Alessandro Farnese (cardinal)

737:

Pope. The Imperial faction was favoring Cardinals Carpi, Morone, and Pole. Pole also seemed to have French support, but there was an influential group, led by Carafa, Carpi, and Alvarez (all professional Inquisitors), who openly questioned the orthodoxy of Pole and of Morone. The French Ambassador, Jean d' Avanson, informed King Henri that his favorite candidate, Cardinal d'Este, was being opposed vigorously by the Imperial faction, and that he could not win, thanks to a "virtual veto" (that is, the withholding of votes for a candidate by more than one-third of the voters); the Emperor even expressed fears that d'Este might try to bribe himself into the papacy. D'Avanson also had to break the news that Cardinal du Bellay, out of personal ambition, had broken ranks and would support Cardinal Carafa. In the voting, the Imperial candidate, Cardinal Carpi, seemed to be moving forward, until the French faction and the cardinals created by Julius III (of which there were fifteen at the Conclave) combined to put him out of the running. Once it was clear that nobody in the French faction was going to succeed, Cardinal Farnese and Cardinal d'Este decided to throw their support to Cardinal Carafa. The Imperial faction was so frightened at what Pope Carafa might do in trying to get Naples out of the hands of the Emperor that they sent Cardinals Corner and Ricci to Alessandro Farnese to beg him to abandon Carafa and accept their votes

1168:

candidate was Cardinal Sirleto, but in a meeting with d'Este shortly after he entered the Conclave on the 24th, it was made clear to him that Sirleto was being excluded by the votes of the French. Madruzzo declared that he would not accept Albani. D'Este met with Cardinal Farnese, hoping to stop any effort that Farnese might begin to exclude Montalto. He had already been trying to organize some of Gregory XIII's cardinals into a faction of his own. Farnese already believed that Montalto had little real support, and d'Este encouraged that misapprehension. But, when all the likely votes were tallied, it seemed that the supporters of Montalto lacked four votes, which would have to come from Farnese. When the Cardinals assembled to begin the balloting, d'Este suddenly intervened and announced that it was not necessary to proceed to a ballot since they already had a pope—Cardinal Montalto. The cardinals immediately proceeded to "adore" Montalto—which was a legitimate method for electing a pope. There had to be no opposition, and there was none. Farnese had been silenced and coerced into cooperation.

869:

next election of a Pope, when he would get the greatest number of votes. The Pope intends summoning all the Cardinals to Rome, that they as a college may judge Morone." There was an immediate outcry. The cardinals wanted a Congregation be held at which explanations would be demanded. Paul IV took the initiative and held a Congregation at which he presided, telling the cardinals that it was not politics but the honor of God that was involved. The process against Morone would be carried out by the members of the Inquisition. Twenty-one charges were levelled at him. On 12 June 1557, Morone was interrogated in the Castel S. Angelo by the committee: Cardinals Innocenzo del Monte, Jean Suau, Scipione Rebiba, Spoletano , and Michele Ghislieri. Having examined him and heard his extensive rejoinders, the committee reported in favor of Morone but Paul IV was not satisfied. Morone remained in the Castel S. Angelo until the death of Paul IV, when the College of Cardinals ordered his release. Cardinal Rebiba was sent as Nuncio to France, to discuss the matter of an alliance with Henri II.

1000:

with the wishes of the Emperor, and Morone had been one of the Presidents of the Council of Trent. Farnese seemed friendly and willing to please, which Borromeo (wrongly) took as an agreement to supply votes. There were those who would never vote for a friend of the Emperor, and there were those who remembered Morone's troubles with the Inquisition, and the bull of Paul IV which had stated that no one who was arrested, imprisoned, or convicted by the Inquisition could ever vote in a papal election, let alone be elected pope. In addition, there were those who did not like Morone personally. It is alleged that both Alessandro Farnese and Ippolito d'Este had grudges against Morone due to decisions which he had made while Legate in Bologna. His enemies could always muster more than one-third of the College to block his election. When it came to a vote, Morone got twenty-nine votes. Farnese must have realized that he was in somewhat the same situation himself. He could muster between twenty-eight and thirty votes, but not the thirty-five needed to elect.

1382: 972:, having learned nothing from 1555 or 1559, still offered their support to Cardinal Ippolito d'Este. King Philip II favored d' Olera, Ghislieri, Ricci, Morone, and Pacecho. When the Spanish Ambassador, Don Luis Requesens de Zuniga, arrived in Rome on 21 December 1565, however, he carried instructions to support Ghislieri and Morone. He was suspicious of the orthodoxy of Cardinal Morone though, and he feared that Cardinal Farnese might pursue a vendetta against Spain for the murder of his father if he were to become pope. The Emperor Maximilian II was informed by his agent in Rome, Nosti Camiani, that the most favored cardinals were: d' Olera, Boncompagni, Suau, Sirleto, Simonetta, Gianbernardino Scotti, and Michele Ghislieri. He wrote directly to Cosimo III of Florence, asking for his assistance in the election. Cosimo replied that he was no longer in the business of influencing papal elections, but agreed to serve the Emperor's wishes. He was in fact very active behind the scenes. He wanted a pope who would make him 1148: 720:

Papal Legate in England. Pole, however, was strongly opposed by the French (in ignorance of the letters which Farnese was carrying), and by Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa, the Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals and principal Inquisitor of the Roman Inquisition, who regarded Pole (and a number of other cardinals) as Protestant heretics. D'Este was not electable (Sir John Masone, the English agent wrote: "Marry, we hear of no quality to set him forward but that he is rich."), though the six votes he received in the first ballot caused considerable consternation, and the beginning of a "Stop D'Este" movement. Some of the cleverer cardinals, led by Carafa and Madruzzi of Trent, realized that, when all the opinions were factored in, there were very few electable cardinals, the best of whom was Cardinal Marcello Cervini. He was a reformer, he was strict, and he was uncorrupted; he was opposed to

1189: 976:, and would validate his control over Siena, and he had already picked out Cardinal Ghislieri. The Duchess of Ferrara, a daughter of the Emperor, was recommending Cardinal Francesco Gonzaga, the 27 year old nephew of Cardinal Ercole Gonzaga (who had died in 1563), for whom she was soliciting the Emperor, the Duke of Savoy and the King of France, Francois II. The Duchess of Savoy was pushing for Cardinal Ferrero, who was only 28 years old. The nephews of Pius IV, Cardinal Borromeo and Cardinal Altemps, had another candidate in mind, the Nuncio in Spain, Cardinal Ugo Boncompagni, and they sent a swift galley to fetch him. He did not arrive in time though. And then there was Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, who was campaigning for himself. 821: 62: 1072: 1068:(7 October 1571). It had been a stunning defeat for the Ottoman Turks, the first naval defeat in more than a century, and nearly their entire navy was destroyed. But they did not lose control over the Eastern Mediterranean, and they were already rebuilding their navy at lightning speed. In some people's minds, what was needed was a pope who could hold the various forces together: a Crusading pope who would also be generous with Church money to finance the war. The new pope must also be a strong and strict defender of the Faith in the face of unorthodoxy and one who would enforce the decrees of the Council of Trent (1545–1547; 1551-1552; 1562–1563). 988:, Reuman Suau, Rebiba, Ghislieri, and D' Olera. The cardinals created by Pius IV numbered nine, and under certain circumstances might draw four more. The Gonzaga faction had six members. The cardinals created by Julius III numbered five. The Florentines had between four and six. The Venetians had three. Six French cardinals did not come to the Conclave at all. The large number of factions would present a major difficulty for anyone trying to put together a two-thirds majority. Nationality was not the only way of dividing up the cardinals either. There were the seniors and the juniors, and the eager reformers and the complacent majority. 741:. But Farnese was not so foolish as to believe that he could be successful without the endorsement either of the Emperor or of the King of France—and he had neither. He did not respond to the offer. The supporters of Carafa finally numbered more than the two-thirds needed for election, but the Imperialists (who were caucusing in the Hall of the Secret Consistory) refused to come to the Chapel and carry out the electoral process. It was Farnese who, using both blandishments and threats, managed to get the Imperialists to give in and assemble with the rest of the cardinals in the Cappella Paolina. On the afternoon of 23 May, the 686:

northern Italy, where it challenged the Emperor to the possession of the Duchy of Milan and the Lombard plain. Julius was toying with explosive material. Ottavio refused, and Alessandro supported him. The Farnese had a complete breach in relations with the Pope, and Alessandro was immediately unwelcome in Rome. Pope Julius sequestrated his diocese of Monreale, and confiscated all of the moveables in the Palazzo Farnese, said to have been worth 30,000 scudi. Duke Ottavio's duchy was sequestered. He withdrew in April, first to a visit with his sister Vittoria, the Duchess of Urbino, then to Florence, and finally to Avignon.

1164:. But he was no faction leader. Thirty-nine cardinals, many of them his friends and supporters, had died during the reign of Gregory XIII. There was only one other cardinal present who had been created by his grandfather, Paul III. The Imperial-Spanish faction was headed by Cardinal Ferdinando de' Medici, brother of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, and soon to become the Grand Duke himself. The actual Spanish leader was Cardinal Ludovico Madruzzo but he did not arrive in Rome until the evening of 23 April. The French faction was headed by Ludovico d'Este, grandson of Louis XII and Protector of France before the Holy See. 707:

carrying letters from Henri II of France to the College of Cardinals and to individual cardinals, in favor of Cardinal Reginald Pole. He did not arrive, however, until after the middle of the month of April. Cardinal Louis de Guise-Lorraine, also travelling from France, arrived on the 21st. In fact, only two French cardinals were in Rome, thereby giving the Imperial faction a great advantage. This was a matter of annoyance for the French, for King Henri had extracted from Pope Julius III, through negotiations carried on by Cardinals Georges d' Armagnac, Alessandro Farnese, and Jean du Bellay, a

992: 882:. In 1557, the efforts collapsed. On 23 October 1557, Henri struck against Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, issuing letters patent by which he confiscated all of the benefices of the Cardinal which he still enjoyed in France. The Abbeys of St. Étienne de Caën, Beauport in Brittany, and Granselve, as well as the Administratorship of the Diocese of Viviers, were also included. In the document, Henri complained of the Cardinal and his brothers taking the part of the King of Spain. The total loss for the Cardinal alone amounted to more than 30.000 793:

informed of the misdeeds of his nephews, Cardinal Carafa, Giovanni Caraffa Duke of Paliano, and Antonio Carafa Marchese of Montebello. When the Florentine Ambassador, Bongiano Gianfiliazzi, had attempted to have an audience with Paul IV to enlighten him about his corrupt nephews, the door was slammed in his face by Cardinal Carafa. Obviously, there was no room in the Curia for the advice of Cardinal Farnese. There was considerable danger to Farnese properties because of Paul IV's anti-imperial policy.

4105: 865:, on the insistence of both Charles V and his brother Ferdinand. He received the Legatine cross on 13 February 1555, and was in Augsburg on 23 March, the day Pope Julius III died. He therefore arrived in Rome too late for the April Conclave. In the second Conclave, a month later, both Pole and Morone were Imperial candidates, but Cardinal Carafa (a candidate himself) loudly voiced his suspicions that both were heretics. 965:

promoted to the title of Cardinal Priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso, a post he held for less than a month. On 12 May, he was promoted to the Order of Cardinal Bishops with the diocese of Sabina. He distanced himself from the horrors surrounding the fall of the Carafa nephews in 1561. Pius was not a healthy man, and his anticipated demise gave Farnese and others time to plan. Pope Pius IV (Medici) died on 4 December 1565.

