
9610:Islamic conquests
9523:Apostolic fathers
9458:
9373:
9372:
9333:COVID-19 pandemic
9311:Pope Benedict XVI
9216:Pope John Paul II
8991:Pope Benedict XIV
8977:French Revolution
8961:Thirty Years' War
8951:Robert Bellarmine
8936:John of the Cross
8840:Pope Alexander VI
8825:Council of Vienne
8755:Francis of Assisi
8745:Pope Innocent III
8614:Early Middle Ages
8608:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8546:Arian controversy
8499:
8498:
8447:Apostolic Fathers
7936:Lehner, Ulrich L.
7715:Church of England
7091:John of the Cross
6911:63#4 pp. 671–692.
6846:Harrison and Sons
6661:978-1-139-05602-1
6440:978-1-315-25150-9
6390:978-1-4094-2373-7
6066:Peter Paul Rubens
6019:Pope Gregory XIII
5932:Mary I of England
5904:John of the Cross
5847:Robert Bellarmine
5799:De revolutionibus
5506:Gabriele Paleotti
5449:Peter Paul Rubens
5413:Gabriele Paleotti
5363:, developed into
5344:The Last Judgment
5340:
5339:
5276:The Last Judgment
5251:Peter Paul Rubens
5217:Robert Bellarmine
5200:Battle of Lepanto
5145:John of the Cross
5129:
5128:
5054:John of the Cross
5012:, reminiscent of
4492:Peter Paul Rubens
4263:Alexander Farnese
4225:Eighty Years' War
4191:Politics and wars
4109:came to lead the
3751:A session of the
3745:
3744:
3737:
3625:Great Turkish War
3605:Thirty Years' War
3585:Pope Clement VIII
3569:Pope Gregory XIII
3541:Battle of Lepanto
3427:Friars. In 1526,
2809:Henri Daniel-Rops
2691:Holy Roman Empire
2632:
2631:
2456:Metrical psalters
1877:Eighty Years' War
1867:Thirty Years' War
1752:Philip I of Hesse
1476:Andreas Karlstadt
1286:Johannes von Goch
1267:Berengar of Tours
1262:Claudius of Turin
1243:Arnold of Brescia
1155:
1154:
1072:Holy Roman Empire
929:Roman Inquisition
725:John of the Cross
685:Robert Bellarmine
616:Peter Paul Rubens
536:Ludovico Carracci
531:Annibale Carracci
443:Spanish mysticism
358:Thirty Years' War
328:Bigod's rebellion
253:Ascendente Domino
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
14367:
14332:
14331:
14322:
14321:
14165:Environmentalism
14115:Church buildings
14017:
14016:
13832:Eastern Orthodox
13827:Eastern Catholic
13739:
13738:
13706:Eastern Catholic
13684:Eastern Orthodox
13572:
13571:
13493:Age of Discovery
13478:East–West Schism
13376:Great Commission
13307:
13306:
13159:
13152:
13145:
13136:
13135:
12551:
12550:
11938:Non-Chalcedonian
11919:Constantinople I
11711:General epistles
11706:Pauline epistles
11686:Paul the Apostle
11664:Great Commission
11482:
11475:
11468:
11459:
11458:
11445:
11444:
11435:
11434:
11177:Redemptoristines
11025:Religious orders
10951:Anti-Catholicism
10901:Church buildings
10761:Catholic liturgy
10501:Consecrated life
10359:Apostolic Palace
10326:Synod of Bishops
10262:
10261:
10238:
9844:Ten Commandments
9777:
9776:
9759:
9660:Age of Discovery
9494:Great Commission
9462:
9461:
9446:
9400:
9393:
9386:
9377:
9376:
9363:
9362:
9351:
9350:
9349:
9328:Patriarch Kirill
9201:Pope John Paul I
9006:Anti-clericalism
8986:Pope Innocent XI
8906:Society of Jesus
8891:Council of Trent
8845:Age of Discovery
8790:Late Middle Ages
8692:High Middle Ages
8682:East–West Schism
8566:Pope Sylvester I
8512:
8511:
8501:
8500:
8411:General epistles
8406:Pauline epistles
8339:John the Baptist
8322:Great Commission
8284:
8283:
8235:Catholic culture
8125:
8118:
8111:
8102:
8101:
7959:(Routledge 1999)
7926:Thomas Worcester
7900:
7784:
7753:
7722:
7707:Eastern Orthodox
7704:
7687:
7681:
7675:
7674:
7664:
7658:
7655:
7649:
7646:
7640:
7637:
7631:
7628:
7619:
7616:
7610:
7607:
7601:
7598:
7589:
7586:
7580:
7577:
7571:
7557:Modern Philology
7550:
7544:
7541:
7532:
7514:
7508:
7505:
7499:
7496:
7490:
7487:
7481:
7478:
7472:
7469:
7463:
7460:
7454:
7451:
7445:
7442:
7436:
7433:
7427:
7424:
7415:
7388:
7369:
7360:
7354:
7333:
7327:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7294:. Archived from
7288:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7263:
7257:
7250:
7244:
7243:
7223:
7217:
7216:
7196:
7190:
7189:
7169:
7163:
7162:
7123:
7117:
7114:
7108:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7082:
7076:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7054:
7052:
7033:
7027:
7016:See text of the
7014:
7008:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6960:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6923:"Exulantenstadt"
6918:
6912:
6903:
6897:
6888:
6882:
6875:
6869:
6867:
6831:
6825:
6824:
6813:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6784:
6778:
6775:
6769:
6763:
6757:
6750:
6744:
6737:
6728:
6726:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6679:
6666:
6665:
6639:
6633:
6632:
6600:
6591:
6590:
6566:
6560:
6559:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6366:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6347:on 19 April 2017
6331:
6325:
6310:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6283:Mark, Joshua J.
6280:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6251:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6219:
6135:
6130:
6129:
6121:
6116:
6115:
6107:
6102:
6101:
6043:Francis de Sales
5869:Francisco Suárez
5858:Charles Borromeo
5784:Ptolemaic system
5687:Missal of Pius V
5651:Charles Borromeo
5636:Orlando di Lasso
5628:Jacobus de Kerle
5502:Egidio Foscarari
5457:Anthony van Dyck
5441:Scipione Pulzone
5437:Federico Barocci
5409:Charles Borromeo
5286:
5272:
5271:
5221:Francis de Sales
5205:Francisco Suárez
5149:Francis de Sales
5074:
5062:
5061:
5058:Francis de Sales
4912:Religious orders
4880:and surrounds),
4593:. Some lived as
4530:Ernst of Bavaria
4418:("Happy Town").
4389:
4301:Union of Utrecht
4297:Duchy of Brabant
4267:Governor-General
4176:Pasquier Quesnel
3889:deuterocanonical
3825:Epistle of James
3764:Council of Trent
3753:Council of Trent
3740:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3720:
3697:
3689:
3685:Council of Trent
3679:Council of Trent
3577:Long Turkish War
3539:(1570), and the
3529:Council of Trent
3465:Somaschi Fathers
3429:Matteo de Bascio
3421:Francis of Paola
2989:
2982:
2975:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2864:
2834:Council of Trent
2775:Gegenreformation
2728:, including the
2660:Council of Trent
2648:Catholic Revival
2644:Contrareformatio
2624:
2617:
2610:
2562:Luther Monuments
2557:Reformation Wall
2527:with subsequent
2491:Scottish Psalter
2405:Lutheran hymnals
2306:Calvin's liturgy
2301:Reformed worship
2222:Lutheran chorale
2065:Bohorič alphabet
1897:Schmalkaldic War
1795:Council of Trent
1770:John Frederick I
1669:Poland-Lithuania
1546:Jacobus Arminius
1456:Huldrych Zwingli
1379:German mysticism
1180:
1157:
1156:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1116:
1115:
993:Religious orders
760:Francisco Suárez
755:Francis de Sales
690:Charles Borromeo
611:Jusepe de Ribera
601:Scipione Pulzone
576:Orlando di Lasso
566:Jacobus de Kerle
546:Domenico Fontana
541:Anthony van Dyck
516:Federico Barocci
338:Schmalkaldic War
288:Augsburg Interim
199:Council of Trent
173:
172:
146:
139:
138:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
14375:
14374:
14370:
14369:
14368:
14366:
14365:
14364:
14345:
14344:
14343:
14338:
14316:
14304:
14258:
14213:
14131:
14012:
14006:
13961:
13886:One true church
13742:
13710:
13670:
13559:
13547:
13497:
13454:
13399:
13326:in Christianity
13312:
13298:
13292:
13284:
13243:
13219:
13211:
13168:
13163:
13133:
13128:
13078:
13065:Christian right
12967:Oxford Movement
12942:Restorationists
12913:
12828:
12761:
12696:
12647:Presbyterianism
12618:
12598:Book of Concord
12549:
12473:
12471:
12463:
12230:
12120:
12113:
11949:
11848:
11840:
11799:Clement of Rome
11729:
11722:
11626:
11620:
11509:
11491:
11486:
11456:
11451:
11429:
11421:
11400:
11383:Relief Services
11349:
11295:Catholic Action
11285:Military orders
11222:Confraternities
11214:of the faithful
11213:
11206:
11028:
11019:
10955:
10861:
10755:
10614:
10606:
10539:Prior, Prioress
10495:
10388:
10384:Vatican Museums
10335:
10268:
10254:
10250:
10246:
10242:
10237:
10231:
10156:
10110:Social teaching
10077:
10016:
9961:
9916:One true church
9880:
9857:Sixtine Vulgate
9853:Official Bible
9767:
9763:
9758:
9746:
9664:
9596:
9541:
9511:Petrine primacy
9454:
9450:
9445:
9437:
9409:
9407:Catholic Church
9404:
9374:
9369:
9357:
9347:
9345:
9337:
9259:World Youth Day
9237:
9226:World Youth Day
9170:Pacem in terris
9164:Pope John XXIII
9103:
9030:
9021:Edict of Nantes
8979:
8975:
8965:
8931:Teresa of Ávila
8926:Tridentine Mass
8862:
8858:
8849:
8830:Knights Templar
8784:
8686:
8642:Gregorian chant
8600:
8526:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8507:
8495:
8422:
8291:
8279:
8271:
8138:
8136:Catholic Church
8129:
8092:
8064:
8047:
8045:Primary sources
8022:Thaler, Peter.
