33:
46:
1204:
to infect animals that were being sent from neutral countries to the Allies with glanders. The
Germans' plans for biological warfare started in 1915 on the East Coast of the United States; they intended to infect and kill the livestock that were being sent to the Allies and facilitate the transfer of
1188:
is not absolutely necessary to contract the disease, as the researcher had no recollection of any cut or accident while working in the laboratory. The case was significant as it showed the difficulty that microbiology laboratories have in identifying bioweapon agents and the potential consequences if
1081:
has been eradicated in the United States and most
Western countries, but still affects animals in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Central America, and South America. Many Western countries were able to eliminate the disease through glanders control programs and laws requiring notification of cases of
833:
is able to survive inside host cells through its capabilities in disrupting the bacteria-killing functions of the cell. It leaves the vacuoles early, which allows for efficient replication of the bacteria inside the cell. Leaving the cell early also keeps the bacteria from being destroyed by
1225:, where agents would rely on bacterial cultures from Spain to infect the cattle, horses, and mules that Argentina was supplying to the Allies. The German use of microbes as weapons is one of the only documented attacks of intentionally using biological weapons against neutral countries.
909:
is rare, although it occasionally occurs among laboratory workers dealing with the bacteria or those who are frequently near infected animals. The bacteria usually infect a person through their eyes, nose, mouth, or cuts in the skin. Once people are infected, they develop a fever and
1858:"Structural Relationship of the Lipid A Acyl Groups to Activation of Murine Toll-Like Receptor 4 by Lipopolysaccharides from Pathogenic Strains of Burkholderia mallei, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa"
1855:
Korneev, K; Arbatsky, N; Molinaro, A; Palmigiano, A; Shaikhutdinova, R; Shneider, M; Pier, G; Kondakova, A; Sviriaeva, E; Sturiale, L; Garozzo, D; Kruglov, A; Nedospasov, S; Drutskaya, M; Knirel, Y; Kuprash, D (2015).
1251:
and conducted field tests with it. Some of the researchers from the program were actually infected and killed by it during the course of their research. It has been suggested that the Soviet Union eventually used
1656:
Losada L, Ronning CM, DeShazer D, Woods D, Fedorova N, Kim HS, Shabalina SA, Pearson TR, Brinkac L, Tan P, Nandi T, Crabtree J, Badger J, Beckstrom-Sternberg S, Saqib M, Schutzer SE, Keim P, Nierman WC (2010).
401:
after the latter had infected an animal. The bacterium would have lost the genes that were not necessary for living in an animal host. This suggestion has found support from studies that compare strains of
1138:
2138:
845:
s ability to live within the host cell makes developing a vaccine against it difficult and complex. The vaccine would need to create a cell-mediated immune response, as well as a
1129:
under the policy of
Institutional Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern would be subject to oversight to ensure the responsible investigation of these agents.
1121:
3 facilities in the US and internationally. Though it is so highly infective and a potential biological weapon, little research has been conducted on this bacterium.
2089:
3799:
331:(1846–1909) gave the pathogen its binomial name, after analyzing samples of the bacterium. He further refined his observations with the pathogen in 1886.
825:(MNGCs). The consequence of MNGCs has yet to be determined, but it may allow the bacteria to spread to different cells, evade responses by the infected host's
2131:
1205:
the disease to humans. The East Coast was where many animals were being assembled for shipment to the Allies fighting in Europe. The
Germans also targeted
2028:
922:, which prove fatal within a week to 10 days if left untreated by antibiotics. The way someone is infected by the bacteria also affects the type of
422:
is not found outside of a host is because it lacks the genes necessary for survival in the soil. Genome comparisons also seem to indicate that the
3773:
2124:
1165:, but after the medication was stopped, the symptoms reappeared. After conducting multiple tests on cultures from the researcher's blood and a
2054:
323:
in 1882. It was isolated from an infected liver and spleen of a horse. This bacterium is also one of the first to be identified containing a
3812:
1236:, used the bacterium to conduct experiments on live human subjects. However, the Japanese did not end up creating a biological weapon out of
1137:
In March 2000, one of the first cases since the 1940s of glanders in the United States occurred in a young microbiologist working for the
821:
has bacterial protein-dependent, actin-based motility once inside the cell. It is also able to initiate host cell fusion that results in
1106:
1018:
contains 4-amino-4-deoxyarabinose residue in almost half of the molecules, which would partially neutralize the negative charge of the
1149:
for about two years, but he did not always wear gloves while conducting his research. The researcher experienced enlargement of the
897:
around the liver or spleen. Acute infection in horses results in a high fever, loss of fat or muscle, erosion of the surface of the
3747:
489:
capsule which indicates its potential as a pathogen. Chromosome 2 is where most of the information regarding secretion systems and
3786:
575:
2076:
3304:
1432:
3791:
2954:
2699:
2093:
3858:
938:
infection has a fatality rate of 95% if left untreated, and a 50% fatality rate in individuals treated with antibiotics.
