726:
751:
700:. The Review asserted the carrier's only effective use was to project British power East of Suez, and that the RN carriers were too 'vulnerable' for the RN's other major theatre in the North Atlantic. When the British government later decided in 1967 that it would withdraw from east of Suez, the case for carriers weakened further. The 1966 Review stated that the ability of the RAF to cover 300 miles offshore was enough for the 1970s, regardless of the RAF's contested claim of being able to provide air cover out to 700 miles. The cancellation of 150 TSR2 aircraft by Labour in mid-1965 was the basis of the RAF's argument for the 'island hopping strategy'.
709:
47:
326:, the huge financial costs of the proposed carrier against ongoing budgetary constraints, and the technical complexity and difficulties it would have presented in construction, operation, and maintenance. Some historians also cite the increased role played by land-based aircraft in providing a nuclear deterrent and that naval leadership at the time presented their need for the carriers poorly in government.
26:
543:
432:-class ship. The increasing weight and size of modern jet fighters meant that a larger deck area was required for takeoffs and landings. Although the Royal Navy had come up with increasingly innovative ways to allow ever-larger aircraft to operate from the small flight decks of their carriers, the limited physical life left in the existing ships (only
487:. The Board of Admiralty decided in 1961 that the minimum would be 48,000 tons. The carriers would have two main roles: strike carrier (including attacks on airfields) and defence of the fleet. They would also operate early warning aircraft and - later - anti-submarine helicopters. Even with these smaller designs, the cost was a serious issue. The
688:. The final chief designer of CVA-01 said that by the time project was cancelled, so many design compromises had been made because of size and budget restrictions, that the whole project had become risky. The following year, a supplement to the review marked the ending of a global presence with the withdrawal of British presence "
661:
accordingly the difficulties spiraled, and the final tonnage was much more likely to be nearer 55,000 tons. The design issues also increased, including dramatically reduced top speed, deck space, armour, and radar equipment. When the
Cabinet met in February 1966, the new Secretary of State for Defence,
526:
The "sketch" approved by the
Admiralty in July 1963 was for a 890 ft (270 m), at the waterline, vessel. Three shafts powered by a new steam plant design would give 27-28 knots and one shaft could be shut down at a time for maintenance. The electrical distribution system, using step-down
866:
in 1978. The concept of the "through-deck command cruiser" was first raised in the late 1960s when it became clear that there was a good chance of the Fleet Air Arm losing fixed-wing capability. The "through-deck cruiser" name was chosen to avoid the stigma of great expense attached to full-size
660:
The new government, and by extension the
Treasury, were particularly concerned about the size issues involved, as these were fluctuating quite frequently. They, therefore, demanded that the Admiralty keep to 53,000 tons. With the navy unwilling to alter the size of the carrier and its air group
695:
One argument about the cancellation of CVA-01 states that the RAF moved
Australia by 500 miles in its documents to support the air force's preferred strategy of land-based aircraft. Regardless of the story's veracity, the principal reason for the cancellation was that the Defence Review Board
535:
and arrester gear would have enabled the carriers to operate the latest jets. The two 250 ft (76 m) long catapults, which could operate aircraft of maximum weight of 70,000 lb (32 t) were set at 4 degrees apart. There were four take-off positions to operate V/STOL aircraft.
530:
The CVA-01 would have displaced no more than 54,500 tons, with a flight deck length (including the bridle arrester boom) of 963 ft 3 in (293.60 m) and 189 ft (58 m) wide. Overall width was 231 ft 4 in (70.51 m). The size of the flight deck, combined with
506:
Four ships were planned but the addition of construction of four
Polaris missile nuclear submarines (ordered in April 1963) introduced delays of ten months in expected production. Considerations included the availability of berths at shipyards, sufficient trained welders for use of QT35 steel,
895:. One officer who worked on the CVA-01 believed, however, that had the United Kingdom "built two or three ships to this design, they would now be seen to have been the bargain of the century and they would have made the Falklands War a much less risky operation" due to greater functionality.
