657:
130:
251:
749:
645:, are also common, suggesting that storms were important in shaping the landscape. Irregularly aligned prod and scour marks on the sea floor shows that waves also played a role. The most favourable conclusion appears to be that the facies represents a shoaling sequence — the migration of sand wave complexes, detached offshore bars (Swift & Field 1981, Brenner
790:(Gray and Boucot 1989): the latter being of particular interest as not one other fossil euglenid is known. A lack of marine macrofossils in plant-rich beds suggests that large grazers or predators may have been absent, perhaps because water depths were so shallow - this may have aided fossil preservation (Gray
767:
As well as reef-building organisms and the thick-shelled
Lamellibranchia mentioned above, the Burgsvik beds are also of interest to micropalæontologists. Their quiet tectonic history — with the depth of burial never exceeding 200 metres (660 ft) and "no thermal maturation" occurring (Jeppsson
383:
and paleæoecological analysis of the upper and top few metres of the middle
Burgsvik Beds by Stel and de Coo (1977) confirm that this section of the sequence was deposited between the beach and the lower foreshore; oolites and oncolites in the upper strata form in an "agitated shallow marine
1034:
Krumbein, W.E.; Brehm, U.; Gerdes, G.; Gorbushina, A.A.; Levit, G. & Palinska, K.A. (2003). "Biofilm, Biodictyon, Biomat
Microbialites, Oolites, Stromatolites, Geophysiology, Global Mechanism, Parahistology". In Krumbein, W.E.; Paterson, D.M. & Zavarzin, G.A. (eds.).
696:
data, Manten (1971) was able to further sub-divide the
Burgsvik beds into 3 members, illustrated above. The upper bed can be recognised across the entire outcrop belt, varying slightly along strike, and has a distinctive lower contact. The lower bed, however, is easily
640:
s (1974) tidal mud flat interpretation, Long surmises that it may represent locally emergent offshore bars, near-shore sands or beach deposits. Tides cannot be a dominant factor, as cross-stratification is abundant; storm beds, recognised by
934:
Eriksson, M. J.; Calner, M. (2008). "A sequence stratigraphical model for the Late
Ludfordian (Silurian) of Gotland, Sweden: implications for timing between changes in sea level, palaeoecology, and the global carbon cycle".
839:. Such excursions are normally associated with the decrease in oceanic productivity caused by mass extinctions. This could also be interpreted as climate, mainly precipitation, controlling the distribution of facies; high
768:
1983) — means that organic material is preserved relatively unscathed, to a degree of quality barely rivalled anywhere else on earth for rocks of this age - indeed, the preservation is equivalent to that expected from the
853:
facies are observed in other strata spanning the Lau event, places the
Burgsvik beds immediately after this mass extinction (Calner 2005b), noting the occurrence of flat-pebble conglomerates in the underlying Eke beds.
712:
infill accumulated, the coast prograded, and the reef zone advanced in front of it to the south west. This pattern is complicated further by sea level changes, making precise interpretation troublesome (Laufeld 1974).
334:
element. The sandstones are occasionally intercalated with very thin-bedded blue-grey claystone. In places, the sandstone is overlain by the upper
Burgsvik beds, which comprise thin-bedded, light-to-bluish grey,
439:
363:
setting, and the thick shells present are also indicative of that type of environment. Rare burrows, sometimes found in clay lenses, may have formed in quieter waters that were protected by low sand or
692:
Mainly due to the inhomogeneous nature of shoreline deposits, lateral variation is intense throughout the
Burgsvik beds, making correlation difficult (Laufeld 1974). However, using freshly available
347:
Manten (1966) deduces that the
Burgsvik beds were formed fairly close to the shoreline on a beach "faintly sloping towards the open sea", and that they were extensively reworked by the action of
891:
Calner, Mikael; Eriksson, Mårten J. (2006). "Evidence for rapid environmental changes in low latitudes during the Late
Silurian Lau Event: the Burgen-1 drillcore, Gotland, Sweden".
1097:
Brenner, R.L.; Swift, D.J.P.; Gaynor, G.C. (1985). "Re-evaluation of coquinoid sandstone depositional model, Upper Jurassic of central Wyoming and south-central Montana".
