1540:
530:
115:
138:
3154:
803:
3457:
441:
928:
1587:
Because of their bodies not being as streamlined as those of many other swimming eurypterids, and on account of the unique morphologies of their telsons, it is considered likely that the carcinosomatids were not very active swimmers, probably adopting a more nektobenthic (swimming near the bottom)
964:
The internal phylogeny of the
Carcinosomatoidea is poorly resolved (unclear). The first cladogram below follows a 2007 study by eurypterid researcher O. Erik Tetlie, which was in turn based on results from various phylogenetic analyses on eurypterids conducted between 2004 and 2007, whereas the
1562:, which had a similar distribution to the carcinosomatids, albeit more successful. Based on the distribution of the pterygotids, it is possible that carcinosomatids ranged worldwide. They are, alongside the pterygotids, the only eurypterid family known from the southern continent of
1592:, where the shovel-like protrusion at the front of its carapace may have been used for digging, or "mud-grubbing", and the swimming paddles were reduced in size compared to those of other carcinosomatids. Given their size, carcinosomatids may have been
919:, on account of incomplete fossil material and an apparent combination of traits from different families, is far from certain within the eurypterid family tree and its fossils may even represent two different genera, mistakenly grouped together.
488:(the posteriormost division of the body) of variable morphology, often curved. In a sense, the carcinosomatids were rather scorpion-like in appearance, and may have contributed to the common name of eurypterids having become 'sea scorpions'.
2641:
956:
in the superfamily 'Hughmillerioidea', on account of the spined limbs and all limbs, with the exception of the swimming paddles, being of a consistent type. The
Hughmilleriidae is today regarded as basal members of the superfamily
2594:
497:, there was a distinctive, shovel-shaped protrusion at the front of the carapace. The preabdomen was wide in all species, but the width also differed from species to species. The widest species, relatively speaking, was
381:, in size. Morphologically, carcinosomatids were highly distinct from other eurypterids, known for their powerful and spiny set of forelimbs, a broad and rounded central body and a slender and tubular tail ending in a
1557:
settings, and deeper waters. This is in sharp contrast to their closest relatives, the mixopterids, which are not known from deeper waters. The only other eurypterid family known from deeper waters are the
501:, in which the fourth segment was as wide as the first eight segments combined were long. The spinosity (how many spines) and size of the forelimbs also varied from genus to genus, with the forelimbs of
420:
It is unlikely that the carcinosomatids were strong and active swimmers, given their non-streamlined shape. It is more probable that they were nektobenthic (swimming near the bottom), possibly being
965:
second cladogram follows a 2015 study by James
Lamsdell and colleagues. Both cladograms have been simplified to only display the Carcinosomatoidea. Tetlie (2007) recovered the Carcinosomatidae as a
491:
There was considerable variety in morphology within the group. The carapace was triangular to subtriangular in shape in all members of the group, through the exact shape could vary. In
464:
at 2.2 metres (7.2 ft), one of the largest eurypterids of all, with some specimens suggesting that it may even have reached lengths of 2.5 metres (8.2 ft), rivalling
952:. The Carcinosomatoidea also contains the families Mixopteridae and Megalograptidae. Carcinosomatidae was previously, from 1989 to the early 2000s, grouped with the family
2252:
Woodward, Henry (1868). "On some New
Species of Crustacea from the Upper Silurian Rocks of Lanarkshire &c.; and further observations on the Structure of Pterygotus".
371:
Carcinosomatids varied considerably in size, from species only a few centimetres in length to some of the largest known arthropods. The largest carcinosomatid species,
484:), with large swimming paddles, a set of powerful and spiny forelimbs, a broad and rounded preabdomen (central body) and a slender, tubular abdomen, which ended in a
878:
is an authentic fossil and the earliest record of the family. The known geographical range of the carcinosomatids was considerably extended with the discovery of
2166:
1669:
was also very small, but it would have exceeded 4 centimetres in length given that its head was 2.05 centimetres (0.8 in) long. It is also possible that
582:
389:, and the group may have helped contribute to the common name of eurypterids becoming 'sea scorpions'. The family contains four, possibly five, genera:
2174:
385:(the posteriormost division of the body) that was typically curved in some way. With these adaptations, the carcinosomatids were quite similar to
3548:
480:
Morphologically, the carcinosomatids were highly distinct among the eurypterids. They were swimming eurypterids (belonging to the suborder
719:. Størmer also introduced the family Carcinosomatidae, initially under the name 'Carcinosomidae', in 1934, to contain the four genera
1957:"Selectivity in the evolution of Palaeozoic arthropod groups, with focus on mass extinctions and radiations: a phylogenetic approach"
2369:"Summary of a revision of New York State Ordovician eurypterids: implications for eurypterid palaeoecology, diversity and evolution"
3535:
3604:
2500:"The oldest described eurypterid: a giant Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) megalograptid from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa"
457:
differed considerably in size depending on the genus and species, though most species were quite large. The largest species was
3594:
3233:
3223:
2745:
2640:
Stott, Christopher A.; Tetlie, O. Erik; Braddy, Simon J.; Nowlan, Godfrey S.; Glasser, Paul M.; Devereux, Matthew G. (2005).