890:
was added at a late stage of development, the intention being that it could give the battle group the capability to intercept Soviet reconnaissance aircraft without having to rely either on land-based or US Navy interceptors. The ultimate result of this was the Royal Navy being able to deploy
519:
831:
was decommissioned in 1972, partly due to damage inflicted in a partial grounding a year before; repairs would have probably required a minimum 18-month refit in 1972–1973 at a cost of around £40 million to operate till 1977. Many of the second squadron of F-4 Phantoms intended for
665:, strongly supported the RAF and their plan for long-range strike aircraft, by now the F-111, partially due to the cost issues of running fleet carriers, and partially due to opposition to a strong British military. This meeting resulted in the
482:
The advantages of size were immediately apparent; a 42,000-ton carrier could only hold 27 aircraft, while a 55,000-ton carrier could carry 49 Buccaneers or Sea Vixens. This was an 80% increase in the size of the air group for a 30% increase in
696:
believed adequate cover could be better provided East of Suez by RAF strike aircraft flying from bases in
Australia and uninhabited islands in the Indian Ocean, rather than by a small carrier fleet in the 1970s which would have still included
814:
was beginning a reconstruction with an austere refit of radar systems, communications, partial electrical rewiring, and fittings needed to allow operation of the
Phantom (despite the fact that it was a worse base for such a conversion than
561:
operating 400 nautical miles off the southern coast of Java, would have 31 Buccaneers (24 for CVA-01 and 7 for Hermes) and 24 Phantoms (12 for CVA-01 and 12 for Hermes) to take on the
Indonesian air force of the mid-1970's equipped with 20
867:
aircraft carriers, with these 20,000-ton ships having significantly less fixed-wing aviation capability than the planned CVA-01 carriers. However, they were to function as part of combined NATO fleets, with a primary mission of providing
632:
that one new aircraft carrier would be built, at an estimated cost of £60 million, although the
Treasury thought that the final cost was likely to be nearer £100 million. This was based on the carrier using the same aircraft as the
819:), and it was deemed unacceptable either to cancel the much-needed work, or to spend such a large amount of money (approx. £32m) for less than three years continued use. A change of government led, as a consequence, to retain
428:, which the Royal Navy intended to procure as its new fleet air defence aircraft. With the remainder of the air group, this would give a total of approximately 40 aircraft, which compared poorly to the 90 available to a
444:, the most effectively and expensively modernised of the carriers, to operate the F-4 or an effective and useful number of Buccaneers, made the order of at least two new large fleet carriers essential by the mid-1960s.
1425:
Royal United
Services Institute Journal – Aug 2006, Vol. 151, No. 4 By Simon Elliott – CVA-01 and CVF – What Lessons Can the Royal Navy Learn from the Cancelled 1960s Aircraft Carrier for its New Flat-top?
793:
to enable them to operate the 52 Phantoms ordered. However, a decision was taken later to completely phase out fixed-wing flying in the Royal Navy by 1972 in line with withdrawal from "East of Suez".
387:
and C3, but limited to air groups of 25 aircraft: at the most 20 fighters and strike aircraft and five helicopters, or alternately 16 fighters and strike aircraft, four turboprop
1500:
1530:
1520:
546:
Second page of the now-declassified RAF document 'The Validity of a Royal Navy Plan to use Carrier-borne Strike Aircraft to Neutralise Indonesian Air Strike Forces'
649:, however, the new Labour Government wanted to cut back defence spending, and the RAF attacked the Royal Navy's carrier in an attempt to safeguard first its
310:
The planned four carrier class was soon reduced to three before further being reduced to two and finally, following a government review, in the form of the
1377:
1316:
510:
By July 1963 it was announced that only one carrier would be built, though there was a possibility that one would be ordered by the Australian Navy.
600:
479:
but was rejected early on as being significantly too costly, particularly in terms of the dockyard upgrades that would be needed to service them.