770:
to the bacterium is needed before a vaccine can be developed. Mice are fairly close to humans in their susceptibility to
418:
the capacity to protect against bactericidals, antibiotics, and antifungals, were likely deleted. Thus, the reason that
2380:
1558:
586:
must be done at the 23S rDNA level, however, since no identifiable difference is found between the two species at the
2508:
2151:
1568:
2944:
1296:"Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders,
571:
3817:
2101:
1161:, rigors, night sweats, and loss of weight. The next month, his symptoms seemed to disappear after treatment with
2949:
2490:
2522:
2116:
3612:
414:
are very similar. The genes that allowed the bacterium to survive in a soil environment, like genes that gave
3712:
2338:
2040:
1157:
which lasted for 10 days even with antibiotic treatment. In the following weeks, the researcher experienced
926:
that will result. If the bacteria enter through the skin, a local skin infection can result, while inhaling
3508:
2832:
2268:
1952:"United States Government Policy for Institutional Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern"
1910:
Srinivasan A, Kraus CN, DeShazer D, Becker PM, Dick JD, Spacek L, Bartlett JG, Byrne WR, Thomas DL (2001).
1244:
to test its effectiveness in contaminating water supplies, and the results of these tests were successful.
3169:
3163:
2779:
1957:. Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
717:
324:
45:
3248:
1510:
Schell MA, Ricky L, Ulrich, et al. (2007). "Type VI secretion is a major virulence determinant in
494:
281:
3853:
2969:
2804:
2773:
2703:
2484:
2226:
443:
275:
865:
may make it possible that a vaccine developed for either type would be effective against the other.
3444:
3347:
3226:
2964:
2959:
2843:
2632:
2451:
2374:
2366:
1142:
3648:
3528:
3488:
3430:
3149:
2916:
2352:
2310:
1173:. Once it was established what infected the researcher, another course of antibiotics was given (
607:
2064:
3778:
3674:
3464:
3382:
3341:
3337:
3218:
3212:
2979:
2689:
2624:
2418:
2324:
2296:
2230:
951:
673:
328:
147:
838:
and other pathogen-killing agents. MNGCs may help protect the bacteria from immune responses.
311:
measuring some 1.5–3.0 μm in length and 0.5–1.0 μm in diameter with rounded ends.
3481:
3470:
3268:
2898:
2724:
2695:
2502:
2262:
2216:
1951:
1420:
970:) cells, and implies their importance to immunity against this bacterial infection. T cells (
905:
or mucus discharge. The bacterium mostly affects the lungs and airways. Human infection with
661:
130:
3830:
3734:
3642:
3602:
3555:
3437:
3088:
3046:
3026:
2983:
2839:
2638:
2318:
1981:
1067:
505:
327:
which is important for its pathogenicity. In 1885, the German
Botanist and Bacteriologist,
8:
3620:
3565:
3234:
3110:
3055:
3003:
2922:
2865:
2753:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2304:
2290:
2159:
1200:
was intentionally used to infect animals and humans during World War I. The
Germans used
1070:, dampening the host immune response and increasing the risk of bacterial dissemination.
677:
463:
1985:
1788:
3608:
3519:
3020:
3009:
2930:
2874:
2662:
2360:
2346:
2276:
2253:
2007:
1884:
1857:
1687:
1658:
1630:
1597:
1539:
1379:
1352:
1185:
1102:
1047:
981:
878:
767:
475:
162:
77:
40:
2080:
1744:
1711:
1328:
1295:
3825:
3721:
3593:
3559:
3423:
3355:
3118:
3096:
3065:
2516:
2282:
1999:
1933:
1889:
1837:
1792:
1749:
1692:
1635:
1564:
1531:
1527:
1492:
1487:
1466:
1428:
1384:
1333:
1158:
1063:
894:
669:
587:
3037:
2994:
2889:
1735:
1543:
1319:
1294:
Godoy D, Randle G, Simpson AJ, Aanensen DM, Pitt TL, Kinoshita R, Spratt BG (2003).
3804:
3584:
3499:
3290:
3137:
3124:
2939:
2556:
2538:
2445:
2404:
2332:
2202:
2011:
1989:
1923:
1879:
1869:
1827:
1784:
1739:
1731:
1682:
1674:
1625:
1617:
1523:
1482:
1374:
1364:
1351:
Song H, Hwang J, Yi H, Ulrich RL, Yu Y, Nierman WC, Kim HS (2010). Ochman H (ed.).
1323:
1315:
990:
846:
619:
563:
238:
97:
3726:
766:
infection. An animal model that will predict immune responses necessary to create
3534:
3455:
3409:
3314:
3254:
3189:
3131:
3100:
3092:
2795:
2765:
2759:
2642:
2471:
2395:
2222:
1832:
1811:
1369:
1232:
in their biological warfare research units. The most notable and notorious unit,
1181:) with 6 months of treatment. After a year, the researcher made a full recovery.
1118:
988:
demonstrated significantly lower biological activity as compared to the LPS from
725:
635:
87:
2146:
1928:
1911:
1082:
infection to health departments and the destruction of any animal affected with
470:
is made up of two circular chromosomes. Chromosome 1 is where genes relating to
3634:
3284:
3278:
3141:
2879:
2410:
2177:
2147:
1162:
1058:
may employ LPS with low biological activity to evade proper recognition by the
747:
631:
486:
352:
67:
1621:
774:
and would be the ideal choice of animal for creating a model for the vaccine.