2425:
743:
2317:
Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1958). "Some
Previously Unknown Morphological Structures of Carcinosoma newlini (Claypole)".
2552:
1992:
3185:
1910:
1902:
589:. The description of the genus was lacking and seemingly based only on the outline and shape of the fossil, which led
3200:
1553:
Carcinosomatid eurypterids were among the most marine eurypterids, known from deposits that were once reefs, some in
2559:
1999:
634:. The name being preoccupied went unnoticed until the 1930s. Also described in the late 19th century was the genus
3444:
3228:
3170:
1626:
2657:
2191:
3218:
3208:
3162:
2572:
2498:
Lamsdell, James C.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Liu, Huaibao; Witzke, Brian J.; McKay, Robert M. (September 1, 2015).
2016:
1746:"Cope's rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates"
897:, named earlier, was recognised by Jason A. Dunlop and James Lamsdell in 2012 as the valid replacement name of
1539:
3599:
3180:
3175:
137:
3213:
3190:
2008:
792:
3589:
3513:
1359:
1063:
590:
2846:
2738:
1793:
1621:
915:, a problematic eurypterid genus of uncertain affinities, as a basal carcinosomatid. The position of
2407:
1977:
2504:
1140:
646:
in 1890. When
Claypole discovered later in 1890 that the name was preoccupied by a genus of modern
577:), described by August R. Grote and William Henry Pitt in 1875 based on fossils recovered from the
375:, reached lengths of at least 2.2 metres (7.2 ft) and rivalled the largest eurypterid of all,
2044:
1827:
3566:
2642:"A new eurypterid (Chelicerata) from the Upper Ordovician of Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada"
3475:
3153:
2470:"New vertebrate remains associated with Eurypterids from the Devonian Do Son Formation Vietnam"
2213:"New occurrences of Silurian eurypterids (Carcinosomatidae) in Pennsylvania, Ohio and New York"
1896:
1440:
1116:
643:
368:. They were among the most marine eurypterids, known almost entirely from marine environments.
360:, the family possibly having achieved a worldwide distribution, and range in age from the Late
3561:
3553:
1964:
1929:
829:
715:
in 1934. Størmer substituted the name for the next oldest available non-preoccupied synonym,
529:
521:
it was flattened, ending in an expanded and segmented structure unseen in other eurypterids.
2406:
Braddy, Simon J.; Tollerton, Victor P.; Racheboeuf, Patrick R.; Schallreuter, Roger (2004).
3522:
3460:
2731:
2446:
2112:
1457:
1407:
1342:
1164:
1099:
1046:
677:
was distinct from other eurypterids. Clarke and
Ruedemann referred several new species to
8:
2103:
Tetlie, O. Erik (2006). "Eurypterida (Chelicerata) from the Welsh
Borderlands, England".
1390:
1015:
840:
to be distinct genera, determining the 1912 synonymisation to have been erroneous. Since
566:
253:
2116:
1865:
Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1961). "The
Silurian Eurypterida of the Welsh Borderland".
2669:
2622:
2528:
2499:
2326:
2277:
2136:
2082:
1874:
1780:
1580:(though it is also known marine deposits), which has been found in fluvial (river) and
909:
as a junior synonym. A 2015 phylogenetic analysis by
Lamsdell and colleagues recovered
673:
and all related forms of eurypterids were so great that it was "entirely evident" that
132:
2265:
1662:
are also 4 centimetres in length, but the known fossils represent juvenile specimens.