7882:Bireley, Robert
7868:
7863:
7861:Further reading
7858:
7841:Wayback Machine
7821:Wayback Machine
7800:Wayback Machine
7750:
7731:
7726:
7725:
7705:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7690:
7682:
7678:
7665:
7661:
7656:
7652:
7647:
7643:
7638:
7634:
7629:
7622:
7617:
7613:
7608:
7604:
7599:
7592:
7587:
7583:
7578:
7574:
7568:Wayback Machine
7551:
7547:
7542:
7535:
7529:Wayback Machine
7515:
7511:
7506:
7502:
7497:
7493:
7488:
7484:
7479:
7475:
7470:
7466:
7461:
7457:
7452:
7448:
7443:
7439:
7434:
7430:
7425:
7418:
7412:Wayback Machine
7391:Fellerer, K. G.
7389:
7372:
7361:
7357:
7334:
7330:
7314:
7310:
7301:
7299:
7290:
7289:
7285:
7276:
7274:
7265:
7264:
7260:
7251:
7247:
7240:
7224:
7220:
7213:
7197:
7193:
7186:
7170:
7166:
7143:10.2307/3679084
7124:
7120:
7115:
7111:
7102:
7098:
7084:
7083:
7079:
7067:
7063:
7050:
7048:
7037:"The Ursulines"
7035:
7034:
7030:
7025:Wayback Machine
7015:
7011:
6996:Wayback Machine
6988:
6984:
6977:
6961:
6957:
6949:
6945:
6936:
6934:
6919:
6915:
6904:
6900:
6889:
6885:
6876:
6872:
6856:
6832:
6828:
6821:Catholic Online
6815:
6814:
6810:
6801:
6799:
6786:
6785:
6781:
6776:
6772:
6764:
6760:
6751:
6747:
6738:
6731:
6723:
6711:
6705:
6701:
6694:
6680:
6669:
6662:
6640:
6636:
6601:
6594:
6567:
6563:
6520:
6516:
6508:
6504:
6491:
6489:
6471:
6467:
6452:
6448:
6441:
6409:
6405:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6367:
6360:
6350:
6348:
6333:
6332:
6328:
6322:Wayback Machine
6311:
6307:
6298:
6296:
6281:
6277:
6268:
6266:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6238:
6236:
6221:
6220:
6207:
6202:
6133:Religion portal
6131:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6096:
6093:
6088:
6084:Vincent de Paul
5995:Pope Julius III
5879:Gabriel Vásquez
5841:Teresa of Ávila
5836:
5808:Galileo Galilei
5762:Julian calendar
5754:
5748:
5677:and "Spiritual
5602:
5565:
5539:
5486:
5481:
5270:
5243:
5237:
5189:Teresa of Ávila
5161:Carmelite Order
5141:Teresa of Ávila
5060:
5050:Teresa of Ávila
5040:Main articles:
5038:
4979:educating girls
4920:
4914:
4830:
4825:
4794:Catholic Church
4786:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4748:
4740:Main articles:
4738:
4733:
4725:Main articles:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4683:Edict of Nantes
4660:
4640:Main articles:
4638:
4567:Bohemian Revolt
4555:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4506:
4485:
4480:
4431:Altona, Hamburg
4423:Exulantenstädte
4408:Central Germany
4383:
4381:Exulantenstädte
4374:
4368:
4286:treaty of Arras
4251:the Netherlands
4231:
4217:
4215:The Netherlands
4212:
4200:Main articles:
4198:
4193:
4159:
4153:
4131:
4125:
4097:, which pitted
4083:
4068:Roman Catechism
4063:
4061:Roman Catechism
4057:
4054:Roman Catechism
4033:
4027:
3986:of the secular
3913:Roman Catechism
3901:Council of Rome
3802:Tridentine Mass
3786:medieval church
3741:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3710:
3698:
3687:
3681:
3646:
3640:
3633:
3597:Galileo Galilei
3589:Lyncean Academy
3583:in 1600, under
3537:Roman Rite Mass
3525:
3412:. In 1523, the
3402:
3364:Issues such as
3303:were held with
3273:devotio moderna
3260:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2845:Tridentine Mass
2830:status quo ante
2767:
2761:
2730:Spanish mystics
2628:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2576:Reformation Day
2566:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2496:
2484:Genevan Psalter
2478:
2473:Souterliedekens
2460:
2444:
2426:
2408:
2385:
2375:
2361:
2357:Paraphrase mass
2348:
2338:
2324:
2310:
2291:
2277:
2259:
2245:
2231:
2217:
2203:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2139:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2093:
2069:
2030:
2006:
1970:
1956:
1942:
1928:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1862:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1831:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:Catholic Church
1784:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1742:Gustav II Adolf
1737:Gabriel Bethlen
1732:Stephen Bocskai
1727:Jeanne d'Albret
1702:Oliver Cromwell
1687:
1679:
1678:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1506:François Hotman
1486:George Buchanan
1471:William Tyndale
1441:
1431:
1430:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1398:Johann Reuchlin
1349:
1341:
1340:
1311:
1301:
1300:
1276:Wessel Gansfort
1202:
1192:
1151:
1122:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1082:Nation-building
1057:
1049:
1048:
994:
986:
985:
954:
946:
945:
902:
894:
893:
695:Joseph Calasanz
668:Teresa of Ávila
661:
659:
651:
650:
499:Flemish Baroque
477:
475:
465:
464:
448:Tridentine Mass
406:Gregorian chant
391:Confraternities
386:
378:
377:
363:Bohemian Revolt
296:
290:
286:
284:Catholic League
282:
277:
269:
268:
262:
256:
250:
244:
238:
232:
229:Roman Catechism
226:
220:
214:
208:
202:
195:
182:
170:
162:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Catholic reform
15:
12:
11:
5:
14373:
14363:
14362:
14357:
14340:
14339:
14337:
14336:
14326:
14313:
14310:
14309:
14306:
14305:
14303:
14302:
14297:
14292:
14287:
14282:
14277:
14272:
14266:
14264:
14260:
14259:
14257:
14256:
14251:
14250:
14249:
14244:
14239:
14227:
14221:
14219:
14215:
14214:
14212:
14211:
14206:
14201:
14196:
14191:
14182:
14177:
14175:Fundamentalism
14172:
14170:Existentialism
14167:
14162:
14157:
14152:
14147:
14141:
14139:
14133:
14132:
14130:
14129:
14124:
14123:
14122:
14112:
14107:
14102:
14097:
14092:
14087:
14082:
14081:
14080:
14070:
14069:
14068:
14063:
14061:God the Father
14058:
14053:
14048:
14038:
14037:
14036:
14025:
14023:
14014:
14008:
14007:
14005:
14004:
13999:
13994:
13993:
13992:
13982:
13977:
13971:
13969:
13963:
13962:
13960:
13959:
13958:
13957:
13947:
13942:
13941:
13940:
13935:
13930:
13925:
13920:
13915:
13910:
13900:
13899:
13898:
13893:
13888:
13883:
13881:Body of Christ
13878:
13868:
13863:
13858:
13857:
13856:
13846:
13841:
13840:
13839:
13834:
13829:
13824:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13783:
13782:
13777:
13772:
13767:
13756:
13754:
13748:
13747:
13744:
13743:
13741:
13740:
13731:
13726:
13720:
13718:
13716:Restorationist
13712:
13711:
13709:
13708:
13703:
13698:
13693:
13692:
13691:
13680:
13678:
13672:
13671:
13669:
13668:
13663:
13662:
13661:
13656:
13651:
13646:
13641:
13636:
13631:
13626:
13621:
13616:
13611:
13606:
13596:
13591:
13586:
13580:
13578:
13569:
13553:
13552:
13549:
13548:
13546:
13545:
13544:
13543:
13533:
13528:
13523:
13518:
13513:
13507:
13505:
13499:
13498:
13496:
13495:
13490:
13485:
13480:
13475:
13470:
13464:
13462:
13456:
13455:
13453:
13452:
13447:
13442:
13441:
13440:
13435:
13425:
13420:
13418:Late antiquity
13415:
13409:
13407:
13401:
13400:
13398:
13397:
13396:
13395:
13388:Church fathers
13385:
13380:
13379:
13378:
13373:
13368:
13363:
13358:
13353:
13348:
13343:
13338:
13333:
13328:
13317:
13315:
13304:
13286:
13285:
13283:
13282:
13277:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13257:
13251:
13249:
13245:
13244:
13242:
13241:
13236:
13231:
13225:
13223:
13213:
13212:
13210:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13194:
13189:
13184:
13179:
13173:
13170:
13169:
13162:
13161:
13154:
13147:
13139:
13130:
13129:
13127:
13126:
13121:
13116:
13111:
13106:
13101:
13100:
13099:
13094:
13083:
13080:
13079:
13077:
13076:
13071:
13062:
13052:
13047:
13042:
13037:
13032:
13030:Pentecostalism
13027:
13025:Jesus movement
13022:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12984:
12979:
12974:
12969:
12964:
12959:
12954:
12949:
12944:
12939:
12934:
12929:
12923:
12921:
12915:
12914:
12912:
12911:
12902:
12901:
12900:
12890:
12885:
12880:
12875:
12870:
12865:
12864:
12863:
12853:
12848:
12842:
12840:
12834:
12833:
12830:
12829:
12827:
12826:
12819:
12816:Martyrs Mirror
12812:
12807:
12802:
12800:Martyrs' Synod
12797:
12792:
12790:Swiss Brethren
12787:
12782:
12777:
12771:
12769:
12763:
12762:
12760:
12759:
12754:
12747:
12742:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12712:
12706:
12704:
12698:
12697:
12695:
12694:
12689:
12684:
12679:
12674:
12669:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12628:
12626:
12620:
12619:
12617:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12594:
12589:
12588:
12587:
12582:
12577:
12572:
12559:
12557:
12548:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12535:Law and Gospel
12532:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12511:
12510:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12485:
12479:
12477:
12465:
12464:
12462:
12461:
12460:
12459:
12449:
12444:
12439:
12434:
12429:
12424:
12423:
12422:
12412:
12407:
12402:
12397:
12392:
12387:
12382:
12377:
12372:
12367:
12362:
12357:
12352:
12347:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12326:
12325:
12320:
12315:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12290:
12289:
12288:
12287:
12286:
12276:
12271:
12266:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12240:
12238:
12232:
12231:
12229:
12228:
12223:
12218:
12216:Ottoman Empire
12213:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12193:
12188:
12183:
12178:
12173:
12168:
12167:
12166:
12161:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12125:
12123:
12115:
12114:
12112:
12111:
12106:
12105:
12104:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12075:
12070:
12065:
12060:
12055:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12031:
12030:
12029:
12028:
12027:
12017:
12012:
12007:
11997:
11992:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11976:
11975:
11970:
11959:
11957:
11951:
11950:
11948:
11947:
11945:Biblical canon
11942:
11941:
11940:
11926:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11900:
11899:
11894:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11868:
11867:
11856:
11854:
11846:Late antiquity
11842:
11841:
11839:
11838:
11833:
11832:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11794:Church Fathers
11787:
11782:
11777:
11776:
11775:
11770:
11765:
11760:
11755:
11750:
11745:
11734:
11732:
11724:
11723:
11721:
11720:
11719:
11718:
11713:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11667:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11636:
11630:
11628:
11622:
11621:
11619:
11618:
11613:
11608:
11603:
11598:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11568:
11563:
11558:
11553:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11517:
11515:
11511:
11510:
11508:
11507:
11502:
11496:
11493:
11492:
11485:
11484:
11477:
11470:
11462:
11453:
11452:
11450:
11449:
11439:
11426:
11423:
11422:
11420:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11401:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11370:
11365:
11359:
11357:
11351:
11350:
11348:
11347:
11342:
11337:
11332:
11330:Legion of Mary
11327:
11322:
11317:
11312:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11281:
11280:
11279:
11278:
11268:
11267:
11266:
11259:Lay Carmelites
11256:
11246:
11245:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11229:
11218:
11216:
11208:
11207:
11205:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11107:Conceptionists
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11042:Assumptionists
11038:
11036:
11021:
11020:
11018:
11017:
11010:
11003:
10996:
10993:
10992:
10991:
10986:
10981:
10971:
10965:
10963:
10957:
10956:
10954:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10909:
10908:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10887:
10886:
10875:
10873:
10867:
10866:
10863:
10862:
10860:
10859:
10858:
10857:
10856:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10810:
10809:
10808:
10807:
10806:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10765:
10763:
10757:
10756:
10754:
10753:
10752:
10751:
10746:
10744:Syro-Malankara
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10694:Italo-Albanian
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10626:
10620:
10618:
10608:
10607:
10605:
10604:
10603:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10582:
10577:
10576:
10575:
10565:
10564:
10563:
10558:
10548:
10543:
10542:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10512:
10505:
10503:
10497:
10496:
10494:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10477:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10421:
10420:
10419:
10414:
10403:
10401:
10390:
10389:
10387:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10364:Lateran Treaty
10361:
10356:
10351:
10345:
10343:
10337:
10336:
10334:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10322:
10321:
10311:
10310:
10309:
10304:
10290:
10285:
10276:
10274:
10259:
10233:
10232:
10230:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10183:
10182:
10177:
10166:
10164:
10158:
10157:
10155:
10154:
10153:
10152:
10147:
10137:
10136:
10135:
10125:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10100:Moral theology
10097:
10091:
10089:
10083:
10082:
10079:
10078:
10076:
10075:
10070:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10026:
10024:
10018:
10017:
10015:
10014:
10009:
10004:
10003:
10002:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9971:
9969:
9963:
9962:
9960:
9959:
9954:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9930:
9925:
9924:
9923:
9918:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9890:
9888:
9882:
9881:
9879:
9878:
9873:
9872:
9871:
9864:
9859:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9794:
9783:
9781:
9774:
9752:
9751:
9748:
9747:
9745:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9698:
9697:
9696:
9695:
9685:
9674:
9672:
9666:
9665:
9663:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9615:Pope Gregory I
9612:
9606:
9604:
9598:
9597:
9595:
9594:
9589:
9587:Biblical canon
9584:
9582:Late antiquity
9579:
9578:
9577:
9572:
9562:
9557:
9551:
9549:
9543:
9542:
9540:
9539:
9538:
9537:
9527:
9526:
9525:
9518:Church fathers
9515:
9514:
9513:
9508:
9498:
9497:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9470:
9468:
9459:
9452:Ecclesiastical
9439:
9438:
9436:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9414:
9411:
9410:
9403:
9402:
9395:
9388:
9380:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9367:
9355:
9342:
9339:
9338:
9336:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9307:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9256:
9251:
9245:
9243:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9235:
9234:
9233:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9166:
9161:
9154:
9149:
9147:Lateran Treaty
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9113:
9111:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9101:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9038:
9036:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8982:
8980:
8972:Baroque period
8970:
8967:
8966:
8964:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8941:Peter Canisius
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8916:Francis Xavier
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8880:Exsurge Domine
8876:
8871:
8865:
8863:
8854:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8820:Pope Clement V
8817:
8816:
8815:
8813:Avignon Papacy
8808:Western Schism
8805:
8800:
8798:Thomas Aquinas
8794:
8792:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8696:
8694:
8688:
8687:
8685:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8652:Saint Boniface
8649:
8644:
8639:
8637:Pope Gregory I
8634:
8629:
8624:
8618:
8616:
8610:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8576:Biblical canon
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8542:
8541:
8530:
8528:
8509:
8505:Late antiquity
8497:
8496:
8494:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8472:
8471:
8466:
8465:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8452:Pope Clement I
8442:Church Fathers
8439:
8433:
8431:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8420:
8419:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8298:
8296:
8281:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8248:
8247:
8242:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8211:
8210:
8205:
8203:Biblical canon
8198:Catholic Bible
8195:
8194:
8193:
8183:
8182:
8181:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8148:
8146:
8140:
8139:
8128:
8127:
8120:
8113:
8105:
8099:
8098:
8091:
8090:External links
8088:
8087:
8086:
8079:
8072:
8063:
8062:Historiography
8060:
8059:
8058:
8046:
8043:
8042:
8041:
8034:
8027:
8020:
8013:
8003:
7996:
7991:Olin, John C.
7989:
7982:
7967:
7960:
7953:
7942:
7933:
7922:
7915:
7908:
7901:
7892:
7879:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7844:
7824:
7803:
7785:
7754:
7748:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7719:protocanonical
7698:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7686:, p. 149.
7676:
7659:
7650:
7641:
7632:
7620:
7611:
7602:
7590:
7581:
7572:
7545:
7533:
7509:
7500:
7491:
7482:
7473:
7464:
7455:
7446:
7437:
7428:
7416:
7370:
7355:
7336:Blunt, Anthony
7328:
7308:
7283:
7258:
7245:
7238:
7218:
7211:
7191:
7184:
7164:
7118:
7109:
7096:
7077:
7069:Hughes, Philip
7061:
7028:
7009:
6999:Union of Brest
6982:
6975:
6955:
6943:
6913:
6898:
6883:
6870:
6854:
6848:. p. 75.
6840:. Issue 57 of
6826:
6808:
6779:
6770:
6768:, p. 157.
6758:
6745:
6729:
6721:
6699:
6692:
6667:
6660:
6634:
6592:
6561:
6534:(2): 154–170.
6514:
6512:, p. 295.
6502:
6465:
6446:
6439:
6403:
6389:
6358:
6326:
6305:
6275:
6246:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6122:
6108:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6075:
6069:
6063:
6060:Francis Xavier
6057:
6051:
6045:
6040:
6034:
6028:
6022:
6016:
6010:
6004:
5998:
5992:
5986:
5980:
5974:
5968:
5962:
5956:
5954:Luis de Molina
5951:
5946:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5874:Thomas Cajetan
5871:
5866:
5863:Peter Canisius
5860:
5855:
5849:
5844:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5804:Galileo affair
5747:
5744:
5739:Roman Breviary
5717:Corpus Christi
5655:Vincenzo Ruffo
5601:
5598:
5582:Pope Marcellus
5564:
5563:Saviour-Legend
5561:
5538:
5535:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5384:Paolo Veronese
5349:Sistine Chapel
5338:
5337:
5331:Sistine Chapel
5328:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5279:
5278:
5269:
5268:Decrees on art
5266:
5239:Main article:
5236:
5233:
5127:
5126:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5083:Paolo Veronese
5080:
5076:
5075:
5067:
5066:
5037:
5034:
4913:
4910:
4870:Czech Republic
4829:
4828:Areas affected
4826:
4824:
4821:
4809:Union of Brest
4779:
4776:
4771:Main article:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4755:Main article:
4752:
4749:
4737:
4734:
4722:
4719:
4714:Main article:
4711:
4708:
4679:series of wars
4667:Matanzas Inlet
4637:
4634:
4548:
4545:
4540:Main article:
4537:
4534:
4526:prince-elector
4502:Main article:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4446:Friedrichsdorf
4443:
4438:
4436:Bad Karlshafen
4433:
4427:
4414:("Joy Town"),
4370:Main article:
4367:
4364:
4216:
4213:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4155:Main article:
4152:
4147:
4127:Main article:
4124:
4119:
4115:Missio Suetica
4082:
4077:
4059:Main article:
4056:
4051:
4035:The 1559–1967
4029:Main article:
4026:
4021:
4005:Carlo Borromeo
4003:'s Archbishop
3897:Masoretic Text
3891:works (called
3881:Canon of Trent
3806:Catholic Faith
3777:, the sale of
3743:
3742:
3701:
3699:
3692:
3683:Main article:
3680:
3677:
3642:Main article:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3581:Giordano Bruno
3524:
3521:
3489:Adorno Fathers
3448:regular clergy
3401:
3398:
3366:papal nepotism
3327:
3326:
3320:
3315:
3286:Rita of Cascia
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2800:confessionally
2760:
2757:
2755:in 1962–1965.
