1429:
above as $ 100 – $ 25 = Cash Flows from
Operating Activities = $ 75. The logic is that, if the company made $ 100 that year (net income), and they are using the accrual accounting system (not cash based) then any income they generated that year which has not yet been paid for in cash should be subtracted from the net income figure in order to find cash flows from operating activities. And the increase in A/R meant that $ 25 of sales occurred on credit and have not yet been paid for in
1081:
operating activities; if the taxes are directly linked to investing activities or financing activities, they are reported under investing or financing activities. Generally
Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) vary from International Financial Reporting Standards in that under GAAP rules, dividends received from a company's investing activities is reported as an "operating activity," not an "investing activity."
40:
642:, and breaks the analysis down to operating, investing and financing activities. Essentially, the cash flow statement is concerned with the flow of cash in and out of the business. As an analytical tool, the statement of cash flows is useful in determining the short-term viability of a company, particularly its ability to pay bills. International Accounting Standard 7 (IAS 7) is the
1357:
Current Assets, Current
Liabilities, and sometimes Long Term Assets. When comparing the change in long term assets over a year, the accountant must be certain that these changes were caused entirely by their devaluation rather than purchases or sales (i.e. they must be operating items not providing or using cash) or if they are non-operating items.
1428:
For example, consider a company that has a net income of $ 100 this year, and its A/R increased by $ 25 since the beginning of the year. If the balances of all other current assets, long term assets and current liabilities did not change over the year, the cash flows could be determined by the rules
1080:
The direct method for creating a cash flow statement reports major classes of gross cash receipts and payments. Under IAS 7, dividends received may be reported under operating activities or under investing activities. If taxes paid are directly linked to operating activities, they are reported under
1436:
In the case of finding Cash Flows when there is a change in a fixed asset account, say the
Buildings and Equipment account decreases, the change is added back to Net Income. The reasoning behind this is that because Net Income is calculated by, Net Income = Rev - Cogs - Depreciation Exp - Other Exp
1356:
The following rules can be followed to calculate Cash Flows from
Operating Activities when given only a two-year comparative balance sheet and the Net Income figure. Cash Flows from Operating Activities can be found by adjusting Net Income relative to the change in beginning and ending balances of
1270:
The indirect method uses net-income as a starting point, makes adjustments for all transactions for non-cash items, then adjusts from all cash-based transactions. An increase in an asset account is subtracted from net income, and an increase in a liability account is added back to net income. This
1045:
Under IAS 7, non-cash investing and financing activities are disclosed in footnotes to the financial statements. Under US General
Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), non-cash activities may be disclosed in a footnote or within the cash flow statement itself. Non-cash financing activities may
894:(IASC) strongly recommends the direct method but allows either method. The IASC considers the indirect method less clear to users of financial statements. Cash flow statements are most commonly prepared using the indirect method, which is not especially useful in projecting future cash flows.
1626:
1071:
The direct method of preparing a cash flow statement results in a more easily understood report. The indirect method is almost universally used, because FAS 95 requires a supplementary report similar to the indirect method if a company chooses to use the direct method.
762:, but at the same time have insufficient cash to operate. The cash flow statement reveals the quality of a company's earnings (i.e. how much came from cash flow as opposed to accounting treatment), and the firm's capacity to pay interest and dividends.
1424:
1437:
then the Net Income figure will be decreased by the building's depreciation that year. This depreciation is not associated with an exchange of cash, therefore the depreciation is added back into net income to remove the non-cash activity.
810:. The cash flow statement has been adopted as a standard financial statement because it eliminates allocations, which might be derived from different accounting methods, such as various timeframes for depreciating fixed assets.
889:
US GAAP (FAS 95) requires that when the direct method is used to present the operating activities of the cash flow statement, a supplemental schedule must also present a cash flow statement using the indirect method. The
973:
Any gains or losses associated with the sale of a non-current asset, because associated cash flows do not belong in the operating section (unrealized gains/losses are also added back from the income statement)
865:. From the late 1970 to the mid-1980s, the FASB discussed the usefulness of predicting future cash flows. In 1987, FASB Statement No. 95 (FAS 95) mandated that firms provide cash flow statements. In 1992, the
1485:
758:), shows the sources of a company's cash flow and how it was used over a specific time period. It is an important indicator of a company's financial health, because a company can report a profit on its
922:
and delivery of the company's product as well as collecting payment from its customers. This could include purchasing raw materials, building inventory, advertising, and shipping the product.
1281:*Non-cash expenses must be added back to NI. Such expenses may be represented on the balance sheet as decreases in long term asset accounts. Thus decreases in fixed assets increase NI.
1373:
Expenses with no cash outflows are added back to net income (depreciation and/or amortization expense are the only operating items that have no effect on cash flows in the period)
915:
948:
Items which are added back to (or subtracted from, as appropriate) net income (which is found on the Income
Statement) to arrive at cash flows from operations generally include:
1391:
1445:
Finding the Cash Flows from
Financing Activities is much more intuitive and needs little explanation. Generally, the things to account for are financing activities:
886:
IAS 7 allows interest paid to be included in operating activities or financing activities. US GAAP requires that interest paid be included in operating activities.
850:
819:
Cash basis financial statements were very common before accrual basis financial statements. The "flow of funds" statements of the past were cash flow statements.
883:
IAS 7 permits bank borrowings (overdraft) in certain countries to be included in cash equivalents rather than being considered a part of financing activities.
880:
IAS 7 requires that the cash flow statement include changes in both cash and cash equivalents. US GAAP permits using cash alone or cash and cash equivalents.
2018:
2180:
2112:
891:
834:, despite having made a profit. To explain why there were no funds to invest, the manager made a new financial statement that was called a
2501:
304:
1621:{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}{\text{Net Cash Flows from Financing Activities}}=&\left\\&-\left\\&-\end{alignedat}}}
866:
289:
903:
680:, who are responsible for the governance of the company, and are responsible for ensuring that the company does not trade while
1449:
Include as outflows, reductions of long term notes payable (as would represent the cash repayment of debt on the balance sheet)
2139:
2096:
294:
2450:
846:
603:
454:
158:
55:
1490:
653:
Accounting personnel, who need to know whether the organization will be able to cover payroll and other immediate expenses
309:
299:
65:
361:
2423:
2164:
2045:
643:
489:
366:
2065:
314:
257:
2672:
2494:
1271:
method converts accrual-basis net income (or loss) into cash flow by using a series of additions and deductions.
398:
1468:
In the case of more advanced accounting situations, such as when dealing with subsidiaries, the accountant must
2585:
1999:
351:
2371:
2667:
2233:
963:
806:
improve the comparability of different firms' operating performance by eliminating the effects of different
674:
Potential employees or contractors, who need to know whether the company will be able to afford compensation
2237:
1419:{\displaystyle {\text{Net Cash Flows from Operating Activities}}={\text{ Net Income}}+{\text{Rule Items}}}
2487:
906:
specifies the cash flows and adjustments to be included under each of the major activity categories.
639:
596:
403:
781:
taxes, write-offs on bad debts and sales on credit where receivables have not yet been collected.
39:
2549:
237:
113:
876:
US GAAP and IAS 7 rules for cash flow statements are similar, but some of the differences are:
529:
464:
188:
2348:
2316:
842:. This new financial statement was the genesis of the cash flow statement that is used today.
2534:
514:
252:
118:
60:
853:(US GAAP) to report sources and uses of funds, but the definition of "funds" was not clear.
2524:
2131:
941:
Interest payments (alternatively, this can be reported under financing activities in IAS 3)
823:
789:
631:
617:
564:
103:
8:
2626:
2539:
854:
589:
554:
549:
524:
519:
459:
388:
328:
281:
262:
193:
98:
23:
2662:
2616:
2606:
2174:
2106:
807:
393:
228:
183:
2621:
2554:
2419:
2335:
2303:
2160:
2135:
2092:
2041:
873:, which became effective in 1994, mandating that firms provide cash flow statements.
862:
574:
569:
148:
123:
2575:
1989:
967:
770:
759:
677:
356:
242:
1056:
Exchanging non-cash assets or liabilities for other non-cash assets or liabilities
2544:
2529:
929:
Receipts for the sale of loans, debt or equity instruments in a trading portfolio
778:
444:
408:
198:
178:
163:
108:
93:
50:
2454:
2438:
2559:
2230:
The evolution of Income
Accounting in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Britain
449:
417:
128:
2656:
2580:
2128:
Interpretation and
Application of International Financial Reporting Standards
1994:
1022:
858:
831:
774:
766:
635:
559:
422:
341:
336:
173:
1036:
Other activities which impact the company's long-term liabilities and equity
2636:
2631:
958:
952:
494:
233:
686:
380:
1455:
Include as outflows, all dividends paid by the entity to outside parties
2641:
2510:
2159:(1988 ed.). Cincinnati OH: South-Western Publishing. p. 150.
681:
484:
168:
31:
1984:
839:
797:
2418:(18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 630–633.
2091:(Sixth ed.). Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, Inc.
2086:
1015:
1008:
793:
668:
661:
1464:
Or as inflows, the receipt of payments on such financing vehicles.
1007:
Financing activities include inflows and outflows of cash between
2611:
1364:
Increase in non-cash current asset are subtracted from net income
267:
247:
153:
2023:
Financial Analysis - Tools and Techniques - A Guide for Managers
2157:
Finance: Introduction to Markets, Institutions & Management
2154:
2021:"The Nature of Financial Statements: The Cash Flow Statement".
657:
413:
88:
1458:
Or as inflows, dividend payments received from outside parties
1370:
Decrease in current liabilities are subtracted from net income
649:
People and groups interested in cash flow statements include:
2479:
990:
919:
436:
218:
83:
2035:
1376:
Revenues with no cash inflows are subtracted from net income
671:, who need to judge whether the company is financially sound
1479:
A traditional equation for this might look something like,
1361:
Decrease in non-cash current assets are added to net income
1028:
869:(IASB) issued International Accounting Standard 7 (IAS 7),
827:
223:
1461:
Include as outflows, the purchase of notes stocks or bonds
664:, who want a clear picture of a company's ability to repay
2125:
1868:
Financing activities, cash flows provided by or used in:
1802:
Investing activities, cash flows provided by or used in:
1742:
Increase (decrease) in liabilities (A/P, taxes payable)
1694:
Operating activities, cash flows provided by or used in:
1219: Net cash flows used in financing activities
1367:
Increase in current liabilities are added to net income
773:
in that it excludes non-cash transactions required by
1488:
1394:
1192: Net cash flows from investing activities
1155: Net cash flows from operating activities
1033:
Repayment of debt principal, including capital leases
838:, which showed that the company was holding too much
1962:
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
1386:
The intricacies of this procedure might be seen as,
1040:
2330:"Literature Review on Cash Flow Statements op cit".
2298:"Literature Review on Cash Flow Statements op cit".
1770:Increase (decrease) in other operating activities
1620:
1418:
1382:Non operating gains are subtracted from net income
1085:Sample cash flow statement using the direct method
849:(FASB) defined rules that made it mandatory under
803:help predict future cash flows and borrowing needs
2284:
2282:
2280:
1379:Non operating losses are added back to net income
1109: Cash paid to suppliers and employees
857:might be cash or might be the difference between
796:and financial flexibility (the ability to change
754:The cash flow statement (previously known as the
2654:
2215:
2213:
1452:Or as inflows, the issuance of new notes payable
1172: Proceeds from the sale of equipment
1062:Payment of dividend taxes in exchange for assets
826:had recovered from a business slump, but had no
2413:
2036:Bodie, Zane; Alex Kane; Alan J. Marcus (2004).
1440:
1274:
938:Payments to employees or on behalf of employees
2277:
2126:Epstein, Barry J.; Eva K. Jermakowicz (2007).
1203:Cash flows from (used in) financing activities
1166:Cash flows from (used in) investing activities
1093:Cash flows from (used in) operating activities
2495:
2210:
1244:Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year
597:
2179:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2111:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2087:Nikbakht, Ehsan and Groppelli, A.A. (2012).
1119: Cash generated from operations (
998:Payments related to mergers and acquisitions
935:Payments to suppliers for goods and services
892:International Accounting Standards Committee
2066:"Literature Review on Cash Flow Statements"
1916:Other cash flows from financing activities
1836:Other cash flows from investing activities
1728:Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable
305:International Financial Reporting Standards
2502:
2488:
1234:Net increase in cash and cash equivalents
604:
590:
2372:"Operating Activity on Dividends in GAAP"
2059:
2057:
1099: Cash receipts from customers
814:
765:The cash flow statement differs from the
2155:Melicher, R. & Welshans, M. (1988).
2011:
1932:Net cash flows from financing activities
1852:Net cash flows from investing activities
1639:
1495:Net Cash Flows from Financing Activities
1472:Exclude intra-company dividend payments.
1397:Net Cash Flows from Operating Activities
955:(loss of tangible asset value over time)
867:International Accounting Standards Board
851:Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
784:The cash flow statement is intended to:
706:for the period 1 Jan 2006 to 31 Dec 2006
2236:, Vol.57, No. 5, January 2007, p.27-30
2204:Melicher & Welshans op cit page 150
2063:
2005:
1786:Net cash flow from operating activities
1254:Cash and cash equivalents, end of year
1002:
980:
909:
898:
702:Statement of Cash Flow - Simple Example
2655:
2054:
1296:using the Balance Sheet and Net Income
1066:
985:Examples of investing activities are:
646:that deals with cash flow statements.
2483:
748:Parentheses indicate negative values
295:Generally-accepted auditing standards
1475:Exclude intra-company bond interest.
1021:Sale or repurchase of the company's
847:Financial Accounting Standards Board
2017:
1756:Decrease (increase) in inventories
976:Dividends received general reserves
904:International Accounting Standard 3
310:International Standards on Auditing
13:
2040:. McGraw-Hill Irwin. p. 455.
1567:
1564:
1522:
1519:
1265:
845:In the United States in 1973, the
777:accounting, such as depreciation,
14:
2684:
2439:Yahoo finance report on Citigroup
2416:Fundamental Accounting Principles
2038:Essentials of Investments, 5th ed
1644:(all numbers in millions of Rs.)
1279:
1041:Disclosure of non-cash activities
914:Operating activities include the
644:International Accounting Standard
367:Notes to the financial statements
1947:Effect of exchange rate changes
1641:XYZ co. Ltd. Cash Flow Statement
1075:
788:provide information on a firm's
315:Management Accounting Principles
38:
2468:
2443:
2432:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2364:
2355:
2323:
2291:
2268:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2222:
1182: Dividends received
2586:Statement of changes in equity
2509:
2196:
2187:
2148:
2119:
2080:
2064:Answers, All (November 2018).
2029:
2000:Statement of changes in equity
1700:Depreciation and amortization
1611:
1608:intracompany dividend payments
1593:
1145: Income taxes paid
925:Operating cash flows include:
1:
2234:Osaka University of Economics
1598:Dividends paid to NCI but not
1510:Dividends received from
290:Generally-accepted principles
2414:Wild, John Paul (May 2006).
2068:. Nottingham, UK: ukdiss.com
1902:Increase (decrease) in debt
1764:
1761:
1758:
1736:
1441:Rules (financing activities)
1275:Rules (operating activities)
1050:Leasing to purchase an asset
7:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1888:Sale (repurchase) of stock
1882:
1879:
1876:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1733:
1730:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1349:
1324:
1316:
1258:
1248:
1238:
1223:
1211:
1209: Dividends paid
1196:
1184:
1174:
1159:
1147:
1137:
1125:
1111:
1101:
740:
730:
722:
714:
638:accounts and income affect
10:
2689:
2451:"Citigroup finance report"
1714:Adjustments to net income
1314:Current Assets (Non-Cash)
1135: Interest paid
1011:and the company, such as:
932:Interest received on loans
712:Cash flow from operations
693:
634:that shows how changes in
2599:
2568:
2517:
1866:
1800:
1692:
1632:Example: cash flow of XYZ
1335:
1329:
1306:
1301:
1292:from Operating Activities
1286:
1228:
1201:
1164:
1091:
1053:Converting debt to equity
747:
728:Cash flow from financing
720:Cash flow from investing
700:
640:cash and cash equivalents
159:Constant purchasing power
56:Constant purchasing power
1930:
1850:
1784:
944:Purchases of merchandise
836:comparison balance sheet
800:in future circumstances)
490:Accounting organizations
478:People and organizations
2550:Governmental accounting
1555:Dividends paid to
995:Loans made to suppliers
989:Purchase or sale of an
756:flow of funds statement
627:statement of cash flows
238:Amortization (business)
2673:Accounting terminology
1622:
1420:
815:History and variations
2535:Management accounting
2132:John Wiley & Sons
1808:Capital expenditures
1623:
1421:
362:Management discussion
2668:Financial statements
2525:Financial accounting
2006:Notes and references
1486:
1392:
1322:Current Liabilities
1003:Financing activities
981:Investing activities
910:Operating activities
899:Cash flow activities
830:to invest for a new
824:Dowlais Iron Company
618:financial accounting
329:Financial statements
282:Accounting standards
2627:Capital expenditure
2591:Cash flow statement
2540:Forensic accounting
1283:
1067:Preparation methods
871:Cash Flow Statement
863:current liabilities
855:Net working capital
632:financial statement
622:cash flow statement
555:Earnings management
525:Positive accounting
399:Double-entry system
389:Bank reconciliation
194:Revenue recognition
16:Financial statement
2617:Cost of goods sold
2607:Debits and credits
2193:Epstein, pp.90-91.
2134:. pp. 91–97.
1618:
1616:
1416:
1288:To Find Cash Flows
808:accounting methods
530:Sarbanes–Oxley Act
465:Sarbanes–Oxley Act
394:Debits and credits
229:Cost of goods sold
184:Matching principle
2650:
2649:
2622:Operating expense
2555:Social accounting
2343:Missing or empty
2311:Missing or empty
2228:Watanabe, Izumi:
2141:978-0-471-79823-1
2098:978-0-7641-4759-3
2019:Helfert, Erich A.
1976:
1975:
1609:
1599:
1576:
1556:
1531:
1511:
1496:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1354:
1353:
1347:in Fixed Assets)
1263:
1262:
752:
751:
678:Company Directors
614:
613:
575:Two sets of books
570:Off-balance-sheet
212:Selected accounts
149:Accounting period
2680:
2576:Income statement
2504:
2497:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2453:. Archived from
2447:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2170:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2102:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2015:
1990:Income statement
1637:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1557:
1554:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1512:
1509:
1497:
1494:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1405: Net Income
1404:
1399:
1396:
1331:For All Non-Cash
1303:For Increases in
1284:
1278:
1089:
1088:
970:value over time)
968:intangible asset
771:income statement
760:income statement
698:
697:
624:, also known as
606:
599:
592:
42:
19:
18:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2595:
2564:
2545:Fund accounting
2530:Cost accounting
2513:
2508:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2460:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2412:
2408:
2404:Epstein, p. 94.
2403:
2399:
2395:Epstein, p. 101
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2361:Epstein, p. 95.
2360:
2356:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2312:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2288:Epstein, p. 93.
2287:
2278:
2274:Epstein, p. 92.
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:Epstein, p. 90.
2246:
2242:
2227:
2223:
2219:Epstein, p. 91.
2218:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2124:
2120:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2034:
2030:
2016:
2012:
2008:
1981:
1874:Dividends paid
1643:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1443:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1294:
1290:
1277:
1268:
1266:Indirect method
1078:
1069:
1043:
1005:
983:
912:
901:
817:
779:deferred income
704:
696:
689:of the company.
610:
581:
580:
579:
544:
536:
535:
534:
509:
501:
500:
499:
479:
471:
470:
469:
439:
429:
428:
427:
383:
373:
372:
371:
331:
321:
320:
319:
284:
274:
273:
272:
213:
205:
204:
203:
199:Unit of account
179:Historical cost
164:Economic entity
143:
135:
134:
133:
78:
70:
51:Historical cost
17:
12:
11:
5:
2686:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2560:Tax accounting
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2477:
2476:
2474:Bodie, p. 455.
2467:
2442:
2431:
2424:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2363:
2354:
2322:
2290:
2276:
2267:
2265:Epstein, p. 88
2258:
2249:
2240:
2221:
2209:
2195:
2186:
2165:
2147:
2140:
2118:
2097:
2079:
2053:
2046:
2028:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1629:
1628:
1613:
1605:
1603:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1492:
1491:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1442:
1439:
1410:
1402:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
982:
979:
978:
977:
974:
971:
961:
956:
946:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
911:
908:
900:
897:
896:
895:
887:
884:
881:
859:current assets
816:
813:
812:
811:
804:
801:
750:
749:
745:
744:
739:
733:
732:
729:
725:
724:
721:
717:
716:
713:
709:
708:
695:
692:
691:
690:
684:
675:
672:
665:
654:
612:
611:
609:
608:
601:
594:
586:
583:
582:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
546:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
511:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
498:
497:
492:
487:
481:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
468:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
441:
440:
435:
434:
431:
430:
426:
425:
420:
418:General ledger
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
385:
384:
379:
378:
375:
374:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
333:
332:
327:
326:
323:
322:
318:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
286:
285:
280:
279:
276:
275:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
231:
226:
221:
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
202:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
80:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:
69:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2685:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:Balance sheet
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2471:
2457:on 2008-06-21
2456:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2425:0-07-299653-6
2421:
2417:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2358:
2350:
2337:
2326:
2318:
2305:
2294:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2271:
2262:
2256:Bodie, p.454.
2253:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2199:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2166:0-538-06160-X
2162:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2067:
2060:
2058:
2049:
2047:0-07-251077-3
2043:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Balance sheet
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1915:
1914:
1901:
1900:
1887:
1886:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1835:
1834:
1821:
1820:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1769:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1741:
1740:
1727:
1726:
1713:
1712:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1650:Period ending
1648:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1575: parties
1559:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1530: parties
1514:
1504:
1498:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1408:
1400:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1272:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1076:Direct method
1073:
1061:
1059:Issuing share
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1010:
997:
994:
992:
988:
987:
986:
975:
972:
969:
965:
962:
960:
957:
954:
951:
950:
949:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
927:
926:
923:
921:
917:
907:
905:
893:
888:
885:
882:
879:
878:
877:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
832:blast furnace
829:
825:
822:In 1863, the
820:
809:
805:
802:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:
785:
782:
780:
776:
775:accrual basis
772:
768:
767:balance sheet
763:
761:
757:
746:
743:
738:
737:Net cash flow
735:
734:
727:
726:
719:
718:
711:
710:
707:
703:
699:
688:
685:
683:
679:
676:
673:
670:
666:
663:
659:
655:
652:
651:
650:
647:
645:
641:
637:
636:balance sheet
633:
629:
628:
623:
619:
607:
602:
600:
595:
593:
588:
587:
585:
584:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
560:Error account
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
540:
539:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
505:
504:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
475:
474:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
438:
433:
432:
424:
423:Trial balance
421:
419:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
404:FIFO and LIFO
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
382:
377:
376:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
342:Balance sheet
340:
338:
337:Annual report
335:
334:
330:
325:
324:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
283:
278:
277:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
216:
209:
208:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
174:Going concern
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
139:
138:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
74:
73:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
52:
49:
48:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
2637:Gross income
2632:Depreciation
2590:
2470:
2459:. Retrieved
2455:the original
2445:
2434:
2415:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2375:
2366:
2357:
2325:
2293:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2229:
2224:
2203:
2198:
2189:
2156:
2150:
2127:
2121:
2088:
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2037:
2031:
2022:
2013:
1961:
1931:
1867:
1851:
1822:Investments
1801:
1785:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1478:
1467:
1444:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1388:
1385:
1355:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1307:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1269:
1202:
1165:
1126:
1120:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1044:
1006:
984:
964:Amortization
959:Deferred tax
953:Depreciation
947:
924:
913:
902:
875:
870:
844:
835:
821:
818:
783:
764:
755:
753:
741:
736:
705:
701:
687:Shareholders
648:
626:
625:
621:
615:
495:Luca Pacioli
416: /
346:
236: /
234:Depreciation
142:Key concepts
114:Governmental
1665:31 Mar 2008
1660:31 Mar 2009
1655:31 Mar 2010
1308:Net Inc Adj
508:Development
485:Accountants
381:Bookkeeping
300:Convergence
258:Liabilities
189:Materiality
77:Major types
2657:Categories
2642:Net income
2569:Statements
2511:Accounting
2461:2004-11-10
2345:|url=
2313:|url=
1856:(204,206)
1825:(201,777)
1773:(173,057)
1672:Net income
1413:Rule Items
1029:borrowings
916:production
798:cash flows
731:($ 2,000)
723:($ 1,000)
667:Potential
656:Potential
543:Misconduct
169:Fair value
119:Management
61:Management
32:Accounting
2663:Cash flow
2376:chron.com
2175:cite book
2107:cite book
1985:Cash flow
1894:(12,090)
1862:(79,231)
1859:(58,425)
1831:(75,649)
1828:(71,710)
1779:(62,963)
1776:(33,061)
1591:−
1546:−
1350:Increase
1345:Decreases
1341:*Expenses
1325:Increase
1317:Decrease
1259:$ 11,500
1046:include:
1016:Dividends
1009:investors
966:(loss of
840:inventory
790:liquidity
682:insolvent
669:investors
662:creditors
565:Hollywood
445:Financial
347:Cash-flow
104:Financial
2381:16 March
2336:cite web
2304:cite web
1979:See also
1953:(1,840)
1936:206,430
1919:120,461
1905:101,122
1891:(5,327)
1883:(8,375)
1880:(9,188)
1877:(9,826)
1817:(3,011)
1814:(3,724)
1811:(4,035)
1796:(2,404)
1745:131,622
1224:(2,500)
1212:(2,500)
1148:(3,000)
1138:(2,000)
1112:(2,000)
794:solvency
715:$ 5,000
550:Creative
520:Research
450:Internal
437:Auditing
253:Goodwill
248:Expenses
99:Forensic
24:a series
22:Part of
2612:Revenue
2089:Finance
1942:83,311
1939:33,283
1925:70,349
1922:27,910
1911:21,204
1908:26,651
1842:17,009
1793:31,799
1751:37,856
1748:19,822
1734:17,236
1731:12,503
1239:10,500
1197:10,500
742:$ 2,000
694:Purpose
658:lenders
630:, is a
515:History
409:Journal
268:Revenue
154:Accrual
2422:
2163:
2138:
2095:
2072:8 July
2044:
1972:2,407
1969:4,817
1966:2,882
1845:(571)
1839:1,606
1723:2,910
1717:4,617
1709:2,747
1706:2,592
1703:2,790
1687:17,046
1682:24,589
1677:21,538
1249:1,000
1185:3,000
1175:7,500
1160:2,500
1102:9,500
460:Report
414:Ledger
357:Income
352:Equity
263:Profit
243:Equity
219:Assets
124:Social
89:Budget
2600:Terms
1127:7,500
1023:stock
991:asset
920:sales
455:Firms
84:Audit
2518:Type
2420:ISBN
2383:2018
2349:help
2317:help
2181:link
2161:ISBN
2136:ISBN
2113:link
2093:ISBN
2074:2021
2042:ISBN
1956:731
1950:645
1897:133
1720:621
1431:cash
1333:...
1027:Net
1018:paid
861:and
828:cash
769:and
620:, a
224:Cash
109:Fund
94:Cost
1790:13
1765:--
1762:--
1759:--
1737:--
1121:sum
660:or
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