3049:
2982:
2974:
2710:
2705:
2688:
2661:
2614:
2568:
2533:
2421:
2388:
2281:
2269:
2234:
2128:
2086:
2074:
2012:
1906:
1847:
1785:
1767:
1274:
1181:
994:
945:
662:
543:
341:
218:
2673:
2626:
2595:"Morphology, taxonomy, and classification of the order Eurypterida Burmeister, 1843"
2345:
2140:
1933:
1745:
3389:
3103:
3095:
3085:
3077:
3028:
2944:
2893:
2700:
2653:
2606:
2523:
2513:
2413:
2380:
2261:
2224:
2183:
2120:
2064:
2056:
1839:
1775:
1759:
1657:
1576:
820:
666:
631:
586:
547:
538:
493:
407:
309:
1956:
969:
grouping, accounting for basal members of the Carcinosomatoidea, whereas Lamsdell
747:, with the name changed to the correct Carcinosomatidae and the genera other than
3418:
3264:
3121:
3062:
3018:
2921:
2908:
2187:
1750:
1631:
1601:
1294:
953:
768:
429:
712:
3498:
3334:
3292:
3250:
3113:
3040:
3000:
2992:
2916:
2368:
1701:
958:
949:
569:
in 1859. The earliest genus later seen as a carcinosomatid to be described was
517:
it was cylindrical and fashioned into a sharp, scorpion-like tail spike and in
205:
2610:
2518:
2384:
2373:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2229:
2212:
2124:
1718:
114:
3583:
3341:
3313:
3306:
3278:
3257:
3010:
2949:
2939:
2931:
2885:
2875:
2867:
2823:
2787:
2714:
2665:
2618:
2392:
2273:
2238:
2132:
2078:
2045:"A New Carcinosomatid Eurypterid From The Upper Silurian Of Northern Vietnam"
1851:
1771:
1664:
1593:
1554:
858:
772:
737:
731:
578:
466:
421:
395:
377:
349:
284:
72:
2060:
3299:
3131:
3067:
3023:
2898:
2537:
1843:
1789:
1763:
1636:
1559:
1316:
974:
966:
931:
871:
844:
was preoccupied, Caster and Kjellesvig-Waering, likely unaware of Strand's
756:
627:
470:, the largest eurypterid, in size. The smallest carcinosomatid species was
242:
2417:
2300:"The biota of Upper Silurian submarine channel deposits, Welsh Borderland"
783:, despite the matter having been dealt with by Størmer eight years prior.
3507:
3396:
3373:
3271:
2965:
2858:
2796:
2778:
911:
808:
802:
741:. The family was amended by Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering in Størmer's 1955
681:, including new species that would later be seen as species of the genus
481:
459:
446:
413:
328:
300:
276:
179:
47:
2561:
Lower Wenlock faunal and floral dynamics – Vattenfallet section, Gotland
2299:
2001:
Lower Wenlock faunal and floral dynamics – Vattenfallet section, Gotland
3540:
3362:
3348:
3327:
3320:
3285:
3126:
2814:
2805:
2754:
2468:
Thanh, Tống Duy; Janvier, P.; Truong, Đoàn Nhật; Braddy, Simon (1994).
2330:
1878:
1609:
1597:
1581:
936:
725:
623:
620:
560:
454:
425:
361:
333:
324:
192:
92:
57:
30:
440:
3439:
3423:
3413:
2772:
2405:
2069:
1545:
814:
472:
401:
337:
292:
169:
149:
124:
97:
41:
3469:
3492:
3382:
3355:
2469:
1571:
1567:
1563:
806:
Comparison of the sizes of the three largest species of the genera
615:
533:
386:
365:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
34:
1600:, digging for food or perhaps even burrowing and lying in wait as
1574:. The only carcinosomatid genus known from non-marine deposits is
882:
fossils in Vietnam in the late 20th century, named as the species
856:. Also in 1964, Caster and Kjellesvig-Waering named the new genus
428:, digging for food or perhaps even burrowing and lying in wait as
2689:"The origin of pterygotid eurypterids (Chelicerata: Eurypterida)"
2167:"Distribution and dispersal history of Eurypterida (Chelicerata)"
102:
77:
3527:
1612:
and fish, using their forelimbs to push food into their mouths.
927:
2766:
1828:"Nomenclatural notes on the eurypterid family Carcinosomatidae"
870:. Though most of those specimens have since been identified as
647:
619:
had already been named as a genus of extant (currently living)
485:
382:
353:
159:
2723:
944:
The carcinosomatids are classified as part of the superfamily
2043:
Braddy, Simon J.; Selden, Paul A.; Truong, Doan Nhat (2002).
940:(pictured), were the closest relatives of the carcinosomatids
265:
2658:
10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[1166:ANECFT]2.0.CO;2
1605:
795:, based on its carapace being different from that of other
357:
513:
it was robust and flattened, curving slightly upwards, in
2467:
2344:
Caster, Kenneth E.; Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1964).
2343:
1928:
554:
The earliest carcinosomatid species to be described was
2639:
2497:
1588:
lifestyle. This lifestyle is especially exemplified in
2449:. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern
2447:
A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives
509:. The telson varied considerably between genera: in
249:
2550:
2316:
2042:
1990:
1864:
2567:. Geological Survey of Sweden. pp. 121–136.
2175:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
701:, the taxonomical laws of priority dictated that
477:, at 4 centimetres (1.5 in) in length.
3581:
2445:Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2018.
2217:The Paleontological Society Special Publications
711:was finally recognised as a preoccupied name by
348:. Fossils of carcinosomatids have been found in
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
1894:
601:on the grounds that it was similar in shape to
505:for instance being more powerful than those of
1825:
1743:
2739:
2687:Tetlie, O. Erik; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2009).
2558:. In Laufeld, Sven; Skoglund, Roland (eds.).