1061:
725:
225:
1515:
468:
had to sift through six possible designs. These ranged from 42,000 to 68,000 tons at full load. The largest design, based on the American
1357:
750:
458:
457:
Once the Chiefs of Staff had given their approval to the idea of new carriers being necessary, in January 1962 in the strategic paper
1535:
574:
539:
Initially, no armour was planned but was added to the magazines, ship sides, and hangar bringing displacement up to 54,500 tons.
425:
910:
904:
1479:
1234:
1045:
1015:
405:
in 1959, but was never satisfactory or safe for operating nuclear strike aircraft and was a purely interim capability while
1540:
646:
165:
1525:
645:). The single new carrier would be part of a three carrier fleet with a refitted Eagle and Hermes until 1980. After the
1495:
1293:
1178:
550:
The sketch included 30 Buccaneer strike and Sea Vixen fighter aircraft. The variable geometry aircraft under design to
507:
drawing office capacity at the shipyards, number of electrical fitters. A new dry dock at Portsmouth was also needed.
913:, which are larger than the cancelled CVA-01s. The two new carriers, initially dubbed CVF (F for 'Future'), are named
1460:
1441:
1416:
1088:
880:
857:
350:
91:
862:
The Royal Navy did not however completely surrender aircraft carrier capability, despite the eventual withdrawal of
1153:"The Validity of a Royal Navy Plan to use Carrier-borne Strike Aircraft to Neutralise Indonesian Air Strike Forces"
629:
499:
operating from a string of bases around the globe. For the former, this appeared a cost-effective solution for the
469:
64:
557:
In an Intervention Study (IWP/65) against Indonesia made in 1965, the Royal Navy assumed two carriers, CVA-01 and
424:
were realistically big enough to accommodate both a squadron of Buccaneers (up to 14 aircraft) and a squadron of
928:
841:
73:
271:, designed during the 1960s. The ship was intended to be the first of a class that would replace all of the
1331:
345:
In the 1960s, the Royal Navy was still one of the premier carrier fleets in the world, second only to the
503:
issue, and for the latter, it meant that the Royal Navy would not get a majority of the defence budget.
585:, four early-warning aircraft, five anti-submarine helicopters, and two search-and-rescue helicopters.
1065:
613:, although this would not have been fitted to the final carrier as Britain pulled out of the project.
921:
914:
754:
596:(then under development) on the quarterdeck. The Ikara was deleted from the design in February 1965.
666:
622:
311:
886:
In order to ensure the safety of the battle group around the "cruiser", the facility to carry the
255:
2 catapults (reduced from 4), 2 lifts, 1 hangar 650 ft (200 m) by 80 ft (24 m)
958:
While an estimated 800 were needed, the largest number employed at any one yard was less than 400
654:
642:
551:
436:
was considered capable of reliable and efficient extension past 1975), and the inability of both
1152:
638:
604:
402:
79:
599:
The large 'Broomstick' radar dome above the central island on the carrier was planned to be a
785:
The cancellation of CVA-01 was planned to be compensated for by the minimum updating of both
734:
412:
While all four of the Navy's large carriers were capable of operating the S.2 version of the
876:
398:
372:
323:
280:
708:
8:
780:
740:
607:
578:
484:
413:
360:
287:
229:
1003:
625:
1475:
1456:
1437:
1412:
1084:
1041:
1011:
674:
670:
392:
388:
315:
244:
237:
233:
909:
The United Kingdom returned to the fleet carrier idea with the construction of the
803:
558:
378:
294:
276:
268:
205:
1470:
Sturton, Ian (2014). "CVA-01: Portrait of a Missing Link". In Jordan, John (ed.).
1249:
669:. In this paper, the CVA-01 was finally canceled, along with the remainder of the
573:
The aircraft complement in the design approved on 27 January 1966 was a mix of 36
1429:
887:
776:
634:
589:
582:
465:
366:
301:
241:
1455:. Naval Policy and History. Vol. 30. Abingdon, UK: Cass. pp. 170–92.