3847:
3697:
3630:
3546:
3373:
3328:
3069:
3061:
2904:
2671:
2582:
2436:
2242:
2208:
2183:
2168:
1874:
826:
729:
657:
611:
427:
308:
234:
3626:
3400:
2607:
2547:
2494:
2479:
2424:
1937:
1893:
1841:
1796:
1696:
1639:
1535:
1496:
1388:
1337:
1275:
1113:
as a category B critical biological agent. As a result, research regarding
971:
898:
721:
701:
693:
478:
257:
107:
2003:
1753:
3760:
3706:
3200:
3155:
3106:
2810:
2562:
1678:
1257:
1178:
1150:
1039:
955:
755:
713:
709:
705:
685:
644:
3752:
2574:
1262:
1023:
822:
689:
567:
471:
455:
3765:
1810:
Rowland CA, Lever MS, Griffin KF, Bancroft GJ, Lukaszewski RA (2010).
1425:
Bioterrorism and
Infectious Agents: A New Dilemma for the 21st Century
32:
3388:
3240:
2908:
2849:
2730:
1353:"The Early Stage of Bacterial Genome-Reductive Evolution in the Host"
1222:
1019:
962:
go to the spleen in great quantities. The early cellular response to
919:
915:
835:
751:
490:
459:
3668:
1217:'s animal supplies with cultures of glanders. The German biological
562:. The methods that have been used to differentiate and identify one
273:) gave its name to the species causing it. It is closely related to
3691:
2824:
1710:
Bauernfeind A, Roller C, Meyer D, Jungwirth R, Schneider I (1998).
1233:
1218:
1189:
measures are not taken to prepare for an actual biological attack.
1174:
902:
786:
734:
697:
348:
262:
252:
241:
57:
1994:
1969:
1247:
The
Russians' biological weapons program also took an interest in
849:
response to the bacteria in to be effective in protecting against
339:
3415:
3361:
2715:
2680:
1854:
1767:
Galyov EE, Brett PJ, DeShazer D (2010). "Molecular insights into
1509:
1206:
1031:
1022:
groups necessary for the interaction with the positively charged
1011:
1003:
995:
967:
923:
890:
814:
759:
681:
411:
801:, and rarely humans. Horses are considered the natural host for
762:
is currently available for humans or animals to protect against
3739:
2193:
1709:
1210:
1166:
959:
931:
911:
798:
665:
355:
mammal to live and to be transmitted from one host to another.
249:
1909:
1214:
1154:
886:
810:
790:
789:
disease, which historically mostly affected animals, such as
374:
266:
245:
2079:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from
1421:"4. Melioidosis and glanders as possible biological weapons"
1192:
1169:
portion of a liver abscess, the bacterium was identified as
1139:
U.S. Army
Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases
868:
1809:
1059:
1027:
794:
651:
1655:
1293:
642:
and as a result it has frequently been misidentified as a
554:
No standardised system exists for differentiating between
1560:
William Watson Cheyne and the Advancement of Bacteriology
1002:
lipid A were penta- and tetraacylated, whereas classical
994:, in agreement with the lower degree of acylation of its
934:
or pulmonary, muscular, hepatic, or splenous infections.
809:
infects and gains access to the cell of its host through
746:, is also resistant to a number of antibiotics including
684:. The micro-organism can also be destroyed by heating or
614:
can be used to grow the bacteria. When grown in culture,
523:
s genome also has a large amount of insertion sequences.
466:
and phase-variable genes were also found. The genome for
386:
1663:
through genome reduction and large-scale rearrangements"
732:
have been reported to be effective against the bacteria
626:
colony can grow to about 0.5–1.0 mm in diameter.
578:, and multilocus sequence typing. Comparing the DNA of
829:, or allow the bacteria to remain in the host longer.
319:
Wilhelm Schütz and Friedrich Löffler first isolated
1766:
1464:
1089:
542:until the early 1990s. It is now part of the genus
1350:
1132:
941:
446:. The size of the genome is smaller than that of
3845:
3592:
1912:"Glanders in a military research microbiologist"
978:in the later stages of its infection of a host.
1905:
1903:
1101:have a history of being on a list of potential
314:
295:by selective reduction and deletions from the
2132:
2071:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
1595:
1900:
1712:"Molecular procedure for rapid detection of
1703:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1184:This incident also showed how a cut or skin
805:infection and are highly susceptible to it.
885:with glanders disease typically experience
622:. In a period of 18 hours at 37 °C, a
397:may have actually evolved from a strain of
2139:
2125:
1651:
1649:
1107:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
974:) are actually more involved in combating
648:species or as a contaminant in a culture.
334:
31:
1993:
1970:"First shots fired in biological warfare"
1967:
1961:
1927:
1883:
1873:
1831:
1803:
1743:
1686:
1629:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1486:
1465:Whitlock GC, Estes DM, Torres AG (2007).
1441:
1423:. In Fong, I.W.; Alibek, Kenneth (eds.).
1378:
1368:
1327:
1193:History as a weapon of biological warfare
656:The bacterium is susceptible to numerous
576:random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis
2092:. Center for Biosecurity. Archived from
1760:
652:Antibiotic resistance and susceptibility
1646:
1556:
410:and indicate that their two respective
3846:
1584:
1557:DePaolo, Charles (15 September 2016).
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
462:(Mb) and a 2.3 Mb "megaplasmid". Many
442:was sequenced in the United States by
3673:
3672:
3305:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
2120:
2037:PATRIC Bioinformatics Resource Center
1418:
574:, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis,
426:is still evolving and adapting to an
358:
2690:Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
1598:"Strategies toward vaccines against
593:
1789:10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134030
1395:
1054:appeared to be a weaker activator.