2409:25. Eurypterids, Phyllocarids, and Ostracodes
2304:Theses, Leicester University Dept. Of Geology
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
1998:. In Laufeld, Sven; Skoglund, Roland (eds.).
1826:Dunlop, Jason A.; Lamsdell, James C. (2012).
1744:Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009).
2686:
2484:
1655:The largest fossil specimens of the species
973:. (2015) recovered the carcinosomatids as a
2254:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
1895:Clarke, John M.; Ruedemann, Rudolf (1912).
828:When revising the carcinosomatids in 1964,
2746:
2732:
2147:
893:was frequently used by later researchers,
832:and Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering recognised
113:
2704:
2592:
2527:
2517:
2366:
2228:
2068:
1779:
609:having been reclassified as a species of
2297:
2251:
1538:
926:
801:
528:
439:
2098:
2096:
901:, transferring the species assigned to
862:to account for Ordovician specimens of
852:for the species previously referred to
340:. They were members of the superfamily
3582:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2346:"Upper Ordovician eurypterids of Ohio"
2293:
2291:
2210:
2164:
2102:
1934:"Upper Ordovician eurypterids of Ohio"
1932:; Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1964).
1890:
1888:
775:proposed another replacement name for
669:declared that the differences between
524:
332:, meaning "crab body") is a family of
3474:
3473:
2727:
2680:
2206:
2204:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
1954:
1681:would be the smallest carcinosomatid.
744:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
2551:Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1979).
2544:
2350:Paleontological Research Institution
2093:
1991:Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1979).
1938:Paleontological Research Institution
1924:
1922:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
980:
638:, named alongside its type species,
630:, in 1833 and as such constituted a
2581:
2452:
2434:
2399:
2337:
2310:
2288:
1984:
1885:
751:transferred to their own families (
411:and possibly the problematic genus
13:
2201:
2025:
1903:University of California Libraries
1673:is a juvenile form of the species
613:). Unbeknownst to Grote and Pitt,
14:
3616:
2266:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1868.024.01-02.36
1919:
1800:
1728:
922:
558:, first described under the name
3456:
3455:
3152:
2706:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00907.x
1858:
1711:
1534:
705:would be the name of the taxon.
136:
45:
3445:Timeline of eurypterid research
2753:
2633:
2360:
2298:Gladwell, David Jeremy (2005).
2245:
1679:Eocarcinosoma batrachophthalmus
1627:Timeline of eurypterid research
3605:Prehistoric arthropod families
1955:James, Lamsdell (2014-05-31).
1948:
1694:
1649:
905:to that genus and designating
848:, coined the replacement name
435:
336:, an extinct group of aquatic
1:
2593:Tollerton, Victor P. (1989).
2412:. Columbia University Press.
2367:Tollerton, Victor P. (2003).
1725:. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
1708:. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
1688:
3595:Ordovician first appearances
2188:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.05.011
1832:Zoosystematics and Evolution
697:had been named earlier than
689:was sufficiently similar to
323:(the name deriving from the
18:Extinct family of arthropods
7:
2009:Geological Survey of Sweden
1898:The Eurypterida of New York
1615:
793:Nestor Ivanovich Novozhilov
693:to be synonymised. Because
10:
3621:
2211:Ciurca, Samuel J. (1992).
1360:Rhinocarcinosoma vaningeni
1064:Rhinocarcinosoma vaningeni
685:, and also concluded that
3482:
3453:
3432:
3406:
3372:
3242:
3199:
3161:
3150:
3112:
3094:
3076:
3048:
3037:
3009:
2991:
2973:
2962:
2930:
2907:
2884:
2866:
2855:
2847:List of eurypterid genera
2839:
2832:
2761:
2611:10.1017/S0022336000041275
2519:10.1186/s12862-015-0443-9
2385:10.1017/s0263593303000154
2230:10.1017/S2475262200006171
2125:10.1017/S0016756806002536
1622:List of eurypterid genera
1584:(lake) settings as well.
1454:
1437:
1430:
1404:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1356:
1339:
1332:
1314:
1307:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1232:
1178:
1161:
1154:
1137:
1130:
1113:
1096:
1089:
1060:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1012:
1005:
998:
271:
264:
248:
241:
133:Scientific classification
131:
121:
112:
25:
2505:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2165:Tetlie, O. Erik (2007).
1642:
1141:Mixopterus multispinosus
948:, within the infraorder
2646:Journal of Paleontology
2599:Journal of Paleontology
2319:Journal of Paleontology
2061:10.1111/1475-4983.00267
1867:Journal of Paleontology
1675:Carcinosoma scorpioides
1604:. They may have fed on
874:, the type specimen of
650:, he replaced the name
1972:Cite journal requires
1844:10.1002/zoos.201200003
1764:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700
1550:
1549:on a Silurian seafloor
1441:Eusarcana acrocephalus
1117:Carcinosoma scorpiodes
941:
825:
644:Edward Waller Claypole
573:(and its type species
551:
450:
424:(given their size) or
3562:Paleobiology Database
2418:10.7312/webb12678-026
1794:Supplemental material
1542:
930:
830:Kenneth Edward Caster
805:
556:Carcinosoma punctatum
532:
443:
373:Carcinosoma punctatum
29:Temporal range: Late
3600:Devonian extinctions
2011:. pp. 121–136.