701:
and rarely exposed. To further complicate the matter, the depositional area was being continually provided with sediment — and thus filling up — from the north west. As
446:
1790:"Palaeogeographic significance of mid-Silurian palaeomagnetic results from southern Britain-major revision of the apparent polar wander path for eastern Avalonia"
379:
marks are all present, and provide firm evidence that parts of the environment consisted of beaches or unvegetated ground that occasionally ran dry. Detailed
1868:
351:
and storms. Evidence from cross-bedding and ripple marks is taken to imply a subaquaeous origin; rounded oolite pebbles and slightly rounded, size-sorted
1843:
733:
397:
reconstructions allow the position of Gotland at the time of deposition to be deduced, and it appears that the Burgsvik beds were deposited near the
153:
1592:
1234:
Gray, J.; Laufeld, S.; Boucot, A.J. (1974). "Silurian Trilete Spores and Spore Tetrads from Gotland: Their Implications for Land Plant Evolution".
163:
1036:
805:, which were Earth's most sophisticated form of life for nearly 2 billion years and are still the major factors maintaining life on Earth.
857:
Correlation with the P-S episodes postulated by Jeppsson (1990) suggests that the beds were deposited during a wet period - a P episode.
1342:
836:
624:
dominant in the lower beds, appearing as interbeds in the middle beds; a fine to very fine sandstone; and a "biofacies" consisting of
432:
388:
was located to the northeast, and facies become progressively more marine in character progressing to the southwest (Jeppsson 2005).
1471:
Jeppsson, L.; Viira, V.; Männik, P. (1994). "Silurian conodont-based correlations between Gotland (Sweden) and Saaremaa (Estonia)".
310:, in warm, equatorial waters frequently ravaged by storms, in front of an advancing shoreline. The Burgsvik Formation comprises two
406:
1833:
1757:
Swift, D. J. P.; Field, M. E. (1981). "Evolution of a classic sand ridge field: Maryland sector, North American inner shelf".
1664:
1049:
763:. The image shows the location, in the Burgsvik beds, where the texture was first identified as evidence of a microbial mat.
817:(2005) assign a Mid-Ludfordian (Upper Ludlow) age to the Burgsvik, which places the beds in close temporal proximity to the
1883:
1677:
1838:
205:
1560:
Long, D.G.F. (1993). "The Burgsvik beds, an Upper Silurian storm generated sand ridge complex in southern Gotland".
1863:
1873:
1678:"The Wenlock-Ludlow carbon isotope trend in the Vidukle core, Lithuania, and its relations with oceanic events"
1331:
797:
The beds are the first location where it was recognized that "elephant skin" wrinkles in marine sediments are
1858:
642:
17:
1705:
Sherwood-Pike, M.A.; Gray, J. (1985). "Silurian fungal remains: probable records of the class Ascomycetes".
1510:
Jeppsson, L. (1990). "An oceanic model for lithological and faunal changes tested on the Silurian record".
198:
1638:
1160:
1422:
1055:
620:
Long (1993) recognises three lithofacies in the Burgsvik beds; a poorly exposed silty/sandy mudstone
1372:
668:
339:
limestone with alternating sandy beds containing problematic structures described by Manten (1966).
1848:
1367:
1401:
636:. He challenges three interpretations of the sub-aerial sandstone facies. Contrary to Gray
1801:
1766:
1714:
1604:
1519:
1480:
1443:
1431:
1359:
1290:
1243:
1212:
1175:
1137:
1106:
990:
944:
900:
786:) and fæcal pellets have been unearthed (Sherwood-Pike and Gray 1985), as well as supposed
405:
1993). Combined with the high temperatures of the Silurian, this may have led to very hot,
143:
1084:
Agterberg, F.P. (1958). "An undulation of the rate of sedimentation in southern Gotland".
8:
1853:
1805:
1770:
1718:
1608:
1523:
1484:
1447:
1363:
1294:
1247:
1216:
1179:
1141:
1110:
994:
948:
904:
871:
1814:
1789:
1778:
1726:
1630:
1535:
1496:
1455:
1432:"High-resolution correlations between Gotland and Estonia near the base of the Wenlock"
1393:
1281:
Hagström, J. (1997). "Land-derived palynomorphs from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden".