618:grows in smooth, grey, translucent
512:genes are absent or varying in the
373:, being 99% identical in conserved
13:
2152:Gram-negative bacterial infections
1812:"Protective cellular responses to
1073:
1038:were on the average longer (14–16
889:-containing nasal discharge, lung
853:. In regards to a vaccine against
14:
3870:
2509:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
2021:
1467:"Glanders: off to the races with
444:The Institute of Genomic Research
2725:Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
2700:Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome
2033:genomes and related information"
1528:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05734.x
1488:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00949.x
1090:Potential as a biological weapon
777:
572:pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
209:(Zopf 1885) Steel and Cowan 1964
44:
2491:Human granulocytic anaplasmosis
1944:
1848:
1736:10.1128/JCM.36.9.2737-2741.1998
1320:10.1128/JCM.41.5.2068-2079.2003
1010:was hexaacylated. In addition,
493:-associated genes are located.
2523:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
2077:"Bioterrorism Agents/Diseases"
1596:Bondi SK, Goldberg JB (2008).
1550:
1503:
1344:
1287:
1133:Incidence in the United States
942:Cellular response to infection
1:
2339:Flinders Island spotted fever
1427:. Springer. pp. 99–145.
1281:
3509:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
2833:Burkholderia cepacia complex
2269:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
1833:10.1016/j.micinf.2010.05.012
1370:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000922
7:
3170:Far East scarlet-like fever
3164:Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
2780:Chromobacteriosis infection
1929:10.1056/NEJM200107263450404
1269:
785:is responsible for causing
718:amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
526:
501:most likely evolved from a
369:is very closely related to
315:Discovery and early history
307:is nonmotile; its shape is
10:
3875:
3859:Bacteria described in 1993
1145:and had been working with
966:infection involves Gr-1+ (
823:multinucleated giant cells
495:Multilocus sequence typing
282:multilocus sequence typing
3681:
3583:
3545:
3518:
3498:
3454:
3399:
3372:
3327:
3301:
3265:
3197:
3188:
3080:
3045:
3036:
2993:
2970:Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
2888:
2873:
2864:
2805:Burkholderia pseudomallei
2794:
2774:Chromobacterium violaceum
2741:
2714:
2704:Meningococcal septicaemia
2679:
2670:
2661:
2573:
2546:
2537:
2485:Anaplasma phagocytophilum
2470:
2435:
2394:
2252:
2241:
2192:
2176:
2167:
2158:
1769:Burkholderia pseudomallei
1718:Burkholderia pseudomallei
1659:"Continuing evolution of
1622:10.1586/14760584.7.9.1357
1604:Burkholderia pseudomallei
1580:– via Google Books.
1298:Burkholderia pseudomallei
549:
474:, capsule formation, and
433:
347:is an obligate mammalian
303:and other genus members,
188:(Zopf 1885) Buchanan 1918
168:
161:
136:
129:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
3445:Plesiomonas shigelloides
3227:Brazilian purpuric fever
2844:Bordetella parapertussis
2633:Bartonella bacilliformis
2452:Flea-borne spotted fever
2382:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
2375:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
2367:American tick bite fever
1875:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00595
1240:. They did actually use
325:type VI secretion system
195:(Zopf 1885) Pribram 1933
3613:Guillain–Barré syndrome
3529:Cardiobacterium hominis
3489:Acinetobacter baumannii
3431:Vibrio parahaemolyticus
3150:Yersinia enterocolitica
2917:Klebsiella granulomatis
2353:African tick bite fever
2311:North Asian tick typhus
2039:. NIAID. Archived from
1862:Frontiers in Immunology
1046:(14 carbon atoms), yet
914:. Eventually, they get
566:from the other include
538:" and was in the genus
335:Family Burkholderiaceae
202:(Zopf 1885) Holden 1935
181:(Zopf 1885) Brumpt 1910
3465:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
3383:Francisella tularensis
3342:Legionella longbeachae
3338:Legionella pneumophila
2980:Enterobacter aerogenes
2625:Bacillary angiomatosis
2419:Orientia tsutsugamushi
2325:Queensland tick typhus
2297:Japanese spotted fever
2231:Flying squirrel typhus
2069:) General Information"
1419:Dance, D.A.B. (2010).
674:potassium permanganate
508:reduction. About 1000
385:has about 1.4 Mb less
284:it is a subspecies of
269:name of this disease (
3482:Moraxella catarrhalis
3348:Legionnaires' disease
3269:Pasteurella multocida
2899:Klebsiella pneumoniae
2696:Meningococcal disease
2503:Ehrlichia chaffeensis
2263:Rickettsia rickettsii
2227:Brill–Zinsser disease
2217:Rickettsia prowazekii
2110:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
1221:eventually spread to
1141:. The researcher had
998:: the major forms of
946:In the first days of
662:benzalkonium chloride
286:B. pseudomallei.