1608:, other arthropods,
1458:Eusarcana scorpionis
1408:Carcinosoma libertyi
1343:Holmipterus suecicus
1165:Mixopterus simonsoni
1100:Carcinosoma scoticus
1047:Eusarcana scorpionis
607:Pterygotus punctatus
603:Eurypterus punctatus
2117:2006GeoM..143..723T
2105:Geological Magazine
1391:Carcinosoma newlini
1016:Carcinosoma newlini
787:was split off from
567:John William Salter
525:History of research
344:, also named after
254:Carcinosoma newlini
2975:Onychopterelloidea
2474:Journal of Geology
1930:Caster, Kenneth E.
1723:www.dictionary.com
1706:www.dictionary.com
1551:
942:
826:
552:
451:
444:Reconstruction of
3590:Carcinosomatoidea
3577:
3576:
3476:Taxon identifiers
3467:
3466:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3096:Adelophthalmoidea
3078:Waeringopteroidea
3050:Carcinosomatoidea
2983:Onychopterellidae
2958:
2957:
2427:978-0-231-50163-7
1667:batrachophthalmus
1531:
1530:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1419:
1418:
1275:Carcinosomatoidea
1256:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1182:Mixopterus kiaeri
1078:
1077:
995:Carcinosomatoidea
946:Carcinosomatoidea
663:John Mason Clarke
583:Buffalo Waterlime
544:John Mason Clarke
342:Carcinosomatoidea
318:
317:
237:
219:Carcinosomatoidea
3612:
3570:
3569:
3557:
3556:
3544:
3543:
3531:
3530:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3514:Carcinosomatidae
3503:
3502:
3501:
3484:Carcinosomatidae
3471:
3470:
3459:
3458:
3433:Related articles
3390:Merostomichnites
3156:
3104:Adelophthalmidae
3086:Waeringopteridae
3058:Carcinosomatidae
3046:
3045:
3029:Strobilopteridae
2971:
2970:
2945:Hibbertopteridae
2894:Parastylonuridae
2864:
2863:
2837:
2836:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2699:(5): 1141–1148.
2684:
2678:
2677:
2652:(6): 1166–1174.
2637:
2631:
2630:
2590:
2579:
2578:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2495:
2482:
2481:
2465:
2450:
2443:
2432:
2431:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2260:(1–2): 289–296.
2249:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2190:. Archived from
2182:(3–4): 557–574.
2171:
2162:
2145:
2144:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2072:
2040:
2023:
2022:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1823:
1798:
1797:
1783:
1741:
1726:
1715:
1709:
1698:
1682:
1677:, in which case
1671:Eusarcana obesus
1658:Rhinocarcinosoma
1653:
1602:ambush predators
1590:Rhinocarcinosoma
1577:Rhinocarcinosoma
1433:
1432:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1335:
1334:
1329:Carcinosomatidae
1310:
1309:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1236:Carcinosomatidae
1157:
1156:
1133:
1132:
1092:
1091:
1069:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1008:
1007:
1001:
1000:
991:
990:
981:
880:Rhinocarcinosoma
821:Rhinocarcinosoma
785:Rhinocarcinosoma
683:Rhinocarcinosoma
667:Rudolf Ruedemann
632:preoccupied name
548:Rudolf Ruedemann
542:, as figured by
539:Rhinocarcinosoma
511:Rhinocarcinosoma
507:Rhinocarcinosoma
499:Eusarcana obesus
494:Rhinocarcinosoma
430:ambush predators
408:Rhinocarcinosoma
321:Carcinosomatidae
310:Rhinocarcinosoma
259:(Claypole, 1890)
251:
235:
232:Carcinosomatidae
230:
217:
204:
191:
141:
140:
117:
107:
44:
26:Carcinosomatidae
23:
22:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3565:
3560:
3552:
3547:
3539:
3534:
3526:
3521:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3478:
3468:
3463:
3449:
3428:
3419:Chasmataspidida
3402:
3368:
3265:Campylocephalus
3238:
3195:
3157:
3136:
3122:Hughmilleriidae
3108:
3090:
3072:
3063:Megalograptidae
3039:
3033:
3019:Dolichopteridae
3005:
2993:Moselopteroidea
2987:
2964:
2954:
2940:Drepanopteridae
2926:
2922:Hardieopteridae
2909:Kokomopteroidea
2903:
2880:
2857:
2851:
2828:
2757:
2752:
2722:
2685:
2681:
2638:
2634:
2591:
2582:
2575:
2564:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2496:
2485:
2466:
2453:
2444:
2435:
2428:
2404:
2400:
2365:
2361:
2342:
2338:
2315:
2311:
2296:
2289:
2250:
2246:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2169:
2163:
2148:
2101:
2094:
2041:
2026:
2019:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1893:
1886:
1863:
1859:
1824:
1801:
1751:Biology Letters
1742:
1729:
1716:
1712:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1632:Megalograptidae
1618:
1537:
1532:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1420:
1295:Megalograptidae
1257:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1079:
1067:
954:Hughmilleriidae
925:
907:Paracarcinosoma
903:Paracarcinosoma
891:Paracarcinosoma
868:Paracarcinosoma
850:Paracarcinosoma
769:Megalograptidae
527:
453:Carcinosomatid
438:
260:
257:
234:
228:
215:
202:
189:
135:
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
40:449–412.3
39:
38:
27:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3618:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3558:
3545:
3532:
3519:
3504:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3407:Related groups
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3335:Onychopterella
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3293:Hibbertopterus
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3251:Adelophthalmus
3246:
3244:
3243:Notable genera
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3114:Pterygotioidea
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3043:
3041:Diploperculata
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
