1205:
47:
1034:. This passed a committee vote, and trigraphs (but not the additional tokens) are removed from C++17 despite the opposition from IBM. Existing code that uses trigraphs can be supported by translating from the source files (parsing trigraphs) to the basic source character set that does not include trigraphs.
611:
trigraph can be used to introduce an escaped newline for line splicing; this must be taken into account for correct and efficient handling of trigraphs within the preprocessor. It can also cause surprises, particularly within comments. For example:
256:. Some compilers support an option to turn recognition of trigraphs off, or disable trigraphs by default and require an option to turn them on. Some can issue warnings when they encounter trigraphs in source files.
1030:, speaking on behalf of itself and other users of C++, and as a result trigraphs were retained in C++11. Trigraphs were then proposed again for removal (not only deprecation) in
1904:
179:) there's no need for trigraphs in language design, which were considered a burden, and neither really digraphs, that likely have very few users, at least in those languages.
660:
which is a correctly formed block comment. The concept can be used to check for trigraphs as in the following C99 example, where only one return statement will be executed.
355:
were and still are in wide use. However, many compilers treat them as a different type of commenting block rather than as actual digraphs, that is, a comment started with
551:
A programmer may want to place two question marks together yet not have the compiler treat them as introducing a trigraph. The C grammar does not permit two consecutive
167:, thus likely aren't used much in practice in C already, nor in any other mainstream language (use of them in the language J is an exception). In the modern world of
1014:
and of course several primary tokens contain two characters. Nonetheless, those alternative tokens that aren't lexical keywords are colloquially known as "digraphs".
64:
567:
may be used as a file type or creator. To safely place two consecutive question marks within a string literal, the programmer can use string concatenation
1223:
163:'s specification, should be treated as if they were single characters. Trigraphs have been removed from the C++ language, and will be from C as of
544:) replaces all occurrences of the nine trigraph sequences in this table by their single-character equivalents before any other processing (until
111:
1599:
391:(colon) characters are used to inflect ASCII symbols, effectively interpreting unigraphs, digraphs or rarely trigraphs as standalone "symbols".
1869:
1628:
1567:
1535:
1504:
1065:, followed by two other ASCII characters vaguely resembling the glyph to be substituted. All other characters can be entered using the special
83:
1378:
1010:
The term "digraph" (token consisting of two characters) is not perfectly descriptive, since one of the alternative preprocessing-tokens is
90:
1739:
1891:
241:
committee invented trigraphs as a way of entering source code using keyboards that support any version of the ISO 646 character set.
800:. If a digraph sequence occurs inside another token, for example a quoted string, or a character constant, it will not be replaced.
97:
1293:
1844:
79:
1793:
1559:
Wong, Michael; Tong, Hubert; Klarer, Robert; McIntosh, Ian; Mak, Raymond; Cambly, Christopher; LaBonté, Alain (2009-06-19).
284:
predated the standardized ASCII and EBCDIC character sets, and were typically implemented using a manufacturer-specific
1687:
555:
tokens, so the only places in a C file where two question marks in a row may be used are in multi-character constants,
1819:
1950:
1480:
1472:
1355:
1186:
130:
292:
in the available character set or were not supported by peripherals, leading to a number of substitutions including
1727:
789:
1764:
104:
1190:
68:
317:
264:), to be used only when trigraph processing is desired (the rationale was to maximise speed of compilation).
1955:
1339:
1210:
182:
Various reasons exist for using digraphs and trigraphs: keyboards may not have keys to cover the entire
376:
17:
1840:
999:
is treated as a preprocessing token by itself and not as the first character of the alternative token
1595:
545:
164:
35:
1865:
1621:
1560:
1528:
1497:
1258:
1371:
31:
1900:
57:
969:) behaves like C, including the C99 additions, but with additional tokens listed in the table.
372:
285:
214:
1960:
1322:
1233:
785:, included in C99, supplied digraphs as more readable alternatives to five of the trigraphs.
190:
may reserve some characters for special use and so on. Trigraphs might also be used for some
152:
1347:
1238:
809:
407:
160:
144:
8:
1046:
383:. Because the printable range of ASCII is smaller than APL's specialized set of symbols,
1301:
1049:
language and input method provide support for a large number of trigraphs (also called
272:
Different systems define different sets of digraphs and trigraphs, as described below.