1208:
872:
532:
476:
384:
265:
329:
Had CVA-01 and CVA-02 been built, it is likely they would have been named HMS
1509:
892:
567:
319:
1496:
A comprehensive essay on the history of the CVA-01 design and related issues
1301:
680:
was eventually completed. Instead, plans were made for the modernisation of
689:
662:
563:
500:
492:
168:
steam turbines providing 135,000 hp (101,000 kW) to three shafts
488:
177:
1434:
British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft
1235:"Carrier 2000: A Consideration of Naval Aviation in the Millennium - I"
931:
716:
272:
52:
927:. The contract for these vessels was announced on 25 July 2007 by the
653:
strike/reconnaissance aircraft and then its proposed replacement, the
641:
supersonic V/STOL aircraft (a larger version of what would become the
397:, was modernised to the minimum standard to operate second-generation
650:
496:
1356:
Des Browne, The Secretary of State for Defence (25 July 2007).
518:
868:
593:
823:
following her 1967–1970 refit, but not to proceed with a refit of
275:'s carriers, most of which had been designed before or during the
1362:
848:
until 1978, but could never have been brought back into service.
346:
603:
Anglo-Dutch 3D radar, which would subsequently be fitted on the
25:
522:
Official Artist's impression of the proposed aircraft carrier.
322:. Factors contributing to the cancellation of CVA-01 included
801:
was converted to a "commando carrier" to replace her sister
1451:
Gorst, Anthony (2004). "CVA-01". In Harding, Richard (ed.).
1083:(1st ed.). Horncastle: Gallantry Books. pp. 8–9.
527:
transformers from 3.3kV, was also new to the Royal Navy.
371:, and two smaller carriers, the completely reconstructed
692:". The year after, the purchase of F-111s was cancelled.
224:
Up to 50 aircraft, with the planned airgroup having 18 ×
988:
Sturton, I (2014), "CVA01. Portrait of a Missing Link",
577:
fleet defence fighters (with secondary strike role) and
542:
349:, which was in the process of building the 80,000-ton
673:
that would have been built as escorts, of which only
314:, the project was cancelled, along with the proposed
1409:
Rebuilding the Royal Navy: Warship Design since 1945
871:
anti-submarine helicopter patrols in the north-east
318:
class, which were intended primarily as escorts for
851:
575:British specification McDonnell Douglas Phantom II
1531:Abandoned military projects of the United Kingdom
703:
1521:Cold War aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom
1507:
1453:The Royal Navy 1930–2000: Innovation and Defence
1202:
1200:
1436:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
1411:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
1273:Defence Review 1966: estimates 14-2-1966. Pt 1
359:The British fleet included the fleet carriers
293:, while CVA-03 and CVA-04 would have replaced
216:unspecified for side and underwater protection
1228:
1226:
1010:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 255–257.
879:of NATO's "Forward Maritime Strategy". Three
554:OR.346 was expected to be carried out later.
279:. CVA-01 and CVA-02 were intended to replace
130:63,000 long tons (64,000 t) at full load
1308:
1197:
1105:Rebuilding the RN- Warship Design since 1945
1378:"Commissioning day for HMS Prince of Wales"
1206:
1031:
1029:
1027:
16:Unbuilt 1960s class of UK aircraft carriers
1406:
1355:
1223:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1407:Brown, D. K. & Moore, George (2003).
1038:From East of Suez to the Eastern Atlantic
1035:
836:were immediately transferred to the RAF.
426:redesigned McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantoms
391:, and five helicopters. A fifth carrier,
1428:
1349:
1282:Defence Review 1966. Estimates 14-2-1966
1024:
749:
724:
707:
541:
517:
1469:
1314:
1291:
1078:
987:
911:Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers
377:, and the somewhat newer light carrier
1508:
942:was commissioned on 10 December 2019.
905:Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carrier
764:
1450:
1232:
1209:"The aircraft carrier that never was"
1002:
715:(left) alongside the US Navy carrier
188:7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km)
938:s commissioning on 7 December 2017,
570:bombers, deployed at six airfields.
1516:Aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy
1036:Hampshire, Edward (15 April 2016).
13:
1474:. London: Conway. pp. 28–48.