3001:Moselopteridae
2997:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2917:Kokomopteridae
2913:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2868:Rhenopteroidea
2861:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2721:
2720:
2679:
2632:
2605:(5): 642–657.
2580:
2573:
2543:
2483:
2451:
2433:
2426:
2398:
2359:
2336:
2325:(2): 295–303.
2309:
2287:
2244:
2200:
2197:on 2011-07-18.
2146:
2111:(5): 723–735.
2092:
2055:(5): 897–915.
2024:
2017:
1983:
1974:|journal=
1947:
1918:
1912:978-1125460221
1911:
1884:
1873:(4): 789–835.
1857:
1799:
1758:(2): 265–269.
1727:
1710:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1011:
1006:
1004:
999:
997:
989:
979:
959:Pterygotioidea
950:Diploperculata
924:
923:Classification
921:
654:with the name
626:of the family
591:Henry Woodward
587:New York State
526:
523:
437:
434:
316:
315:
314:
313:
305:
296:
288:
280:
269:
268:
262:
261:
258:
246:
245:
239:
238:
226:
222:
221:
213:
209:
208:
206:Diploperculata
200:
196:
195:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
129:
128:
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
28:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3617:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3462:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3342:Pentecopterus
3339:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3314:Megalograptus
3311:
3309:
3308:
3307:Jaekelopterus
3304:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3279:Drepanopterus
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3258:Brachyopterus
3255:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3234:South America
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:North America
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:Carboniferous
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3163:Geochronology
3160:
3155:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3011:Eurypteroidea
3008:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2951:
2950:Mycteroptidae
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2932:Mycteropoidea
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2886:Stylonuroidea
2883:
2877:
2876:Rhenopteridae
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2824:Sclerophorata
2821:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:Euchelicerata
2785:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:Palaeontology
2690:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2576:
2570:
2563:
2562:
2554:
2553:"Eurypterids"
2547:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2205:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2049:Palaeontology
2046:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1993:"Eurypterids"
1987:
1979:
1966:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1665:Eocarcinosoma
1661:
1659:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:top predators
1591:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1535:Palaeoecology
1527:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1009:
1003:
1002:
996:
993:
992:
988:
987:
986:Tetlie (2007)
983:
982:
978:
976:
972:
968:
962:
960:
955:
951:
947:
939:
938:
933:
929:
920:
918:
914:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
884:R. dosonensis
881:
877:
876:Eocarcinosoma
873:
872:pseudofossils
869:
865:
861:
860:
859:Eocarcinosoma
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
823:
822:
817:
816:
811:
810:
804:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
773:Embrik Strand
770:
766:
765:Echinognathus
762:
761:Megalograptus
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:
740:
739:
738:Megalograptus
734:
733:
732:Echinognathus
728:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
622:
618:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:E. scorpionis
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:E. scorpionis
572:
568:
564:
562:
557:
549:
545:
541:
540:
535:
531:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:
489:
487:
483:
478:
476:
474:
469:
468:
467:Jaekelopterus
463:
461:
456:
449:
448:
442:
433:
431:
427:
423:
422:top predators
418:
416:
415:
410:
409:
404:
403:
398:
397:
396:Eocarcinosoma
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:
378:Jaekelopterus
374:
369:
367:
364:to the Early
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:North America
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:
326:
322:
312:
311:
306:
303:
302:
297:
295:
294:
289:
287:
286:
285:Eocarcinosoma
281:
279:
278:
273:
272:
270:
267:
263:
256:
255:
247:
244:
240:
236:Størmer, 1934
233:
227:
224:
223:
220:
214:
212:Superfamily:
211:
210:
207:
201:
198:
197:
194:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
139:
134:
130:
127:
126:
120:
116:
111:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
32:
24:
21:
16:
3483:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3300:Hughmilleria
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3132:Pterygotidae
3068:Mixopteridae
3057:
3024:Eurypteridae
2899:Stylonuridae
2819:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2602:
2598:
2560:
2546:
2509:
2503:
2477:
2473:
2408:
2401:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2303:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2220:
2216:
2192:the original
2179:
2173:
2108:
2104:
2052:
2048:
2000:
1986:
1965:cite journal
1950:
1941:
1937:
1897:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1838:(1): 19–24.