2722:religious life
2687:Imperial Diets
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2432:Swenske songer
2427:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2391:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2320:Deutsche Messe
2317:
2315:Formula missae
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2266:
2264:Anglican chant
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1892:Wars of Kappel
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1707:James VI and I
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1551:Roger Williams
1548:
1543:
1541:Richard Hooker
1538:
1536:Thomas Cranmer
1533:
1528:
1523:
1521:Thomas Müntzer
1518:
1516:Hubert Languet
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1388:printing press
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:Avignon Papacy
1356:
1354:Western Schism
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1291:Friends of God
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1056:Related topics
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
995:
992:
991:
988:
987:
984:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
942:
941:
931:
926:
921:
914:
909:
903:
900:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
768:
767:
765:Francis Xavier
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
700:Peter Canisius
697:
692:
687:
676:
675:
670:
660:
657:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
621:Vincenzo Ruffo
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
507:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
476:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
460:Works of mercy
457:
456:
455:
445:
440:
439:
438:
433:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
387:
384:
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
308:Wars of Kappel
305:
278:
275:
274:
271:
270:
205:Exsurge Domine
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
184:
183:
174:
166:
165:
157:
156:
148:
147:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14372:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14353:
14352:
14350:
14335:
14327:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14314:
14311:
14301:
14298:
14296:
14293:
14291:
14288:
14286:
14283:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14271:
14268:
14267:
14265:
14261:
14255:
14252:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14237:
14233:
14232:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14223:
14222:
14220:
14216:
14210:
14207:
14205:
14202:
14200:
14197:
14195:
14192:
14190:
14186:
14183:
14181:
14178:
14176:
14173:
14171:
14168:
14166:
14163:
14161:
14158:
14156:
14153:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14142:
14140:
14138:
14134:
14128:
14125:
14121:
14118:
14117:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14110:Popular piety
14108:
14106:
14103:
14101:
14098:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14086:
14083:
14079:
14076:
14075:
14074:
14071:
14067:
14064:
14062:
14059:
14057:
14054:
14052:
14049:
14047:
14044:
14043:
14042:
14039:
14035:
14032:
14031:
14030:
14027:
14026:
14024:
14022:
14018:
14015:
14009:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13995:
13991:
13988:
13987:
13986:
13983:
13981:
13978:
13976:
13973:
13972:
13970:
13968:
13964:
13956:
13953:
13952:
13951:
13948:
13946:
13943:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13931:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13909:
13906:
13905:
13904:
13901:
13897:
13894:
13892:
13891:People of God
13889:
13887:
13884:
13882:
13879:
13877:
13874:
13873:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13855:
13852:
13851:
13850:
13847:
13845:
13842:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13819:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13771:
13768:
13766:
13763:
13762:
13761:
13758:
13757:
13755:
13753:
13749:
13737:
13732:
13730:
13727:
13725:
13722:
13721:
13719:
13717:
13713:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13690:
13687:
13686:
13685:
13682:
13681:
13679:
13677:
13673:
13667:
13664:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13650:
13647:
13645:
13642:
13640:
13637:
13635:
13632:
13630:
13627:
13625:
13622:
13620:
13617:
13615:
13612:
13610:
13607:
13605:
13602:
13601:
13600:
13597:
13595:
13592:
13590:
13587:
13585:
13582:
13581:
13579:
13577:
13573:
13570:
13567:
13563:
13558:
13557:Denominations
13554:
13542:
13539:
13538:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13526:Enlightenment
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13508:
13506:
13504:
13500:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13486:
13484:
13481:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13466:
13465:
13463:
13461:
13457:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13443:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13430:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13410:
13408:
13406:
13402:
13394:
13391:
13390:
13389:
13386:
13384:
13381:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13323:
13322:
13319:
13318:
13316:
13314:
13308:
13305:
13302:
13296:
13291:
13287:
13281:
13278:
13276:
13273:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13256:
13253:
13252:
13250:
13246:
13240:
13239:New Testament
13237:
13235:
13234:Old Testament
13232:
13230:
13227:
13226:
13224:
13222:
13218:
13214:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13190:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13174:
13171:
13167:
13160:
13155:
13153:
13148:
13146:
13141:
13140:
13137:
13125:
13122:
13120:
13119:Protestantism
13117:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13105:
13102:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13089:
13088:
13085:
13084:
13081:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13066:
13063:
13060:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13041:
13038:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13020:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12993:
12992:Azusa Revival
12990:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12980:
12978:
12975:
12973:
12972:Laestadianism
12970:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12945:
12943:
12940:
12938:
12935:
12933:
12930:
12928:
12925:
12924:
12922:
12920:
12916:
12910:
12909:Old Lutherans
12906:
12903:
12899:
12896:
12895:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12862:
12859:
12858:
12857:
12854:
12852:
12849:
12847:
12844:
12843:
12841:
12839:
12835:
12825:
12824:
12820:
12818:
12817:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12781:
12778:
12776:
12773:
12772:
12770:
12768:
12764:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12752:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12708:
12707:
12705:
12703:
12699:
12693:
12690:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12670:
12668:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12629:
12627:
12625:
12621:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12607:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12599:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12586:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12575:Diet of Worms
12573:
12571:
12570:
12566:
12565:
12564:
12561:
12560:
12558:
12556:
12552:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12509:
12506:
12505:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12480:
12478:
12476:
12475:Protestantism
12470:
12466:
12458:
12455:
12454:
12453:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12435:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12425:
12421:
12418:
12417:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12408:
12406:
12403:
12401:
12398:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12324:
12321:
12319:
12316:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12295:
12294:
12291:
12285:
12282:
12281:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12261:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12241:
12239:
12237:
12233:
12227:
12226:North America
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12179:
12177:
12174:
12172:
12169:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12156:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12126:
12124:
12122:
12116:
12110:
12107:
12103:
12100:
12099:
12098:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12026:
12023:
12022:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12002:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11965:
11964:
11961:
11960:
11958:
11956:
11952:
11946:
11943:
11939:
11935:
11932:
11931:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11889:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11866:
11863:
11862:
11861:
11858:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11847:
11843:
11837:
11836:Early African
11834:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11819:Justin Martyr
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11796:
11795:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11740:
11739:
11736:
11735:
11733:
11731:
11725:
11717:
11714:
11712:
11709:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11693:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11641:
11640:
11639:Life of Jesus
11637:
11635:
11632:
11631:
11629:
11627:Apostolic Age
11623:
11617:
11614:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11518:
11516:
11512:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11497:
11494:
11490:
11483:
11478:
11476:
11471:
11469:
11464:
11463:
11460:
11448:
11440:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11427:
11424:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11402:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11378:Home Missions
11376:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11360:
11358:
11356:
11352:
11346:
11343:
11341:
11338:
11336:
11333:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11277:
11274:
11273:
11272:
11271:Saint Francis
11269:
11265:
11262:
11261:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11254:Saint Dominic
11252:
11251:
11250:
11247:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11224:
11223:
11220:
11219:
11217:
11215:
11209:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11067:Bethlehemites
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11039:
11037:
11035:
11031:
11026:
11022:
11016:
11015:
11011:
11009:
11008:
11004:
11002:
11001:
10997:
10994:
10990:
10989:Vatican Radio
10987:
10985:
10982:
10980:
10977:
10976:
10975:
10974:Vatican Media
10972:
10970:
10967:
10966:
10964:
10962:
10958:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10907:
10904:
10903:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10885:
10882:
10881:
10880:
10877:
10876:
10874:
10872:
10868:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10835:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10815:
10814:
10811:
10805:
10802:
10801:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10771:
10770:
10767:
10766:
10764:
10762:
10758:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10631:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10621:
10619:
10617:
10613:
10609:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10587:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10574:
10571:
10570:
10569:
10566:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10553:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10521:
10518:
10517:
10516:
10513:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10504:
10502:
10498:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10426:
10425:
10422:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10409:
10408:
10405:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10395:
10391:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10346:
10344:
10342:
10338:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10320:
10317:
10316:
10315:
10312:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10299:
10298:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10278:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10271:List of popes
10267:
10263:
10260:
10257:
10253:
10249:
10245:
10241:
10234:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10172:
10171:
10168:
10167:
10165:
10163:
10159:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10142:
10141:
10138:
10134:
10131:
10130:
10129:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10088:
10084:
10074:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10055:Mother of God
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10027:
10025:
10023:
10019:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10001:
9998:
9997:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9972:
9970:
9968:
9964:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9952:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9940:People of God
9938:
9936:
9935:
9931:
9929:
9928:Infallibility
9926:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9913:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9896:
9892:
9891:
9889:
9887:
9883:
9877:
9874:
9870:
9869:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9854:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9804:Body and soul
9802:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9789:
9788:
9785:
9784:
9782:
9778:
9775:
9772:
9771:
9766:
9762:
9757:
9753:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9707:Enlightenment
9705:
9703:
9700:
9694:
9691:
9690:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9680:
9679:
9678:Protestantism
9676:
9675:
9673:
9671:
9667:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9655:Scholasticism
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9640:Schism (1378)
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9625:Schism (1054)
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9607:
9605:
9603:
9599:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9567:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9548:
9544:
9536:
9533:
9532:
9531:
9528:
9524:
9521:
9520:
9519:
9516:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9503:
9502:
9499:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9476:
9475:
9472:
9471:
9469:
9467:
9463:
9460:
9457:
9453:
9449:
9444:
9440:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9415:
9412:
9408:
9401:
9396:
9394:
9389:
9387:
9382:
9381:
9378:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9354:
9344:
9343:
9340:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9323:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9261:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9240:
9232:
9229:
9228:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9206:Mother Teresa
9204:
9202:
9199:
9196:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9171:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9159:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9132:Pope Pius XII
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9110:
9106:
9100:
9099:
9098:Rerum novarum
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9082:Pope Leo XIII
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9052:United States
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9042:Pope Pius VII
9040:
9039:
9037:
9033:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8881:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8857:
8852:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8814:
8811:
8810:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8791:
8787:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8725:Scholasticism
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8700:Pope Urban II
8698:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8689:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8619:
8617:
8615:
8611:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8540:
8537:
8536:
8535:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8525:
8517:
8513:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8476:Justin Martyr
8474:
8470:
8467:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8425:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8388:
8387:
8386:New Testament
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8349:Commissioning
8347:
8346:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8293:Apostolic Age
8289:
8285:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8200:
8199:
8196:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8187:
8184:
8180:
8179:Papal primacy
8177:
8176:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8153:
8150:
8149:
8147:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8133:
8126:
8121:
8119:
8114:
8112:
8107:
8106:
8103:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8084:
8080:
8077:
8073:
8070:
8069:History Today
8066:
8065:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8048:
8039:
8035:
8032:
8028:
8025:
8021:
8018:
8014:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8001:
7997:
7994:
7990:
7987:
7983:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7965:
7961:
7958:
7954:
7951:
7948:(vol 5 1931)
7947:
7943:
7940:
7937:
7934:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7920:
7916:
7913:
7909:
7906:
7902:
7898:
7893:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7880:
7877:
7873:
7872:Bauer, Stefan
7870:
7869:
7866:General works
7855:
7851:
7850:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7831:
7830:
7825:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7804:
7801:
7797:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7761:
7755:
7751:
7749:1-86064-950-5
7745:
7741:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7703:
7699:
7685:
7680:
7672:
7671:
7663:
7654:
7645:
7636:
7627:
7625:
7615:
7609:Davey. p. 56.