1267:
1224:
1118:
1016:
960:
916:
866:
722:
1128:
Calner, M. (2005-04-01). "A Late Silurian extinction event and anachronistic period".
1742:
1660:
1634:
1616:
1577:
1539:
1500:
1397:
1385:
1327:
1259:
1045:
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1002:
964:
920:
773:
331:
1271:
1878:
1809:
1787:
1774:
1737:
1722:
1620:
1612:
1569:
1527:
1488:
1451:
1377:
1319:
1298:
1251:
1220:
1183:
1145:
1114:
1006:
998:
952:
908:
311:
391:
Recent studies suggest that the sandstone might in fact represent delta deposits.
1659:. Developments in sedimentology. Vol. 13. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 539.
1255:
1033:
822:
1323:
1420:
Jeppsson, L. (November 30, 2000) Journal of the Geological Society (ProQuest).
1188:
394:
385:
360:
1573:
1492:
1381:
1302:
1027:
956:
912:
373:
355:
are evidence of a high-energy environment. The presence of certain species of
1827:
1692:
1581:
1531:
1389:
1350:
850:
802:
798:
760:
372:
ground, including erosion channels, pothole-like excavations, mud cracks and
356:
323:
220:
207:
81:
38:
716:
Correlation to units elsewhere in the world is aided by the high-resolution
1263:
757:
753:
380:
327:
782:
709:
56:
656:
730:
101:
66:
42:
1625:
1161:"Reply to 'A Late Silurian extinction event and anachronistic period'"
1096:
1011:
1149:
818:
369:
305:
288:
284:
182:
178:
106:
50:
1343:"Conodont-based revisions of the Late Ludfordian on Gotland, Sweden"
326:
consists of thin to very thick layers of a light grey, fine grained
129:
1738:"The Silurian Upper Burgsvik and Lower Hamra--Sundre Beds, Gotland"
787:
769:
717:
705:
693:
633:
629:
300:
292:
271:
186:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
1788:
Torsvik, T.H.; Trench, A.; Svensson, I.; Walderhaug, H.J. (1993).
736:, which is also well displayed in, for example, Estonia (Jeppsson
981:
Manten, A. (1966). "Some problematic shallow-marine structures".
702:
698:
398:
296:
111:
86:
1470:
1233:
748:
621:
352:
336:
256:
1310:
Jeppsson, L. (1983). "Silurian conodont faunas from Gotland".
1158:
1038:
Fossil and Recent Biofilms: A Natural History of Life on Earth
777:
1756:
1704:
772:(Sherwood-Pike and Gray 1985). Dissolution of the rocks in
625:
376:
365:
348:
933:
846:
is often observed in deposits formed in arid conditions.
1735:
1429:
368:
barriers from wave action. Features that only form on
1198:
27:
Sequence of limestones and sandstones found in Sweden
1423:
Ludlow (late Silurian) oceanic episodes and events.
808:
411:
776:leaves the organic matter unscathed, and putative
314:, the Burgsvik Sandstone and the Burgsvik Oolite.
1825:
1750:. Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie: 1–43.
649:1985) or isolated mid-shelf bars (La Fon 1981).
384:setting", implying a minor tidal influence. The
1562:Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar
299:, Sweden. The beds were deposited in the Upper
1159:Comments by R. Riding & M. Calner (2005).
890:
597:Mudstone and muddy sandstone. Rarely exposed.
440:
1593:"Some problematic shallow-marine structures"
1590:
1559:
1509:
1340:
1309:
976:
974:
1869:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Europe
1553:. Fossils and Strata. Universitetsforlaget.
1548:
927:
752:This wrinkled "elephant skin" texture is a
743:
342:
1127:
447:
433:
1813:
1624:
1371:
1187:
1083:
1010:
971:
884:
835:excursion in the Burgsvik and underlying
1844:Silurian southern paleotropical deposits
1280:
747:
590:Sandstone with minor muddy sand/mudstone
606: Grain size -→
134:Outcrop map of the Burgsvik Beds (blue)
14:
1826:
1675:
1654:
980:
604:
425:
1199:Gray, J.; Boucot, A. J. (1989). "Is
720:data available; the beds are in the
651:
414:
1736:Stel, J.H.; de Coo, J.C.M. (1977).