216:(Zopf 1885) Redfearn
178:Actinobacillus mallei
3643:Helicobacter cinaedi
3603:Campylobacter jejuni
3556:Aeromonas hydrophila
3438:Vibrio alginolyticus
3089:Shigella dysenteriae
3027:Citrobacter freundii
2984:Enterobacter cloacae
2840:Bordetella pertussis
2319:Rickettsia australis
1777:Annu. Rev. Microbiol
1475:FEMS Microbiol. Lett
1256:during their war in
1117:may only be done in
1068:innate immune system
1030:. At the same time,
638:are unfamiliar with
454:sequence revealed a
297:B. pseudomallei
293:B. pseudomallei
276:B. pseudomallei
206:Acinetobacter mallei
16:Species of bacterium
3805:burkholderia-mallei
3713:Burkholderia mallei
3683:Burkholderia mallei
3621:Helicobacter pylori
3111:Bacillary dysentery
3056:Salmonella enterica
3004:Serratia marcescens
2923:Granuloma inguinale
2819:Burkholderia mallei
2754:Eikenella corrodens
2602:Bartonella quintana
2594:Cat-scratch disease
2588:Bartonella henselae
2305:Rickettsia sibirica
2291:Rickettsia japonica
2104:Burkholderia mallei
2067:Burkholderia mallei
2031:Burkholderia mallei
1986:1998Natur.395..213W
1814:Burkholderia mallei
1773:Burkholderia mallei
1714:Burkholderia mallei
1661:Burkholderia mallei
1610:Expert Rev Vaccines
1600:Burkholderia mallei
1512:Burkholderia mallei
1469:Burkholderia mallei
1302:Burkholderia mallei
1198:Burkholderia mallei
1095:Burkholderia mallei
1079:Burkholderia mallei
871:Burkholderia mallei
857:, the closeness of
783:Burkholderia mallei
678:sodium hypochlorite
532:Burkholderia mallei
464:insertion sequences
351:, it must infect a
230:Burkholderia mallei
185:Pfeifferella mallei
140:Burkholderia mallei
25:Burkholderia mallei
3609:Campylobacteriosis
3520:Cardiobacteriaceae
3021:Citrobacter koseri
2931:Klebsiella oxytoca
2361:Rickettsia parkeri
2347:Rickettsia africae
2277:Rickettsia conorii
1968:Wheelis M (1998).
1724:J. Clin. Microbiol
1679:10.1093/gbe/evq003
1308:J. Clin. Microbiol
1228:The Japanese used
1103:biological warfare
982:Lipopolysaccharide
634:is variable. Many
630:culture growth on
534:was first called "
497:has revealed that
476:lipopolysaccharide
343:does not. Because
213:Pseudomonas mallei
199:Loefferella mallei
192:Malleomyces mallei
78:Betaproteobacteria
3841:
3840:
3826:Open Tree of Life
3675:Taxon identifiers
3666:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3594:Campylobacterales
3579:
3578:
3560:Aeromonas veronii
3424:Vibrio vulnificus
3356:Coxiella burnetii
3323:
3322:
3249:H. parainfluenzae
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3119:Proteus mirabilis
3066:Paratyphoid fever
2955:Enterohemorrhagic
2875:Enterobacteriales
2860:
2859:
2790:
2789:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2639:Carrion's disease
2533:
2532:
2517:Ehrlichia ewingii
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2283:Boutonneuse fever
1434:978-1-4419-1266-4
670:mercuric chloride
610:in a laboratory;
594:Growth in culture
377:when compared to
226:
225:
221:
210:
203:
196:
189:
182:
175:
3866:
3854:Burkholderiaceae
3834:
3833:
3821:
3820:
3808:
3807:
3795:
3794:
3782:
3781:
3769:
3768:
3756:
3755:
3743:
3742:
3730:
3729:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3670:
3669:
3590:
3589:
3500:Xanthomonadaceae
3308:
3291:Actinobacillosis
3272:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3125:Proteus vulgaris
3043:
3042:
2940:Escherichia coli
2886:
2885:
2871:
2870:
2746:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2667:
2557:Brucella abortus
2544:
2543:
2539:Hyphomicrobiales
2446:Rickettsia felis
2405:Rickettsia akari
2333:Rickettsia honei
2250:
2249:
2203:Rickettsia typhi
2190:
2189:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2097:
2084:
2072:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2016:
2015:
1997:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1667:Genome Biol Evol
1653:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1593:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1522:(6): 1466–1485.
1507:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1462:
1439:
1438:
1416:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1372:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1291:
1042:) than those in
991:Escherichia coli
918:, pustules, and
844:
522:
299:genome. Unlike
215:
208:
201:
194:
187:
180:
173:
142:
98:Burkholderiaceae
49:
48:
35:
21:
20:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3829:
3824:
3816:
3811:
3803:
3798:
3790:
3785:
3777:
3772:
3764:
3759:
3751:
3746:
3738:
3733:
3725:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3677:
3667:
3658:
3575:
3541:
3514:
3494:
3456:Pseudomonadales
3450:
3410:Vibrio cholerae
3395:
3368:
3319:
3302:
3297:
3266:
3261:
3198:
3176:
3132:Yersinia pestis
3076:
3032:
2989:
2945:Enterotoxigenic
2877:
2856:
2796:Burkholderiales
2786:
2760:Kingella kingae
2742:
2737:
2710:
2649:
2643:Verruga peruana
2569:
2529:
2472:Anaplasmataceae
2458:
2431:
2390:
2244:
2237:
2223:Epidemic typhus
2181:
2154:
2145:
2100:
2088:
2075:
2063:
2046:
2044:
2027:
2024:
2019:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1916:N. Engl. J. Med
1908:
1901:
1853:
1849:
1820:Microbes Infect
1808:
1804:
1775:pathogenesis".