1835:
1831:
1755:
1749:
1722:
1713:
1705:
1696:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1637:Mixopteridae
1589:
1586:
1575:
1552:
1544:
1525:
1456:
1455:
1439:
1438:
1406:
1405:
1389:
1388:
1358:
1357:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1317:Mixopteridae
1315:
1293:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1235:
1180:
1179:
1163:
1162:
1139:
1138:
1115:
1114:
1098:
1097:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1045:
1044:
1014:
1013:
985:
984:
975:monophyletic
970:
967:paraphyletic
963:
943:
935:
916:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
888:
883:
879:
875:
867:
863:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
827:
819:
813:
807:
796:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:). In 1942,
764:
760:
757:Mixopteridae
752:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
720:
716:
713:Leif Størmer
708:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
660:
655:
651:
639:
635:
628:Gonyleptidae
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
574:
570:
559:
555:
553:
537:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
492:
490:
479:
471:
465:
458:
452:
445:
419:
412:
406:
400:
394:
390:
376:
372:
370:
345:
327:
320:
319:
308:
299:
291:
283:
275:
252:
243:Type species
231:
199:Infraorder:
123:
20:
15:
3508:Wikispecies
3397:Palmichnium
3374:Ichnogenera
3272:Carcinosoma
2966:Eurypterina
2859:Stylonurina
2797:Prosomapoda
2779:Chelicerata
2777:Subphylum:
2755:Eurypterids
1717:Meaning of
1700:Meaning of
1610:brachiopods
1560:pterygotids
1543:Model of a
932:Mixopterids
917:Holmipterus
912:Holmipterus
838:Carcinosoma
824:and a human
809:Carcinosoma
797:Carcinosoma
791:in 1962 by
789:Carcinosoma
749:Carcinosoma
721:Carcinosoma
717:Carcinosoma
699:Carcinosoma
691:Carcinosoma
656:Carcinosoma
519:Carcinosoma
482:Eurypterina
460:Carcinosoma
455:eurypterids
447:Carcinosoma
436:Description
414:Holmipterus
391:Carcinosoma
346:Carcinosoma
334:eurypterids
329:Carcinosoma
301:Holmipterus
277:Carcinosoma
193:Eurypterida
180:Chelicerata
176:Subphylum:
3584:Categories
3363:Stylonurus
3349:Pterygotus
3328:Mixopterus
3321:Megarachne
3286:Eurypterus
3171:Ordovician
3127:Slimonidae
3038:Infraorder
2815:Dekatriata
2806:Planaterga
2773:Arthropoda
2574:9171581707
2379:(3): 235.
2018:9171581707
1689:References
1598:scavengers
1582:lacustrine
937:Mixopterus
934:, such as
753:Mixopterus
726:Mixopterus
640:E. newlini
624:harvestmen
621:laniatorid
611:Eurypterus
599:Eurypterus
561:Pterygotus
426:scavengers
362:Ordovician
338:arthropods
325:type genus
170:Arthropoda
122:Fossil of
31:Ordovician
3440:Metastoma
3424:Xiphosura
3414:Arachnida
3201:Geography
2765:Kingdom:
2715:1475-4983
2666:0022-3360
2619:0022-3360
2393:0263-5933
2282:128874377
2274:0370-291X
2239:2475-2622
2133:1469-5081
2087:129450304
2079:1475-4983
2070:1808/8358
1852:1860-0743
1772:1744-9561
1546:Eusarcana
1262:Lamsdell
895:Eusarcana
886:in 2002.