740:1994, Jeppsson & Männik 1993).
24:
1815:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1993.tb04658.x
1779:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1981.tb01695.x
1727:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1985.tb00680.x
1456:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1993.tb00268.x
1225:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1989.tb01449.x
1119:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00517.x
1044:. Kluwer Academic. pp. 1–28.
25:
1895:
1794:Geophysical Journal International
1512:Journal of the Geological Society
1430:Jeppsson, L.; Männik, P. (1993).
416:Subdivisions of the Burgsvik beds
283:are a sequence of shallow marine
1551:Silurian Chitinozoa from Gotland
809:Association with mass extinction
655:
615:
249:
128:
54:
1076:
1341:Jeppsson, L. (December 2005).
687:
577:
330:sandstone, containing a small
13:
1:
1834:Geologic formations of Sweden
877:
643:hummocky cross-stratification
581:Interbedded oolitic/oncolitic
317:
1691:(2): 223–234. Archived from
1676:Martma; et al. (2005).
1617:10.1016/0025-3227(66)90023-5
1256:10.1126/science.185.4147.260
1003:10.1016/0025-3227(66)90023-5
825:. They also note a positive
728:Pseudomonoclimacis latilobus
726:conodont subdivision of the
7:
1884:Geography of Gotland County
1324:10.18261/8200067378-1983-11
860:
605:
583:lime-, sand- and mud-stones
554:
291:found near the locality of
10:
1900:
1189:10.1130/0091-7613-33.1.e92
1839:Silurian System of Europe
1657:Silurian reefs of Gotland
1574:10.1080/11035899309453917
1493:10.1017/S0016756800010736
1382:10.1080/11035890501274273
1303:10.1080/11035899709546492
957:10.1007/s10347-007-0128-y
913:10.1017/S001675680500169X
849:Calner (2005) notes that
267:
262:
244:
236:
197:
192:
174:
169:
159:
149:
139:
127:
37:
32:
1532:10.1144/gsjgs.147.4.0663
744:Paleontological interest
608:Vertical scale in Metres
457:
343:Depositional environment
295:in the southern part of
1864:Shallow marine deposits
308: million years ago
221:57.036990°N 18.284230°E
1874:Paleontology in Sweden
764:
530:−10 —
520:−15 —
510:−20 —
500:−25 —
490:−30 —
480:−35 —
470:−40 —
460:−45 —
1655:Manten, A.A. (1971).
1591:Manten, A.A. (1966).
751:
540:−5 —
1859:Limestone formations
1685:Geological Quarterly
1549:Laufeld, S. (1974).
1086:Geologie en Mijnbouw
226:57.036990; 18.284230
144:Geological formation
1806:1993GeoJI.113..651T
1771:1981Sedim..28..461S
1719:1985Letha..18....1S
1609:1966MGeol...4..227M
1524:1990JGSoc.147..663J
1485:1994GeoM..131..201J
1473:Geological Magazine
1448:1993TeNov...5..348J
1364:2005GFF...127..273J
1295:1997GFF...119..301H
1248:1974Sci...185..260G
1217:1989Letha..22..447G
1180:2005Geo....33E..92C
1142:2005Geo....33..305C
1111:1985Sedim..32..363B
995:1966MGeol...4..227M
949:2008Faci...54..253E
905:2006GeoM..143...15C
893:Geological Magazine
419:after Manten (1971)
359:molluscs suggest a
217: /
39:Stratigraphic range
1312:Fossils and Strata
867:Geology of Gotland
821:, a late Silurian
765:
723:Ozarkodina snajdri
667:. You can help by
1743:Scripta Geologica
1666:978-0-444-40706-1
1051:978-1-4020-1597-7
774:hydrofluoric acid
685:
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16:(Redirected from
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1817:
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1637:. Archived from
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1585:
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1415:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1400:. Archived from
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1165:
1153:
1150:10.1130/G21185.1
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1054:. Archived from
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872:Fröjel Formation
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1849:Silurian Sweden
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1410:
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1404:
1373:10.1.1.528.9356
1345:
1334:
1242:(4147): 260–3.
