COVID-19 drug development

1879: 2523: 53: 4053: 3831:(NIAID) initiated an adaptive design, international Phase III trial (called "ACTT") to involve up to 800 hospitalized COVID-19 people at 100 sites in multiple countries. Beginning with use of remdesivir as the primary treatment over 29 days, the trial definition of its adaptive protocol states that "there will be interim monitoring to introduce new arms and allow early stopping for futility, efficacy, or safety. If one therapy proves to be efficacious, then this treatment may become the control arm for comparison(s) with new experimental treatment(s)." 1627: 3566: 3400: 1893: 1758: 3340: 3848: 3229: 3819:

adaptive design to rapidly alter trial parameters as results from the four experimental therapeutic strategies emerge. Adaptive designs within ongoing Phase II–III clinical trials on candidate therapeutics may shorten trial durations and use fewer subjects, possibly expediting decisions for early termination or success, and coordinating design changes for a specific trial across its international locations.

2871: 4081: 4067: 9907: 9533: 8922: 8399: 8361: 8316: 8085: 7693: 7646: 7192: 7156: 7025: 6980: 6941: 6736: 3042: 1992:, are not included in the table below. Others in early-stage Phase II trials or numerous treatment candidates in Phase I trials, are also excluded. Drug candidates in Phase I–II trials have a low rate of success (under 12%) to pass through all trial phases to gain eventual approval. Once having reached Phase III trials, therapeutic candidates for diseases related to COVID-19 infection – 3312:(EUA) to treat COVID‑19. It was approved in the United Kingdom later that month, and in the European Union and Canada in January 2022. In May 2023, it was approved in the U.S. to treat mild to moderate COVID‑19 in adults who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID‑19, including hospitalization or death. The FDA considers the combination to be a 3163: 5862: 2688:

Bebtelovimab is a neutralizing human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody, isolated from a patient who has recovered from the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), directed against the spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), that can potentially be used for immunization against COVID-19.

1733:" in 10 countries, enrolling thousands of people infected with COVID-19 to assess treatment effects of four existing antiviral compounds with the most promise of efficacy. A dynamic, systematic review was established in April 2020 to track the progress of registered clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccine and therapeutic drug candidates. 3461:, including four studies on hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine phosphate. Repurposed antiviral drugs make up most of the Chinese research, with 9 Phase III trials on remdesivir across several countries due to report by the end of April. Other potential therapeutic candidates under pivotal clinical trials concluding in March–April are 3133:(EUA) to molnupiravir for use in certain populations where other treatments are not feasible. The emergency use authorization was only narrowly approved (13–10) because of questions about efficacy and concerns that molnupiravir's mutagenic effects could create new variants that evade immunity and prolong the 2546:

threatened. As of May 2021, at least 12 randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of convalescent plasma treatment were published in peer-reviewed medical journals. In addition, as of May 2021, 100 additional trials were 'ongoing' and 33 studies were reported as 'competed' but not yet published.

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suggested reductions in mortality, ICU admission, and mechanical ventilation requirements in patients who received the serum. This was harshly criticized by the Argentine Intensive Care Society, which stated that the trial failed to achieve its primary or secondary endpoints and did not demonstrate any

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The great strength of this trial is its "adaptive" nature. This means that ineffective experimental treatments can very quickly be dropped and replaced by other molecules that emerge from research efforts. We will therefore be able to make changes in real time, in line with the most recent scientific

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The program promoted mass production of multiple vaccines, and different types of vaccine technologies, based on preliminary evidence, allowing for faster distribution if clinical trials confirm one of the vaccines is safe and effective. The plan anticipated that some of these vaccines will not prove

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According to a tracker of clinical trial progress on potential therapeutic drugs for COVID-19 infections, 29 Phase II–IV efficacy trials were concluded in March 2020 or scheduled to provide results in April from hospitals in China – which experienced the first outbreak of COVID-19 in late 2019. Seven

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Bamlanivimab and etesevimab, administered together, are authorized in the United States for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in people aged twelve years of age and older weighing at least 40 kilograms (88 lb) with positive results of direct SARS-CoV-2 viral testing, and who are at high

1980:

determine in hundreds to thousands of COVID-19-infected people the possible extended use of an already-approved drug for treating COVID-19 infection. As of August 2020, over 500 candidate therapeutics were in preclinical or a stage of Phase I–IV development, with new Phase II–III trials announced for

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assess whether a candidate drug has efficacy specifically against a disease, and – in the case of people hospitalized with severe COVID-19 infections – test for an effective dose level of the repurposed or new drug candidate to improve the illness (primarily pneumonia) from COVID-19 infection. For an

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in animals, before a candidate compound is advanced for safety and efficacy evaluation in humans. To complete the preclinical stage of drug development – then be tested for safety and efficacy in an adequate number of people infected with COVID-19 (hundreds to thousands in different countries) – is a

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the hospitalized subject to one of the trial drugs or to the hospital standard of care for treating COVID-19. The trial physician records and submits follow-up information about the subject status and treatment, completing data input via the WHO Solidarity website. The design of the Solidarity trial

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With about 15% of people infected by COVID-19 having severe illness, and hospitals being overwhelmed during the pandemic, WHO recognized a rapid clinical need to test and repurpose these drugs as agents already approved for other diseases and recognized as safe. The Solidarity project is designed to

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in Illinois, working under the auspices of C3.ai, an artificial intelligence software company, are pooling supercomputer resources toward drug discovery, medical protocol development and public health strategy improvement, as well as awarding large grants to researchers who proposed by May to use AI

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In unvaccinated high-risk people with COVID‑19, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir can reduce the risk of hospitalization or death by 88% if taken within five days of symptom onset. People who take nirmatrelvir/ritonavir also test negative for COVID‑19 about two and a half days earlier than people

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potential treatments. The COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition formed to coordinate and expedite results from international clinical trials on the most promising post-infection treatments. In early 2020, numerous established antiviral compounds for treating other infections were being repurposed or

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Vilobelimab is a recombinant chimeric monoclonal IgG4 antibody that specifically binds to the soluble human complement split product C5a after cleavage from C5 to block its interaction with the C5a receptor, both of which are components of the complement system thought to contribute to inflammation

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Drug development is a multistep process, typically requiring more than five years to assure safety and efficacy of the new compound. Several national regulatory agencies, such as the EMA and the FDA, approved procedures to expedite clinical testing. By June 2021, dozens of potential post-infection

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During April, the British RECOVERY (Randomised Evaluation of COVid-19 thERapY) trial was launched initially in 132 hospitals across the UK, expanding to become one of the world's largest COVID-19 clinical studies, involving 5400 infected people under treatment at 165 UK hospitals, as of mid-April.