1765:
1761:
1708:
1704:
1654:
1647:
1594:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1555:
1551:
1508:
1504:
1463:
1442:
1435:
1417:
1396:
1363:(5): e1000922.
1349:
1345:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1272:
1195:
1143:type 1 diabetes
1135:
1127:B. pseudomallei
1119:biosafety level
1099:B. pseudomallei
1092:
1076:
1074:Global presence
1034:acyl chains in
944:
875:
863:B. pseudomallei
842:
780:
748:aminoglycosides
744:B. pseudomallei
726:chloramphenicol
654:
636:microbiologists
604:B. pseudomallei
596:
584:B. pseudomallei
560:B. pseudomallei
552:
536:Bacillus mallei
529:
520:
510:B. pseudomellei
503:B. pseudomallei
460:mega base pairs
448:B. pseudomallei
436:
408:B. pseudomallei
399:B. pseudomallei
391:B. pseudomallei
379:B. pseudomallei
371:B. pseudomallei
364:
337:
317:
301:B. pseudomallei
211:
204:
197:
190:
183:
176:
171:Bacillus mallei
157:
151:
144:
138:
125:
88:Burkholderiales
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3872:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3822:
3809:
3796:
3783:
3770:
3757:
3744:
3731:
3718:
3703:
3687:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3635:Gastric cancer
3617:
3616:
3615:
3598:
3596:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3551:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3405:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3285:Actinobacillus
3281:
3279:Pasteurellosis
3275:
3273:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3208:
3206:
3192:
3190:Pasteurellales
3186:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3142:Bubonic plague
3128:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3051:
3049:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3017:
3016:
3015:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2950:Enteroinvasive
2947:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2894:
2892:
2883:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2836:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2579:
2577:
2575:Bartonellaceae
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2552:
2550:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2411:Rickettsialpox
2400:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2178:Rickettsiaceae
2171:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2148:Pseudomonadota
2144:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2098:
2096:on 2009-05-31.
2086:
2083:on 2014-07-22.
2073:
2061:
2052:
2023:
2022:External links
2020:
2018:
2017:
1960:
1943:
1899:
1847:
1826:(11): 846–53.
1802:
1759:
1730:(9): 2737–41.
1702:
1645:
1616:(9): 1357–65.
1583:
1569:
1549:
1502:
1440:
1433:
1394:
1357:PLOS Pathogens
1343:
1314:(5): 2068–79.
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1194:
1191:
1163:clarithromycin
1134:
1131:
1091:
1088:
1075:
1072:
984:isolated from
943:
940:
881:infected with
874:
867:
779:
776:
653:
650:
632:MacConkey agar
595:
592:
551:
548:
528:
525:
487:polysaccharide
438:The genome of
435:
432:
363:
357:
336:
333:
316:
313:
309:coccobacillary
289:B. mallei
224:
223:
166:
165:
159:
158:
145:
134:
133:
127:
126:
122:B. mallei
119:
117:
113:
112:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
68:Pseudomonadota
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3871:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3631:MALT lymphoma
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3547:Aeromonadales
3544:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3374:Thiotrichales
3371:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3329:Legionellales
3326:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3264:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3213:H. influenzae
3210:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3070:Salmonellosis
3067:
3063:
3062:Typhoid fever
3060:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2905:Rhinoscleroma
2903:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2583:Bartonellosis
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:Murine typhus
2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2184:Rickettsioses
2179:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Rickettsiales
2166:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2043:on 2011-08-24
2042:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1995:10.1038/26089
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:(6699): 213.
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1572:
1570:9781476666518
1566:
1563:. McFarland.
1562:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:Mol Microbiol
1513:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1481:(2): 115–22.
1480:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:
987:
983:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
872:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
841:
837:
832:
828:
827:immune system
824:
820:
816:
813:of the entry
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
778:Pathogenicity
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:
731:
730:sulfathiazole
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:disinfectants
649:
647:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:nutrient agar
609:
605:
601:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:are located.
480:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
431:
429:
428:intracellular
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
362:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
332:
330:
326:
322:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
291:evolved from
290:
287:
283:
279:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:
254:
251:
247:
243:
240:
236:
235:Gram-negative
232:
231:
222:
219:
214:
207:
200:
193:
186:
179:
172:
167:
164:
160:
155:
149:
143:
141:
135:
132:
131:Binomial name
128:
124:
123:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
3682:
3650:Helicobacter
3649:
3641:
3627:Peptic ulcer
3619:
3601:
3566:
3554:
3527:
3507:
3487:
3480:
3471:
3463:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3408:
3401:Vibrionaceae
3381:
3354:
3336:
3303:
3283:
3267:
3247:
3233:
3219:
3211:
3199:
3162:
3148:
3130:
3123:
3117:
3087:
3054:
3025:
3019:
3010:
3002:
2978:
2938:
2929:
2915:
2897:
2838:
2831:
2818:
2817:
2803:
2772:
2758:
2752:
2743:
2723:
2688:
2672:Neisseriales
2631:
2619:
2615:
2608:Trench fever
2600:
2586:
2555:
2548:Brucellaceae
2515:
2501:
2495:Anaplasmosis
2483:
2480:Ehrlichiosis
2444:
2425:Scrub typhus
2417:
2403:
2381:
2373:
2359:
2345:
2331:
2317:
2303:
2289:
2275:
2261:
2215:
2201:
2150:-associated
2109:
2103:
2094:the original
2081:the original
2066:
2057:Burkholderia
2056:
2045:. Retrieved
2041:the original
2036:
2030:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1946:
1922:(4): 256–8.