1366:. House of Commons. col. 865.
1081:HMS Bristol: In a Class of Her Own
891:carrier-based aircraft during the
881:Invincible-class aircraft carriers
844:as a source of spares to maintain
760:operating in the North Sea in 2017
14:
1552:
1489:
1185:. Hansard. 30 July 1963. cc237-42
858:Invincible class aircraft carrier
810:At the time of the announcement,
452:
1536:Proposed ships of the Royal Navy
647:General Election of October 1964
475:, had space for four full-sized
247:, probably with 1 × Gannet COD.4
206:Sea Dart Guided Weapon System 30
127:54,500 long tons (55,400 t)
45:
24:
1400:
1370:
1363:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1315:Garstin, D. J. I. (July 1999).
1285:
1276:
1267:
1171:
1145:
1134:
961:
616:
462:British Strategy in the Sixties
1122:
1110:
1107:. Seaforth Publishing, (2012)
1097:
1072:
1054:
996:
981:
952:
929:Secretary of State for Defence
704:Subsequent Royal Navy carriers
594:Sea Dart anti-aircraft missile
495:were pushing for a new set of
30:Official drawing of the CVA-01
1:
1317:"The Future Aircraft Carrier"
1233:James, D. R. (January 1999).
974:
875:, in support of the American
1330:(3): 229–234. Archived from
992:, London: Conway, p. 30
208:launcher, 4 × Sea Cat GWS 20
7:
1541:Cancelled aircraft carriers
1358:"CSR and Aircraft Carriers"
1207:Nick Childs (3 July 2014).
590:Ikara anti-submarine system
164:6 Admiralty boilers with 3
10:
1557:
1526:Proposed aircraft carriers
1040:. Routledge. p. 3-4.
967:1000 psi at 1000 degrees F
902:
855:
797:was withdrawn in 1969 and
774:
513:
497:long-range strike aircraft
1292:Beedall, Richard (2011).
1179:"Defence (Carrier Force)"
1103:D.K. Brown and G. Moore.
447:
340:
116:
35:
23:
1298:navy-matters.beedall.com
1248:(1): 3–8. Archived from
1183:House of Commons Debates
1062:"British Fleet Carriers"
945:
667:1966 Defence White Paper
354:-class aircraft carriers
312:1966 Defence White Paper
140:925 ft (282 m)
643:Hawker Siddeley Harrier
552:Operational Requirement
403:de Havilland Sea Vixens
324:inter-service rivalries
148:184 ft (56 m)
117:General characteristics
1141:Brown & Moore 2003
1129:Brown & Moore 2003
1117:Brown & Moore 2003
898:
852:"Through Deck Cruiser"
761:
747:
722:
655:General Dynamics F-111
639:Hawker Siddeley P.1154
605:Royal Netherlands Navy
547:
523:
416:strike aircraft, only
156:33 ft (10 m)
1079:Griffin, Rob (2022).
1068:on 15 September 2007.
877:carrier battle groups
753:
728:
711:
588:Defences included an
545:
521:
399:Supermarine Scimitars
840:remained officially
739:operating alongside
1159:. National Archives
781:HMS Ark Royal (R09)
623:Minister of Defence
579:Blackburn Buccaneer
414:Blackburn Buccaneer
252:Aviation facilities
196:3,250 plus airgroup
1384:. 10 December 2019
1304:on 7 October 2014.
1008:Wings on my Sleeve
762:
748:
723:
671:Type 82 destroyers
626:Peter Thorneycroft
548:
524:
1481:978-1-84486-236-8
1337:on 26 August 2014
1157:National Archives
1119:, p. 243-244
1047:978-1-317-13234-9
1017:978-0-7538-2209-8
657:, from the cuts.