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A clinical trial design in progress may be modified as an "adaptive design" if accumulating data in the trial provide early insights about positive or negative efficacy of the treatment. The global Solidarity and European Discovery trials of hospitalized people with severe COVID-19 infection apply

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and national regulatory agencies, 2) fast-track approvals for the candidate therapeutic compounds, 3) ensure standardised and rapid analysis of emerging efficacy and safety data, and 4) facilitate sharing of clinical trial outcomes before publication. A dynamic review of clinical development for

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in São Paulo completed animal testing in September. In December 2020, Argentina granted emergency authorization to CoviFab, a locally developed formulation of equine hyperimmune serum, for use in cases of moderate to severe COVID-19, based on the initial results of a single phase 2/3 trial which

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In the United States, the FDA has granted temporary authorization to convalescent plasma (plasma from the blood of people who have recovered from COVID-19, which thus contains antibodies against SARS-CoV-2) as an experimental treatment in cases where the person's life is seriously or immediately

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has been proposed as a potential treatment for COVID-19. As of May 2021, there is strong evidence that convalescent plasma treatment is not associated with clinical improvements for people with moderate or severe disease and does not decrease the risk of dying. The potential for adverse effects

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also joined the effort in March. The project uses computers of volunteers to model SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins to discover possible drug targets or create new proteins to neutralize the virus. Researchers revealed that with the help of Rosetta@home, they had been able to "accurately predict the

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process of rapidly screening and defining the safety and efficacy of existing drugs already approved for other diseases to be used for people with COVID-19 infection. In the usual drug development process, confirmation of repurposing for new disease treatment would take many years of clinical

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The most common adverse reactions include pneumonia, sepsis, delirium, pulmonary embolism, hypertension, pneumothorax, deep vein thrombosis, herpes simplex, enterococcal infection, bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, hepatic enzyme increased, urinary tract infection, hypoxia, thrombocytopenia,

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Bebtelovimab works by binding to the spike protein of the virus that causes COVID-19, similar to other monoclonal antibodies that have been authorized for the treatment of high-risk people with mild to moderate COVID-19 and shown a benefit in reducing the risk of hospitalization or death.

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The success rate for Phase II trials to advance to Phase III (for all diseases) is about 31%, and for infectious diseases specifically, about 43%. Depending on its duration (longer more expensive) – typically a period of several months to two years – an average-length Phase II trial costs

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around 2,000 hospital patients were given dexamethasone and were compared with more than 4,000 who did not receive the drug. For patients on ventilators, it cut the risk of death from 40% to 28% (1 in 8). For patients needing oxygen, it cut the risk of death from 25% to 20% (1 in 5).

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Phase III trials for COVID-19 involve hundreds-to-thousands of hospitalized participants, and test effectiveness of the treatment to reduce effects of the disease, while monitoring for adverse effects at the optimal dose, such as in the multinational Solidarity and Discovery trials.

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When contacted, Soumya Swaminathan, chief scientist at WHO, told The Indian Express: Our data safety monitoring board reviewed the mortality data in Solidarity... They did not have concerns related to mortality between HCQ and standard of care. Hence, we have decided to resume the

2439:(also called drug repurposing) – the investigation of existing drugs for new therapeutic purposes – is one line of scientific research followed to develop safe and effective COVID-19 treatments. Several existing antiviral medications, previously developed or used as treatments for 7804: 2755:(administered together) and casirivimab/imdevimab – to limit their use to only when the recipients are likely to have been infected with or exposed to a variant that is susceptible to these treatments because data show these treatments are highly unlikely to be active against the 3732:

on safety concerns with hydroxychloroquine, the WHO suspended use of it from the Solidarity trial in May 2020, reinstated it after the research was retracted, then abandoned further use of the drug for COVID-19 treatment when analysis showed in June that it provided no benefit.

3137:. In September 2023, molnupiravir's vial mutagenicity was confirmed to contribute to circulating SARS-CoV-2 genomic variation in a study of global SARS CoV 2 isolates after 2022: molnupiravir-specific genomic changes were more common, especially where molnupiravir had been used. 7714: 6775: 4006:

which were published in October 2020. The lopinavir-ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine arms were closed to new entrants after being shown to be ineffective. Dexamethasone was closed to new adult entries after positive results and by November 2020, was open to child entries.

2467:– on the candidate drug to assure its safety and efficacy specifically for treating COVID-19 infection. In the emergency of a growing COVID-19 pandemic, the drug repurposing process was being accelerated during March 2020 to treat people hospitalized with COVID-19. 12135: 3543:

in funding for 96 research projects on medical countermeasures against COVID-19, including numerous vaccine candidates at Canadian universities, with plans to establish a "vaccine bank" of new vaccines for implementation if another COVID-19 outbreak occurs. The

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process likely to require 1–2 years for COVID-19 therapies, according to several reports in early 2020. Despite these efforts, the success rate for drug candidates to reach eventual regulatory approval through the entire drug development process for treating

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Phase I trials test primarily for safety and preliminary dosing in a few dozen healthy subjects, while Phase II trials – following success in Phase I – evaluate therapeutic efficacy against the COVID-19 disease at ascending dose levels (efficacy based on

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was launched. The partnership is a distributed computing project that "will automatically run a simulated experiment in the background which will help predict the effectiveness of a particular chemical compound as a possible treatment for COVID-19".

3642:, for drug discovery. The COVID-19 High Performance Computing Consortium also aims to forecast disease spread, model possible vaccines, and screen thousands of chemical compounds to design a COVID-19 vaccine or therapy. The Consortium used up 437 peta 10390: 7774: 21772: 18353: 1381: 10481: 3783:

to assist decisions on safety and effectiveness of the trial drugs, and alter the trial design or recommend an effective therapy. A similar web-based study to Solidarity, called "Discovery", was initiated in March across seven countries by

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The Solidarity trial seeks to implement coordination across hundreds of hospital sites in different countries – including those with poorly-developed infrastructure for clinical trials – yet needs to be conducted rapidly. According to

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to market the drug. The entire process – from concept through preclinical testing in the laboratory to clinical trial development, including Phase I–III trials – to approved vaccine or drug normally takes more than a decade.

5888: 8301: 7010: 12143: 5201: 6567: 8838: 22968: 9818: 8467: 6753: 21799: 3808:, the trial would be considered effective if therapies are determined to "reduce the proportion of patients that need ventilators by, say, 20%, that could have a huge impact on our national health-care systems." 17431: 14529: 14519: 14509: 7999: 8267: 17601: 14524: 14514: 14504: 8948: 4885: 5593:

There's only one drug right now that we think may have real efficacy. And that's remdesivir." said Bruce Aylward, a senior advisor and international leader of the World Health Organization's joint mission to

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Evidence network of COVID-19 clinical trials of 15 therapeutic candidates. Circles represent interventions or intervention groups (categories). Lines between two circles indicate comparisons in clinical

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Clinical trials using repurposed, generally safe, existing drugs for hospitalized COVID-19 people may take less time and have lower overall costs to obtain endpoints proving safety (absence of serious

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million and coordinating with the World Health Organization, the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator began in March, facilitating drug development researchers to rapidly identify, assess, develop, and

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million (2013 dollars, including preclinical and Phase I costs). Successful completion of a Phase II trial does not reliably forecast that a candidate drug will be successful in Phase III research.

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safe or effective, making the program more costly than typical vaccine development, but potentially leading to the availability of a viable vaccine several months earlier than typical timelines.