7606:
7597:
7595:
7585:
7576:
7569:
7565:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7549:
7543:Davey. p. 52.
7540:
7538:
7530:
7526:
7523:
7519:
7513:
7504:
7495:
7486:
7477:
7468:
7459:
7450:
7441:
7432:
7423:
7421:
7413:
7409:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7396:
7392:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7368:
7364:
7359:
7353:
7352:0-19-881050-4
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7332:
7326:
7325:0-521-56568-5
7322:
7318:
7312:
7298:on 2009-09-29
7297:
7293:
7287:
7272:
7268:
7262:
7255:
7249:
7241:
7239:9780203981320
7235:
7231:
7230:
7222:
7214:
7212:9780495573647
7208:
7204:
7203:
7195:
7187:
7185:9781568980102
7181:
7177:
7176:
7168:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7122:
7113:
7106:
7100:
7092:
7088:
7081:
7074:
7070:
7065:
7058:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7032:
7026:
7022:
7019:
7013:
7006:
7005:
7000:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6986:
6978:
6976:9780911697032
6972:
6968:
6967:
6959:
6953:, p. 14.
6952:
6947:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6917:
6910:
6909:
6902:
6896:16#1 pp 1–22.
6895:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6874:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6855:9781870252904
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6838:
6830:
6822:
6818:
6812:
6797:
6793:
6792:www.usccb.org
6789:
6783:
6774:
6767:
6762:
6755:
6749:
6742:
6741:Le XVe siècle
6736:
6734:
6724:
6722:9780631218395
6718:
6714:
6709:
6703:
6695:
6693:9781032506647
6689:
6685:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6663:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6638:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6599:
6597:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6565:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6518:
6511:
6506:
6498:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6469:
6461:
6457:
6450:
6442:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6417:. Routledge.
6416:
6415:
6407:
6392:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6365:
6363:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6330:
6323:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6309:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6279:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6234:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6205:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6141:Anti-Papalism
6139:
6138:
6134:
6128:
6123:
6120:
6114:
6109:
6106:
6100:
6095:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6025:Pope Sixtus V
6023:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5989:Pope Paul III
5987:
5984:
5983:Pope Pius III
5981:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5959:Péter Pázmány
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5939:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5834:Major figures
5831:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5768:, a canon at
5767:
5763:
5759:
5753:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5597:
5595:
5589:
5587:
5586:Sistine Choir
5583:
5579:
5575:
5570:
5560:
5557:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5498:
5495:
5490:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5411:and Cardinal
5410:
5406:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5265:
5263:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5232:
5229:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5170:
5169:Thomas Merton
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5101:Oil on canvas
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5015:
5014:devotionalism
5011:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4972:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4938:, Cistercian
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4905:
4897:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4834:Protestantism
4820:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4774:
4762:Eastern Rites
4758:
4747:
4743:
4732:
4728:
4717:
4707:
4704:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4688:Peace of Alès
4684:
4680:
4676:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4622:Maria Theresa
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4361:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:British Isles
4188:
4186:
4181:
4178:(1634–1719).
4177:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:devotionalism
3970:
3966:
3962:
3961:Martin Luther
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3868:, the use of
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:just by faith
3818:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3760:Pope Paul III
3754:
3749:
3739:
3736:
3728:
3725:November 2018
3718:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3702:This section
3700:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3638:
3628:
3627:(1683–1699).
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3487:in 1584, the
3486:
3483:in 1583, the
3482:
3478:
3475:in 1535, the
3474:
3471:in 1530, the
3470:
3467:in 1528, the
3466:
3462:
3459:and Cardinal
3458:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3359:John Wycliffe
3356:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3292:, printing,
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3242:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:Protestantism
2596:
2595:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2227:Lutheran hymn
2225:
2223:
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1961:Art conflicts
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1501:William Farel
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1481:Theodore Beza
1479:
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1446:Martin Luther
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1321:Diet of Worms
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1216:John Wycliffe
1214:
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1196:
1195:
1190:
1189:Martin Luther
1187:, written by
1186:
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845:
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837:
836:
835:
834:
828:
825:
823:
822:Sigismund III
820:
818:
815:
813:
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803:
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798:
795:
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766:
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748:
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743:
741:
738:
736:
735:Péter Pázmány
733:
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559:
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556:Luca Giordano
554:
552:
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437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
426:Popular piety
424:
422:
419:
417:
416:Interior life
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
396:Devotionalism
394:
392:
389:
388:
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374:
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319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
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294:
289:
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281:
280:Diet of Worms
273:
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128:
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109:
106:
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99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
14234:
14029:Architecture
13923:Confirmation
13871:Ecclesiology
13802:Original sin
13792:Nicene Creed
13589:Old Catholic
13515:
13473:Papal States
13405:Great Church
13371:Resurrection
13313:Christianity
13270:New Covenant
13221:(Scriptures)
13166:Christianity
13035:Charismatics
13018:
12997:Gospel music
12927:Camp meeting
12919:1789–present
12851:Missionaries
12821:
12814:
12805:Menno Simons
12749:
12745:Church music
12596:
12567:
12452:Conciliarism
12437:Papal Schism
12279:Scandinavian
12171:Great Schism
12149:Nestorianism
12121:Christianity
12053:priest holes
11999:
11934:Chalcedonian
11897:Christianity
11851:Great Church
11659:Resurrection
11417:Universities
11249:Third orders
11212:Associations
11202:Visitandines
11197:Trinitarians
11147:Mercedarians
11132:Hieronymites
11077:Camaldoleses
11062:Benedictines
11052:Augustinians
11012:
11005:
10998:
10979:Vatican News
10933:Distinctions
10739:Syro-Malabar
10624:Latin Church
10546:Grand master
10444:Metropolitan
10341:Vatican City
10236:Organisation
10115:Philosophers
9980:Confirmation
9957:In canon law
9951:Subsistit in
9949:
9945:Three states
9932:
9893:
9886:Ecclesiology
9868:Nova Vulgata
9866:
9824:Original sin
9819:Nicene Creed
9809:Divine grace
9768:
9687:
9650:Universities
9620:Papal States
9547:Great Church
9489:Resurrection
9466:Early Church
9320:
9316:Pope Francis
9242:21st century
9191:Pope Paul VI
9168:
9156:
9109:20th century
9096:
9047:Pope Pius IX
9035:19th century
9011:Pope Pius VI
8878:
8873:
8859:
8750:Latin Empire
8720:Universities
8672:Pope Leo III
8539:Christianity
8524:state church
8516:Great Church
8317:Resurrection
8280:(30–325/476)
8277:Early Church
8262:Latin Church
8257:Papal States
8252:Vatican City
8082:
8075:
8068:
8051:
8037:
8030:
8023:
8016:
8006:
7999:
7992:
7985:
7984:Ogg, David.