1476:
1464:
1351:
1125:
1101:
1054:
792:, and any digraph must always represent a full token by itself, or compose the token
234:
1931:
1699:
1428:
ISO/IEC 9899:1990/Amd 1:1995 - Programming languages — C — Amendment 1: C Integrity
1105:
1789:
1723:
1683:
1656:
1228:
1042:
572:
1935:
1719:
HP 50g / 49g+ / 48gII graphing calculator advanced user's reference manual (AUR)
1109:
1003:. This is done so certain uses of templates are not broken by the substitution.
1070:
560:
556:
533:
1944:
1104:
text editor supports digraphs for actual entry of text characters, following
183:
1717:
1677:
584:
is not itself a trigraph sequence, but when followed by a character such as
1815:
1074:
1426:
1402:
1218:
1182:
1166:
1113:
226:
187:
156:
1620:
Wong, Michael; Tong, Hubert; Bhakta, Rajan; Inglis, Derek (2014-10-10).
1006:
The C++ Standard makes this comment with regards to the term "digraph":
1450:
1140:
1083:
1078:
380:
253:
1686:. December 1994 . pp. 2–5, 27–16. HP 00048-90126, (00048-90104).
1756:
289:
194:
1204:
46:
1057:
on foreign platforms, and to ease keyboard input without using the
782:
250:
230:
1372:"Rationale for International Standard - Programming Languages - C"
221:
character set that includes nine characters which lie outside the
1622:"IBM comment on preparing for a Trigraph-adverse future in C++17"
1031:
1023:
1019:
962:
257:
222:
168:
237:) being used does not support any of these nine characters. The
1053:) to reliably transcribe non-seven-bit ASCII characters of the
238:
191:
186:
of the language, input of special characters may be difficult,
976:
is treated as a single token, rather than two occurrences of
958:
537:
395:
281:
225:
invariant character set. This can pose a problem for writing
218:
176:
172:
1260:
1338:
398:, there are no single-character equivalents to these in J.
707:
Alternative digraphs introduced in the C standard in 1994
1344:
The C Standard - Incorporating TC1 - BS ISO/IEC 9899:1999
1170:
1027:
632:
1185:
to allow easier input of many special characters of the
631:
which is a single logical comment line (used in C++ and
260:
supplied a separate program, the trigraph preprocessor (
1279:
The New C Standard: An
Economic and Cultural Commentary
1061:
application. The first character of all TIO codes is a
559:, and comments. This is particularly a problem for the
1558:
1498:"Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++"
347:
respectively. Unlike all other cases mentioned here,
1619:
1200:
1457:
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1726:. 2009-07-14 . pp. J-1, J-2. HP F2228-90010.
1448:
781:In 1994, a normative amendment to the C standard,
617:// Will the next line be executed????????????????/
394:Unlike the use of digraphs and trigraphs in C and
1124:by default. The list of all possible digraphs in
674:// returns 0 or 1; language standard C99 or later
1942:
1224:List of XML and HTML character entity references
1903:, Corvallis Division. June 1991 . F0001-90003.
1364:
796:replacing the preprocessor concatenation token
249:Trigraphs are not commonly encountered outside
1883:
788:Unlike trigraphs, digraphs are handled during
1783:
1781:
1659:. August 1989. HP reorder number 82240-90014.
1645:
1534:. 2009-01-30. SC22/WG21 N2837 comment UK 11.
1451:"A brief description of Normative Addendum 1"
1069:TIO code syntax with nnn being a three-digit
379:but uses the ASCII character set rather than
288:. A number of ALGOL operations either lacked
1807:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1018:Trigraphs were proposed for deprecation in
536:(used for C and with slight differences in
1787:
1778:
1561:"Comment on Proposed Trigraph Deprecation"
1463:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1703:
1332:
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
80:"Digraphs and trigraphs" programming
1663:
1589:
1587:
1841:"Vim documentation: *digraphs-default*"
1813:
1495:
1489:
1285:
987:if the subsequent character is neither
596:, as in the example below which has 16
320:programming language supports digraphs
27:Two or three characters, treated as one
14:
1943:
1858:
1744:
1679:HP 48G Series – User's Guide (UG)
1090:
1613:
1593:
1584:
1552:
1529:"C++0X, CD 1, National Body Comments"
1521:
1496:Du Toit, Stefanus, ed. (2012-01-16).
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
1833:
1077:if necessary) of the corresponding
1055:calculators' extended character set
267:
24:
1899:(2 ed.). Corvallis, OR, USA:
1655:(1 ed.). Corvallis, OR, USA:
244:
25:
1972:
1925:
1473:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
1449:Clive D.W. Feather (2010-09-12).
1276:
1187:Lotus International Character Set
1081:(thereby formally representing a
1866:"Digraph - Screen User's Manual"
1814:Finseth, Craig A. (2012-02-25).
1277:Jones, Derek M. "Sentence 117".
1270:
1266:. Revision 5.10. pp. 20–21.
1203:
1143:has a digraph command, bound to
45:
1910:from the original on 2016-11-28
1872:from the original on 2018-12-31
1847:from the original on 2018-12-20
1822:from the original on 2017-12-21
1796:from the original on 2016-08-02
1788:Heinz, Sr., Michael W. (2005).
1767:from the original on 2016-05-23
1730:from the original on 2018-07-08
1690:from the original on 2016-08-06
1634:from the original on 2018-09-11
1602:from the original on 2018-07-09
1573:from the original on 2017-08-01
1541:from the original on 2017-08-01
1510:from the original on 2019-05-08
1384:from the original on 2016-06-06
1291:
966:
213:The basic character set of the
155:, respectively, that appear in
151:are sequences of two and three
56:needs additional citations for
1442:
1419:
1395:
1315:
1251:
1191:Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set
13:
1:
1594:Smith, Richard (2014-05-06).
1244:
1135:
680:// are trigraphs available??/
197:that lack characters such as
7:
1469:Design and Evolution of C++
1340:British Standards Institute
1211:Computer programming portal
1196:
1128:can be displayed by typing
1112:. The entry of digraphs is
1045:calculators supporting the
10:
1977:
1653:HP 82240B Infrared Printer
807:
588:it will be interpreted as
405:
208:
29:
311:
308:(greater than or equal).
1951:C (programming language)
1790:"HP-ASCII and Trigraphs"
1161:
1022:, which was released as
662:
637:
614:
541:
275:
1901:Hewlett-Packard Company
1596:"Removing trigraphs??!"
1323:"Removing trigraphs??!"
1095:
1037:
1026:. This was opposed by
1016:
803:
373:J programming language
359:cannot be closed with
286:six-bit character code
215:C programming language
149:digraphs and trigraphs
1348:John Wiley & Sons
1234:Escape sequences in C
1008:
563:, where the constant
1893:HP 95LX User's Guide
1377:. 5.10. April 2003.
1239:C alternative tokens
810:C alternative tokens
408:C alternative tokens
401:
366:
161:programming language
159:and, according to a
145:computer programming
65:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
1627:. IBM paper N4210.
1091:Application support
708:
375:is a descendant of
217:is a subset of the
1956:Character encoding
1757:"HP RPL TIO Table"
1465:Stroustrup, Bjarne
706:
668:trigraphsavailable
280:Early versions of
956:
955:
779:
778:
530:
529:
300:(assignment) and
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
1968:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1898:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1753:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1714:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1674:
1661:
1660:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1565:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1533:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1300:. Archived from
1289:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1255:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1013:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
983:In the sequence
979:
975:
952:
947:
940:
935:
928:
923:
916:
911:
904:
899:
892:
887:
880:
875:
868:
863:
856:
851:
844:
839:
832:
827:
814:
813:
799:
795:
775:
770:
763:
758:
751:
746:
739:
734:
727:
722:
709:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
627:
624:
621:
618:
610:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
577:
570:
566:
554:
526:
521:
514:
509:
502:
497:
490:
485:
478:
473:
466:
461:
454:
449:
442:
437:
430:
425:
412:
411:
390:
386:
363:and vice versa.
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
307:
303:
299:
295:
268:Language support
263:
204:
200:
175:(even just with
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1941:
1940:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1896:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1786:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1733:
1731:
1724:Hewlett-Packard
1716:
1715:
1704:
1693:
1691:
1684:Hewlett-Packard
1676:
1675:
1664:
1657:Hewlett-Packard
1651:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1592:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1462:
1458:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1307:
1305:
1290:
1286:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1229:Escape sequence
1209:
1202:
1199:
1180:
1176:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1098:
1093:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1043:Hewlett-Packard
1040:
1011:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
973:
950:
945:
938:
933:
926:
921:
914:
909:
902:
897:
890:
885:
878:
873:
866:
861:
854:
849:
842:
837:
830:
825:
812:
806:
797:
793:
773:
768:
761:
756:
749:
744:
737:
732:
725:
720:
704:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
658:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
629:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
608:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
575:
573:escape sequence
568:
564:
557:string literals
552:
524:
519:
512:
507:
500:
495:
488:
483:
476:
471:
464:
459:
452:
447:
440:
435:
428:
423:
410:
404:
388:
384:
369:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
314:
305:
301:
297:
293:
278:
270:
261:
247:
245:Implementations
211:
202:
198:
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1939:
1938:
1927:
1926:External links
1924:
1921:
1920:
1890:"Appendix F".
1882:
1857:
1843:. 2011-01-15.
1832:
1806:
1777:
1743:
1740:Searchable PDF
1722:(2 ed.).
1702:
1682:(8 ed.).
1662:
1644:
1612:
1583:
1551:
1520:
1488:
1481:
1471:(1 ed.).
1467:(1994-03-29).
1456:
1441:
1418:
1407:whitefiles.org
1394:
1363:
1356:
1331:
1314:
1284:
1269:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1198:
1195:
1178:
1174:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1071:decimal number
1039:
1036:
954:
953:
948:
942:
941:
936:
930:
929:
924:
918:
917:
912:
906:
905:
900:
894:
893:
888:
882:
881:
876:
870:
869:
864:
858:
857:
852:
846:
845:
840:
834:
833:
828:
822:
821:
818:
805:
802:
777:
776:
771:
765:
764:
759:
753:
752:
747:
741:
740:
735:
729:
728:
723:
717:
716:
713:
663:
638:
615:
561:classic Mac OS
534:C preprocessor
528:
527:
522:
516:
515:
510:
504:
503:
498:
492:
491:
486:
480:
479:
474:
468:
467:
462:
456:
455:
450:
444:
443:
438:
432:
431:
426:
420:
419:
416:
403:
400:
368:
365:
313:
310:
277:
274:
269:
266:
246:
243:
233:(and possibly
210:
207:
139:
138:
121:September 2008
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1973:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1741:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1700:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1537:
1530:
1524:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1482:0-201-54330-3
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1452:
1445:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1408:
1404:
1403:"File Basics"
1398:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1357:0-470-84573-2
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1324:
1318:
1304:on 2019-04-02
1303:
1299:
1298:jsoftware.com
1295:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1142:
1133:
1127:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1075:leading zeros
1072:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1007:
1004:
981:
970:
968:
964:
960:
949:
944:
943:
937:
932:
931:
925:
920:
919:
913:
908:
907:
901:
896:
895:
889:
884:
883:
877:
872:
871:
865:
860:
859:
853:
848:
847:
841:
836:
835:
829:
824:
823:
819:
816:
815:
811:
801:
791:
786:
784:
772:
767:
766:
760:
755:
754:
748:
743:
742:
736:
731:
730:
724:
719:
718:
714:
711:
710:
661:
636:
634:
613:
605:
600:s before the
579:
574:
562:
558:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
523:
518:
517:
511:
506:
505:
499:
494:
493:
487:
482:
481:
475:
470:
469:
463:
458:
457:
451:
446:
445:
439:
434:
433:
427:
422:
421:
417:
414:
413:
409:
399:
397:
392:
382:
378:
374:
364:
319:
309:
291:
287:
283:
273:
265:
259:
255:
252:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
206:
196:
193:
189:
185:
184:character set
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
135:
132:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
1961:Input/output
1912:. Retrieved
1892:
1885:
1874:. Retrieved
1860:
1849:. Retrieved
1835:
1824:. Retrieved
1809:
1798:. Retrieved
1769:. Retrieved
1760:
1732:. Retrieved
1718:
1692:. Retrieved
1678:
1652:
1647:
1636:. Retrieved
1615:
1604:. Retrieved
1575:. Retrieved
1554:
1543:. Retrieved
1523:
1512:. Retrieved
1491:
1468:
1459:
1444:
1433:. Retrieved
1431:. March 1995
1427:
1421:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:
1397:
1386:. Retrieved
1366:
1343:
1334:
1317:
1306:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1297:
1294:"Vocabulary"
1292:Hui, Roger.
1287:
1278:
1272:
1259:
1253:
1165:
1158:by default.
1139:
1099:
1082:
1050:
1041:
1017:
1009:
1005:
982:
971:
957:
790:tokenization
787:
780:
659:
630:
606:
580:
569:"...?""?..."
550:
531:
393:
370:
315:
279:
271:
262:TRIGRAPH.EXE
248:
212:
188:text editors
181:
148:
142:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
1761:holyjoe.org
1219:Compose key
1189:(LICS) and
1183:compose key
1167:Lotus 1-2-3
972:As a note,
820:Equivalent
715:Equivalent
576:"...?\?..."
418:Equivalent
381:APL symbols
254:test suites
227:source code
157:source code
1945:Categories
1914:2016-11-27
1876:2019-05-12
1851:2019-05-12
1826:2017-12-21
1800:2016-08-02
1771:2015-01-23
1734:2015-10-10
1694:2015-09-06
1638:2019-05-12
1606:2019-05-12
1577:2019-05-12
1545:2019-05-12
1514:2019-05-08
1435:2024-05-30
1412:2024-05-08
1388:2010-10-17
1308:2015-04-16
1245:References
1141:GNU Screen
1136:GNU Screen
1084:tetragraph
1079:code point
879:&&
808:See also:
406:See also:
387:(dot) and
290:codepoints
195:code pages
153:characters
91:newspapers
18:C trigraph
1598:. N3981.
1566:. N2910.
1503:. N3337.
1193:(LMBCS).
1051:TIO codes
961:(through
229:when the
1905:Archived
1870:Archived
1845:Archived
1820:Archived
1794:Archived
1765:Archived
1728:Archived
1688:Archived
1629:Archived
1600:Archived
1568:Archived
1536:Archived
1505:Archived
1379:Archived
1342:(2003).
1197:See also
415:Trigraph
251:compiler
235:keyboard
231:encoding
36:Trigraph
1816:"chars"
712:Digraph
649:comment
635:), and
258:Borland
223:ISO 646
209:History
169:Unicode
105:scholar
32:Digraph
1934:
1479:
1354:
1108:
1073:(with
995:, the
985:<::
965:, see
946:not_eq
934:xor_eq
915:&=
910:and_eq
850:bitand
692:return
683:return
571:or an
565:'????'
540:; see
508:??>
496:??<
318:Pascal
312:Pascal
239:ANSI C
192:EBCDIC
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
1908:(PDF)
1897:(PDF)
1632:(PDF)
1625:(PDF)
1571:(PDF)
1564:(PDF)
1539:(PDF)
1532:(PDF)
1508:(PDF)
1501:(PDF)
1382:(PDF)
1375:(PDF)
1326:(PDF)
1264:(PDF)
1173:uses
1162:Lotus
1114:bound
1059:CHARS
1032:C++17
1024:C++11
1020:C++0x
1001:<:
967:below
963:C++14
922:or_eq
862:bitor
855:&
826:compl
817:Token
757:%>
745:<%
733::>
721:<:
542:below
302:>=
282:ALGOL
276:ALGOL
219:ASCII
177:ASCII
173:UTF-8
112:JSTOR
98:books
1936:1345
1477:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1169:for
1152:Ctrl
1145:Ctrl
1130::dig
1118:Ctrl
1110:1345
1100:The
1067:\nnn
1012:%:%:
997:<
993:>
991:nor
974:%:%:
794:%:%:
652:*??/
640:/??/
607:The
532:The
371:The
351:and
343:and
336:for
332:and
316:The
304:for
296:for
201:and
84:news
34:and
1932:RFC
1181:as
1175:Alt
1171:DOS
1126:Vim
1116:to
1106:RFC
1102:Vim
1096:Vim
1087:).
1047:RPL
1038:RPL
1028:IBM
959:C++
898:xor
874:and
838:not
804:C++
783:C95
665:int
633:C99
609:??/
594:??-
582:???
548:).
546:C23
538:C++
520:??-
484:??!
472:??)
460:??(
448:??'
436:??/
424:??=
396:C++
377:APL
165:C23
143:In
67:by
1947::
1868:.
1818:.
1792:.
1780:^
1763:.
1759:.
1746:^
1705:^
1665:^
1586:^
1475:.
1405:.
1350:.
1346:.
1296:.
1179:F1
1132:.
980:.
978:%:
951:!=
939:^=
927:|=
891:||
886:or
798:##
769:%:
671:()
623:++
604:.
592:+
578:.
357:(*
353:*)
349:(*
339:,
334:*)
330:(*
328:,
326:.)
324:,
322:(.
294::=
205:.
147:,
1917:.
1879:.
1854:.
1829:.
1803:.
1774:.
1737:.
1697:.
1641:.
1609:.
1580:.
1548:.
1517:.
1485:.
1453:.
1438:.
1415:.
1391:.
1360:.
1328:.
1311:.
1281:.
1177:+
1156:V
1154:+
1149:A
1147:+
1122:K
1120:+
1063:\
989::
903:^
867:|
843:!
831:~
774:#
762:}
750:{
738:]
726:[
701:}
698:;
695:1
689:;
686:0
677:{
655:/
646:A
643:*
626:;
620:a
602:/
598:?
590:?
586:-
553:?
525:~
513:}
501:{
489:|
477:]
465:[
453:^
441:\
429:#
402:C
389::
385:.
367:J
361:}
345:}
341:{
306:≥
298:←
203:}
199:{
171:/
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
61:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