7042: 6691: 4491: 52: 23094: 22963: 22829: 22677: 22382: 22133: 22060: 17091: 16591: 10455: 6658: 21955: 17854: 16586: 15923: 13451: 13370: 11370: 9963:"A Phase Ib/II Study of Sabizabulin, a Novel Oral Cytoskeleton Disruptor, in Men with Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer with Progression on an Androgen Receptor-targeting Agent" 5827: 14204: 11499: 11321: 11053: 10724: 5686: 4312: 4197: 2482:

on four promising treatment options – the SOLIDARITY trial – with numerous other drugs having potential for repurposing in different disease treatment strategies, such as anti-inflammatory,

14617: 13151: 9892: 6776:"New data show treatment with Lilly's neutralizing antibodies bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) and etesevimab (LY-CoV016) together reduced risk of COVID-19 hospitalizations and death by 70 percent" 10278: 9728: 7601: 3507:(CEPI) committed to research investments of US$ 100 million across several countries, and issued an urgent call to raise and rapidly invest $ 2 billion for vaccine development. Led by the 23025: 23010: 22082: 22022: 17150: 17034: 14855: 14612: 13291: 12238: 1229: 7623: 6961: 6894: 2644:, which is circulating at a very high frequency throughout the United States, these treatments are not authorized for use in any U.S. states, territories, and jurisdictions at this time. 23030: 22790: 22763: 17521: 17283: 15131: 15124: 15119: 15114: 14850: 13633: 13286: 8806: 6470: 5298: 1265: 18204: 6624: 22998: 22587: 22472: 22128: 17096: 17024: 15976: 15537: 14583: 1219: 8895: 2626:

risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death. They are also authorized, when administered together, for use after exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus for

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caused by COVID-19: "While clinical trials are critical to establish the safety and efficacy of this drug, clinicians without access to a clinical trial may request remdesivir for

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of the WHO recorded 536 clinical studies to develop post-infection therapies for COVID-19 infections, with numerous established antiviral compounds for treating other infections

23020: 22909: 22758: 22409: 22350: 22143: 22050: 21965: 21914: 21831: 21737: 18698: 17029: 15428: 14197: 14077: 3866:, therapeutics, and diagnostics. The first news report of Operation Warp Speed was on April 29, 2020, and the program was officially announced on May 15, 2020. It was headed by 1224: 11401: 11019: 7141: 5194: 23049: 22841: 22753: 22733: 22489: 22443: 22360: 22260: 22243: 22165: 22116: 22077: 22067: 21943: 21926: 21809: 21777: 21762: 17591: 17548: 14578: 14534: 10196: 5093: 1285: 10335:"COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome, and Mastercard Launch Initiative to Speed Development and Access to Therapies for COVID-19" 8828: 6559: 5580: 4033:

in preventing hospitalisation and helping faster recovery for people aged over 50 and those at higher risk due to underlying health conditions. PANORAMIC is sponsored by the

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Over 2018–20, new initiatives to stimulate vaccine and antiviral drug development included partnerships between governmental organizations and industry, such as the European

22953: 22726: 22421: 22399: 22302: 22190: 22148: 22034: 21997: 21970: 21767: 17553: 15948: 15936: 15931: 13727: 10698: 8256: 1290: 10364: 6713: 4458: 2727:, casirivimab and imdevimab that must be mixed together and administered as an infusion or subcutaneous injection. The combination of two antibodies is intended to prevent 22933: 22873: 22856: 22802: 22570: 22453: 22338: 22280: 22123: 22111: 22007: 21980: 21933: 21871: 21841: 21720: 21715: 21700: 21685: 20630: 19528: 18723: 17620: 17339: 16759: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14573: 11748: 9482: 9443: 7976: 7220: 1608: 1472: 1435: 9762: 8456: 6003: 23087: 22928: 22814: 22743: 22665: 22655: 22643: 22621: 22614: 22597: 22577: 22553: 22543: 22536: 22526: 22496: 22297: 22270: 22175: 22072: 22055: 22029: 22017: 21960: 21851: 21804: 21792: 21782: 21705: 21695: 21670: 18760: 17569: 17426: 15986: 15943: 14173: 14168: 14163: 6874:"Lilly announces agreement with U.S. government to supply 300,000 vials of investigational neutralizing antibody bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) in an effort to fight COVID-19" 6030: 4859: 1923:

According to one source (as of August 2020), diverse categories of preclinical or early-stage clinical research for developing COVID-19 therapeutic candidates included:

1613: 1425: 694: 22921: 22897: 22846: 22824: 22785: 22773: 22748: 22716: 22706: 22650: 22631: 22582: 22518: 22465: 22431: 22377: 22355: 22253: 22238: 22219: 22160: 22101: 22094: 22002: 21990: 21861: 21856: 21819: 21752: 21675: 18124: 17043: 16999: 16515: 13664: 8981: 5885:"Fujifilm Announces the Start of a Phase III Clinical Trial of Influenza Antiviral Drug Avigan (favipiravir) on COVID-19 in Japan and Commits to Increasing Production" 5126: 2690:

As of November 2022, bebtelovimab is not authorized for emergency use in the US because it is not expected to neutralize Omicron subvariants BQ.1 and BQ.1.1.

1583: 1564: 1243: 1164: 8940: 7939: 4881: 3775:– which is normally the standard in a high-quality clinical trial – but the WHO needed speed with quality for the trial across many hospitals and countries. A global 3669:

launched a program to assist drug developers, initially simulating protein targets from SARS-CoV-2 and the related SARS-CoV virus, which has been studied previously.

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The most common side effects include allergic reactions, which include infusion related reactions, injection site reactions, brief pain, weakness and others.

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for manufacturing and worldwide distribution. In an international effort to capture these advantages, the WHO began in mid-March 2020 expedited international

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Among its other objectives, Operation Warp Speed aims to have substantial quantities of a safe and effective vaccine available for Americans by January 2021.

9400: 9285:"Xocova (Ensitrelvir Fumaric Acid) Tablets 125mg Approved in Japan for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, under the Emergency Regulatory Approval System" 7443: 3828: 1598: 1467: 1194: 795: 770: 750: 8873: 7775:"Celltrion Develops Tailored Neutralising Antibody Cocktail Treatment with CT-P59 to Tackle COVID-19 Variant Spread Using Its Antibody Development Platform" 6873: 6601: 5606: 5237: 4219: 3955:

was set up in March 2020, in the UK to test possible treatments for COVID-19. It is run by the Nuffield Departments of Public Health and of Medicine at the

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of the candidate therapy (or combined therapies), typically in hundreds of people. A common trial design for Phase II studies of possible COVID-19 drugs is

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Roche announced in late July that its Phase III trial of tocilizumab for treating pneumonia in hospitalized people with COVID-19 infection was ineffective

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On 16 June the trial group released a statement that dexamethasone had been shown to reduce mortality in patients receiving respiratory support. In a