7970:
7963:
7956:
7945:
7938:
7932:(Brill 2002)
7929:
7918:
7911:
7904:
7896:
7885:
7875:
7847:
7827:
7809:
7788:
7764:
7758:
7738:
7729:Bibliography
7702:
7679:
7668:
7662:
7653:
7644:
7635:
7614:
7605:
7584:
7575:
7556:
7548:
7517:
7512:
7503:
7494:
7485:
7476:
7467:
7458:
7449:
7440:
7431:
7398:
7395:Hadas, Moses
7358:
7339:
7331:
7316:
7311:
7300:. Retrieved
7296:the original
7286:
7275:. Retrieved
7261:
7256:. pp. 76–77.
7253:
7248:
7228:
7221:
7201:
7194:
7174:
7167:
7134:
7130:
7121:
7112:
7104:
7099:
7090:
7080:
7072:
7064:
7056:
7049:. Retrieved
7031:
7012:
7002:
6985:
6965:
6958:
6946:
6935:. Retrieved
6926:
6916:
6906:
6901:
6891:
6886:
6878:
6873:
6836:
6829:
6820:
6811:
6800:. Retrieved
6791:
6782:
6773:
6761:
6753:
6748:
6740:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6683:
6643:
6637:
6612:
6608:
6578:
6574:
6564:
6531:
6527:
6517:
6505:
6496:
6490:. Retrieved
6468:
6459:
6449:
6413:
6406:
6394:. Retrieved
6371:
6349:. Retrieved
6345:the original
6338:
6329:
6313:
6308:
6297:. Retrieved
6288:
6278:
6267:. Retrieved
6258:
6249:
6237:. Retrieved
6226:
6156:
6031:Matteo Ricci
6007:Pope Pius IV
6001:Pope Paul IV
5884:Luis de León
5798:
5792:
5773:
5755:
5737:
5735:
5720:
5710:
5700:
5690:
5671:Missa brevis
5668:
5663:homorhythmic
5659:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5625:
5612:
5594:Pope Pius IV
5592:Palestrina.
5590:
5566:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5514:
5499:
5487:
5479:Church music
5422:
5402:
5395:
5391:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5353:Michelangelo
5343:
5341:
5335:Vatican City
5295:Michelangelo
5275:
5259:
5244:
5225:
5197:
5185:Filippo Neri
5173:
5157:spirituality
5130:
5030:conciliarism
5022:Alexander VI
5018:
5010:Reformations
5004:
4996:observantine
4989:
4982:
4976:
4968:
4921:
4868:(now in the
4831:
4805:Clement VIII
4787:
4700:
4672:
4599:
4556:
4507:
4495:
4471:Neu-Isenburg
4441:Freudenstadt
4422:
4420:
4415:
4412:Freudenstadt
4411:
4378:
4375:
4356:
4352:
4333:
4290:
4278:Dutch Revolt
4275:
4255:Dutch Revolt
4244:
4239:Dirk Willems
4221:Dutch Revolt
4162:
4160:
4149:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4121:
4114:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4066:
4064:
4053:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4023:
4015:
3981:
3977:observantism
3949:Alexander VI
3942:
3935:
3923:
3916:
3909:Deuterocanon
3878:
3838:
3829:
3813:
3783:
3758:
3731:
3722:
3711:Please help
3706:verification
3703:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3652:
3636:
3593:Papal States
3567:, all under
3565:Matteo Ricci
3526:
3512:
3497:
3461:Gian Caraffa
3441:
3418:
3406:Benedictines
3403:
3391:
3375:
3363:
3350:Observantist
3349:
3347:
3328:
3299:A series of
3298:
3271:
3261:
3248:
3240:
3048:Renaissances
2823:
2819:
2814:
2806:
2783:
2779:
2768:
2742:
2738:Inquisitions
2703:
2676:
2667:
2647:
2635:
2633:
2568:
2567:
2549:
2548:
2519:
2500:
2489:
2482:
2471:
2464:
2448:
2437:
2430:
2419:
2412:
2400:
2394:
2387:
2386:
2293:
2292:
2287:Verse anthem
2282:Falsobordone
2192:
2141:
2140:
1984:
1983:
1972:
1971:
1966:Beeldenstorm
1924:Lutheran art
1912:
1846:Ferdinand II
1833:
1832:
1757:
1756:
1556:
1531:Menno Simons
1466:Martin Bucer
1331:Magisterials
1326:Luther Bible
1271:Berengarians
1182:
958:
916:
884:Gregory XIII
832:
831:
802:Maximilian I
782:Ferdinand II
770:
769:
745:Matteo Ricci
678:
677:
662:
596:Andrea Pozzo
591:Mattia Preti
509:
508:
478:
436:Sacred Heart
385:Spirituality
291:
263:
257:
251:
245:
239:
233:
227:
221:
215:
209:
203:
197:
175:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
14290:Persecution
14225:Christendom
14218:Cooperation
14155:Charismatic
14066:Holy Spirit
13975:Natural law
13938:Holy orders
13787:Christology
13780:Holy Spirit
13649:Pentecostal
13629:Evangelical
13624:Charismatic
13468:Monasticism
13460:Middle Ages
13423:Constantine
13366:Crucifixion
13248:Foundations
13124:Catholicism
13061:Protestants
13055:Evangelical
12730:39 Articles
12725:Elizabethan
12702:Anglicanism
12682:Westminster
12592:Melanchthon
12555:Lutheranism
12520:Nicodemites
12498:Arminianism
12469:Reformation
12410:Bonaventure
12385:Inquisition
12380:Waldensians
12330:Investiture
12308:Kievan Rus'
12264:Anglo-Saxon
12244:Pelagianism
12236:Middle Ages
12159:Iconodulism
12034:Thomas More
11955:Catholicism
11877:Monasticism
11860:Constantine
11785:Persecution
11743:Adoptionism
11728:Ante-Nicene
11671:Holy Spirit
11654:Crucifixion
11625:Origins and
11526:2nd and 3rd
11407:Health care
11393:Pax Christi
11345:Schoenstatt
11310:Sant'Egidio
11142:Legionaries
11122:Franciscans
11097:Cistercians
11092:Carthusians
11047:Annonciades
10906:Altarpieces
10799:West Syriac
10794:East Syriac
10774:Alexandrian
10398:Holy orders
10379:Swiss Guard
10319:Dicasteries
10314:Roman Curia
10212:Evangelists
10170:Holy Family
10105:Personalism
10095:Natural law
10073:Josephology
10007:Holy orders
9645:Inquisition
9602:Middle Ages
9592:Monasticism
9560:Constantine
9484:Crucifixion
9322:Laudato si'
9117:Pope Pius X
8946:Philip Neri
8921:Pope Pius V
8896:Thomas More
8765:Inquisition
8667:Charlemagne
8627:Monasticism
8437:Persecution
8329:Holy Spirit
8312:Crucifixion
8191:First seven
7950:online free
7127:Bossy, John
6951:Beales 2005
6646:: 446–457.
6615:: 163–251.
6431:10023/13238
6080:(1573–1651)
6074:(1548–1626)
6068:(1577–1640)
6062:(1506–1552)
6056:(1566–1632)
6050:(1467–1548)
6039:(1585–1642)
6033:(1552–1610)
6027:(1585–1590)
6021:(1572–1585)
6015:(1566–1572)
6013:Pope Pius V
6009:(1559–1565)
6003:(1555–1559)
5997:(1550–1555)
5991:(1534–1549)
5979:(1513–1521)
5973:(1515–1595)
5971:Philip Neri
5967:(1527–1598)
5961:(1570–1637)
5949:Thomas More
5940:(1542-1587)
5934:(1553–1558)
5923:(1638–1715)
5917:(1640–1705)
5911:(1578–1637)
5899:John Fisher
5865:(1521–1597)
5854:(1500–1558)
5843:(1515–1582)
5617:Karlskirche
5530:parody mass
5417:iconography
5392:Last Supper
5388:Holy Office
5235:Baroque art
5153:Philip Neri
5046:Philip Neri
4860:, southern
4815:clause and
4800:tradition.