4117: 513: 1009:

my might; and with little delay he was elected Pope to the great satisfaction of all. Nothing could be so great a consolation to me in my grief for my uncle, as the certainty that he is succeeded by one who possesses all the qualities that your Eminence sympathizes with me in lamenting, and who with equal courage and strength of soul will know how to maintain and uphold the authority of religion

728:, worked with Carafa and Madruzzi to produce a two-thirds majority. Among them were Ranuccio Farnese, Farnese's brother, and Guido Ascanio Sforza, his first-cousin. When Farnese finally arrived from Avignon in mid-April, he was no doubt delighted to find his grandfather's secretary, Cardinal Marcello Cervini, on the throne of Peter. Unfortunately, on the morning of the 18th, 4093: 3095:"Alexander Farnese, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church and Vicechancellor, nephew of Pope Paul III, by whose authority the Society of Jesus was first received and decorated with the most generous decrees, built this church from the foundations up, a testimony to his own religious feeling and of his perpetual good will toward that Order. In the Jubilee Year 1575." 1106:, who, behind the scenes, was promoting Cardinal Boncompagni. Cardinal de' Medici was to inform the leaders of the Faction of Pius IV, Borromeo and Altemps, that the Medici were interested only in Sirleto and Boncompagni. With the French and Florentine votes, in fact, Cardinal d'Este had the resources to block any candidate he pleased (the 'virtual veto'). 1426:, cautery and bleeding. He was attended by Msgr. Camillo Caetani, the brother of Cardinal Enrico Caetani, who kept his brother informed of Farnese's condition. On 13 August, the doctor had to return to Rome; he left the Cardinal restless and weak, and suffering from gout in his left arm. On 28 February 1589, he suffered an attack of some sort, perhaps a 842:(27 July 1556). Both were nephews of Pope Julius III. The cardinal had been Administrator of the Diocese of Spoleto on the appointment of Julius III, but Paul IV immediately replaced him with Cardinal Alessandro Farnese. The charge against the cardinal that brought him to the Castel S. Angelo was that he had attempted to open communications with 1180:. His uncle the Cardinal pleaded twice with the Pope to have him released, and finally contrived to have Ranuccio escape. The Spanish Ambassador, Olivares, invited the Castellan of the Castel S. Angelo to dinner, while the Cardinal tricked the guards into releasing Ranuccio into his custody. The Pope was livid at having been circumvented. 812:, the son of Ottavio and Margaret of Parma. That alliance did not take place. Nonetheless, Cardinal Alessandro's influence in Rome was considerable. He was named Cardinal Protector of the Empire (14 September 1541), Sicily, of Aragon (13 December 1565), of Portugal, of Poland, of the Republic of Genoa, and of Ragusa. 463:(1543–1589). On 27 August 1539, at the age of 18, Alessandro Farnese was named titular Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem; he vacated the office on the appointment of a new Patriarch on 28 February 1550. The office was highly lucrative, the duties were nominal and did not necessarily involve episcopal functions. 1123:

letter in Cardinal Farnese's presence and read the contents, which ordered Granvelle to advise Farnese that he was not to attempt to become pope "this time"—it should be remembered that, experienced as he was, Cardinal Farnese was only fifty-one. Farnese's chances ended on the first day of the Conclave.

1126:

Boncompagni was the obvious candidate. He was acceptable to Cardinal Borromeo and the reformers. He was a successful nuncio in Spain, and was acceptable to the Spanish faction, which included Naples. The Conclave turned out to be a very short one. On 14 May, Ugo Boncompagni was elected pope, and took

597:

from 28 April 1553, until Pope Julius III ordered the issue of bulls for Archbishop Simon de Mailly on 25 June 1554. In the case of Tours, the right of nomination belonged to the King of France, Henri II, whose daughter Diane had married Farnese's youngest brother Orazio in 1552. On 25 June 1554, the

1854:

Roger Vallentin Du Cheylard, "Notes sur la chronologie des Vice-Légats d'Avignon au XVI siècle," (Avignon 1890) pp. 5-8. He made his solemn entry on March 18, 1553, and resided until June, 1554. On the powers and functions of the Legate and Vice-Legate, see: Pierre Le Merre, Pierre Le Merre (jr.),

1097:

was attempting to avoid a civil war in France, and she believed that the marriage of her daughter Margot with Henri of Navarre, a Protestant, might avert disaster but dispensations would be required of the pope. She was also trying to tempt Queen Elizabeth into marriage with her son, Henri, and that

1008:

Having known the Cardinal of Alessandria for a considerable time, and conceived a high esteem for him on account of his singular holiness and zeal, I judged that no more fitting Pontiff than he could be found to rule the Christian commonwealth wisely and well. I therefore took up his cause with all

693:

of Castro restored to him (1552) and, to protect the Farnese's French connection, Orazio married Diane de France, the illegitimate daughter of Henri II. Unfortunately, Cardinal Farnese's brother Orazio was killed in battle on 18 July 1553, leaving no heirs. The dukedoms went to their younger brother

685:

of the Church. The Farnese had spent more than fifteen years developing their dukedom, and Cardinal Alessandro's father had been assassinated in the struggle with the Gonzaga and the Emperor Charles over it. The Farnese were being protected by the French Crown, which considered Parma its entrée into

647:

to attempt to arrange a peace between the two feuding monarchs. He left Rome on 29 November and entered Paris on 31 December. He was in Rouen on 14 January 1540, met with the King on 14 February. He then left for Flanders on 17 February for a meeting with the Emperor; he stayed for three months, and

1143:

on March 1, and proceeded by land through Tuscany. They were received in Florence by the Grand Duke Francesco de' Medici. They proceeded on to Rome, accompanied by Cardinal Francesco Gambara, and were received with a grand show of hospitality at Caprarola by Cardinal Alessandro Farnese. Accompanied

1122:

in 1571 to prepare the fleet which eventually met the Turks at Lepanto; he was kept on as Viceroy of Naples. Shortly after his entry into the Conclave, he produced an unopened letter which (he said) had reached him while he was on the highway from Naples. It was from Philip II. Granvelle opened the

1003:

In his straightforward way, Borromeo then went on to his second candidate, Cardinal Sirleto, but he too failed. Borromeo went to Farnese, and stated flatly that he was not going to support Farnese in the current Conclave, and he asked Farnese to help him in choosing a worthy pope. Farnese suggested

792:

of Rome. He refused to recognize the election of Ferdinand I as Holy Roman Emperor, and he refused to recognize the retirement of Charles V. He ruled until his death on 18 August 1559, or rather his nephew, Cardinal Carlo Carafa, did. It was only three months before his death that Paul IV was fully

568:

was appointed for the underage and absentee Archbishop, Msgr. Giovanni Antonio Fassari, titular Bishop of Christopolis in Greece; he was succeeded in 1546 by Pompeo Zambecari. In 1557, he was followed by Msgr. Giovanni Pietro Fortiguerra, Bishop of Cyrene in Libya., The Cardinal allowed the Jesuits

1167:

After the first vote, on 23 April, it was obvious that neither a strong Spanish candidate nor a strong French candidate could be elected. Medici and d'Este met, and Medici proposed two possible compromise candidates to d'Este: Cardinal Albani and Cardinal Felice Peretti Montalto. Madruzzo's chosen

999:

As soon as the Conclave opened, Cardinal Borromeo, who, as the nephew of the late pope, considered himself a leader, if not a pope-maker, approached Cardinal Farnese, who had the largest number of commitments. He indicated that he thought that Cardinal Morone should be pope. This was in accordance

877:

For two decades, the Farnese had been trying to maintain friendships both with King Henri II of France and the Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire. This became more difficult when Cardinal Carafa, in the name of Paul IV, concluded a treaty with Henri II on 23 July 1556, committing them to a

736:

The second Conclave of 1555 opened on 15 May, with the same cardinals as in April, but with the addition of eight late arrivals. The leading candidate seemed to be Cardinal Carafa, the Inquisitor, but he was told to his face by the Imperial Ambassador that the Emperor Charles V did not want him as

889:

These losses were in addition to those inflicted by Pope Julius III, whose election had been opposed by Cardinal Farnese in the interest of Pope Paul III's secretary, Marcello Cervini. One of those was the Governorship of Tivoli, which also went to Cardinal d'Este. Another was the Patriarchate of

868:

Suddenly, on 31 May 1557, Morone was arrested by the Pope's nephew and Secretary of State personally. Pietro Carnesecchi, a former adherent of Morone, wrote: "Why Morone is imprisoned, no one knows; many say that the Cardinals have brought it about, in order that he may be out of their way at the

719:

In accordance with older instructions direct from Henri II, the French faction was supporting Cardinal d'Este, then the Cardinal de Tournon (who was not present at the Conclave), and then Cardinal du Bellay. The Emperor, as in the Conclave of 1550, had a preference for Cardinal Reginald Pole, the

611:

from 22 November 1556, until a new archbishop was approved by Paul IV on 14 January 1558. All of these appointments should be considered as opportunities for financial enrichment, not opportunities for service in vineyards of the Lord far from Rome. The various administrations were carried out by

706:

Cardinal Farnese did not participate in the first conclave of 1555, 5 April–9 April, which followed the death of Julius III. He had been in Avignon, serving as Legate and avoiding the unwelcome attention of the Pope. But, on the news of the death of Pope Julius, he took the road for Rome. He was

697:

Farnese had been in France, when on 6 June 1554 he was appointed by Henri II to go to Rome and take charge of French affairs in the absence of Cardinal d'Este, who was in Parma—over the objections of Cardinal du Bellay, who did not appreciate being supplanted. Cardinal d'Este was ruling Parma on

659:

again, and for the same purpose, at the Consistory of 21 November 1543. He arrived at Fontainebleau on 29 December 1543 and remained until 6 January 1544, when he departed for Bruxelles to visit the Emperor. He arrived on 14 January, and was back in France by 4 February. He returned to Rome on 1

598:

same day that his administration of Tours ceased, Farnese was appointed Administrator of the Diocese of Viviers, which lasted until the Pope approved King Henri's nomination of a new bishop on 12 November 1554. He was likewise nominated by the King of France to be Administrator of the Diocese of

964:

During the reign of Pope Pius IV, Cardinal Farnese enjoyed good fortune. The Pope was a friend of his, and he was able to avoid the unpleasantries of international affairs, as he built a circle of friends in the College of Cardinals and in the Roman Curia. On 14 April 1564, Cardinal Farnese was

585:

on 15 November 1538, on the resignation of Bishop Hieronymus de Glanderonibus; since he was only eighteen, he was not canonically eligible to be the bishop, though he could—and did—collect the income of the bishop until a successor was appointed in April 1547. On 16 July 1540, Farnese was named

606:

in the interim, accounting probably for the length of his Administration of Cahors. In 1555, Cardinal Farnese was named Administrator of the Diocese of Spoleto, a post he held until a new bishop was appointed on 16 December 1562. Cardinal Alessandro Farnese also served as Administrator of the

1109:

D'Este, however, was not electable. The cardinals of Pius V (some twelve or thirteen votes) were joined with many of those of Pius IV to prevent the election of d'Este, but also of Farnese, Ricci, and Burali d' Arezzo. Cardinal Giovanni Morone was also a candidate again, but Cardinal Bonelli

1155:

Pope Gregory XIII died after thirteen years on the Throne of Peter on 10 April 1585. There were sixty-two living cardinals, but only thirty-two managed to make it to Rome in time for the opening ceremonies of the Conclave on Easter Sunday, 21 April 1585. Cardinal Farnese, though he was only