20558: 20463: 18272: 18046: 17516: 16500: 16270: 15720: 15578: 15564: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14541: 14185: 14087: 13640: 13597: 13568: 13158: 13069: 12712: 12693: 12604: 12557: 12538: 12449: 12402: 12383: 12294: 10424: 7864: 7801:"Celltrion Group announces positive top-line efficacy and safety data from global Phase II/III clinical trial of COVID-19 treatment candidate CT-P59" 1260: 815: 524: 505: 416: 373: 354: 265: 222: 203: 114: 11344: 8290:"Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes New Long-Acting Monoclonal Antibodies for Pre-exposure Prevention of COVID-19 in Certain Individuals" 5819: 5639: 1714:(FDA), and the Chinese government and drug manufacturers were coordinating with academic and industry researchers to speed development of vaccines, 22414: 19689: 17836: 17691: 17193: 16754: 16615: 15963: 14956: 13998: 13306: 12688: 12645: 12633: 12533: 12490: 12478: 12378: 12335: 12323: 11491: 11313: 11049: 10720: 5682: 4304: 4173: 1603: 1559: 1319: 1174: 827: 760: 709: 500: 457: 445: 349: 306: 294: 198: 155: 143: 21504: 19995: 9880: 20714: 19760: 18830: 18267: 17613: 17395: 17263: 17228: 17208: 16987: 16066: 16061: 15705: 15141: 14299: 14117: 14020: 13541: 12681: 12669: 12640: 12628: 12526: 12514: 12485: 12473: 12371: 12359: 12330: 12318: 7593: 6106:"Roche provides an update on the phase III COVACTA trial of Actemra/RoActemra in hospitalised patients with severe COVID-19 associated pneumonia" 3524: 3504: 2886: 1719: 1549: 1492: 1410: 1354: 1334: 1157: 935: 493: 481: 452: 440: 342: 330: 301: 289: 191: 179: 150: 138: 4343:"COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and therapeutics" 20755: 20437: 19715: 18853: 18825: 15953: 15477: 15472: 15390: 14641: 14432: 13988: 13737: 13657: 13084: 12676: 12664: 12657: 12521: 12509: 12502: 12366: 12354: 12347: 3654: 947: 488: 476: 469: 337: 325: 318: 186: 174: 167: 10984: 9808:

Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.

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Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.

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Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.

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Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.

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Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.

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discontinued in June from WHO Solidarity trial and UK Recovery trial as "having no clinical benefit in hospitalised patients with COVID-19";

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firms, university research groups, and health organizations were developing therapeutic candidates for COVID-19 disease in various stages of

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The combination is approved under the brand name Ronapreve for medical use in Japan, the United Kingdom, the European Union, and Australia.

1209: 20642: 20581: 18708: 17771: 17608: 17203: 17053: 16788: 15450: 15254: 15212: 15106: 14984: 14329: 14032: 13617: 9312: 7069:"AbCellera-Discovered Antibody, Bebtelovimab, Receives U.S. FDA Emergency Use Authorization for the Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19" 3929: 1487: 1457: 1440: 1329: 645: 10898: 6079: 22436: 20606: 20575: 17826: 17446: 17278: 17176: 16918: 16842: 16630: 16219: 16175: 15884: 15640: 15406: 15084: 14919: 14879: 14734: 14449: 14417: 13784: 12180: 10667: 7751: 7541: 7259: 6109: 2630:(PEP) for COVID-19 and are not authorized for pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent COVID-19 before being exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. 1527: 1309: 1142: 743: 12065:"COVID-19 antibody therapeutics tracker: a global online database of antibody therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19" 10864: 10597: 10334: 9795: 20241: 19815: 18451: 18370: 18348: 17786: 17681: 17676: 17656: 17640: 17390: 17198: 17070: 16346: 15660: 15234: 15158: 14761: 14646: 13360: 12773: 3901: 3705:

agents not yet evaluated specifically for COVID-19 illness. By late April, hospitals in over 100 countries were involved in the trial.

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randomized clinical trials, molnupiravir was approved for medical use in the United Kingdom in November 2021. In December 2021, the US

2498: 1522: 1482: 1324: 1238: 1184: 568: 561: 7900: 7072: 4882:"Call to pool research resources into large multi-centre, multi-arm clinical trials to generate sound evidence on COVID-19 treatments" 21567: 20636: 19863: 19543: 19238: 18468: 18385: 17846: 17814: 17635: 17122: 16982: 16817: 16725: 16522: 16480: 16093: 15549: 14385: 13941: 12750: 12745: 12278: 11775:"Lopinavir-ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial" 11393: 11007: 8000:"GSK and Vir Biotechnology announce the start of the EMA rolling review of VIR-7831 (sotrovimab) for the early treatment of COVID-19" 7711:"Invivyd Announces FDA Authorization for Emergency Use of Pemgarda (Formerly VYD222) for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) of COVID-19" 7137: 6657:[Argentina approves use of equine serum which reduces COVID-19 deaths by 45%] (in Spanish). Deutsche Welle. 11 January 2021. 1576: 1297: 1204: 1152: 687: 548: 102: 16776: 11649:"Low-cost dexamethasone reduces death by up to one third in hospitalised patients with severe respiratory complications of COVID-19" 10188: 5085: 21592: 21582: 21577: 21532: 21514: 20432: 18532: 18412: 18053: 17671: 17473: 17411: 17380: 17186: 16532: 15675: 15608: 14294: 9858: 7213:"Casirivimab injection, solution, concentrate Imdevimab injection, solution, concentrate REGEN-COV – casirivimab and imdevimab kit" 5576: 1420: 1415: 1126: 21641: 15808: 10690: 9143: 5793: 3874:

from January to February 2021. At the end of February 2021, Operation Warp Speed was transferred into the responsibilities of the

21587: 21572: 21527: 20690: 20654: 19649: 19082: 18810: 18795: 18713: 18521: 18102: 17968: 17793: 17738: 17459: 16378: 15710: 15244: 15003: 14484: 14209: 13036: 12825: 10360: 6754:"Lilly's bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) administered with etesevimab (LY-CoV016) receives FDA emergency use authorization for COVID-19" 4450: 3921: 3897: 1648: 1537: 1477: 994: 920: 898: 755: 650: 11741: 9474: 9433: 7965: 7212: 6157: 5950: 21648: 21622: 21562: 20327: 19604: 18765: 18107: 17761: 17526: 17268: 17255: 16911: 16655: 16557: 16044: 15911: 15013: 14358: 14279: 14264: 14190: 13764: 13702: 13441: 13125: 12792: 9758: 5999: 4041:(NIHR). As of March 2022 has over 16,000 people enrolled as participants making it the largest study into COVID-19 antivirals. 4038: 3776: 1393: 682: 11175: 8428:"InflaRx Receives FDA Emergency Use Authorization for Gohibic (vilobelimab) for Treatment of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients" 6026: 4851: 3815:

million from 203,000 individuals, organizations and governments, with 45 countries involved in financing or trial management.