4767:Middle East
4504:Cologne War
4384: [
4237:Anabaptist
4174:theologian
3993:absenteeism
3988:Renaissance
3945:Renaissance
3938:apologetics
3858:pilgrimages
3847:, soul and
3798:Pope Pius V
3790:sacramental
3779:indulgences
3655:(left) and
3623:during the
3621:Innocent XI
3617:Holy League
3599:(later put
3533:Elizabeth I
3509:Philip Neri
3410:Cistercians
3394:Protestants
3343:indulgences
3339:Protestants
3325:(1512–1517)
3268:Paris Bible
3074:Waldensians
2791:Kulturkampf
2759:Terminology
2718:theological
2544:Rationalism
2353:Cyclic mass
2021:Anglo-Irish
1992:Elizabethan
1947:English art
1938:Swedish art
1697:Elizabeth I
1610:Czech Lands
1605:Netherlands
1581:Switzerland
1570:By location
1557:Many others
1461:John Calvin
1211:Waldensians
1207:Peter Waldo
1170:Reformation
1097:Renaissance
1092:Reformation
901:Inquisition
849:Clement VII
817:Sigismund I
740:Philip Neri
720:John Fisher
673:Thomas More
178:(1665), by
14349:Categories
14204:Prosperity
14180:Liberation
14120:Cathedrals
14105:Pilgrimage
14090:Literature
13967:Philosophy
13903:Sacraments
13876:Four marks
13837:Protestant
13812:Born again
13609:Anabaptist
13599:Protestant
13541:Influences
13503:Modern era
13207:By country
12846:Revivalism
12767:Anabaptism
12715:Henry VIII
12540:Literature
12164:Iconoclasm
12144:Chrysostom
12097:Vatican II
12063:Jansenists
12049:Mass rocks
11985:Lateran IV
11904:Athanasius
11824:Tertullian
11768:Marcionism
11763:Gnosticism
11716:Revelation
11634:Background
11162:Oratorians
11117:Dominicans
11087:Carmelites
11082:Camillians
11030:institutes
10843:Tridentine
10779:Antiochian
10699:Macedonian
10644:Belarusian
10534:Provincial
10449:Archbishop
10369:Roman Rota
10331:Properties
10256:By country
10252:Precedence
10217:Confessors
10197:Archangels
10187:Patriarchs
10087:Philosophy
10065:Veneration
10030:Assumption
10000:Last rites
9967:Sacraments
9911:Four marks
9722:Vatican II
9670:Modern era
9506:Succession
9195:coronation
8901:Pope Leo X
8486:Tertullian
8416:Revelation
8391:Background
7711:Septuagint
7684:Burke 1985
7367:Émile Mâle
7302:2008-07-08
7277:2008-07-08
6937:2020-05-30
6802:2019-06-07
6766:Walsh 1991
6510:Firpo 2016
6492:2017-10-24
6299:2023-01-22
6269:2023-01-22
6200:References
5977:Pope Leo X
5750:See also:
5453:Guido Reni
5433:Tintoretto
5425:Émile Mâle
5319:Dimensions
5107:Dimensions
4992:devotional
4971:Franciscan
4958:, and the
4956:Barnabites
4940:Feuillants
4856:including
4587:Regensburg
4510:Protestant
4451:Glückstadt
4421:A list of
4416:Glückstadt
4317:Maastricht
4247:Calvinists
4164:Unigenitus
4157:Unigenitus
4150:Unigenitus
3953:Pope Leo X
3872:, and the
3613:Innocent X
3609:Urban VIII
3559:, and the
3517:Oratorians
3511:founded a
3485:Camillians
3469:Barnabites
3433:Franciscan
3371:Savonarola
3180:Vatican II
3029:Lay Groups
3012:Mendicants
2836:(such as "
2763:See also:
2710:seminaries
2679:apologetic
2520:Conclusion
2002:Propaganda
1985:Literature
1247:Arnoldists
1200:Precursors
1029:Oratorians
1004:Barnabites
864:Julius III
626:Tintoretto
606:Guido Reni
368:Rohan Wars
265:Unigenitus
87:newspapers
14280:Criticism
14230:Ecumenism
14194:Mysticism
14160:Democracy
14150:Anarchism
14137:Movements
14100:Mythology
14078:Catechism
14073:Education
13990:Evolution
13913:Eucharist
13896:Canon law
13854:Theotokos
13849:Mariology
13807:Salvation
13797:Tradition
13644:Methodist
13604:Adventist
13438:Chalcedon
13012:Ecumenism
12962:Adventism
12952:Mormonism
12888:Millerism
12883:Methodism
12838:1640–1789
12740:Civil War
12687:Orthodoxy
12642:Huguenots
12624:Calvinism
12609:Eucharist
12604:Orthodoxy
12488:Eucharist
12420:Five Ways
12370:Dulcinian
12323:Pomerania
12249:Gregory I
12093:Vatican I
12083:Modernism
12068:Molinists
12058:Guadalupe
11929:Chalcedon
11924:Ephesus I
11914:Augustine
11790:Apostolic
11773:Montanism
11738:Diversity
11514:Centuries
11403:See also:
11355:Charities
11264:Discalced
11192:Trappists
11187:Theatines
11157:Olivetans
11102:Clarisses
11072:Blue nuns
11057:Basilians
11034:societies
10942:See also:
10828:Mozarabic
10818:Ambrosian
10804:Malankara
10789:Byzantine
10749:Ukrainian
10724:Ruthenian
10689:Hungarian
10674:Ethiopian
10649:Bulgarian
10616:sui iuris
10600:Postulant
10509:Religious
10464:Auxiliary
10459:Coadjutor
10429:Patriarch
10297:Cardinals
10244:Canon law
10240:Hierarchy
10222:Disciples
10145:Relations
10133:Evolution
10124:See also:
10069:See also:
10022:Mariology
10012:Matrimony
9985:Eucharist
9906:Ecumenism
9834:Salvation
9770:Catechism
9765:Tradition
9727:Communism
9575:Chalcedon
9211:Communism
9181:Ecumenism
8527:(380–451)
8519:(180–451)
8508:(313–476)
8430:(100–325)
7781:1385-3783
7159:144537144
7137:: 21–38.
7071:(1960) .
6864:0144-0241
6621:0066-6785
6587:0950-3129
6548:0021-8294
6396:7 October
5921:Louis XIV
5727:All Souls
5722:Dies Irae
5707:Pentecost
5683:sequences
5569:polyphony
5522:madrigals
5497:as 1322.
5469:Rembrandt
5365:Mannerism
5304:1537–1541
5193:canonized
4984:sola fide
4952:Theatines
4948:Ursulines
4944:Angelines
4924:Capuchins
4854:Habsburgs
4838:Lithuania
4817:Purgatory
4798:Byzantine
4790:Ruthenian
4698:in 1685.
4692:Louis XIV
4675:Huguenots
4618:Joseph II
4591:Nuremberg
4563:Rudolf II
4404:Rhineland
4245:When the
4180:Jansenism
4172:Jansenist
4133:The 1578
4085:The 1575
4065:The 1566
3984:pluralism
3965:95 Theses
3893:apocrypha
3810:salvation
3800:made the
3663:The 1530
3495:in 1621.
3473:Ursulines
3453:Theatines
3437:Capuchins
3419:In 1435,
3387:destroyed
3307:agendas:
3305:reformist
2745:colonized
2683:polemical
2550:Monuments
2294:Liturgies
2273:Polyphony
2269:Homophony
2213:Hymn tune
2098:Icelandic
2079:Norwegian
1841:Charles V
1827:Criticism
1511:John Knox
1309:Beginning
1257:Ratramnus
1044:Ursulines
1039:Theatines
1009:Capuchins
844:Adrian VI
827:William V
812:Philip II
792:Louis XIV
787:Leopold I
777:Charles V
489:Polyphony
484:Mannerism
421:Mariology
333:Dacke War
117:June 2020
14334:Category
14199:Pacifism
14013:features
13997:Politics
13950:Ablution
13918:Marriage
13822:Catholic
13752:Theology
13659:Reformed
13639:Lutheran
13634:Holiness
13614:Anglican
13584:Catholic
13488:Crusades
13433:Nicaea I
13383:Apostles
13356:Miracles
13351:Parables
13341:Ministry
13331:Nativity
13295:timeline
13192:Prophets
13187:Glossary
13104:Theology
13092:Missions
13087:Timeline
13059:Mainline
13007:Pacifism
12856:Baptists
12775:Theology
12735:Puritans
12710:Timeline
12652:Scotland
12580:Theology
12427:Wycliffe
12375:Crusades
12350:Bogomils
12303:Bulgaria
12259:Germanic
12211:Ethiopia
12109:Timeline
11887:Nicaea I
11882:Councils
11814:Irenaeus
11809:Ignatius
11804:Polycarp
11758:Donatism
11753:Docetism
11748:Arianism
11649:Ministry
11447:Category
11340:Opus Dei
11325:Scouting
11315:Focolare
11182:Servites
11167:Piarists
11112:Crosiers
10848:Anglican
10784:Armenian
10714:Romanian
10704:Maronite
10679:Georgian
10669:Eritrean
10654:Chaldean
10639:Armenian
10634:Albanian
10515:Superior
10474:Emeritus
10454:Diocesan
10307:Advisers
10266:Holy See
10192:Prophets
10150:Politics
9921:Catholic
9901:Councils
9756:Theology
9635:Crusades
9570:Nicaea I
9501:Apostles
9479:Ministry
9448:Timeline
9428:Glossary
9221:HIV/AIDS
8715:Crusades
8469:Irenaeus
8462:Ignatius
8457:Polycarp
8307:Ministry
8295:(30–100)
8169:Timeline
7973:(2015).
7854:in JSTOR
7837:Archived
7834:in JSTOR
7817:Archived
7814:in JSTOR
7796:Archived
7793:in JSTOR
7564:Archived
7561:in JSTOR
7525:Archived
7522:in JSTOR
7408:Archived
7405:in JSTOR
7271:Archived
7045:Archived
7021:Archived
6992:Archived
6931:Archived
6796:Archived
6794:. 2007.
6756:, (1907)
6727:, Part 1
6629:23563707
6486:Archived
6351:18 April
6318:Archived
6293:Archived
6263:Archived
6233:Archived
6169:Crusades
6159:(series)
6091:See also
5894:John Eck
5820:Florence
5770:Frombork
5758:calendar
5729:and for
5679:Madrigal
5611:(1729):
5526:chansons
5465:Zurbarán
5445:El Greco
5369:Orthodox
5327:Location
5262:theology
5115:Location
5000:legalist
4886:Slovenia
4823:Outcomes
4813:Filioque
4514:Catholic
4498:in 1624.
3969:humanism
3931:humanist
3921:(1992).