979:

There were fifty-two cardinals in attendance on 20 December 1565. Seventeen cardinals were under the age of forty, seven of whom were under the age of thirty. Cardinal Farnese, nephew of Pope Paul III, had in his faction Cardinals Corregio, Gambara, Savelli, Paleotti and Orsini. Farnese was

1013:

Within two hours, they had sufficient votes to elect Ghislieri. It was 7 January 1566. That afternoon, the Cardinals assembled and took a vote; two cardinals voted from their sickbeds. The votes were not by secret ballot, but out loud. Ghislieri was elected unanimously and took the name

837:

Carafa was elected, and began dealing with real or imagined enemies. First Ascanio della Corgna came under suspicion. He was general of the papal cavalry, and was actually suspected of being loyal to the Emperor. Paul IV had him sent to the Castel S. Angelo, along with his brother,

396:), the son of Pierluigi Farnese, who was the son of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (Pope Paul III); and Girolama Orsini, daughter of Ludovico Orsini, seventh Conte di Pitigliano, and Giulia Conti. They were married in Rome on 6 August 1519. Young Alessandro studied at 807:

Cardinal Farnese retired to Parma in the meantime (1557), where he stayed with his brother, Duke Ottavio. It was there and at that time that they were approached with peace feelers by Cardinal Carafa, who was even willing to marry one of the Carafas to young Duke

1931:(Madrid 1716), p. 240, already makes it clear that the post was that of Administrator, not Bishop. Cardinal Alessandro wrote a letter to the King of Portugal upon his appointment, informing him that he would not be able to visit the diocese personally: Caro, 580:

On 17 June 1537, Farnese was appointed Administrator of the Diocese of Bitonto in the Kingdom of Naples on the resignation of Bishop Lopez de Alarcon; his administration ceased upon the appointment of a new bishop on 8 January 1538. He became Administrator of

732:

showed symptoms of a fever and in the night between 30 April and 1 May, he died. But even before Marcellus was dead, Cardinal Farnese wrote directly to Henri II, urging him to send the French cardinals to Rome immediately. A second Conclave was necessary.

529:

His grandfather, Pope Paul III, immediately named Alessandro Farnese Administrator of the Diocese of Parma (1 November 1534), allowing him to collect the episcopal income during the interregnum. Alessandro resigned on 13 August 1535, when Cardinal

2883:(22 August 1555) (Bullarium Romanum (Turin edition) VI, 502–504), the Dean of the Sacred College now always held the Bishopric of Ostia and Velletri as a right that went with the Deanship, which was to be held by the senior cardinal bishop. 698:

behalf of the French king, who had acquired the duchy from Paul III as the price of an alliance. In November, Henri named a new Ambassador to the Holy See, and Cardinal Farnese was free to return to France. He took up residence in Avignon.

2282:

The French Ambassador seemed to have no high opinion of Carafa either, "quant au Theatin, je ne sçay quelle asseurance y fonder, tant pour la debilité de sa Personne et de son esprit, à cause de son age déja decrepit." Ribier (editor),

893:

But Julius III (Monte) had died in 1555, as had Marcellus II (Cervini). The Emperor Charles V had retired in 1556 and died in 1558 and both Paul IV and Henri II died in 1559, within a month of each other. A new and brighter day dawned.

943:

Farnese could only effectively directly influence four or five of the votes, and so had to work in alliance with another group - allying himself with the cardinals created by Paul IV and who were being led by his nephew, Cardinal

1110:(Alessandrino, the nephew of Pius V) was prepared to use his votes to exclude him. His friends nonetheless made an effort to have him elected by acclamation on the opening day of the Conclave, 12 May, but the attempt failed. 711:

which allowed an extra 15 days before a Conclave began, in order to allow cardinals who had to travel a long distance (the French) to reach Rome. The bull was completely ignored by the Cardinals already in Rome, and only the

1032:

In 1569, Cardinal Alessandro Farnese made his journey to Sicily, to inspect his Archdiocese of Monreale. Transportation was provided by four galleys lent by the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. At Monreale, he conducted a

1004:

the names of four cardinals whom he would support: Gianbernardino Scotti (Trani), D' Olera (Aracoeli), Ghislieri (Alessandrino) and Ricci (Montepulciano). Borromeo was delighted with the naming of Cardinal Ghislieri:

1113:

Cardinal Farnese believed that this was his conclave, and he was making every effort to win supporters. He knew, however, that the Spanish were against him. On the night of the opening of the Conclave, Cardinal

1102:, who was as disliked in 1572 as he had been in 1549. His collection of enemies had grown to include Cardinals Bonelli, Borromeo, Farnese, Medici, and Morone. Catherine, however, was in contact with her cousin, 940:. Cardinal Farnese, who was 38 years old and the senior Cardinal Deacon by this point, disliked both d'Este and his cousin Gonzaga, and therefore decided to do everything he could to see the election of Carpi. 623:, which he held until his death in 1589. It was he who introduced the Benedictine monks of the Congregation of Monte Cassino into the monastery in 1567. He also built, or rebuilt, the monastery's water supply. 1171:

In the Spring of 1586, Cardinal Farnese's young nephew Ranuccio, aged 17, came to Rome to swear allegiance for his domains of which the Church was the feudal souverain. He made the mistake of appearing before

804:

and his workshop to decorate the rooms on the lower floor. The Stanza della solitudine was decorated by the same artists between 1563 and 1565, in accordance with a design created by Onufrio Panvinio.

560:

and the clergy of the diocese were in one squabble after another with each other. On 26 July 1549, the Pope was forced to intervene, in a letter in which he referred to the Cardinal under the title of

2857:

But Ippolito d'Este had a nephew, Luigi d'Este, son of Ercole II, Duke of Ferrara, and Renée, daughter of Louis XII of France, who was made a cardinal in 1561 by Pius IV: Gulik and Eubel III, p. 39.

1251:

the best sculptors worked under his eye, to restore fragments of antiquities as complete sculptures, with great scholarly care. He was also a great patron of living artists including, most notably,

980:

personally beloved by the Roman populace as a patron of the poor and a Maecenas of the arts. The cardinals who had been created by Paul IV were also supporting Farnese. They included: Vitelli (the

1935:

I, p. 8. In the summer of 1549, he wrote to the Papal Nuncio in Portugal on the subject of the "frutti di Viseo", to ensure that the pension was safe and that it was paid in Rome as usual: Caro,

1466:

commemorating the establishment of the Jesuit Order by Paul III in 1540, and the building of the Church of the Gesù for them through the generosity of Cardinal Farnese. The church, the work of

1223:

Alessandro Farnese is remembered for gathering the greatest collection of Roman sculpture assembled in private hands since Antiquity, now mostly in Naples, after passing by inheritance to the

1373:, Lord of Sassuolo; the marriage was without issue. Clelia died in 1613. The absence of scandal concerning her birth suggests that Cardinal Farnese was not yet in Holy Orders ca. 1555-1556. 1353:

and confidante of Catherine de Medicis, born in 1556. Claude de Beaune's brother Martin became Bishop of Puy (1557–1561) and her other brother, Renaud, Bishop of Mende (1571–1581) and then

2503:

31 (1887), p. 286, states that Farnese received Beauport after he resigned the Archdiocese of Tours in 1554. F. Galabert, "L'abbaye de Grandselve sous le cardinal Farnèse (1562–1579),"

886:. The benefices were all given to Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este, Farnese's enemy, who had spent his youth at the French Court and was a personal friend of Henri and the Royal Family. 492:(in the absence of positive evidence) that it was in 1564 that Farnese finally was consecrated a bishop. He was certainly a bishop when he was the principal Consecrator of Cardinal 681:

In 1551, Cardinal Alessandro was sent by Pope Julius III to convince his brother Ottavio, the Duke of Parma and Piacenza, to surrender those territories, which, the Pope said were

1131:. He was crowned by Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, the senior Cardinal Deacon, on 20 May 1572. Cardinal d'Este, one of Alessandro Farnese's favorite enemies, died on 2 December 1572. 800:

at Caprarola and turn it into a country villa. Actual construction began in 1559 and was completed in 1573. Even when half completed, in 1561, Cardinal Alessandro commissioned

602:, the appointment being approved by Pope Julius III on 12 November 1554; a new bishop was approved by Pope Paul IV on 7 May 1557, ending his appointment. There had been two 4247: 1381: 534:, another grandson of Paul III and only two years older than Alessandro, was named the new Administrator (enjoying his Parmesan income until he resigned in 1560). 3404: 2032:

XIV p. 134, where it is claimed that bulls were issued. It was Henri II, in a diplomatic transaction, who asked that Cardinal Farnese be appointed Administrator.

776:

everywhere, even inside the College of Cardinals, and as an Inquisitor he showed no scruple or mercy for those who were tainted. Showing all of the traditional

3330: 921: 541:, Spain, from 30 July 1535 until another Administrator, Cardinal Alessandro Cesarini, was appointed on 6 July 1537. He was Administrator of the Archdiocese of 1759:

He was appointed Governor of Tivoli on August 13, 1535, on the same day as he was promoted to the titulus of S. Lorenzo in Damaso: Luis de Salazar y Castro,

577:, who, unhappily, died at Palermo on 16 (?) March 1568. The Cardinal continued to enjoy the income of the diocese until 1573, when he resigned the bishopric. 3460: 1147: 3432: 569:

to found a college in Monreale, and allowed the priests of the Society to work in the diocese. In 1568, Cardinal Farnese visited his diocese and held a

3442: 496:

on 15 April 1566. From 1565 to 1578, he was Bishop of Tusculum (Frascati). He was the Bishop of Porto from 9 July 1578 to 5 December 1580. He was then

3376: 1763:(Madrid 1716), p. 239. He was replaced by the new pope Julius III and was succeeded in 1550 by Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este: Francesco Saverio Savi, 1438:. Forty-two cardinals participated in the funeral ceremonies. Above the main door of that church, on the interior side, is the famous inscription: 66: 2186:

Lettres et Memoires d' Estat, des roys, princes, ambassadeurs et autres Ministres, sous les Regnes de Francois premier, Henry II. et François II

2285:

Lettres et mémoires d' Estat des Roys, Princes, Ambassadeurs et autres Ministres , sous les Règnes de François premier, Henry II, et François II

948:. This eventually led to the election of Cardinal de' Medici, and Farnese crowned the new pope on 6 January 1560. The new Cardinal Nephews were 1267:, the Farnese collections were enlarged and systematized. Farnese collected ancient coins and commissioned modern medals. He had paintings by 1103: 477:

and Protector of Spain before the Holy See. These offices made him the most prominent expediter of all Imperial and Spanish business in the

4147: 3990: 3774: 17: 2535:

Lettres et mémoires d' État des Roys, Princes, Ambassadeurs et autres Ministres sous les règnes de François Ier, Henry II et François II

1502:

Barbiche, Bernard; de Dainville-Barbiche, Ségolène (1985). "Les légats à latere en France et leurs facultés aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles".

4152: 3653: 2749:

Tome I, book xxiii) gives credit to Carlo Carafa, Alfonso Carafa, Alessandro Farnese, Guido Ascanio Sforza and Louis de Guise-Lorraine.