2636:(FDA) revised the authorizations for two monoclonal antibody treatments – bamlanivimab/etesevimab (administered together) and 23562: 21602: 21597: 21542: 21537: 20678: 20402: 19943: 17831: 16890: 16610: 16510: 16460: 16440: 16383: 16297: 16241: 15457: 14653: 14254: 14219: 13759: 7624:"Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Limits Use of Certain Monoclonal Antibodies to Treat COVID-19 Due to the Omicron Variant" 7534:"Japan becomes first country to approve Ronapreve (casirivimab and imdevimab) for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19" 6962:"Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Limits Use of Certain Monoclonal Antibodies to Treat COVID-19 Due to the Omicron Variant" 6223: 5038: 3650: 1757: 12128: 9196: 8971: 5116: 3602:

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology § Computing and machine learning research and citizen science

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initiated by the United States government to facilitate and accelerate the development, manufacturing, and distribution of

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Horby PW, Mafham M, Bell JL, Linsell L, Staplin N, Emberson J, et al. (RECOVERY Collaborative Group) (October 2020).

11648: 9819:"Health Canada authorizes Paxlovid for patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 at high risk of developing serious disease" 8491:"Characterization of orally efficacious influenza drug with high resistance barrier in ferrets and human airway epithelia" 8029: 7481: 6392: 5545: 4996: 21607: 21547: 20458: 20453: 20443: 19896: 19805: 19664: 19523: 17743: 17495: 16897: 16625: 16435: 16326: 16280: 16260: 16034: 15778: 14224: 13899: 13801: 13697: 13473: 13416: 12870: 10747: 7382: 6253: 4948: 4123: 3917: 3103:

by the university's drug innovation company, Drug Innovation Ventures at Emory (DRIVE), but was reportedly abandoned for

1405: 704: 17344: 11894: 11559: 7826: 6056: 1878: 23616: 21509: 20726: 20720: 20587: 19978: 19634: 19594: 19508: 18800: 17963: 17666: 17661: 17359: 16822: 16793: 16739: 16490: 16445: 16395: 16351: 16246: 16226: 16160: 15996: 15467: 15363: 15301: 15047: 14368: 14239: 13871: 13841: 13187: 11585: 10252: 9939: 9714: 9518: 8941:"FDA advisory panel narrowly endorses Merck's oral Covid treatment pill, despite reduced efficacy and safety questions" 7300: 3925: 3875: 3611: 3545: 2464: 2431: 1858:, and conducted at multiple sites, while determining more precise, effective doses and monitoring for adverse effects. 1723: 1641: 903: 879: 605: 595: 24: 11871: 11689: 11090: 9216:"Discovery of S-217622, a Noncovalent Oral SARS-CoV-2 3CL Protease Inhibitor Clinical Candidate for Treating COVID-19" 6136:

for "Phase 3 Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Lenzilumab in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia" at

23172: 19912: 19886: 19669: 19659: 19614: 18916: 18171: 17909: 17781: 16885: 16331: 16321: 16309: 16304: 16265: 15752: 15573: 15349: 14835: 14427: 14284: 14269: 14127: 13993: 13722: 13458: 13325: 13234: 13115: 13031: 12226: 11608: 8896:"Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Additional Oral Antiviral for Treatment of COVID-19 in Certain Adults" 8698:

Jayk Bernal A, Gomes da Silva MM, Musungaie DB, Kovalchuk E, Gonzalez A, Delos Reyes V, et al. (December 2021).

3508: 3193: 2440: 1462: 617: 95: 8829:"Merck and Ridgeback's Molnupiravir, an Oral COVID-19 Antiviral Medicine, Receives First Authorization in the World" 5054: 3449:

designation to expedite development and regulatory review of promising candidate drugs. To accelerate refinement of

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China, Japan initially; extended internationally in Global Solidarity and Discovery Trials, and US NIAID ACTT Trial

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The C3.ai Digital Transformation Institute, an additional consortium of Microsoft, six universities (including the

2444: 622: 11833: 10785: 4981:"Early Drug Discovery and Development Guidelines: For Academic Researchers, Collaborators, and Start-up Companies" 3967:

The trial is examining different potential therapies for severe COVID-19 infection: lopinavir/ritonavir, low-dose

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In March, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the coordinated "Solidarity Trial" in 10 countries on five

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and the D'Or Institute for Research and Education in Rio de Janeiro began preclinical trials in May 2020, while

23606: 21465: 21226: 20889: 19917: 19858: 19841: 19831: 19800: 19790: 19775: 19745: 19735: 19684: 19674: 19654: 19624: 19599: 19478: 19465: 18152: 18092: 17953: 17892: 16864: 16749: 16567: 16400: 16336: 16189: 16138: 15896: 15889: 15869: 15423: 15385: 15170: 14771: 13963: 13926: 13861: 13846: 13816: 13774: 13769: 13575: 13404: 13350: 12928: 9005:"A prominent virologist warns COVID-19 pill could unleash dangerous mutants. Others see little cause for alarm" 8136: 8102: 8062: 7420: 6848: 3859: 3747:

Do the treatments affect the need for people with COVID-19-induced pneumonia to be ventilated or maintained in

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The most common side effects include infusion-related reactions, including allergic reactions and anaphylaxis.

1497: 17349: 8214:"AstraZeneca's Covid-19 Antibody Therapy Effective In Preventing Symptoms Among High-Risk Groups, Trial Finds" 7563: 5710:"Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial" 4278: 1984:

Numerous candidate drugs under study as "supportive" treatments to relieve discomfort during illness, such as

20984: 20274: 20099: 19853: 19795: 19765: 19644: 19629: 19609: 19553: 19538: 18380: 18250: 17709: 16854: 16832: 16800: 16713: 16650: 16645: 16475: 16388: 16373: 16287: 16209: 16199: 16184: 16148: 16133: 16113: 16083: 16073: 16051: 15874: 15700: 15635: 15618: 15559: 15462: 15311: 15239: 15224: 15219: 15202: 15067: 14974: 14830: 14749: 14680: 14363: 14274: 14142: 14049: 14005: 13916: 13826: 13669: 13563: 13553: 13505: 13483: 13478: 13394: 13064: 13048: 13006: 13001: 12975: 12958: 12913: 12903: 11286: 10066:"Orally available tubulin inhibitor VERU-111 enhances antitumor efficacy in paclitaxel-resistant lung cancer" 3909: 1400: 1029: 867: 670: 18375: 15030: 11528: 10628: 4686: 3701:

to rapidly assess in thousands of COVID-19 infected people the potential efficacy of existing antiviral and

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The most common side effects include hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions and infusion-related reactions.

2797: 2748: 2633: 2115: 1711: 600: 23072: 11115:

Pallmann P, Bedding AW, Choodari-Oskooei B, Dimairo M, Flight L, Hampson LV, et al. (February 2018).

10416: 9032:

Sanderson T, Hisner R, Donovan-Banfield I, Hartman H, Løchen A, Peacock TP, et al. (September 2023).

7856: 7043:"Lilly's bebtelovimab receives Emergency Use Authorization for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19" 6560:"FDA now allows treatment of life-threatening COVID-19 cases using blood from patients who have recovered" 3766:, on a WHO website. After the trial staff determines the drugs available at the hospital, the WHO website 3677:

atomic-scale structure of an important coronavirus protein weeks before it could be measured in the lab."