846:Eusarcana
815:Eusarcana
781:Eusarcana
661:In 1912,
593:to refer
563:punctatus
534:Carapaces
515:Eusarcana
503:Eusarcana
473:Eusarcana
462:punctatum
402:Eusarcana
387:scorpions
293:Eusarcana
156:Kingdom:
150:Eukaryota
125:Eusarcana
3499:Q5038169
3493:Wikidata
3461:Category
3383:Arcuites
3356:Slimonia
3181:Devonian
3176:Silurian
2963:Suborder
2856:Suborder
2833:Taxonomy
2771:Phylum:
2767:Animalia
2674:55014027
2627:46953627
2538:26324341
2141:83835591
1790:19828493
1660:cicerops
1616:See also
1572:Devonian
1568:Silurian
1564:Gondwana
1555:lagoonal
899:Eusarcus
864:Eusarcus
854:Eusarcus
842:Eusarcus
834:Eusarcus
777:Eusarcus
709:Eusarcus
703:Eusarcus
695:Eusarcus
687:Eusarcus
679:Eusarcus
675:Eusarcus
671:Eusarcus
652:Eurysoma
636:Eurysoma
616:Eusarcus
571:Eusarcus
366:Devonian
225:Family:
166:Phylum:
160:Animalia
146:Domain:
35:Devonian
33:- Early
3541:3255726
3528:4305738
3229:Oceania
3191:Permian
2529:4556007
2512:: 169.
2480:: 1–11.
2331:1300736
2113:Bibcode
1879:1301214
1781:2865068
1566:in the
977:group.
889:Though
767:to the
755:to the
648:beetles
579:Pridoli
550:in 1912
186:Order:
3567:286987
3554:101156
3219:Europe
3209:Africa
2840:Genera
2713:
2672:
2664:
2625:
2617:
2571:
2536:
2526:
2424:
2391:
2329:
2280:
2272:
2237:
2223:: 57.
2139:
2131:
2085:
2077:
2015:
1909:
1877:
1850:
1788:
1778:
1770:
1702:cancer
1526:
1266:(2015)
1264:et al.
486:telson
475:obesus
383:telson
354:Europe
266:Genera
3549:IRMNG
2820:Clade
2811:Clade
2802:Clade
2793:Clade
2784:Clade
2670:S2CID
2623:S2CID
2565:(PDF)
2556:(PDF)
2327:JSTOR
2278:S2CID
2195:(PDF)
2170:(PDF)
2137:S2CID
2083:S2CID
2005:(PDF)
1996:(PDF)
1875:JSTOR
1643:Notes
1606:worms
971:et al
642:, by
581:-age
3536:GBIF
3214:Asia
2711:ISSN
2662:ISSN
2615:ISSN
2569:ISBN
2534:PMID
2422:ISBN
2389:ISSN
2270:ISSN
2235:ISSN
2129:ISSN
2075:ISSN
2013:ISBN
1978:help
1907:ISBN
1848:ISSN
1786:PMID
1768:ISSN
1719:soma
1570:and
836:and
818:and
763:and
759:and
735:and
665:and
546:and
358:Asia
356:and
48:PreꞒ
3523:EoL
2701:doi
2654:doi
2607:doi
2524:PMC
2514:doi
2478:3–4
2414:doi
2381:doi
2262:doi
2225:doi
2184:doi
2180:252
2121:doi
2109:143
2065:hdl
2057:doi
1840:doi
1776:PMC
1760:doi
1721:at
1704:at
1596:or
597:to
585:of
565:by
536:of
3586::
3564::
3551::
3538::
3525::
3510::
3495::
2822::
2813::
2804::
2795::
2786::
2709:.
2697:52
2695:.
2691:.
2668:.
2660:.
2650:79
2648:.
2644:.
2621:.
2613:.
2603:63
2601:.
2597:.
2583:^
2532:.
2522:.
2510:15
2508:.
2502:.
2486:^
2476:.
2472:.
2454:^
2436:^
2420:.
2387:.
2377:94
2375:.
2371:.
2352:.
2348:.
2323:32
2321:.
2302:.
2290:^
2276:.
2268:.
2258:24
2256:.
2233:.
2219:.
2215:.
2203:^
2178:.
2172:.
2149:^
2135:.
2127:.
2119:.
2107:.
2095:^
2081:.
2073:.
2063:.
2053:45
2051:.
2047:.
2027:^
2007:.
1969::
1967:}}
1963:{{
1940:.
1936:.
1921:^
1905:.
1901:.
1887:^
1871:35
1869:.
1846:.
1836:88
1834:.
1830:.
1802:^
1792:.
1784:.
1774:.
1766:.
1754:.
1748:.
1730:^
961:.
812:,
799:.
779:,
729:,
723:,
658:.
432:.
417:.
405:,
399:,
393:,
352:,
98:Pg
42:Ma
37:,
2747:e
2740:t
2733:v
2717:.
2703::
2676:.
2656::
2629:.
2609::
2577:.
2540:.
2516::
2430:.
2416::
2395:.
2383::
2356:.
2354:4
2333:.
2306:.
2284:.
2264::
2241:.
2227::
2221:6
2186::
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2123::
2115::
2089:.
2067::
2059::
2021:.
1980:)
1976:(
1959:.
1944:.
1942:4
1915:.
1881:.
1854:.
1842::
1796:.
1762::
1756:6
866:/
605:(
307:†
304:?
298:†
290:†
282:†
274:†
250:†
229:†
216:†
203:†
190:†
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
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