3849:divinity
3794:doctrine
3601:on trial
3493:Piarists
3331:Hussites
2866:Councils
2832:of, the
2732:and the
2695:European
2670:(Latin:
2652:Catholic
2586:Anglican
2581:Lutheran
2380:Sequence
2345:in music
2161:Morality
2153:Pastoral
2055:Romanian
2016:Scottish
1973:Building
1952:Woodcuts
1625:Slovenia
1600:Scotland
1386:and his
1336:Radicals
1238:Piagnoni
1229:Hussites
1220:Lollardy
1162:a series
1160:Part of
1034:Piarists
981:Molinism
889:Sixtus V
859:Paul III
854:Pius III
771:Monarchs
715:John Eck
561:El Greco
276:Politics
161:Catholic
153:a series
151:Part of
14263:Related
14056:Trinity
14021:Culture
13985:Science
13955:Hygiene
13945:Mission
13928:Penance
13908:Baptism
13844:Worship
13817:Liturgy
13765:Trinity
13676:Eastern
13654:Quakers
13619:Baptist
13576:Western
13566:members
13336:Baptism
13290:History
13280:Worship
13182:Outline
13097:Martyrs
12893:Pietism
12823:Ausbund
12795:Müntzer
12720:Cranmer
12667:Baptism
12632:Zwingli
12483:Erasmus
12432:Avignon
12415:Aquinas
12405:Francis
12400:Dominic
12360:Cathars
12355:Bosnian
12345:Bernard
12340:Abelard
12313:Moravia
12298:Bohemia
12284:Iceland
12206:Serbian
12186:Georgia
12181:Armenia
12119:Eastern
12020:Jesuits
11696:Gospels
11644:Baptism
11412:Schools
11368:Caritas
11276:Secular
11242:Workers
11137:Jesuits
10923:Museums
10918:Library
10896:Writers
10891:Artists
10871:Culture
10838:Paul VI
10719:Russian
10709:Melkite
10551:Brother
10529:General
10469:Titular
10439:Primate
10417:Eparchy
10407:Diocese
10354:Outline
10293:College
10283:Francis
10227:Virgins
10202:Martyrs
10128:Science
10035:History
9990:Penance
9975:Baptism
9876:Worship
9849:Vulgate
9797:Kingdom
9792:Trinity
9780:General
9535:Primacy
9443:History
9423:Outline
9186:Judaism
8586:Vulgate
8396:Gospels
8371:Stephen
8288:Origins
8208:Vulgate
8144:General
8134:of the
8132:History
8054:(1999)
8033:(2006).
8009:(2011)
7928:, eds.
7888:(1999)
7878:(2020).
7151:3679084
7051:8 March
6752:Acton,
6556:1387500
6340:America
5889:Erasmus
5816:Arcetri
5786:with a
5461:Bernini
5405:Molanus
5255:Baroque
5247:Bernini
5209:Thomist
5125:, Italy
4964:Jesuits
4890:Hungary
4882:Croatia
4878:Belgium
4872:), the
4866:Bohemia
4862:Germany
4858:Austria
4778:Ukraine
4610:Prussia
4536:Belgium
4483:Cologne
4466:Krefeld
4366:Germany
4360:Belgium
4344:Scheldt
4336:Antwerp
4313:Tournai
4305:Hainaut
4282:Belgium
4269:of the
4253:in the
4103:Charles
3975:, and
3885:Vulgate
3775:priests
3771:bishops
3768:corrupt
3591:of the
3477:Jesuits
3457:Gaetano
3341:(e.g.,
3333:(e.g.,
2811:wrote:
2714:priests
2706:reforms
2689:of the
2540:Pietism
2421:Ausbund
2388:Hymnals
2176:Revenge
2171:Tragedy
2166:History
2142:Theater
2089:Finnish
2084:Swedish
2074:Faroese
2050:Sorbian
1674:Ireland
1654:Austria
1645:Estonia
1640:Iceland
1620:Romania
1615:Hungary
1595:England
1576:Germany
1393:Erasmus
1296:Pataria
1225:Jan Hus
1191:in 1517
1024:Jesuits
874:Pius IV
869:Paul IV
705:Erasmus
510:Artists
494:Baroque
479:Schools
101:scholar
13980:Ethics
13861:Saints
13770:Father
13689:Church
13301:spread
13265:Gospel
13255:Church
13197:People
12785:Grebel
12637:Calvin
12563:Luther
12457:Synods
12335:Anselm
12318:Poland
12274:Gothic
12269:Franks
12254:Celtic
12221:Russia
12201:Syriac
12191:Greece
12078:Teresa
12025:Xavier
11963:Papacy
11909:Jerome
11829:Origen
11730:period
11505:Spread
11290:Fimcap
11232:Marian
11152:Minims
10884:Marian
10734:Syriac
10729:Slovak
10659:Coptic
10595:Oblate
10590:Master
10585:Novice
10580:Hermit
10568:Sister
10524:Abbess
10491:Deacon
10486:Priest
10481:Parish
10424:Bishop
10394:Polity
10180:Joseph
10162:Saints
9829:Saints
9717:Nazism
9152:Nazism
8974:to the
8581:Jerome
8491:Origen
8174:Papacy
7966:(1974)
7941:(2016)
7779:
7746:
7350:
7323:
7236:
7209:
7182:
7157:
7149:
6973:
6862:
6852:
6719:
6690:
6658:
6627:
6619:
6585:
6554:
6546:
6437:
6387:
6239:6 July
5985:(1503)
5818:, and
5719:, and
5697:Easter
5632:Preces
5621:Vienna
5524:, and
5518:motets
5429:Titian
5361:Venice
5357:Charon
5313:Fresco
5291:Artist
5219:, and
5187:, and
5176:Jesuit
5151:, and
5123:Venice
5097:Medium
5079:Artist
5056:, and
4998:, and
4884:, and
4846:France
4842:Poland
4751:Indian
4744:, and
4656:, and
4636:France
4612:. The
4604:. The
4577:, and
4524:, the
4325:Bruges
4309:Artois
4227:, and
4208:, and
4169:French
4073:clergy
3866:relics
3860:, the
3788:, its
3575:; the
3545:Pius V
3314:(1415)
3264:friars
2786:German
2771:German
2726:Christ
2402:Second
2060:Danish
2045:Slovak
2026:German
1659:France
1649:Latvia
1589:Zürich
1585:Geneva
1164:on the
879:Pius V
797:Mary I
679:Clergy
663:People
658:People
631:Titian
431:Rosary
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
14189:Right
14095:Music
14046:Jesus
14011:Other
13866:Angel
13321:Jesus
13311:Early
13260:Creed
13229:Canon
13217:Bible
13177:Index
13019:solae
13017:Five
12810:Smyth
12662:TULIP
12585:Bible
12293:Slavs
12196:Egypt
12154:Icons
12005:Trent
11995:Leo X
11892:Creed
11388:CIDSE
11237:Youth
10961:Media
10928:Music
10853:Zaire
10833:Roman
10823:Braga
10813:Latin
10684:Greek
10556:Friar
10520:Abbot
10434:Major
10349:Index
10248:Laity
9814:Dogma
9761:Bible
9737:Islam
9693:Trent
9474:Jesus
9456:Legal
9418:Index
9254:Islam
8522:Roman
8481:Canon
8354:Peter
8302:Jesus
7694:Notes
7155:S2CID
7147:JSTOR
6706:Ch.1
6625:JSTOR
6579:XLIII
6552:JSTOR
5812:Siena
5675:Lauda
5494:Creed
5191:were
5026:Leo X
4876:(now
4850:Italy
4736:Spain
4710:Italy
4559:Tyrol
4456:Hanau
4388:]
4329:Ghent
4321:Breda
4047:Index
4001:Milan
3927:Latin
3845:blood
3837:into
3819:(not
3425:Minim
2974:Trent
2704:Such
2640:Latin
2396:First
2372:Rites
2370:Sarum
2366:Roman
2193:Forms
2189:Music
2040:Swiss
2035:Czech
2011:Welsh
1664:Italy
839:Leo X
833:Popes
108:JSTOR
94:books
14185:Left
14085:Flag
14051:Mary
13562:list
13069:left
13067:and
13057:and
12907:and
12905:Neo-
12672:Dort
12657:Knox
12503:Wars
12095:and
12051:and
12044:Wars
11701:Acts
11616:21st
11611:20th
11606:19th
11601:18th
11596:17th
11591:16th
11586:15th
11581:14th
11576:13th
11571:12th
11566:11th
11561:10th
10913:Folk
10561:Monk
10302:List
10280:Pope
10175:Mary
9304:2023
9299:2019
9294:2016
9289:2013
9284:2011
9279:2008
9274:2005
9269:2002
9264:2000
9231:1995
8401:Acts
8364:Paul
8359:John
8334:Mary
7777:ISSN
7744:ISBN
7393:and
7348:ISBN
7321:ISBN
7234:ISBN
7207:ISBN
7180:ISBN
7053:2015
6971:ISBN
6860:ISSN
6850:ISBN
6717:ISBN
6688:ISBN
6656:ISBN
6617:ISSN
6583:ISSN
6544:ISSN
6482:EWTN
6435:ISBN
6398:2023
6385:ISBN
6353:2017
6241:2019
5725:for
5715:for
5705:for
5695:for
5471:and
5309:Type
5301:Year
5226:The
5092:1571
5089:Year
5024:and
4946:and
4934:and
4802:Pope
4729:and
4589:and
4512:and
4327:and
4307:and
4295:and
3997:Rome
3903:and
3864:and
3841:body
3839:the
3773:and
3611:and
3408:and
3288:and
3235:1950
3229:1800
3223:1650
3217:1500
3211:1350
3205:1200
3199:1050
2681:and
2634:The
2542:and
2399:and
2368:vs.
2355:vs.
2271:vs.
1647:and
1269:and
1245:and
1236:and
1227:and
1218:and
1209:and
80:news
14041:Art
13775:Son
13760:God
12614:Art
12472:and
12447:Hus
12010:Art
11556:9th
11551:8th
11546:7th
11541:6th
11536:5th
11531:4th
11521:1st
11227:Lay
10879:Art
10573:Nun
10295:of
9787:God
8290:and
8240:Art
7975:doi
7769:doi
7344:OUP
7139:doi
7089:".
6648:doi
6536:doi
6427:hdl
6419:doi
6377:doi
5619:in
5351:by
4836:in
4406:to
4265:as
3963:'s
3814:and
3715:by
3619:by
3563:of
3193:900
473:Art
63:by
14351::
13564:,
11936:/
11792:/
11032:,
10522:,
7884:.
7874:.
7775:.
7765:20
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