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Markowski MC, Tutrone R, Pieczonka C, Barnette KG, Getzenberg RH, Rodriguez D, et al. (July 2022).

8540:"Quantitative efficacy paradigms of the influenza clinical drug candidate EIDD-2801 in the ferret model" 6504:"Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review" 23611: 21047: 20854: 20476: 20396: 20390: 20264: 20236: 20196: 19336: 19087: 18442: 18007: 16847: 16783: 16542: 16527: 16505: 16485: 16341: 16143: 16108: 15742: 15650: 15585: 15249: 15229: 15180: 15148: 14707: 14461: 14439: 14422: 14353: 14132: 14122: 13732: 13712: 13707: 13607: 13585: 13558: 13500: 13468: 13463: 13424: 13389: 13365: 13355: 13207: 13135: 13110: 13089: 12918: 12860: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12166: 11424: 3801: 3627: 2996: 2910: 2756: 2641: 1113: 1068: 1056: 1009: 36: 10387:"Government of Canada funds 49 additional COVID-19 research projects – Details of the funded projects" 9508:"Frequently Asked Questions on the Emergency Use Authorization for Paxlovid for Treatment of COVID-19" 3007:

pneumomediastinum, respiratory tract infection, supraventricular tachycardia, constipation, and rash.

23631: 21166: 20408: 20322: 20226: 19244: 18703: 17904: 16837: 16495: 16465: 16455: 16363: 16275: 16123: 16098: 15773: 15623: 14412: 14380: 14375: 13953: 13253: 13239: 13202: 13074: 12139: 12118: 9789: 8034: 7970: 7933: 7894: 7286:"Fact Sheet For Health Care Providers Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) Of Casirivimab And Imdevimab" 3313: 3108: 2894: 2834: 2826: 2736: 2627: 2615: 2558: 1707: 1703: 1098: 640: 585: 56:

Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom.

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Although Sotrovimab was used world-wide against SARS-CoV-2, including in the United States under an

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Uraki R, Kiso M, Iida S, Imai M, Takashita E, Kuroda M, et al. (IASO study team) (May 2022).

5760: 23621: 23567: 23187: 21522: 21178: 20708: 20618: 20216: 20201: 20181: 20036: 19407: 19249: 19165: 18926: 18692: 18080: 18068: 18058: 17985: 17980: 17929: 17924: 17753: 17699: 10478:"Gates Foundation Expands Commitment to COVID-19 Response, Calls for International Collaboration" 9148: 6627:[Vital Brazil develops serum against COVID-19, but drug has yet to be tested in humans]. 3748: 3000: 2952: 2752: 2595: 2588: 2566: 1961: 1688: 1680: 1386: 1088: 1073: 1041: 677: 79: 10024: 6625:"Vital Brazil desenvolve soro contra covid-19, mas medicamento ainda não foi testado em humanos" 6385:"UN health chief announces global 'solidarity trial' to jumpstart search for COVID-19 treatment" 4979:

Strovel J, Sittampalam S, Coussens NP, Hughes M, Inglese J, Kurtz A, et al. (1 July 2016).

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Tuccori M, Ferraro S, Convertino I, Cappello E, Valdiserra G, Blandizzi C, et al. (2020).

10894: 9601:

Hammond J, Leister-Tebbe H, Gardner A, Abreu P, Bao W, Wisemandle W, et al. (April 2022).

4220:"First regulatory workshop on COVID-19 facilitates global collaboration on vaccine development" 4030: 3893: 3240: 3221: 2932: 2924: 2220: 1078: 1022: 721: 12123: 10659: 7743: 7533: 7251: 6105: 4451:"Drug makers are racing to develop immune therapies for Covid-19. Will they be ready in time?" 3963:. The trial enrolled more than 11,500 COVID-19 positive participants in the U.K by June 2020. 3797: 2684:

Possible side effects include itching, rash, infusion-related reactions, nausea and vomiting.

23242: 23202: 23103: 21274: 20989: 20231: 20056: 18848: 18558: 18543: 18511: 18473: 18360: 18017: 18002: 17946: 9784: 8257:"AstraZeneca Says AZD7442 Antibody Phase 3 Trial Met Primary Endpoint in Preventing Covid-19" 6684:"Coronavirus: terapistas rechazaron "fuertemente" el uso de suero equino en pacientes graves" 5912:"Coronavirus: Japanese anti-viral drug effective in treating patients, Chinese official says" 5789: 3662: 2712: 2701: 2674: 2637: 1517: 1103: 942: 8861: 8255: 8212: 3527:(CEPI) initiated an international COVID-19 vaccine development fund, with the goal to raise 3092:

and exerts its antiviral action by introducing copying errors during viral RNA replication.

21358: 21280: 21094: 20379: 20342: 20337: 19064: 19018: 18837: 18755: 18730: 18643: 18321: 18214: 18189: 17882: 15725: 14553: 10820: 9343: 9171:"Shionogi's Covid antiviral lands first approval in Japan's new emergency approval pathway" 9045: 7889: 7335: 7068: 6502:

Piechotta V, Iannizzi C, Chai KL, Valk SJ, Kimber C, Dorando E, et al. (20 May 2021).

6427: 5859:"No clinical benefit from use of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalised patients with COVID-19" 4034: 3956: 3855: 3840: 3685: 3536: 3445: 3252: 3207: 3174: 3054: 2538: 2530: 2225: 1802: 1786: 979: 925: 19:

This article is about potential therapeutic drugs for COVID-19. For COVID-19 vaccines, see

10598:"C3.ai, Microsoft, and Leading Universities Launch C3.ai Digital Transformation Institute" 5685:(Press release). US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 29 April 2020. 3552:

150 million in April for development of COVID-19 vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics.

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von Delft F, Calmiano M, Chodera J, Griffen E, Lee A, London N, et al. (June 2021).

9552:"Oral Antiviral Treatment for COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review on Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir" 8976: 8589:"Emails offer look into whistleblower charges of cronyism behind potential COVID-19 drug" 4003: 3755: 3186: 3070: 2936: 2882: 2783: 2666: 2599: 2534: 2320: 2216: 2179: 2046: 1997: 1822: 1798: 1789:

on microorganisms and animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via the FDA, for an

1774: 21322: 11345:"Unveiling 'Warp Speed,' the White House's America-first push for a coronavirus vaccine" 10824: 9850: 9761:(Press release). Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. 31 December 2021. 9366: 9347: 9331: 9068: 9049: 9033: 8791: 7339: 6686:[Coronavirus: medics "strongly" reject use of equine serum in severe patients]. 6431: 5577:"A closer look at the Ebola drug that's become the top hope for a coronavirus treatment" 4987:. Eli Lilly & Company and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. 4524:"Global coalition to accelerate COVID-19 clinical research in resource-limited settings" 3762:

Enrolling people with COVID-19 infection is simplified by using data entries, including

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Li CM, Lu Y, Chen J, Costello TA, Narayanan R, Dalton MN, et al. (November 2012).