1919:
1915:
1865:
1861:
1850:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1805:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1574:. Retrieved
1559:
1552:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1424:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1276:Mallein test
1261:
1260:against the
1253:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1227:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1183:
1170:
1146:
1136:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1105:agents. The
1098:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1040:carbon atoms
1035:
1015:
1007:
999:
989:
985:
980:
975:
972:nitric oxide
963:
947:
945:
935:
927:
906:
903:hemorrhaging
899:nasal septum
882:
876:
870:
869:Symptoms of
862:
858:
854:
850:
839:
830:
818:
806:
802:
782:
781:
771:
763:
756:beta-lactams
743:
739:
733:
722:piperacillin
702:tetracycline
694:streptomycin
655:
643:
639:
627:
623:
615:
603:
599:
597:
583:
579:
559:
555:
553:
544:Burkholderia
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:
517:
513:
509:
502:
498:
482:
479:biosynthesis
467:
451:
447:
439:
437:
423:
419:
415:
407:
403:
398:
394:
390:
382:
378:
370:
366:
365:
361:Burkholderia
360:
344:
340:
338:
329:Wilhelm Zopf
320:
318:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
285:
274:
270:
258:Burkholderia
256:
229:
228:
227:
217:
212:
205:
198:
191:
184:
177:
170:
169:
153:
139:
137:
121:
120:
109:Burkholderia
108:
24:
18:
3761:iNaturalist
3707:Wikispecies
3472:Pseudomonas
3220:Haemophilus
3201:Haemophilus
3156:Yersiniosis
3107:Shigellosis
2811:Melioidosis
2620:B. quintana
2616:B. henselae
2563:Brucellosis
2065:"Glanders (
1783:: 495–517.
1258:Afghanistan
1179:doxycycline
1151:lymph nodes
1109:classifies
1066:complex of
1024:amino acids
956:macrophages
952:neutrophils
950:infection,
879:chronically
714:ceftazidime
710:carbapenems
706:doxycycline
690:Antibiotics
686:ultraviolet
645:Pseudomonas
540:Pseudomonas
430:lifestyle.
237:, bipolar,
3848:Categories
3652:cellulitis
3235:H. ducreyi
3222:meningitis
2744:ungrouped:
2437:Flea-borne
2396:Mite-borne
2254:Tick-borne
2090:"Glanders"
2047:2010-06-24
1816:infection"
1673:: 102–16.
1282:References
1263:mujahideen
932:septicemic
930:can cause
834:lysosomal
752:polymyxins
660:including
568:ribotyping
472:metabolism
456:chromosome
383:B. malllei
3569:infection
3567:Aeromonas
3474:infection
3389:Tularemia
3241:Chancroid
3013:infection
2995:Slow/weak
2909:Pneumonia
2850:Pertussis
2731:Gonorrhea
2384:infection
1254:B. mallei
1249:B. mallei
1242:B. mallei
1238:B. mallei
1230:B. mallei
1223:Argentina
1202:B. mallei
1171:B. mallei
1147:B. mallei
1123:B. mallei
1115:B. mallei
1111:B. mallei
1084:B. mallei
1056:B. mallei
1052:B. mallei
1036:B. mallei
1020:phosphate
1016:B. mallei
1000:B. mallei
986:B. mallei
976:B. mallei
964:B. mallei
948:B. mallei
936:B. mallei
928:B. mallei
920:abscesses
916:pneumonia
907:B. mallei
883:B. mallei
873:infection
859:B. mallei
855:B. mallei
851:B. mallei
840:B. mallei
836:defensins
831:B. mallei
819:B. mallei
807:B. mallei
803:B. mallei
772:B. mallei
764:B. mallei
740:B. mallei
640:B. mallei
628:B. mallei
624:B. mallei
616:B. mallei
600:B. mallei
580:B. mallei
556:B. mallei
518:B. mallei
514:B. mallei
499:B. mallei
491:virulence
483:B. mallei
468:B. mallei
452:B. mallei
440:B. mallei
424:B. mallei
420:B. mallei
416:B. mallei
404:B. mallei
395:B. mallei
367:B. mallei
345:B. mallei
341:B. mallei
321:B. mallei
305:B. mallei
255:of genus
242:bacterium
174:Zopf 1885
152:Yabuuchi
116:Species:
3779:10031100
3692:Wikidata
3097:flexneri
3011:Serratia
2825:Glanders
2112:. 13373.
2059:Resource
2055:Pathema-
1938:11474663
1894:26635809
1842:20542133
1797:20528691
1697:20333227
1640:18980539
1576:12 April
1544:25690886
1536:17555434
1497:18031330
1389:20523904
1338:12734250
1270:See also
1234:Unit 731
1219:sabotage
1186:abrasion
1175:imipenem
1167:biopsied
924:symptoms
787:glanders
768:immunity
735:in vitro
698:amikacin
692:such as
620:colonies
608:cultured
588:16S rDNA
527:Taxonomy
516:genome.