1087:. Mary's relatives, the Guises, were the leaders of the devout hyper-Catholic party in France, who were eager for a show-down with the 678:, and after his murder on 10 September 1547, to Duke Ottavio Farnese, and then to Cardinal Ranuccio Farnese, his own younger brother. 556:

in Sicily; his appointment was confirmed on 15 May 1536, by Pope Paul III. But Monreale was not a happy place, since the monks of the

481:; his opinion was always consulted and, since he was the Pope's nephew, it was often followed. At the same time, he was appointed 4252: 4157: 146: 53: 3006: 2228:

Papa Marcello II Cervini e la Chiesa della prima metà del'500: atti del Convegno di studi storici, Montepulciano, 4 maggio 2002

4167: 1407:

in 1585, but these were revoked and replaced by a new will, written on 22 June 1588, with codicils added in July and August.

1354: 542: 497: 3979: 1366: 1048:. The Christian fleet, commanded by King Philip II's half-brother, Don John of Austria, inflicted a decisive defeat on the 482: 1188: 4182: 4162: 3210: 981: 531: 448: 401: 4237: 4177: 4172: 3758: 3753: 2507:(1928), pp.89-93, indicates that Farnese held the Abbey of Granselve (again) from 1562 to 1579. A document reported in 1369:. Clelia's husband died in 1585. On 2 August 1587, at the Farnese palace in Caprarola, she married her second husband, 4192: 3716: 953: 858: 675: 353: 281: 106: 538: 4222: 3779: 3700: 3613: 3164: 809: 501: 456: 361: 124: 724:. Unfortunately, Cervini was disliked by the Emperor. But the genuine reformers, who wanted the resumption of the 4262: 4187: 4027: 3996: 3953: 3292: 546: 521: 3948: 2169: 1635: 796:

It was in 1556 that Cardinal Farnese commissioned Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola to take in hand the half-completed

436: 4061: 4039: 4001: 3984: 3937: 3932: 3784: 3737: 3674: 3646: 2949: 1161: 2965: 2346: 1656: 4232: 4207: 3942: 1115: 917: 674:, the noted poet and prose stylist. Caro had previously been in the service of Cardinal Alessandro's father, 636: 3036: 590:

in Provence, which he resigned one year later on 20 July 1541. In 1549, his grandfather Pope Paul III died.

4017: 3901: 3152: 2197: 1939:

I, pp. 105-109. One-quarter of the fruits was to be reserved for the repair of the fabric of the Cathedral.

820: 166: 1782:"Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore {Saint Mary Major Basilica} (Other Office) [Catholic-Hierarchy]" 1071: 4197: 4045: 3684: 3623: 3596: 3532: 3515: 616: 435:

on the Via Ostiense, a position he held until 1544. In 1535, he was also appointed Abbot commendatory of

420: 156: 61: 4212: 3136:

Patrons and Painters: A Study in the Relations Between Italian Art and Society in the Age of the Baroque

4202: 4083: 4069: 3974: 3969: 3880: 3832: 3721: 3542: 2483: 1806:"Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano {Saint Peter Basilica} (Other Office) [Catholic-Hierarchy]" 1467: 1358: 1197: 1193: 839: 620: 582: 908:

For the approaching Conclave, King Philip II of Spain let it be known that his choices were Cardinals

4257: 4242: 4227: 4217: 4033: 4022: 3864: 3639: 3505: 1619: 1317:(A. D. 14–37) at the northwest end filled in, and converted to a summer home and formal gardens. The 1240: 1236: 973: 789: 161: 30:

This article is about the cardinal from 1534 to 1589. For the earlier cardinal of the same name, see

3606: 3586: 3579: 3559: 3525: 3498: 1303: 129: 2698:

Nuova edizione, riveduta, corretta, ed ampliata Volume I (Colonia: Lorenzo Martini, 1691), p. 307.

1905:(Madrid 1716), p. 240, already makes it clear that the post was that of Administrator, not Bishop. 3896: 3478: 1139:

In the Spring of 1585, an embassy from Japan was making its way to Rome. They arrived by ship at

1093: 969: 608: 460: 1434:

in Rome on 2 March 1589, at the age of sixty eight . He was buried before the high altar in the

427:, who had been elected to the papacy two months previously. On 11 August 1535, he was appointed 4267: 3282: 3275: 3248: 3220: 1370: 1284: 1080: 985: 742: 333: 151: 2499:

II (Paris 1913) pp. 90-91. Paul Paris-Jallobert, "Les cardinaux de Bretagne (suite et fin),

933: 3922: 3255: 2923: 1177: 1099: 649: 135: 1435: 846:. The pressure of Spanish victories in Lombardy and Tuscany, however, forced their release. 254: 4142: 4137: 3927: 3917: 1857:

Abregé du Recueil des actes, titres et mémoires concernant les affaires du clergé de France

1541:

Delle Lettere del Commendatore Annibal Caro scritte a nome del Cardinale Alessandro Farnese

1157: 1084: 909: 761: 1414:, Vincenzo Remosetti, was summoned to a consultation at the Farnese Palace at Caprarola, " 1294:

which was completed in 1546 after being nine years in the making (now the property of the

1196:, marble inlaid with alabaster and hardstones, made for Alessandro Farnese (detail of top 466:

In 1538, he was appointed Pope Paul III's principal Secretary and, with the assistance of

404:. He was a member of the Collegio Ancarano, which had been founded in the 15th century by 8: 3552: 3470: 3422: 3366: 3238: 2551: 2479: 1663:(2015), pp. 2-3, provides evidence to indicate that the actual birthday was September 27. 1629: 1475: 1471: 991: 903: 664: 640: 594: 493: 393: 365: 2310: 2259: 2139: 1527:

The Invention of Papal History: Onofrio Panvinio between Renaissance and Catholic Reform

663:

In 1546, he accompanied the troops sent by the pope to the aid of Charles V against the

4109: 3848: 1869: 1805: 1781: 1747: 1511: 1419: 1400: 1205: 1119: 929: 843: 745:, the seventy-eight year old Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa of Naples was elected pope by 557: 553: 3414: 1750:(GCatholic). The office produced the highest annual income of all the curial offices. 1156:

sixty-four years old, was the senior cardinal present. He was both Dean of the Sacred

3358: 3348: 3310: 3168: 3003: 2945: 1699: 1326: 1128: 1065: 1041: 879: 729: 552:

On 9 May 1536, the Emperor Charles V named Cardinal Farnese as the new archbishop of

432: 405: 369: 3228: 1738:

XI(Paris 1759), 428. The authors are unaware of Henri II's revocation of the grant.

670:

In 1548, Cardinal Alessandro Farnese took into his service as his private secretary

573:. He was accompanied by his librarian, the famous antiquarian and papal biographer, 4097: 3450: 3320: 3302: 3265: 2614: 2486:(3 April 1559), however, concluded armed hostilities between the Empire and France. 1487: 1386: 1322: 949: 725: 599: 574: 2511:, 19 (1906), p. 135, indicates that Farnese held the Abbey of Caën again in 1575. 890:

Jerusalem, which was granted away only twenty days after the end of the Conclave.

473:

In 1541, Cardinal Farnese was named Protector of the Holy Roman Empire before the

3394: 3386: 3338: 3200: 3183: 3156: 3010: 2522:

Felipe II y el conclave de 1559, según los documentos originales, muchos inéditos

1411: 1350: 1318: 1248: 1244: 1098:

would require papal cooperation as well. Her choice was the Cardinal of Ferrara,

1083:

of England had been excommunicated by Pius V, and she had obtained possession of

1045: 850: 416: 204: 1176:

in armor carrying weapons, and for that horrible crime he was imprisoned in the

853:, a man of tested prudence and familiar with Germany. He had been chosen as the 451:(13 August 1535 – 2 March 1589), He also became Governor of Tivoli (1535–1550), 447:

Young Cardinal Farnese received many other offices and benefices, becoming Vice-

3488: 2870:

Liber LXXXI, cap. 25 (ed. London: Samuel Buckley 1733, tomus quartus p. 289).

1404: 1342: 1299: 1295: 1213: 1052:, destroying all but thirty of its ships. Cardinal Farnese was on the docks at 1049: 1034: 937: 801: 765: 648:

returned to Paris on 14 May. He had a meeting with King Francis on the 17th at

603: 293: 88: 2247: 1546: 1279:, and an important collection of drawings. He commissioned the masterpiece of 1025:(Permanent legate) of the Province of the Patrimony of St. Peter, resident in 925: 4131: 3569: 3192: 2668:

V. de Brognòli, "Storia della città di Roma dall' anno Domini 1565 al 1572,"

1832:

III editio altera (curavit J. Schmitz-Kallenberg) (Monasterii 1935), p. 210.

1310: 1289: 1280: 1264: 1224: 1209: 1173: 1053: 913: 797: 769: 671: 409: 373: 357: 345: 194: 31: 3172: 2807: 2572: 2364:

The Artful Hermitage: The Palazzetto Farnese as a Counter-reformation Diaeta

2243: 1628:

Self-published papers concerning the Farnese, by Patrizia Rosini, at

1623: 1614:

The Artful Hermitage: The Palazzetto Farnese as a Counter-reformation Diaeta

1346: 470:(Msgr.) Marcello Cervino, he managed most of the papal business until 1549. 4121: 2896:(Roma 1876), pp. 125-132. The story may only be a legend. Romano Canosa, 1522: 1494:(Cologne: Josue Cholin 1600), 385-405. There is an Italian translation in: 1362: 1272: 1064:

One of the determining factors in the minds of the electors was the recent

945: 854: 824: 784:, and especially against converted Jews, he issued a bull on 14 July 1555, 632: 244: 41: 2296:

G. Coggiola, "I Farnesi e il conclave di Paolo IV con documenti inediti,"

341: 2942:

Die Sammlung des Kardinal Farnese: Ein 'Studio' für Künstler und Gelehrte

2927: 2379:, Book XIV, chapter 2. (ed. Zaccaria, Vol. III (Roma 1833), p. 146-147). 1260: 1217: 1015: 746: 689:

After peace was made between the Pope and France, Orazio Farnese had the

478: 1515: 1498:

edizione novissima IV (Venezia: Domenico Ferrarin 1765), pp. 44–70.

1496:

Storia delle vite de' Pontefici di Bartolommeo Platina e d' altri autori

3060:

2 Maggio 2008) p. 2, citing archival material newly discovered by her.

1765:

La Villa d'Este in Tivoli: memorie storiche tratta da documenti inediti

1313:

in Rome and had Roman ruins from the palace built by the Roman Emperor

1302:

built to house this collection appears to be the one re-erected at the

708: 489: 452: 360:, who was murdered in 1547. He should not be confused with his nephew, 1422:

problems. The Cardinal was gravely ill. He was subjected to the usual

2709:

The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571 Volume IV. The Sixteenth Century

2244:

Sede Vacante and Conclave, March 23--April 9, 1555 (Dr. J. P. Adams).

2204:

Tomo VII (Roma 1846), Book XIII, chapter 11, section 8: pp. 139-140.

2155:

Anton Federico Seghezzi, "La Vita del Commendatore Annibal Caro", in

1232: 777: 757: 587: 467: 385: 223: 3057: 2334:

Bullarium Diplomatum et Privilegiorum Sanctorum Romanorum Pontificum

2146:(Centro Studi Cariani di Civitanova Marche, February 2008), pp. 2-6. 1365:

of the City of Rome (1565–1585). In September 1572, they had a son,

4104: 3631: 2480:

Treaty between Cardinal Carlo Carafa and Henri II (July 23, 1556).