1203:a euglenoid?".
1163:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1062:
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1052:
1041:
1032:
1028:
979:
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823:mass extinction
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690:
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665:needs expansion
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303:period, around
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154:Burgsvik Oolite
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1800:(3): 651–668.
1784:
1783:
1765:(4): 461–482.
1753:
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1700:
1698:on 2007-09-27.
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1650:
1603:(3): 227–232.
1587:
1586:
1568:(4): 299–309.
1556:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1518:(4): 663–674.
1506:
1505:
1479:(2): 201–218.
1467:
1466:
1442:(4): 348–358.
1427:
1417:
1416:
1358:(4): 273–282.
1338:
1332:
1307:
1289:(4): 301–316.
1277:
1276:
1230:
1229:
1211:(4): 447–456.
1195:
1194:
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1136:(4): 305–308.
1124:
1123:
1105:(3): 363–372.
1094:
1080:
1078:
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1050:
1026:
989:(3): 227–669.
983:Marine Geology
970:
943:(2): 253–276.
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882:
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386:paleoshoreline
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1759:Sedimentology
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1407:on 2008-12-17
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1099:Sedimentology
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1061:on 2007-01-06
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851:anachronistic
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824:
820:
816:
806:
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800:
799:trace fossils
795:
793:
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779:
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771:
762:
761:microbial mat
759:
755:
750:
741:
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663:This section
661:
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616:Sedimentology
603:
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357:lamellibranch
354:
350:
340:
338:
333:
329:
325:
315:
313:
307:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:Burgsvik Beds
273:
270:
266:
261:
258:
247:
243:
240:South Gotland
239:
235:
230:
202:
200:
196:
191:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
168:
165:
164:Eke Formation
162:
158:
155:
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148:
145:
142:
138:
131:
126:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
44:
40:
36:
33:Burgsvik Beds
31:
19:
18:Burgsvik beds
1797:
1793:
1762:
1758:
1747:
1741:
1710:
1706:
1693:the original
1688:
1684:
1656:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:the original
1600:
1596:
1565:
1561:
1550:
1515:
1511:
1476:
1472:
1459:. Retrieved
1439:
1435:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1402:the original
1355:
1349:
1315:
1311:
1286:
1282:
1239:
1235:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1174:(1): e92–3.
1171:
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1089:
1085:
1077:Bibliography
1063:. Retrieved
1056:the original
1037:
1029:
986:
982:
940:
936:
929:
896:
892:
886:
856:
848:
814:
812:
796:
791:
781:
766:
758:stromatolite
754:trace fossil
737:
727:
721:
715:
691:
673:
669:adding to it
664:
646:
637:
619:
571:
564:
557:
418:
402:
393:
390:
381:petrographic
346:
328:argillaceous
321:
280:
278:
263:Type section
1713:(1): 1–20.
1597:Marine Geol
1318:: 121–144.
783:Ornatifilum
710:terrigenous
688:Correlation
428:This box:
407:hypersaline
224: /
199:Coordinates
1854:Ludfordian
1828:Categories
1645:2007-06-18
1626:1874/16526
1461:2007-08-10
1436:Terra Nova
1426:Page 1137.
1411:2007-08-10
1333:8200067378
1092:: 253–260.
1065:2008-07-09
1012:1874/16526
878:References
731:graptolite
370:sub-aerial
332:calcareous
318:Appearance
289:sandstones
285:limestones
212:18°17′03″E
209:57°02′13″N
43:Ludfordian
1635:129854399
1582:0016-786X
1540:129385359
1501:130792234
1398:129703615
1390:1103-5897
1368:CiteSeerX
1021:129854399
965:128406414
921:129946754
899:(1): 15.
819:Lau event
788:euglenids
756:of a non-
676:June 2008
634:bioclasts
630:oncolites
401:(Torsvik
374:dendritic
268:Named for
183:sandstone
179:Limestone
170:Lithology
150:Underlies
49:420
1272:22967281
1264:17812053
861:See also
837:Eke beds
770:Tertiary
718:conodont
706:detritus
694:borehole
409:waters.