349:pathogen
263:glanders
261:causing
253:pathogen
163:Synonyms
94:Family:
64:Phylum:
58:Bacteria
54:Domain:
3753:3219954
3698:Q134434
3416:Cholera
3362:Q fever
2965:O104:H4
2960:O157:H7
2614:Either
2243:Spotted
2012:5478674
2004:9751039
1982:Bibcode
1885:4655328
1868:: 595.
1754:9705426
1688:2839346
1631:2680498
1380:2877748
1207:Romania
1159:fatigue
1044:E. coli
1032:lipid A
1012:lipid A
1008:E. coli
1004:lipid A
996:lipid A
968:antigen
960:T cells
895:nodules
891:lesions
877:Horses
847:humoral
815:vacuole
799:donkeys
760:vaccine
742:, like
688:light.
682:ethanol
606:can be
590:level.
458:of 3.5
412:genomes
280:and by
271:malleus
239:aerobic
104:Genus:
84:Order:
74:Class:
3831:202606
3792:960172
3766:357004
3740:976768
3138:Plague
3101:boydii
3093:sonnei
2194:Typhus
2010:
2002:
1974:Nature
1936:
1892:
1882:
1840:
1795:
1752:
1745:105196
1742:
1695:
1685:
1638:
1628:
1567:
1542:
1534:
1495:
1431:
1387:
1377:
1336:
1329:154742
1326:
1213:, and
1211:Norway
1153:and a
958:, and
912:rigors
893:, and
797:, and
791:horses
758:. No
754:, and
728:, and
680:, and
666:iodine
564:strain
550:Typing
485:has a
450:. The
434:Genome
359:Genus
265:; the
250:animal
218:et al.
154:et al.
3818:13373
3774:IRMNG
3535:HACEK
3315:HACEK
3255:HACEK
2766:HACEK
2245:fever
2008:S2CID
1955:(PDF)
1540:S2CID
1215:Spain
1155:fever
1050:from
1014:from
1006:from
887:mucus
843:'
811:lysis
795:mules
676:, 1%
598:Both
521:'
506:clone
389:than
375:genes
267:Latin
246:human
233:is a
150:1885)
3813:NCBI
3800:LPSN
3787:ITIS
3748:GBIF
3727:NXHS
3081:H2S−
3047:H2S+
3038:Lac−
2890:Lac+
2000:PMID
1934:PMID
1890:PMID
1838:PMID
1793:PMID
1771:and
1750:PMID
1716:and
1693:PMID
1636:PMID
1602:and
1578:2018
1565:ISBN
1532:PMID
1493:PMID
1429:ISBN
1385:PMID
1334:PMID
1300:and
1177:and
1125:and
1097:and
1064:MD-2
1060:TLR4
1028:TLR4
602:and
582:and
558:and
353:host
248:and
244:, a
220:1966
156:1993
148:Zopf
3735:EoL
3722:CoL
2880:OX−
2618:or
2085:: ]
1990:doi
1978:395
1924:doi
1920:345
1880:PMC
1870:doi
1828:doi
1785:doi
1740:PMC
1732:doi
1683:PMC
1675:doi
1626:PMC
1618:doi
1524:doi
1514:".
1483:doi
1479:277
1375:PMC
1365:doi
1324:PMC
1316:doi
1048:LPS
1026:of
861:to
700:,
406:to
393:.
387:DNA
3850::
3828::
3815::
3802::
3789::
3776::
3763::
3750::
3737::
3724::
3709::
3694::
3633:,
3629:,
3611:,
3109:,
3068:,
3064:,
2943::
2907:,
2716:M−
2702:,
2698:,
2681:M+
2641:,
2585::
2493:,
2482::
2229:,
2225:,
2108:.
2035:.
2006:.
1998:.
1988:.
1976:.
1972:.
1932:.
1918:.
1914:.
1902:^
1888:.
1878:.
1864:.
1860:.
1836:.
1824:12
1822:.
1818:.
1791:.
1781:64
1779:.
1748:.
1738:.
1728:36
1726:.
1722:.
1691:.
1681:.
1669:.
1665:.
1648:^
1634:.
1624:.
1612:.
1608:.
1586:^
1538:.
1530:.
1520:64
1518:.
1491:.
1477:.
1473:.
1443:^
1397:^
1383:.
1373:.
1359:.
1355:.
1332:.
1322:.
1312:41
1310:.
1306:.
1266:.
1209:,
1086:.
954:,
901:,
817:.
793:,
750:,
738:.
724:,
720:,
716:,
712:,
708:,
704:,
696:,
672:,
668:,
664:,
570:,
546:.
381:.
3585:ε
3558:/
3340:/
3203::
3140:/
3122:/
3099:/
3095:/
3091:/
3024:/
2982:/
2882:)
2878:(
2866:γ
2842:/
2757:/
2663:β
2186:)
2182:(
2180:/
2160:α
2140:e
2133:t
2126:v
2106:"
2102:"
2050:.
2029:"
2014:.
1992::
1984::
1940:.
1926::
1896:.
1872::
1866:6
1844:.
1830::
1799:.
1787::
1756:.
1734::
1720:"
1699:.
1677::
1671:2
1642:.
1620::
1614:7
1606:"
1546:.
1526::
1499:.
1485::
1471:"
1437:.
1391:.
1367::
1361:6
1340:.
1318::
1304:"
1062:/
278:,
146:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