2442:

A Glance at the Italian Inquisition. A Sketch of Pietro Carnesecchi

1855:

Louis Odespunc de La Meschinière, Jean Le Gentil, Marc Du Saulzet,

1431: 1423: 1330: 1314: 1252: 1088: 862: 721: 474: 424: 337: 1204:

The buildings that Cardinal Farnese built or restored include the

1276: 1256: 1228: 1140: 1026: 750: 643:. In the Consistory of 24 November 1539 he was sent as Apostolic 397: 389: 2232:

Marcello Cervini's Pope Marcellus II bibliography's patron saint

1722:

Un Monaco Cisterciense Trappista (a cura di Massimo Pautrier),

1427: 1268: 1144:

by Gambara and Farnese, the embassy reached Rome on 22 March.

773: 516: 70: 2470:, Book 14, chapter 10 (ed. Zaccaria, III (Roma 1833), p. 207). 2248:

Documents relevant to the Conclaves of 1555 (Dr. J. P. Adams).

1492:

B. Platina, Historia B. Platinae de vitis Pontificum Romanorum

2894:

Memorie sulla vita e i fatti del Cardinale Alessandro Farnese

2230:(Montepulciano: Editrice 'Le Balze' 2002). Stanley Morison, 1687:

Memorie sulla vita e i fatti del Cardinale Alessandro Farnese

1565:

Memorie sulla vita e i fatti del Cardinale Alessandro Farnese

1501: 883: 690: 570: 565: 512: 428: 3123:

Giacomo Della Porta: un architetto tra Manierismo e Barrocco

2711:(Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society 1984), p. 885. 2418:

Liber XIII, cap. 10 (ed. Zaccaria, III (Roma 1833), p. 63).

1870:"Giulio Cardinal della Rovere [Catholic-Hierarchy]" 1600:'Il Gran Cardinale'. Alessandro Farnese, Patron of the Arts 781: 682: 240: 2215:

Die Papstwahlbullen und das staatliche Recht der Exklusive

1624:

Sede Vacante and Conclave of 1549--1550 (Dr. J. P. Adams).

1079:

There were other problems that a pope would have to face.

1029:. This is recorded on the inscription of a new town gate. 1748:

Chancellors and Vice-Chancellors of the Holy Roman Church

3108:(New York: Skira, 2008). A. M. Affanni, P. Portoghesi. 1329:

and, from its floral essence, the important biochemical

1056:

to welcome home the hero, his brother's brother-in-law.

760:, and was a promoter of reform in the Church. He was no 415:

On 18 December 1534, at the age of 14, he was appointed

2505:

Bulletin de la Société Archéologique de Tarn-et-Garonne

1724:

Storia dell' Abbazia delle Tre Fontane dal 1140 al 1950

1325:

in Europe. From these gardens are derived the names of

2552:

Letter of Cardinal Louis de Guise (27 September 1559).

2157:

Delle Lettere Familiari del Commendatore Annibale Caro

1630:

https://independent.academia.edu/patriziarosini/Papers

1607:

Farnese: Pomp, Power and Politics in Renaissance Italy

504:

from 5 December 1580 until his death on 2 March 1589.

4081: 2123:

Raccolta di poeti classici italiani antichi e moderni

1676:

32 (Paris 1878), Paulus III annus 1, no. 14 (p. 338).

1227:

kings. His generosity towards artists made a virtual

488:

From 1564 to 1565, he was Bishop of Sabina and it is

3449:

Perpetual Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of

2659:

Volume X (Serie ii, Tomo IV) (Firenze 1857), p. 143.

1901:

Gulik and Eubel, p. 203. Luis de Salazar y Castro,

3138:(New Haven: Yale University Press 2002), pp. 65-67. 3041:

Viaggio nel Rinascimento tra i Farnese ed i Caetani

2188:

Tome second (Paris 1666), pp. 523-524 and 532-534.

1927:Gulik and Eubel, p. 335. Luis de Salazar y Castro, 3043:(Banca Dati "Nuova Rinasciamento 2007), pp. 65-74. 3004:http://www.aviewoncities.com/rome/palatinehill.htm 2119:Eneide di Virgilio, del commendatore Annibale Caro 1430:. Cardinal Farnese died quietly of the effects of 1118:arrived from Naples. He had been sent to Italy by 635:, arranging peace between the perpetually warring 615:In 1564, Alessandro Farnese succeeded his brother 3256:Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of Avignon 1183: 4129: 2657:Le relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al senato 2175:(Viterbo: Edizioni 'Sette Citta', 2010), p. 17. 1595:. (Roma: Istituto di studi romani editore 1972). 1572:I Farnesi. Grandezza e decadenza di una dinastia 1309:In 1550, Farnese acquired a northern portion of 4248:16th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops 3084:Memorie de' Cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa 2994:The identification was made by Riebesell 1989. 2079:Istoria del celebre imperial Monastero Farfense 1674:Caesaris S. R. E. Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici 1534:Memorie de' Cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa 1376: 2497:Les origins politiques des guerres de religion 2453:Cesare Cantù, "Il Cardinale Giovanni Morone," 2336:(Turin edition) VI (Turin 1860), pp. 498-500. 1474:(1568–1575), is one of the great monuments of 1037:. He resigned the diocese on 9 December 1573. 3647: 2922:It ranked with the papal collections, in the 1536:IV (Roma: Pagliarini 1793), pp. 136–140. 3054:La malattia del Cardinale Alessandro Farnese 2173:Clelia Farnese, la figlia del gran cardinale 1636:La malattia del Cardinale Alessandro Farnese 332:(5 October 1520 – 2 March 1589), an Italian 3024:Clelia Farnese la figlia del Gran Cardinale 2879:In accordance with a Bull of Pope Paul IV, 2136:Annibal Caro, segretario di Ottavio Farnese 1490:(1529–1568), "de vita Pont. Pauli III," in 1341:Cardinal Alessandro Farnese had a daughter 593:He was Administrator of the Archdiocese of 3654: 3640: 3477:Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of 3421:Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of 3393:Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of 3365:Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of 3337:Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of 3309:Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of 3227:Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of 3199:Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of 3157:"FARNESE, iuniore, Alessandro (1520-1589)" 1212:at Caprarola, and the Farnese palace near 928:was promoting the nomination of Cardinals 60: 2939: 2672:Anno VII, Vol. 1 (Roma 1884), p. 639 n.2. 2457:Volume II (Milano: Brigola 1873), p. 421. 1602:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. 764:, however, and preferred the doctrine of 485:(1541–1565). Royal consent was required. 384:Farnese was born at the family castle at 27:Italian cardinal and diplomat (1520–1589) 2926:and the city's collection housed at the 2786:Indice de las glorias de la Casa Farnese 2760:Indice de las glorias de la Casa Farnese 2736:Volume I (London-New York, 1884), p. 73. 2403:Indice de las glorias de la Casa Farnese 2108:Barbiche and Dainville-Barbiche, p. 155. 2099:Barbiche and Dainville-Barbiche, p. 154. 1929:Indice de las glorias de la Casa Farnese 1903:Indice de las glorias de la Casa Farnese 1843:Indice de las glorias de la Casa Farnese 1761:Indice de las glorias de la Casa Farnese 1380: 1187: 1146: 1070: 1018:. Borromeo and Farnese had made a pope. 990: 819: 545:from 1535 to 1551 and of the Diocese of 511: 408:in Tuscia, for students specializing in 136:Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Damaso 2911:Le sculture Farnese: storia e documenti 2868:Historiarum sui temporis Libri CXXXVIII 2226:Carlo Prezzolini and Valeria Novembri, 1529:(Oxford: Oxford University Press 2020). 772:, and anything that favored it. He saw 537:Farnese was appointed Administrator of 507: 147:Cardinal-Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina 14: 4130: 3161:The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church 2983:Rome, le palais Farnèse et les Farnèse 2287:Tome second (Paris 1666), p. 609-611. 1416:per uno grande accidente di epilepsia" 652:. He returned to Rome on 5 June 1540. 626: 3980:Prince Sixtus Henry, Duke of Aranjuez 3635: 1767:(Roma 1902), pp. 32-34. Sante Viola, 1410:On 7 July 1588, the physician of the 768:. He was also a vigorous opponent of 498:Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia and Velletri 3661: 1918:Tomus primus (Paris 1716), 831-833. 1399:Cardinal Alessandro Farnese wrote a 815: 701: 54:Archpriest of Saint Peter's Basilica 4148:People from the Province of Viterbo 3943:Felix, Prince Consort of Luxembourg 3775:Odoardo, Hereditary Prince of Parma 3211:Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora 3151: 3086:IV (Roma: Pagliarini 1793), p. 140. 2548:Histoire diplomatique des conclaves 2159:Tomo primo (Bologna 1819), p. xxii. 1558:Notizie storiche della casa Farnese 1134: 1059: 959: 954:Markus Sittich von Hohenems Altemps 897: 532:Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora 449:Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church 402:Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora 24: 3110:Studi su Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola 2550:II (Paris: 1864), p. 121. 872: 756:He had been the co-founder of the 25: 4279: 4153:Deans of the College of Cardinals 3145: 2944:. Weinheim: VCH, Acta Humaniora. 2773:Historia della chiesa di Monreale 2390:Historia della chiesa di Monreale 2300:9 (1900) 61-91, 203-227, 449-479. 2217:(Tuebingen: H. Laupp 1892), 1-35. 2138:(Piacenza 1910). Patrizia 4115: 4103: 4091: 3614:Dean of the College of Cardinals 3165:Florida International University 3128: 3115: 3098: 3089: 3076: 3071:Inscrizioni delle chiese di Roma 3063: 3046: 3029: 2734:The Life of St. Charles Borromeo 1981:Inscrizione delle chiese di Roma 1454:TEMPLVM . HOC . SUAE. MONVMENTVM 1452:ET . DECRETIS . AMPLISS . ORNATA 1385:Portrait of Cardinal Farnese by 878:war against the Emperor for the 586:Administrator of the Diocese of 502:Dean of the College of Cardinals 125:Dean of the College of Cardinals 4028:Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg 3073:X (Roma 1877), p. 462, no. 745. 3058:Banca dati "Nuovo Rinascimento" 3016: 2997: 2988: 2975: 2970:Il Palazzo Farnese di Caprarola 2958: 2933: 2916: 2903: 2886: 2873: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2800: 2791: 2778: 2765: 2752: 2739: 2726: 2714: 2701: 2688: 2675: 2662: 2649: 2640: 2631: 2607: 2598: 2589: 2565: 2556: 2540: 2527: 2514: 2489: 2473: 2460: 2447: 2434: 2421: 2408: 2395: 2382: 2375:Francesco Sforza-Pallavicino, 2369: 2356: 2351:Il Palazzo Farnese di Caprarola 2339: 2327: 2303: 2290: 2276: 2252: 2237: 2220: 2207: 2191: 2178: 2162: 2149: 2128: 2111: 2102: 2093: 2084: 2071: 2062: 2053: 2044: 2035: 2022: 2013: 2004: 1995: 1986: 1973: 1960: 1951: 1942: 1921: 1908: 1895: 1886: 1862: 1848: 1835: 1822: 1798: 1661:Il Palazzo Farnese di Caprarola 1458:IN . EVM . ORDINEM . VOLVNTATIS 1446:PAVLI . III. PONT . MAX . NEPOS 1104:Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany 924:. In contrast, the French king 522:Pope Paul III and his Grandsons 4253:16th-century Italian diplomats 4158:16th-century Italian cardinals 3985:Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg 2892:Camillo Trasmondo Frangipani, 2546:F. Petruccelli della Gattina, 2501:Revue de Bretagne et de Vendée 2468:Istoria del Concilio di Trento 2440:Leopold Witte (tr. J. Betts), 2416:Istoria del Concilio di Trento 2414:Francesco Sforza Pallavicino, 2377:Istoria del Concilio di Trento 2202:Istoria del Concilio di Trento 1983:V (Roma 1873), p. 58, no. 170. 1970:I (Palermo 1733), pp. 470-473. 1774: 1753: 1741: 1729: 1716: 1692: 1685:Camillo Trasmondo Frangipani, 1679: 1666: 1649: 1563:Camillo Trasmondo Frangipani, 1504:Archivum Historiae Pontificiae 1462:ANNO . IVBILEI . M . D . LXXV 1448:CVIVS . AVCTORITATE . SOCIETAS 1444:CARD . S . R . E . VICECANCELL 1336: 1184:Legacy as collector and patron 1151:Cardinal Ferdinando de' Medici 13: 1: 3193:Alessandro Farnese (Paul III) 2940:Riebesell, Christina (1989). 2696:Conclavi de' pontefici romani 2683:Meletmatum Romanorum mantissa 2509:Revue d'histoire diplomatique 1771:III (Roma 1819), pp. 187-206. 1672:Augustinus Theiner (editor), 1560:2 parts (Montefiascone 1818). 1551:La vita di Pier Luigi Farnese 1450:IESV . RECEPTA . PRIMVM, FVIT 1390: 1255:. Under the direction of his 828: 637:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 525:, depicts Alessandro at left. 379: 171: 74: 4168:Cardinal-bishops of Frascati 4023:Prince Jaime, Count of Bardi 4018:Prince Carlos, Duke of Parma 3902:Prince Henry, Count of Bardi 2972:(2015), especially pp. 9-20. 2685:(Ratisbon 1875), p. 209-210. 2537:Tome II (Blois 1666) p. 830. 2353:(2015), especially pp. 9-20. 2198:Francesco Sforza Pallavicino 1377:Death and monument: The Gesù 116:Giovanni Evangelista Palotta 7: 3624:Giovanni Antonio Serbelloni 3597:Giovanni Antonio Serbelloni 3533:Cardinal-bishop of Frascati 2732:Giovanni Pietro Giussano, 1616:(Roma: Bretschneider 2008). 1609:(Roma: Bretschneider 2007). 1481: 655:Cardinal Farnese was named 459:(1537–1543), Archpriest of 392:on 7 October 1520 (current 157:Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati 18:Cardinal Alessandro Farnese 10: 4284: 4183:Cardinal-bishops of Sabina 4163:Cardinal-bishops of Albano 3975:Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma 3881:Charles III, Duke of Parma 3833:Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma 3754:Ranuccio II, Duke of Parma 3026:(Viterbo 2010), pp. 23-30. 2784:Luis de Salazar y Castro, 2758:Luis de Salazar y Castro, 2401:Luis de Salazar y Castro, 2144:Annibale Caro ed I Farnese 1914:Gulik and Eubel, p. 127. 1874:www.catholic-hierarchy.org 1841:Luis de Salazar y Castro, 1810:www.catholic-hierarchy.org 1786:www.catholic-hierarchy.org 1588:(Milano: Dall'Oglio 1969). 1460:A . FVNDAMENTIS . EXTRVXIT 1456:RELIGIONIS . ET. PERPETVAE 1361:, Marchese of Civitanova, 1357:. In 1570, Clelia married 1283:, arguably the last major 1198:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1075:Cardinal Antonio Granvelle 1021:By 1569, the Cardinal was 918:Giovanni Angelo de' Medici 901: 583:Diocese of Massa Marittima 442: 340:and a great collector and 29: 4238:Diplomats of the Holy See 4178:Cardinal-bishops of Porto 4173:Cardinal-bishops of Ostia 4055: 4010: 3962: 3910: 3889: 3873: 3865:Charles II, Duke of Parma 3857: 3841: 3825: 3809: 3793: 3767: 3746: 3730: 3717:Ranuccio I, Duke of Parma 3709: 3693: 3667: 3620: 3611: 3603: 3593: 3584: 3576: 3566: 3557: 3549: 3539: 3530: 3522: 3512: 3506:Cardinal-bishop of Sabina 3503: 3495: 3485: 3475: 3467: 3457: 3447: 3439: 3429: 3419: 3411: 3401: 3391: 3383: 3373: 3363: 3355: 3345: 3335: 3327: 3317: 3307: 3299: 3289: 3280: 3272: 3262: 3253: 3245: 3239:Card. Alessandro Cesarini 3235: 3225: 3217: 3207: 3197: 3189: 3182: 3106:Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola 3013:History of Palatine Hill. 2866:Jacques-Auguste de Thou, 2848:Petruccelli, pp. 225-227. 2775:(Roma 1596), pp. 113-117. 2655:Eugenio Alberi (editor), 2595:Wahrmund, pp. 91 and 267. 2524:(Madrid 1889), pp. 30-31. 1726:(Roma 2010), pp. 292-299. 1620:Papal conclave, 1549-1550 1581:(Milano: Mondadori 1964). 1567:(Roma: Sinimberghi 1876). 1556:Flaminio Maria Annibali, 1349:, dame de Châteaubrun, a 1241:Cardinal Ranuccio Farnese 1237:Palazzo della Cancellaria 1235:, and in his lodgings at 1231:at the house he built at 968:The French, at this time 619:as Abbot Commendatory of 319: 299: 289: 277: 269: 261: 250: 230: 215: 210: 200: 187: 182: 162:Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina 142: 120: 112: 102: 94: 84: 59: 52: 39: 4193:Archbishops of Benevento 3970:Robert II, Duke of Parma 3780:Francesco, Duke of Parma 3701:Alexander, Duke of Parma 3607:Giovanni Girolamo Morone 3587:Cardinal-bishop of Ostia 3580:Giovanni Girolamo Morone 3560:Cardinal-bishop of Porto 3526:Giovanni Girolamo Morone 3499:Giovanni Girolamo Morone 2745:Jacques-August de Thou ( 2615:"Sede Vacante 1565-1566" 2362:Arnold Alexander Witte, 2184:Guillaume Ribier (ed.), 2068:Gulik and Eubel, p. 132. 2059:Gulik and Eubel, p. 303. 2050:Gulik and Eubel, p. 160. 2041:Gulik and Eubel, p. 336. 2019:Gulik and Eubel, p. 321. 2010:Gulik and Eubel, p. 161. 2001:Gulik and Eubel, p. 237. 1992:Gulik and Eubel, p. 138. 1957:Gulik and Eubel, p. 340. 1948:Gulik and Eubel, p. 250. 1700:"S. Angelo in Pescheria" 1642: 1612:Arnold Alexander Witte, 1543:3 volumes (Milano 1807). 1478:religious architecture. 1418:, accompanied by severe 1321:became one of the first 1162:Cardinal Bishop of Ostia 849:Then it was the turn of 549:, Portugal (1547–1552). 433:the Abbey of Tre Fontane 421:Sant'Angelo in Pescheria 348:(who also bore the name 130:Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia 4223:Archbishops of Monreale 3897:Robert I, Duke of Parma 3722:Cardinal-Prince Odoardo 2466:F. Sforza-Pallavicino, 2429:Le Cardinal Jean Morone 1892:Gulik and Eubel, p. 56. 