389:Fairey Gannet AEW
335:Duke of Edinburgh
316:Type 82 destroyer
259:
258:
88:Succeeded by
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1430:Friedman, Norman
1422:
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1353:
1347:
1346:
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1342:
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1324:The Naval Review
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1306:
1305:
1300:. Archived from
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1280:
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1255:on 26 April 2012
1254:
1242:The Naval Review
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1064:. Archived from
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959:
956:
936:Queen Elizabeth'
621:In mid-1963 the
559:HMS Hermes (R12)
277:Second World War
269:aircraft carrier
221:Aircraft carried
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940:Prince of Wales
924:Prince of Wales
917:Queen Elizabeth
907:
901:
860:
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783:
777:HMS Eagle (R05)
775:Main articles:
773:
757:Queen Elizabeth
743:John C. Stennis
733:-class carrier
706:
635:Royal Air Force
619:
611:-class frigates
583:strike aircraft
566:bombers and 20
533:steam catapults
516:
477:steam catapults
466:Admiralty Board
455:
450:
409:was refitting.
383:, both with 3D
343:
331:Queen Elizabeth
264:was a proposed
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31:
17:
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1490:External links
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856:Main article:
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807:, in 1971-73.
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453:Considerations
451:
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385:Type 984 radar
342:
339:
337:respectively.
320:carrier groups
307:respectively.
266:United Kingdom
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36:Class overview
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1472:Warship 2014
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1401:Bibliography
1386:. Retrieved
1381:
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1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1332:the original
1327:
1323:
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1302:the original
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1257:. Retrieved
1250:the original
1245:
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242:Wessex HAS.1
234:Gannet AEW.3
226:Phantom FG.1
122:Displacement
92:
74:
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18:
1388:10 December
1259:12 December
1004:Brown, Eric
888:Sea Harrier
736:Illustrious
59:Preceded by
1510:Categories
1382:Royal Navy
975:References
932:Des Browne
842:in reserve
795:Victorious
731:Invincible
630:Parliament
581:low-level
438:Victorious
430:Kitty Hawk
374:Victorious
352:Kitty Hawk
283:Victorious
273:Royal Navy
193:Complement
161:Propulsion
93:Invincible
53:Royal Navy
1341:23 August
1189:12 August
1163:23 August
922:HMS
915:HMS
864:Ark Royal
846:Ark Royal
821:Ark Royal
812:Ark Royal
791:Ark Royal
770:Ark Royal
755:HMS
741:USS
713:Ark Royal
686:Ark Royal
675:HMS
651:BAC TSR-2
471:Forrestal
459:COS(621)1
418:Ark Royal
362:Ark Royal
302:HMS
295:HMS
290:Ark Royal
288:HMS
281:HMS
109:Cancelled
66:Audacious
41:Operators
1432:(1988).
1294:"CVA-01"
1006:(2007).
869:Cold War
601:Type 988
491:and the
489:Treasury
333:and HMS
201:Armament
746:in 1998
721:in 1978
677:Bristol
514:Details
394:Centaur
347:US Navy
228:; 18 ×
204:1 twin
166:Parsons
153:Draught
101:Planned
75:Centaur
1478:
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1440:
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1215:3 July
1087:
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804:Albion
799:Hermes
718:Nimitz
698:Hermes
637:, the
592:and a
464:, the
448:Design
442:Hermes
434:Hermes
380:Hermes
341:Origin
297:Hermes
262:CVA-01
240:; 2 ×
236:; 4 ×
232:; 4 ×
213:Armour
137:Length
77:-class
68:-class
50:
1335:(PDF)
1320:(PDF)
1253:(PDF)
1238:(PDF)
1211:. BBC
946:Notes
838:Eagle
834:Eagle
829:Eagle
825:Eagle
817:Eagle
787:Eagle
766:Eagle
682:Eagle
609:Tromp
473:class
422:Eagle
407:Eagle
368:Eagle
304:Eagle
245:(SAR)
185:Range
178:knots
173:Speed
95:class
1476:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1390:2019
1343:2014
1261:2011
1217:2014
1191:2024
1165:2024
1085:ISBN
1042:ISBN
1012:ISBN
920:and
789:and
779:and
768:and
729:The
684:and
440:and
420:and
401:and
365:and
300:and
286:and
145:Beam
899:CVF
176:30
1512::
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104:4
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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