301:Silurian
293:Burgsvik
272:Burgsvik
193:Location
187:mudstone
160:Overlies
1879:Gotland
1802:Bibcode
1767:Bibcode
1715:Bibcode
1707:Lethaia
1605:Bibcode
1520:Bibcode
1481:Bibcode
1444:Bibcode
1360:Bibcode
1291:Bibcode
1244:Bibcode
1236:Science
1213:Bibcode
1205:Lethaia
1201:Moyeria
1176:Bibcode
1168:Geology
1138:Bibcode
1130:Geology
1107:Bibcode
991:Bibcode
945:Bibcode
901:Bibcode
813:Martma
794:1974).
703:bioherm
638:et al.'
545:–
535:–
525:–
515:–
505:–
495:–
485:–
475:–
465:–
399:equator
353:fossils
337:oolitic
312:members
297:Gotland
245:Country
175:Primary
118:↓
1663:
1633:
1580:
1538:
1499:
1396:
1388:
1370:
1330:
1270:
1262:
1048:
1019:
963:
937:Facies
919:
841:δ
827:δ
815:et al.
792:et al.
738:et al.
699:eroded
647:et al.
622:facies
565:Middle
403:et al.
361:marine
257:Sweden
254:
237:Region
1696:(PDF)
1681:(PDF)
1631:S2CID
1536:S2CID
1497:S2CID
1405:(PDF)
1394:S2CID
1346:(PDF)
1268:S2CID
1164:(PDF)
1059:(PDF)
1042:(PDF)
1017:S2CID
961:S2CID
917:S2CID
778:fungi
626:ooids
572:Lower
558:Upper
349:tides
1661:ISBN
1578:ISSN
1386:ISSN
1328:ISBN
1260:PMID
1046:ISBN
734:zone
708:and
632:and
448:edit
441:talk
434:view
377:rill
366:reef
324:beds
322:The
287:and
279:The
140:Type
57:PreꞒ
1810:doi
1798:113
1775:doi
1723:doi
1621:hdl
1613:doi
1570:doi
1566:115
1528:doi
1516:147
1489:doi
1477:131
1452:doi
1378:doi
1356:127
1351:GFF
1320:doi
1299:doi
1287:119
1283:GFF
1252:doi
1240:185
1221:doi
1184:doi
1146:doi
1115:doi
1007:hdl
999:doi
953:doi
909:doi
897:143
831:org
801:of
671:.
306:420
1830::
1808:.
1796:.
1792:.
1773:.
1763:28
1761:.
1748:44
1746:.
1740:.
1721:.
1711:18
1709:.
1689:49
1687:.
1683:.
1629:.
1619:.
1611:.
1599:.
1595:.
1576:.
1564:.
1534:.
1526:.
1514:.
1495:.
1487:.
1475:.
1450:.
1438:.
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1392:.
1384:.
1376:.
1366:.
1354:.
1348:.
1326:.
1316:15
1314:.
1297:.
1285:.
1266:.
1258:.
1250:.
1238:.
1219:.
1209:22
1207:.
1182:.
1172:33
1170:.
1166:.
1144:.
1134:33
1132:.
1113:.
1103:32
1101:.
1090:20
1088:.
1015:.
1005:.
997:.
985:.
973:^
959:.
951:.
941:54
939:.
915:.
907:.
895:.
628:,
185:,
181:,
107:Pg
51:Ma
41::
1818:.
1812::
1804::
1781:.
1777::
1769::
1729:.
1725::
1717::
1669:.
1648:.
1623::
1615::
1607::
1601:4
1584:.
1572::
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1530::
1522::
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1491::
1483::
1464:.
1454::
1446::
1440:5
1414:.
1380::
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1322::
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1301::
1293::
1274:.
1254::
1246::
1227:.
1223::
1215::
1192:.
1186::
1178::
1152:.
1148::
1140::
1121:.
1117::
1109::
1068:.
1023:.
1009::
1001::
993::
987:4
967:.
955::
947::
923:.
911::
903::
843:C
829:C
780:(
678:)
674:(
112:N
102:K
97:J
92:T
87:P
82:C
77:D
72:S
67:O
62:Ꞓ
46:~
20:)
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