10090: 10065: 10000: 9987: 9962: 9678: 9653: 9629: 9578: 9379: 9240: 9215: 9214:

Unoh Y, Uehara S, Nakahara K, Nobori H, Yamatsu Y, Yamamoto S, et al. (May 2022).

9124: 9081: 8868: 8775: 8750: 8726: 8647: 8564: 8539: 8515: 8490: 7358: 7323: 7119: 6825: 6798: 6536: 6503: 6361: 6336: 6332: 6308: 6281: 6203: 6185: 6137: 5734: 5709: 5670: 5458: 5433: 5406: 5381: 5354: 5329: 4819: 4794: 4770: 4606: 4579: 4550: 4523: 4482:"Chinese military scientists ordered to win global race to develop coronavirus vaccine" 4423: 4396: 4369: 4342: 4189: 3995: 2619: 2570: 2436: 2183: 2088: 1993: 1973: 1855: 1831: 1130: 665: 660: 19988: 11790: 8489:

Toots M, Yoon JJ, Cox RM, Hart M, Sticher ZM, Makhsous N, et al. (October 2019).

6352: 5725: 5449: 5397: 4540: 4249:"Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Continues to Facilitate Development of Treatments" 3728:

in separate trials and hospital sites internationally. Following a study published by

3274:, slowing down nirmatrelvir metabolism and therefore boosting its effect. It is taken 2455:, are being researched as COVID-19 treatments, with some moving into clinical trials. 2131: 1968: 1738: 23636: 23449: 23323: 21636: 21439: 21148: 21088: 20884: 20869: 20702: 20470: 20332: 18407: 18209: 18157: 17316: 17134: 12258: 12189: 12096: 12051: 12006: 11961: 11816: 11804: 11618: 11465: 11366: 11220: 11148: 10850: 10838: 10144: 10095: 10004: 9992: 9683: 9634: 9583: 9383: 9371: 9245: 9128: 9116: 9085: 9073: 8780: 8731: 8651: 8639: 8569: 8520: 8224: 8193: 7363: 7123: 7111: 6830: 6655:"Argentina aprueba uso de suero equino que reduce en un 45% las muertes por COVID-19" 6541: 6523: 6445: 6366: 6313: 6202:

for "CD24Fc as a Non-antiviral Immunomodulator in COVID-19 Treatment (SAC-COVID)" at

6149: 5946: 5739: 5463: 5411: 5359: 5290: 5171: 5034: 4988: 4824: 4795:"Generating randomized trial evidence to optimize treatment in the COVID-19 pandemic" 4774: 4762: 4708: 4667: 4611: 4596: 4555: 4428: 4374: 4193: 3780: 3702: 3450: 3134: 2501:(CDC) issued a physician advisory concerning remdesivir for people hospitalized with 2459: 2378: 2296: 2135: 1672: 44: 21304: 20924: 17273: 11254:"Trump Administration Announces Framework and Leadership for 'Operation Warp Speed'" 11076:"Adaptive Designs for Clinical Trials of Drugs and Biologics: Guidance for Industry" 10568:"COVID-19 HPC Consortium pours 437 petaflops of compute power toward virus research" 7322:

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21346: 21208: 21118: 21100: 20826: 20539: 20017: 18992: 18780: 18668: 18603: 18568: 18417: 18333: 15276: 12086: 12076: 12041: 12031: 11996: 11986: 11951: 11941: 11794: 11786: 11354: 11232: 11210: 11167: 11138: 11128: 11117:"Adaptive designs in clinical trials: why use them, and how to run and report them" 10828: 10134: 10126: 10085: 10077: 10046: 9982: 9974: 9673: 9665: 9624: 9614: 9573: 9563: 9361: 9351: 9235: 9227: 9108: 9063: 9053: 9012: 8770: 8762: 8721: 8711: 8629: 8596: 8559: 8551: 8510: 8502: 8183: 7353: 7343: 7103: 6820: 6810: 6531: 6519: 6515: 6435: 6356: 6348: 6303: 6298: 6293: 5729: 5721: 5453: 5445: 5401: 5393: 5349: 5341: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5161: 5121: 5026: 5021:

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for detecting COVID-19 infection, a global diagnostic pipeline tracker was formed.

3190: 3100: 2947:(AZD1061) targeted against the surface spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 used to prevent 2909:(EUA), the FDA canceled the EUA in April 2022 due to lack of efficacy against the 2553:. Brazil began development of an equine hyperimmune serum, obtained by inoculating 2526:

Convalescent plasma collected at a blood donor center during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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5916: 5683:"NIH clinical trial shows remdesivir accelerates recovery from advanced COVID-19" 5345: 4174:"WHO launches global megatrial of the four most promising coronavirus treatments" 4072: 4058: 4016: 3717: 3622:, industry, and nine universities pooled resources to access supercomputers from 3520:

developed in new clinical research efforts to alleviate the illness of COVID-19.

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therapies, among others, being advanced into Phase II or III trials during 2020.

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with activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, known as

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1626: 23626: 23573: 21364: 21334: 21292: 21214: 21082: 21019: 21004: 20979: 20959: 20527: 20091: 20011: 18613: 18194: 17490: 13674: 12114: 11199:"Practical characteristics of adaptive design in Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials" 10833: 10808: 10721:"Folding@home Turns Its Massive Crowdsourced Computer Network Against COVID-19" 10363:. Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway. 6 March 2020. 10022:[COVID-19: Cancer drug Sabizabulin halves death rate in severe cases]. 9356: 9058: 8833: 8634: 8617: 8555: 7473: 6384: 4980: 4758: 4662: 4645: 4580:"A living systematic review protocol for COVID-19 clinical trial registrations" 4454: 4099: 4086: 3952: 3942: 3605: 3466: 3112: 2483: 1989: 1843: 1794: 1782: 1715: 1696: 21256: 21238: 11133: 10311:. Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation, Oslo, Norway. 1 March 2020. 10130: 9426: 9264:"Shionogi presents positive Ph II/III results for COVID-19 antiviral S-217622" 8799:"First oral antiviral for COVID-19, Lagevrio (molnupiravir), approved by MHRA" 8766: 8339:"FDA authorizes Gohibic (vilobelimab) injection for the treatment of COVID-19" 6245: 4119: 3896:

on March 27, 2020, was an interagency program that includes components of the

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Fact sheet for healthcare providers: Emergency Use Authorization for Paxlovid