1828:G. Gulik and C. Eubel, 1689:(Roma 1876), pp. 26-29. 1304:Musée de la Renaissance 1239:and, after his brother 1040:On 7 October 1571, the 995:Cardinal Carlo Borromeo 562:perpetuus Administrator 483:Papal Legate in Avignon 457:St. Mary Major Basilica 400:along with his cousin, 4263:Italian art collectors 4188:Archbishops of Avignon 3785:Antonio, Duke of Parma 3738:Odoardo, Duke of Parma 3675:Ottavio, Duke of Parma 3283:Archbishop of Monreale 3221:Esteban Gabriel Merino 3184:Catholic Church titles 3112:(Roma: Gangemi, 2012). 2913:(Napoli: Electa 2007). 2788:(Madrid 1716), p. 251. 2771:Giovanni Luigi Lello, 2762:(Madrid 1716), p. 252. 2405:(Madrid 1716), p. 248. 2388:Giovanni Luigi Lello, 2366:(Roma 2008), p. 57-60. 1859:(Paris 1752), 817-823. 1579:Storie di casa Farnese 1553:(Milano: Giusti 1821). 1396: 1285:illuminated manuscript 1201: 1152: 1076: 1011: 996: 834: 743:Feast of the Ascension 631:Farnese also became a 621:the Monastery of Farfa 526: 372:and great-grandson of 344:, was the grandson of 167:Patriarch of Jerusalem 152:Archbishop of Monreale 3938:Xavier, Duke of Parma 3923:Joseph, Duke of Parma 3125:(Roma: Bulzoni 1974). 2924:Cortile del Belvedere 2898:I segreti dei Farnesi 2444:(London 1885), p. 55. 1845:(Madrid 1716), p. 240 1591:Edoardo del Vecchio, 1441:ALEXANDER . FARNESIVS 1384: 1355:Archbishop of Bourges 1243:died in 1565, at the 1192:Table to a design by 1191: 1150: 1074: 1006: 994: 840:Cardinal della Corgna 823: 650:Saint-Germain-en-Laye 558:Cathedral of Monreale 515: 4233:Archbishops of Tours 4208:Bishops of Cavaillon 4062:prince of Luxembourg 3928:Elias, Duke of Parma 3918:Henry, Duke of Parma 3331:Girolamo Ghianderoni 2839:Petruccelli, p. 223. 2830:Petruccelli, p. 223. 2797:Petruccelli, p. 210. 2604:Petruccelli, p. 175. 2392:(Roma 1596), p. 116. 1830:Hierarchia catholica 1359:Giangiorgio Cesarini 1347:Beaune de Semblançay 1216:, and the monastery 1158:College of Cardinals 1094:Catherine de' Medici 1085:Mary, Queen of Scots 970:Catherine de' Medici 910:Rodolfo Pio de Carpi 749:. He chose the name 519:'s triple portrait, 508:Benefices and income 461:St. Peter's Basilica 222:Castello Valentano, 3553:Cristoforo Madruzzi 3471:Giovanni della Casa 3387:Miguel II. da Silva 3276:Ippolito de' Medici 3249:Ippolito de' Medici 3082:Lorenzo Cardella, 3069:Vincenzo Forcella, 2900:(Rome 2000), p. 33. 2808:"Sede Vacante 1572" 2707:Kenneth M. Setton, 2670:Gli Studi in Italia 2573:"Sede Vacante 1559" 2260:"Sede Vacante 1555" 2081:(Roma 1834), p. 51. 1979:Vincenzo Forcella, 1937:Lettere ... Farnese 1933:Lettere ... Farnese 1488:Onuphrius Panvinius 1476:Counter-Reformation 1472:Giacomo della Porta 1403:in 1580, and added 1371:Marco Pio di Savoia 1259:and librarian, the 934:François de Tournon 904:1559 papal conclave 665:Schmalkaldic League 641:Francis I of France 627:Diplomatic activity 612:authorized agents. 494:Giulio della Rovere 423:by his grandfather 394:province of Viterbo 366:Spanish Netherlands 4198:Bishops of Bitonto 3849:Louis I of Etruria 3461:Pierre de Bertrand 3009:2020-05-08 at the 2533:Guillaume Ribier, 1584:E. Nasalli-Rocca, 1532:Lorenzo Cardella, 1436:Church of the Gesù 1397: 1206:Church of the Gesù 1202: 1153: 1077: 1044:took place in the 997: 844:Philip II of Spain 835: 786:Cum nimis absurdum 527: 437:S. Étienne de Caën 406:Petrus de Ancarano 364:, Governor of the 362:Alessandro Farnese 354:Pier Luigi Farnese 352:), and the son of 350:Alessandro Farnese 342:patron of the arts 330:Alessandro Farnese 47:Alessandro Farnese 4203:Bishops of Cahors 4079: 4078: 3759:Prince Alessandro 3680:Prince Alessandro 3630: 3629: 3621:Succeeded by 3594:Succeeded by 3567:Succeeded by 3540:Succeeded by 3513:Succeeded by 3486:Succeeded by 3458:Succeeded by 3430:Succeeded by 3402:Succeeded by 3374:Succeeded by 3359:Girolamo Ghinucci 3349:Bernardino Maffei 3346:Succeeded by 3318:Succeeded by 3290:Succeeded by 3263:Succeeded by 3236:Succeeded by 3208:Succeeded by 3153:Miranda, Salvador 3134:Francis Haskell, 3022:Patrizia Rosini, 2646:Petruccelli, 175. 2637:Petruccelli, 174. 2455:Illustri Italiani 2213:J. B. Sägmüller, 2030:Gallia christiana 1916:Gallia christiana 1736:Gallia christiana 1634:Patrizia Rosini, 1598:Clare Robertson, 1577:G. Rabbi Solari, 1345:, with Claude de 1327:Acacia farnesiana 1323:botanical gardens 1298:, New York). The 1066:Battle of Lepanto 1042:Battle of Lepanto 1023:Legatus perpetuus 922:Clemente d' Olera 880:Kingdom of Naples 816:The Morone Affair 730:Pope Marcellus II 702:Conclaves of 1555 694:Ottavio Farnese. 676:Pierluigi Farnese 370:Emperor Charles V 327: 326: 282:Pierluigi Farnese 107:Francesco Cornaro 16:(Redirected from 4275: 4258:Cardinal-nephews 4243:House of Farnese 4228:Bishops of Parma 4218:Bishops of Massa 4120: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4107: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4087: 4070:prince of Nassau 4040:Prince Guillaume 3662:Princes of Parma 3656: 3649: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3604:Preceded by 3577:Preceded by 3550:Preceded by 3523:Preceded by 3516:Ranuccio Farnese 3496:Preceded by 3468:Preceded by 3443:Paul de Carretto 3440:Preceded by 3412:Preceded by 3405:Gonçalo Pinheiro 3384:Preceded by 3356:Preceded by 3328:Preceded by 3321:Sebastiano Delio 3303:Lopez de Alarcon 3300:Preceded by 3273:Preceded by 3266:Annibale Bozzuti 3246:Preceded by 3218:Preceded by 3190:Preceded by 3180: 3179: 3176: 3139: 3132: 3126: 3119: 3113: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3087: 3080: 3074: 3067: 3061: 3050: 3044: 3033: 3027: 3020: 3014: 3001: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2979: 2973: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2937: 2931: 2920: 2914: 2909:Carlo Gasparri, 2907: 2901: 2890: 2884: 2877: 2871: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2782: 2776: 2769: 2763: 2756: 2750: 2743: 2737: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2705: 2699: 2692: 2686: 2679: 2673: 2666: 2660: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2544: 2538: 2531: 2525: 2520:R. de Hinojosa, 2518: 2512: 2495:Lucien Romier, 2493: 2487: 2484:Cateau-Cambresis 2477: 2471: 2464: 2458: 2451: 2445: 2438: 2432: 2425: 2419: 2412: 2406: 2399: 2393: 2386: 2380: 2373: 2367: 2360: 2354: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2321: 2307: 2301: 2294: 2288: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2256: 2250: 2241: 2235: 2224: 2218: 2211: 2205: 2195: 2189: 2182: 2176: 2166: 2160: 2153: 2147: 2134:Mario Casella, 2132: 2126: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2075: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1984: 1977: 1971: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1925: 1919: 1912: 1906: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1880: 1866: 1860: 1852: 1846: 1839: 1833: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1816: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1778: 1772: 1769:Storia di Tivoli 1757: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1696: 1690: 1683: 1677: 1670: 1664: 1653: 1519: 1395: 1392: 1387:Scipione Pulzone 1178:Castel S. Angelo 1135:Conclave of 1585 1060:Conclave of 1572 960:Conclave of 1566 898:Conclave of 1559 833: 830: 726:Council of Trent 657:Legatus a latere 645:Legatus a latere 575:Onofrio Panvinio 431:Commendatory of 237: 211:Personal details 191:18 December 1534 188:Created cardinal 176: 173: 143:Previous post(s) 79: 78: 1545-1546 76: 64: 37: 36: 21: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4213:Bishops of Jaén 4128: 4127: 4126: 4116: 4114: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4082: 4080: 4075: 4051: 4011:16th generation 4006: 3963:15th generation 3958: 3911:14th generation 3906: 3890:13th generation 3885: 3874:12th generation 3869: 3858:11th generation 3853: 3842:10th generation 3837: 3821: 3805: 3789: 3763: 3742: 3726: 3705: 3689: 3685:Prince Rannucio 3663: 3660: 3626: 3617: 3609: 3599: 3590: 3582: 3572: 3563: 3555: 3545: 3543:Giacomo Savelli 3536: 3528: 3518: 3509: 3501: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3435: 3433:Simon de Maillé 3426: 3417: 3415:Étienne Poncher 3407: 3398: 3389: 3379: 3377:Pietro Ghinucci 3370: 3361: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3295: 3286: 3278: 3268: 3259: 3251: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3148: 3143: 3142: 3133: 3129: 3120: 3116: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3081: 3077: 3068: 3064: 3051: 3047: 3034: 3030: 3021: 3017: 3011:Wayback Machine 3002: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2981:F. de Navenne, 2980: 2976: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2938: 2934: 2921: 2917: 2908: 2904: 2891: 2887: 2881:Cum venerabiles 2878: 2874: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2816: 2814: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2783: 2779: 2770: 2766: 2757: 2753: 2744: 2740: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2680: 2676: 2667: 2663: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2581: 2579: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2545: 2541: 2532: 2528: 2519: 2515: 2494: 2490: 2478: 2474: 2465: 2461: 2452: 2448: 2439: 2435: 2426: 2422: 2413: 2409: 2400: 2396: 2387: 2383: 2374: 2370: 2361: 2357: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2319: 2317: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2295: 2291: 2281: 2277: 2268: 2266: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2242: 2238: 2225: 2221: 2212: 2208: 2196: 2192: 2183: 2179: 2167: 2163: 2154: 2150: 2133: 2129: 2121:(Milano 1826) ( 2116: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2090:Marocco, p. 40. 2089: 2085: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1978: 1974: 1966:Roccho Pirro, 1965: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1926: 1922: 1913: 1909: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1878: 1876: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1853: 1849: 1840: 1836: 1827: 1823: 1814: 1812: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1790: 1788: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1758: 1754: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1721: 1717: 1708: 1706: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1684: 1680: 1671: 1667: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1605:Helge Gamrath, 1484: 1468:Giacomo Vignola 1464: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1393: 1379: 1351:lady-in-waiting 1339: 1319:Farnese Gardens 1249:Palazzo Farnese 1245:Palazzo Farnese 1186: 1137: 1100:Ippolito d'Este 1081:Queen Elizabeth 1062: 1046:Gulf of Corinth 974:Duke of Tuscany 962: 930:Ippolito d'Este 906: 900: 875: 873:France or Spain 851:Cardinal Morone 831: 818: 788:, creating the 716:were observed. 704: 629: 607:Archdiocese of 510: 445: 417:Cardinal Deacon 382: 315: 285:Girolama Orsini 284: 239: 235: 226: 220: 205:Cardinal-Bishop 192: 178: 174: 169: 165: 160: 155: 150: 134: 132: 128: 80: 77: 48: 45: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4281: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4125: 4124: 4112: 4100: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4065: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4020: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3997:Prince Jacques 3994: 3991:Prince Charles 3988: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3954:Prince Gaetano 3951: 3946: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3829: 3827: 3826:9th generation 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3810:8th generation 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3797: 3795: 3794:7th generation 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3771: 3769: 3768:6th generation 3765: 3764: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3750: 3748: 3747:5th generation 3744: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3734: 3732: 3731:4th generation 3728: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3713: 3711: 3710:3rd generation 3707: 3706: 3704: 3703: 3697: 3695: 3694:2nd generation 3691: 3690: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3671: 3669: 3668:1st generation 3665: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3636: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3592: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3565: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3538: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3489:Alfonso Carafa 3487: 3484: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3372: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3344: 3339:Massa Maritima 3334: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3316: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3288: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3261: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3234: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3206: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3178: 3177: 3147: 3146:External links 3144: 3141: 3140: 3127: 3121:T. Vitaliano, 3114: 3104:Bruno Adorni, 3097: 3088: 3075: 3062: 3045: 3028: 3015: 2996: 2987: 2974: 2957: 2950: 2932: 2915: 2902: 2885: 2872: 2859: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2799: 2790: 2777: 2764: 2751: 2738: 2725: 2713: 2700: 2687: 2681:Hugo Laemmer, 2674: 2661: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2564: 2562:Duruy, p. 309. 2555: 2539: 2526: 2513: 2488: 2472: 2459: 2446: 2433: 2420: 2407: 2394: 2381: 2368: 2355: 2338: 2326: 2311:"SEDE VACANTE" 2302: 2289: 2275: 2251: 2236: 2234:(Padova 1963). 2219: 2206: 2190: 2177: 2161: 2148: 2127: 2110: 2101: 2092: 2083: 2070: 2061: 2052: 2043: 2034: 2021: 2012: 2003: 1994: 1985: 1972: 1959: 1950: 1941: 1920: 1907: 1894: 1885: 1861: 1847: 1834: 1821: 1797: 1773: 1752: 1740: 1728: 1715: 1691: 1678: 1665: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1632: 1626: 1617: 1610: 1603: 1596: 1589: 1582: 1575: 1568: 1561: 1554: 1544: 1539:Annibal Caro, 1537: 1530: 1520: 1499: 1483: 1480: 1440: 1412:Duke of Urbino 1378: 1375: 1343:Clelia Farnese 1338: 1335: 1296:Morgan Library 1214:Lake Bracciano 1185: 1182: 1136: 1133: 1061: 1058: 1035:diocesan synod 961: 958: 950:Carlo Borromeo 938:Ercole Gonzaga 902:Main article: 899: 896: 874: 871: 817: 814: 802:Taddeo Zuccari 766:Thomas Aquinas 758:Theatine Order 703: 700: 628: 625: 509: 506: 444: 441: 381: 378: 368:, grandson of 325: 324: 321: 317: 316: 314: 313: 310: 307: 303: 301: 297: 296: 294:Clelia Farnese 291: 287: 286: 279: 275: 274: 271: 267: 266: 263: 259: 258: 252: 248: 247: 238:(aged 68) 232: 228: 227: 221: 219:7 October 1520 217: 213: 212: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 189: 185: 184: 180: 179: 144: 140: 139: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 96: 92: 91: 89:Roman Catholic 86: 82: 81: 65: 57: 56: 50: 49: 46: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4280: 4269: 4268:Sons of dukes 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4099: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4047: 4046:Prince Robert 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4003: 4002:Prince Michel 4000: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3933:Prince Sixtus 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3645: 3643: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3570:Fulvio Corneo 3562: 3561: 3554: 3548: 3544: 3535: 3534: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3481: 3480: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3453: 3452: 3444: 3438: 3434: 3425: 3424: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3388: 3382: 3378: 3369: 3368: 3360: 3354: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3304: 3298: 3294: 3285: 3284: 3277: 3271: 3267: 3258: 3257: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3231: 3230: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3137: 3131: 3124: 3118: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3092: 3085: 3079: 3072: 3066: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3025: 3019: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2991: 2985:(Paris 1913). 2984: 2978: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2912: 2906: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2882: 2876: 2869: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2827: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2794: 2787: 2781: 2774: 2768: 2761: 2755: 2748: 2742: 2735: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2710: 2704: 2697: 2691: 2684: 2678: 2671: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2601: 2592: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2559: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2536: 2530: 2523: 2517: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2485: 2482:The Peace of 2481: 2476: 2469: 2463: 2456: 2450: 2443: 2437: 2430: 2424: 2417: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2391: 2385: 2378: 2372: 2365: 2359: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2299: 2298:Studi Storici 2293: 2286: 2279: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2216: 2210: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2187: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2165: 2158: 2152: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2105: 2096: 2087: 2080: 2074: 2065: 2056: 2047: 2038: 2031: 2025: 2016: 2007: 1998: 1989: 1982: 1976: 1969: 1968:Sicilia Sacra 1963: 1954: 1945: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1917: 1911: 1904: 1898: 1889: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1858: 1851: 1844: 1838: 1831: 1825: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1749: 1744: 1737: 1732: 1725: 1719: 1705: 1701: 1695: 1688: 1682: 1675: 1669: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1648: 1637: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1463: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1388: 1383: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311:Palatine hill 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1290:Farnese Hours 1286: 1282: 1281:Giulio Clovio 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265:Fulvio Orsini 1263:iconographer 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225:Bourbon-Parma 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210:Villa Farnese 1208:in Rome, the 1207: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1174:Pope Sixtus V 1169: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1132: 1130: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1073: 1069: 1067: 1057: 1055: 1054:Civitavecchia 1051: 1050:Ottoman Turks 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1010: 1005: 1001: 993: 989: 987: 983: 977: 975: 971: 966: 957: 955: 951: 947: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 914:Giacomo Puteo 911: 905: 895: 891: 887: 885: 881: 870: 866: 864: 860: 859:Imperial Diet 856: 852: 847: 845: 841: 826: 822: 813: 811: 805: 803: 799: 794: 791: 790:Jewish Ghetto 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 770:Protestantism 767: 763: 759: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 734: 731: 727: 723: 717: 715: 710: 699: 695: 692: 687: 684: 679: 677: 673: 672:Annibale Caro 668: 666: 661: 658: 653: 651: 646: 642: 638: 634: 624: 622: 618: 613: 610: 605: 601: 596: 591: 589: 584: 578: 576: 572: 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 524: 523: 518: 514: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 486: 484: 480: 476: 471: 469: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 411: 410:legal studies 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 377: 375: 374:Pope Paul III 371: 367: 363: 359: 358:Duke of Parma 355: 351: 347: 346:Pope Paul III 343: 339: 335: 331: 323:Bologna (law) 322: 318: 312:administrator 311: 308: 305: 304: 302: 298: 295: 292: 288: 283: 280: 276: 273:Avignon, Rome 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 253: 249: 246: 242: 233: 229: 225: 218: 214: 209: 206: 203: 199: 196: 195:Pope Paul III 190: 186: 181: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 145: 141: 137: 131: 126: 123: 121:Other post(s) 119: 115: 111: 108: 105: 101: 97: 93: 90: 87: 83: 72: 68: 63: 58: 55: 51: 43: 38: 33: 32:Pope Paul III 19: 4067: 4059: 3816: 3800: 3679: 3612: 3585: 3558: 3531: 3504: 3476: 3448: 3420: 3392: 3364: 3336: 3308: 3281: 3254: 3226: 3198: 3160: 3135: 3130: 3122: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3091: 3083: 3078: 3070: 3065: 3053: 3048: 3040: 3031: 3023: 3018: 2999: 2990: 2982: 2977: 2969: 2960: 2941: 2935: 2918: 2910: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2880: 2875: 2867: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2826: 2815:. Retrieved 2812:www.csun.edu 2811: 2802: 2793: 2785: 2780: 2772: 2767: 2759: 2754: 2746: 2741: 2733: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2703: 2695: 2690: 2682: 2677: 2669: 2664: 2656: 2651: 2642: 2633: 2622:. Retrieved 2619:www.csun.edu 2618: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2580:. Retrieved 2577:www.csun.edu 2576: 2567: 2558: 2547: 2542: 2534: 2529: 2521: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2475: 2467: 2462: 2454: 2449: 2441: 2436: 2428: 2427:F. Sclopis, 2423: 2415: 2410: 2402: 2397: 2389: 2384: 2376: 2371: 2363: 2358: 2350: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2318:. Retrieved 2315:www.csun.edu 2314: 2305: 2297: 2292: 2284: 2278: 2267:. Retrieved 2264:www.csun.edu 2263: 2254: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2214: 2209: 2201: 2193: 2185: 2180: 2172: 2164: 2156: 2151: 2143: 2135: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2078: 2077:G. Marocco, 2073: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2037: 2029: 2024: 2015: 2006: 1997: 1988: 1980: 1975: 1967: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1915: 1910: 1902: 1897: 1888: 1877:. Retrieved 1873: 1864: 1856: 1850: 1842: 1837: 1829: 1824: 1813:. Retrieved 1809: 1800: 1789:. Retrieved 1785: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1743: 1735: 1731: 1723: 1718: 1707:. Retrieved 1703: 1694: 1686: 1681: 1673: 1668: 1660: 1651: 1613: 1606: 1599: 1592: 1585: 1578: 1574:(Roma 1954). 1571: 1564: 1557: 1550: 1540: 1533: 1526: 1523:Stefan Bauer 1507: 1503: 1495: 1491: 1465: 1443: 1415: 1409: 1398: 1363:Gonfaloniere 1340: 1308: 1288: 1273:Michelangelo 1222: 1203: 1170: 1166: 1154: 1138: 1129:Gregory XIII 1125: 1112: 1108: 1092: 1078: 1063: 1039: 1031: 1022: 1020: 1012: 1007: 1002: 998: 978: 967: 963: 946:Carlo Carafa 942: 907: 892: 888: 876: 867: 855:Papal Legate 848: 836: 825:Pope Paul IV 806: 795: 785: 780:against the 755: 738: 735: 718: 713: 705: 696: 688: 680: 669: 662: 660:March 1544. 656: 654: 644: 633:Papal Legate 630: 614: 592: 579: 561: 551: 536: 528: 520: 487: 472: 465: 446: 414: 383: 349: 329: 328: 306:Papal nephew 245:Papal States 236:(1589-03-02) 234:2 March 1589 42:His Eminence 4143:1589 deaths 4138:1520 births 4110:Catholicism 4034:Prince Jean 3949:Prince René 3293:Luis Torres 3052:P. Rosini, 2928:Campidoglio 1547:Ireneo Affò 1420:respiratory 1394: 1579 1337:Descendants 1261:antiquarian 1218:Tre Fontane 926:François II 832: 1556 747:acclamation 739:for himself 714:Novendiales 490:conjectured 479:Roman Curia 262:Nationality 175: 1550 103:Predecessor 4132:Categories 3618:1580–1589 3591:1580–1589 3564:1578–1580 3537:1565–1578 3510:1564–1565 3483:1556–1560 3455:1554–1557 3427:1553–1554 3399:1547–1552 3371:1540–1541 3343:1538-1547 3315:1537–1538 3287:1536–1573 3260:1535–1551 3233:1535–1537 3205:1534–1535 2951:352717656X 2817:2020-09-09 2624:2020-09-09 2582:2020-09-09 2320:2020-09-09 2269:2020-09-09 1879:2020-09-09 1815:2020-09-09 1791:2020-09-09 1709:2020-09-09 1510:: 93–165. 1306:, Écouen. 986:Capizucchi 982:Camerlengo 810:Alessandro 778:prejudices 453:Archpriest 380:Early life 300:Occupation 4098:Biography 3479:Benevento 3367:Cavaillon 3035:Patrizia 2723:, p. 327. 2125:. 46-47). 1704:GCatholic 1622:. 1593:I Farnese 1586:I Farnesi 1570:G. Drei, 1247:. In the 1233:Caprarola 1127:the name 1120:Philip II 1116:Granvelle 1089:Huguenots 609:Benevento 604:Conclaves 588:Cavaillon 468:Monsignor 386:Valentano 320:Education 270:Residence 224:Valentano 164:(1564–65) 159:(1565–78) 154:(1568–73) 149:(1578–80) 138:(1564–89) 133:(1580–89) 127:(1580–89) 113:Successor 98:1543–1589 95:In office 3173:53276621 3007:Archived 2747:Historia 2721:Conclavi 1516:23564223 1482:See also 1432:apoplexy 1424:quackery 1405:codicils 1367:Giuliano 1331:farnesol 1315:Tiberius 1300:studiolo 1253:El Greco 863:Augsburg 798:fortress 774:heretics 762:humanist 722:nepotism 617:Ranuccio 554:Monreale 475:Holy See 425:Paul III 338:diplomat 334:cardinal 309:diplomat 290:Children 67:Portrait 4084:Portals 3311:Bitonto 2246: 1638:(2008). 1277:Raphael 1257:curator 1229:academy 1194:Vignola 1141:Livorno 1027:Viterbo 857:to the 751:Paul IV 543:Avignon 443:Offices 398:Bologna 390:Tuscany 278:Parents 255:Il Gesù 170:(1539– 3451:Cahors 3171: 3037:Rosini 2966:Rosini 2948: 2431:p. 22. 2347:Rosini 2170:Rosini 2140:Rosini 1657:Rosini 1514: 1428:stroke 1287:, the 1275:, and 1269:Titian 1016:Pius V 936:, and 920:, and 884:francs 600:Cahors 517:Titian 265:Tuscan 257:, Rome 251:Buried 183:Orders 85:Church 71:Titian 4122:Italy 4068:also 4060:also 3423:Tours 3395:Viseu 3201:Parma 2117:E.g. 1643:Notes 1512:JSTOR 691:Duchy 683:fiefs 595:Tours 571:synod 566:Vicar 547:Vizeu 429:Abbot 3817:None 3801:None 3229:Jaén 3169:OCLC 2946:ISBN 2028:Cf. 1470:and 1401:will 1160:and 952:and 782:Jews 709:bull 639:and 564:. A 539:Jaen 500:and 336:and 241:Rome 231:Died 216:Born 201:Rank 2964:P. 2345:P. 2200:, 2168:P. 1655:P. 984:), 861:in 455:of 419:of 388:in 193:by 69:by 4134:: 4048:*^ 4042:*^ 4036:*^ 4030:*^ 3993:*^ 3987:*^ 3167:. 3163:. 3159:. 3155:. 3039:, 2968:, 2810:. 2694:, 2617:. 2575:. 2349:, 2313:. 2262:. 2142:, 1872:. 1808:. 1784:. 1702:. 1659:, 1549:, 1525:, 1508:23 1506:. 1391:c. 1389:, 1333:. 1271:, 1220:. 1091:. 956:. 932:, 916:, 912:, 829:c. 827:, 753:. 667:. 439:. 412:. 376:. 356:, 243:, 172:c. 75:c. 73:, 4086:: 3945:* 3655:e 3648:t 3641:v 3175:. 3056:( 2954:. 2930:. 2820:. 2627:. 2585:. 2323:. 2272:. 1882:. 1818:. 1794:. 1712:. 1518:. 1292:, 1200:) 177:) 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Alessandro Farnese (cardinal)

Index