9537: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9034:"A molnupiravir-associated mutational signature in global SARS-CoV-2 genomes" 8972:"A new drug to treat covid could create a breeding ground for mutant viruses" 8926: 8403: 8365: 8320: 8228: 8089: 7697: 7650: 7594:"First monoclonal antibody treatment for COVID-19 approved for use in the UK" 7441: 7196: 7160: 7029: 6984: 6945: 6740: 6527: 6080:"FDA approves Phase III clinical trial of tocilizumab for COVID-19 pneumonia" 6052: 4397:"Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review" 3999: 3968: 3867: 3492: 3470: 3199: 3122: 2956: 2732: 2491: 2487: 2342: 2097: 1778: 1684: 731: 11975:"Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treatment: A Review of Early and Emerging Options" 11581: 11358: 10248: 9924: 9701: 9507: 9017: 9004: 8601: 8588: 8415: 8394: 8380: 8188: 8171: 7348: 7285: 7207: 7205: 6927: 4185: 3243:, sold under the brand name Paxlovid, is a co-packaged medication used as a 23512: 23507: 23193: 23183: 23102: 21449: 21376: 21310: 21262: 21250: 21244: 21202: 21184: 21014: 20994: 20954: 20929: 20879: 20124: 20109: 20051: 20041: 19330: 19008: 18961: 18688: 18638: 18593: 18578: 18496: 12100: 12055: 12010: 11991: 11974: 11965: 11863: 11808: 11681: 11613: 11609:"Coronavirus: world's biggest trial of drug to treat Covid-19 begins in UK" 11224: 11152: 11075: 10842: 10279:"Epidemic response group ups coronavirus vaccine funding to $ 23.7 million" 10148: 10099: 9996: 9687: 9638: 9587: 9375: 9249: 9120: 9077: 8784: 8735: 8697: 8643: 8573: 8538:

Toots M, Yoon JJ, Hart M, Natchus MG, Painter GR, Plemper RK (April 2020).

8524: 8197: 7466: 7367: 7115: 7107: 6866: 6834: 6545: 6449: 6370: 6317: 5743: 5467: 5415: 5363: 5294: 5261:"Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: New estimates of R&D costs" 5175: 4992: 4828: 4766: 4712: 4703: 4671: 4615: 4559: 4432: 4378: 4026: 3976: 3673: 3666: 3295: 3255: 3232: 3104: 3050: 3034: 2662: 2655: 2603: 2475: 2352: 2105: 1695:(506 total candidates in April 2021), with 419 potential COVID-19 drugs in 20667:

Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases

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Coronaviruses by US National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases

12081: 12064: 10950:"WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19" 10115:"Orally bioavailable tubulin antagonists for paclitaxel-refractory cancer" 9721: 9619: 9602: 9458: 9332:"Characterization and antiviral susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron/BA.2" 8716: 8699: 7383:"Regeneron's antibody drug added to UK Recovery trial of COVID treatments" 6956: 6954: 3754:

Could such drugs be used to minimize the illness of COVID-19 infection in

2751:(FDA) revised the authorizations for two monoclonal antibody treatments – 23544: 23473: 23457: 23423: 23418: 23379: 23374: 23369: 23346: 23303: 23283: 23278: 23273: 23248: 23233: 23228: 23218: 23198: 23168: 21409: 21388: 21328: 21190: 20969: 20934: 20894: 20821: 20104: 20081: 20061: 19983: 19362: 19275: 19043: 18931: 18870: 18628: 18588: 18563: 18548: 18526: 18179: 16994: 8700:"Molnupiravir for oral treatment of COVID-19 in nonhospitalized patients" 8618:"A tale of two antiviral targets - and the COVID-19 drugs that bind them" 8262: 7966:"EMA issues advice on use of sotrovimab (VIR-7831) for treating COVID-19" 7202: 6746: 5636:"Information for clinicians on therapeutic options for COVID-19 patients" 5166: 5149: 3725: 3516: 3478: 3474: 3462: 3348: 3332: 3283: 3170: 3153: 2981: 2974: 2960: 2940: 2822: 2815: 2471: 2400: 2359: 2281: 2153: 2092: 2054: 18147: 11747:. RECOVERY Trial: Statement from the Chief Investigators. 29 June 2020. 11008:"WHO restarts HCQ trial after Lancet concern over paper that trashed it" 10748:"Your computer can help scientists find a cure for COVID-19. Here's how" 9751: 9395: 9393: 4810: 3339: 23439: 23364: 23298: 23293: 23268: 23263: 23258: 23253: 23223: 23208: 21515:

Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country subdivision

21220: 21009: 20949: 20939: 20904: 20071: 19435: 19315: 19072: 18770: 18648: 18633: 18343: 18224: 18199: 12209: 12020:"Anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies: clinical pipeline" 11215: 11198: 10777: 9881:"FDA Approves First Oral Antiviral for Treatment of COVID-19 in Adults" 9873: 9603:"Oral Nirmatrelvir for High-Risk, Nonhospitalized Adults with Covid-19" 8282: 8247: 7526: 7280: 7278: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7238: 6951: 6889: 6887: 6706: 6464:"COVID-19 drug development: Landscape analysis of therapeutics (table)" 6027:"All the COVID-19 vaccines and treatments currently in clinical trials" 5285: 3980: 3847: 3729: 3721: 3360: 3081: 3066: 2985: 2944: 2878: 2861: 2838: 2779: 2770: 2607: 2314: 2034: 1957: 1953: 1374: 969: 736: 71: 11114: 10977:"WHO pauses hydroxychloroquine coronavirus trial over safety concerns" 10540: 10162: 9669: 9568: 9551: 9031: 8376: 8374: 8204: 7166: 6815: 4413: 3531:

for vaccine research and development, and committed to investments of

2549:

Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, and Mexico have pursued development of

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Thorlund K, Dron L, Park J, Hsu G, Forrest JI, Mills EJ (June 2020).

4022: 3960: 3889: 3805: 3713: 3709: 3698: 3635: 3378: 3287: 3259: 3096: 3058: 2842: 2715:, sold under the brand name REGEN‑COV among others, is a combination 2670: 2550: 2502: 2292: 2254: 2231: 2210: 2043: 2039: 1839: 1108: 959: 12158: 10865:"Rosetta@home Rallies a Legion of Computers Against the Coronavirus" 9594: 9543: 9279: 9277: 8163: 7496: 7412: 7275: 7235: 6884: 6790: 5708:

Wang Y, Zhang D, Du G, Du R, Zhao J, Jin Y, et al. (May 2020).

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By the end of June 2020, the trial had published findings regarding

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The COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition has goals to 1) facilitate

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and Vir Biotechnology, Inc. Sotrovimab is designed to attach to the

2610:, administered together via intravenous infusion as a treatment for 2474:) and post-infection efficacy, and can rapidly access existing drug 21434: 21419: 19440: 19397: 19392: 19305: 19300: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19003: 18997: 18946: 18663: 18623: 18506: 12201: 9438: 9289: 8863:"Britain Becomes First to Authorize an Antiviral Pill for Covid-19" 8371: 8030:"EMA starts review of VIR-7831 for treating patients with COVID-19" 4279:"China approves first anti-viral drug against coronavirus Covid-19" 3708:

The individual or combined drugs undergoing initial studied are 1)

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trials were evaluating repurposed drugs already approved to treat

20914: 20624: 19425: 19372: 19367: 19310: 19280: 19270: 19265: 19013: 18906: 18878: 11524: 11492:"Trump's 'Operation Warp Speed' Aims to Rush Coronavirus Vaccine" 11425:"Biden Picks Former F.D.A. Chief to Lead Federal Vaccine Efforts" 11314:"Trump's 'Operation Warp Speed' aims to rush coronavirus vaccine" 9960: 9910: