192:
470:
36:
160:
631:
was diagnosed with the disease on 12 November 1948. Both legs were affected, the right more seriously than the left. The king's doctors prescribed complete rest and electric treatment to stimulate circulation, but as they were either unaware of the connection between the disease and smoking (the king
566:
Buerger's is not immediately fatal. Amputation is common and major amputations (of limbs rather than fingers/toes) are almost twice as common in patients who continue to smoke. Prognosis markedly improves if a person quits smoking. Female patients tend to show much higher longevity rates than men.
361:
A concrete diagnosis of thromboangiitis obliterans is often difficult as it relies heavily on exclusion of other conditions. The commonly followed diagnostic criteria are outlined below although the criteria tend to differ slightly from author to author. Olin (2000) proposes the following criteria:
524:
can sometimes be helpful in treating limbs with poor perfusion secondary to this disease. Use of vascular growth factor and stem cell injections have been showing promise in clinical studies. There may be a benefit of using bone marrow-derived stem cells in healing ulcers and improving pain-free
343:
findings of acute inflammation and thrombosis (clotting) of arteries and veins of the hands and feet (the lower limbs being more common). The mechanisms underlying
Buerger's disease are still largely unknown, but smoking and tobacco consumption are major factors associated with it. It has been
393:
Buerger's disease can be mimicked by a wide variety of other diseases that cause diminished blood flow to the extremities. These other disorders must be ruled out with an aggressive evaluation, because their treatments differ substantially from that of
Buerger's disease, for which there is no
432:
Angiograms of the upper and lower extremities can be helpful in making the diagnosis of
Buerger's disease. In the proper clinical setting, certain angiographic findings are diagnostic of Buerger's. These findings include a "corkscrew" appearance of arteries that result from vascular damage,
433:
particularly the arteries in the region of the wrists and ankles. Collateral circulation gives "tree root" or "spider leg" appearance. Angiograms may also show occlusions (blockages) or stenosis (narrowings) in multiple areas of both the arms and legs. Distal
644:. The operation, as such, was successful, but the king was warned that it was a palliative, not a cure, and that there could be no assurance that the disease would not grow worse. From all accounts, the king continued to smoke.
441:. To rule out other forms of vasculitis (by excluding involvement of vascular regions atypical for Buerger's), it is sometimes necessary to perform angiograms of other body regions (e.g., a mesenteric angiogram).
1543:
1528:
575:
Buerger's is more common among men than women. Although present worldwide, it is more prevalent in the Middle East and Far East. Incidence of thromboangiitis obliterans is 8 to 12 per 100,000
344:
suggested that the tobacco may trigger an immune response in susceptible persons or it may unmask a clotting defect, either of which could incite an inflammatory reaction of the vessel wall.
977:
Matsudaira K, Seichi A, Kunogi J, Yamazaki T, Kobayashi A, Anamizu Y, et al. (January 2009). "The efficacy of prostaglandin E1 derivative in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis".
554:
have not been shown to be beneficial in healing, but do have significant anti-inflammatory and pain relief qualities in low dosage intermittent form. Similarly, strategies of
444:
Skin biopsies of affected extremities are rarely performed because of the frequent concern that a biopsy site near an area poorly perfused with blood will not heal well.
2439:
466:
Smoking cessation has been shown to slow the progression of the disease and decrease the severity of amputation in most patients, but does not halt the progression.
632:
was a heavy smoker) or unable to persuade the king to stop smoking, the disease failed to respond to their treatment. On 12 March 1949, the king underwent a lumbar
520:
may be occasionally helpful. It reduces vasoconstriction and increases blood flow to limb. It aids in healing and giving relief from pain of ischemic ulcers.
458:
The cause of the disease is thought to be autoimmune in nature and heavily linked to tobacco use in patients with
Buerger's as primary disease.
2444:
875:
Fazeli B, Ravari H, Farzadnia M (December 2012). "Does a species of
Rickettsia play a role in the pathophysiology of Buerger's disease?".
1665:
100:
53:
2238:
72:
1256:
1153:
Hussein EA, el Dorri A (1993). "Intra-arterial streptokinase as adjuvant therapy for complicated
Buerger's disease: early trials".
79:
1320:
2010:
86:
2015:
1558:
481:
cases, drugs and procedures which cause vasodilation are effective in reducing pain experienced by patient. For example,
2449:
1473:
Aktoz T, Kaplan M, Yalcin O, Atakan IH, Inci O (December 2008). "Penile and scrotal involvement in
Buerger's disease".
1088:
704:
68:
1303:
1233:
961:
824:
119:
2165:
1782:
756:
1797:
1658:
17:
2116:
608:
57:
1928:
651:
describes his experiences of the disease, and treatment for it, in the chapter "Year of the Leg" in his book
603:. It was not until 1908, however, that the disease was given its first accurate pathological description, by
1023:
Cacione, Daniel G.; Macedo, Cristiane R.; do Carmo Novaes, Frederico; Baptista-Silva, Jose Cc (4 May 2020).
485:
like
Limaprost are vasodilators and give relief of pain, but do not help in changing the course of disease.
2233:
2153:
1858:
661:
502:
380:, pain at rest, ischemic ulcers or gangrene) documented by noninvasive vascular testing such as ultrasound.
383:
Exclusion of other autoimmune diseases, hypercoagulable states, and diabetes mellitus by laboratory tests.
2248:
2243:
1970:
1960:
584:
1257:"Thrombo-angiitis obliterans: a study of the vascular lesions leading to presenile spontaneous gangrene"
93:
2349:
2000:
1975:
1792:
1651:
558:
have not proven effective. physical therapy: interferential current therapy to decrease inflammation.
2374:
2317:
1965:
1918:
1768:
1731:
490:
2359:
2172:
2126:
2121:
1945:
1923:
1569:
816:
567:
The only known way to slow the progression of the disease is to abstain from all tobacco products.
239:
191:
2414:
2396:
1878:
1873:
1837:
1807:
410:
324:
46:
311:
are diminished or absent. There are color changes in the extremities. The colour may range from
2386:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2195:
2131:
1773:
1674:
453:
1609:
781:
366:
Typically between 20 and 40 years old and male, although recently females have been diagnosed.
2391:
2136:
1995:
1987:
1955:
1842:
534:
808:
2305:
2300:
2104:
1896:
1234:"Ueber eine eigenthümliche Form von Endarteriitis und Endophlebitis mit Gangrän des Fusses"
596:
8:
2381:
2148:
1547:
809:
486:
316:
133:
1104:
Cacione DG, do Carmo Novaes F, Moreno DH (October 2018). Cochrane
Vascular Group (ed.).
2295:
2205:
1787:
1498:
1456:
1429:
1411:
1394:
1376:
1351:
1276:
1209:
1184:
1130:
1105:
1057:
1024:
1002:
900:
641:
513:
1552:
1200:
853:
733:
2086:
2035:
1935:
1580:
1490:
1486:
1461:
1416:
1381:
1299:
1272:
1214:
1162:
1135:
1084:
1062:
1044:
994:
957:
935:
892:
857:
820:
737:
700:
637:
547:
493:
also have vasodilator effect. There is moderate certainty evidence that intravenous
272:
176:
1502:
1280:
1006:
904:
505:. No difference have been detected between iloprost or clinprost (prostacyclin) and
389:
Consistent arteriographic findings in the clinically involved and noninvolved limbs.
2091:
1740:
1643:
1631:
1482:
1451:
1441:
1406:
1371:
1363:
1268:
1204:
1196:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1106:"Stem cell therapy for treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)"
1052:
1040:
1036:
986:
927:
884:
849:
729:
521:
478:
469:
211:
1620:
153:
Buerger disease, Buerger's disease, Winiwarter-Buerger disease, presenile gangrene
2283:
2278:
2190:
1913:
1868:
1748:
1574:
990:
664:
555:
551:
530:
438:
398:
268:
931:
2332:
2182:
2045:
2005:
1940:
1901:
1812:
482:
434:
386:
Exclusion of a proximal source of emboli by echocardiography and arteriography.
168:
1585:
1537:
2433:
2200:
1863:
1048:
888:
633:
612:
580:
540:
517:
501:
analogue) is more effective than aspirin for relieving rest pain and healing
422:
2027:
918:
Olin JW (September 2000). "Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)".
840:
Tanaka K (October 1998). "Pathology and pathogenesis of
Buerger's disease".
2341:
2253:
2068:
1758:
1701:
1494:
1465:
1446:
1420:
1385:
1367:
1218:
1139:
1066:
998:
939:
896:
498:
402:
377:
304:
284:
248:
185:
1166:
1022:
861:
741:
27:
Recurrent inflammation and clotting of blood vessels in the hands and feet
2406:
1802:
1604:
658:
648:
604:
526:
506:
418:
2322:
2312:
2273:
2217:
2210:
2040:
1626:
720:
Joyce JW (May 1990). "Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)".
426:
406:
349:
328:
288:
252:
181:
1520:
315:
to reddish blue. Skin becomes thin and shiny. Hair growth is reduced.
307:). The impaired circulation increases sensitivity to cold. Peripheral
2076:
1817:
1753:
1709:
1692:
1687:
1615:
628:
615:, who referred to the condition as "presenile spontaneous gangrene".
340:
35:
2290:
1892:
1829:
1763:
1714:
494:
397:
Some diseases with which Buerger's disease may be confused include
373:
320:
312:
1352:"Thrombo-angiitis. Clinical diagnosis and classification of cases"
600:
264:
1563:
811:
Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States
509:(prostaglandin analogue) for relieving pain and healing ulcers.
1683:
1532:
576:
292:
256:
976:
697:
Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2004: Instant Diagnosis and Treatment
525:
walking distance, but larger, high-quality trials are needed.
226:
159:
956:(2nd ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 2003. p. 238.
546:
Despite the clear presence of inflammation in this disorder,
414:
308:
263:
of the hands and feet. It is strongly associated with use of
1103:
220:
2059:
437:
also yields useful information about circulatory status in
300:
296:
260:
405:(an infection of the lining of the heart), other types of
132:"Buerger disease" redirects here. Not to be confused with
815:(2nd ed.). Lippincott Williams&Wilkins. p.
223:
167:
Complete occlusion of the right and stenosis of the left
627:, published in 1952 (see pages 194 and following), King
1472:
874:
543:
has been proposed as adjuvant therapy in some cases.
1673:
1510:
1298:. Singapore: Talisman Publishing. pp. 254–264.
533:, amputation is frequently required. Below-knee and
217:
1178:
1176:
413:associated with connective tissue disorders (e.g.,
401:(build-up of cholesterol plaques in the arteries),
214:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
303:in the affected areas, at rest and while walking (
1025:"Pharmacological treatment for Buerger's disease"
667:disclosed in 2015 that he has Buerger's disease.
2440:Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries
2431:
1430:"Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)"
1173:
1231:
1152:
171:as seen in a case of thromboangiitis obliterans
1659:
1182:
1083:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. 2012.
754:
1427:
1349:
1321:"Duterte: I may not last 6 years in office"
1146:
1110:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1029:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
369:Current (or recent) history of tobacco use.
299:of the hands and feet. The main symptom is
2239:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
1666:
1652:
722:Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America
618:
529:is done in necrotic ulcers. In gangrenous
190:
158:
1455:
1445:
1410:
1375:
1254:
1208:
1129:
1056:
868:
595:Buerger's disease was first described by
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1261:American Journal of the Medical Sciences
468:
1318:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
283:There is a recurrent acute and chronic
14:
2432:
1293:
839:
2445:Vascular-related cutaneous conditions
2011:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
1647:
1018:
1016:
806:
719:
694:
278:
238:
2016:Generalized essential telangiectasia
1392:
1294:McBeth J (2011). "Year of the Leg".
917:
677:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1296:Reporter: Forty Years Covering Asia
1183:Piazza G, Creager MA (April 2010).
920:The New England Journal of Medicine
842:International Journal of Cardiology
788:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
653:Reporter: Forty Years Covering Asia
473:Treatment by 100% hyperbaric oxygen
353:in this disease has been proposed.
24:
1342:
1013:
334:
327:, often resulting in the need for
25:
2461:
1434:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
1201:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.942383
394:treatment known to be effective.
2166:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
1487:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2008.00859.x
1273:10.1097/00000441-190810000-00011
210:
34:
1319:Frialde M (December 10, 2015).
1312:
1287:
1248:
1225:
1097:
1073:
970:
757:"Overview of Buerger's disease"
570:
255:(clotting) of small and medium
45:needs additional citations for
2117:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
1238:Archiv für Klinische Chirurgie
1122:10.1002/14651858.CD012794.pub2
1041:10.1002/14651858.CD011033.pub4
946:
911:
833:
800:
774:
748:
713:
623:As reported by Alan Michie in
323:in the extremities are common
271:, but is also associated with
13:
1:
1929:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
1783:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
1350:Richards RL (February 1953).
854:10.1016/s0167-5273(98)00174-0
734:10.1016/S0889-857X(21)01071-1
699:(6th ed.). p. 840.
670:
447:
372:Presence of distal extremity
247:, is a recurring progressive
2234:Chronic venous insufficiency
1859:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
1395:"Thromboangiitis obliterans"
1185:"Thromboangiitis obliterans"
991:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31818f924d
782:"Thromboangiitis obliterans"
583:(0.75% of all patients with
561:
461:
356:
69:"Thromboangiitis obliterans"
7:
2249:Inferior vena cava syndrome
2244:Superior vena cava syndrome
1971:Vertebral artery dissection
1961:Intracranial berry aneurysm
954:Atlas of Clinical Diagnosis
932:10.1056/NEJM200009213431207
585:peripheral vascular disease
331:of the involved extremity.
10:
2466:
2350:Hypertensive heart disease
2001:Arteriovenous malformation
1976:Familial aortic dissection
1632:Thromboangiitis obliterans
1428:Arkkila PET (April 2006).
647:The author and journalist
590:
451:
245:Winiwarter-Buerger disease
202:Thromboangiitis obliterans
145:Thromboangiitis obliterans
131:
2450:Ailments of unknown cause
2405:
2375:Renovascular hypertension
2340:
2331:
2318:Hepatic artery thrombosis
2266:
2226:
2181:
2085:
2067:
2058:
2026:
1986:
1966:Carotid artery dissection
1919:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
1891:
1851:
1828:
1769:Intermittent claudication
1739:
1732:Peripheral artery disease
1730:
1700:
1682:
1595:
1514:
491:hyperbaric oxygen therapy
339:There are characteristic
267:products, primarily from
175:
166:
157:
149:
144:
2360:Hypertensive nephropathy
2173:Post-thrombotic syndrome
2154:Paget–Schroetter disease
1946:Coronary artery aneurysm
1924:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
1232:v. Winiwarter F (1879).
889:10.1258/vasc.2011.cr0271
2415:Orthostatic hypotension
2397:White coat hypertension
1874:Fibromuscular dysplasia
1838:Carotid artery stenosis
1356:British Medical Journal
619:Notable people affected
2387:Pulmonary hypertension
2370:Secondary hypertension
2365:Essential hypertension
2355:Hypertensive emergency
2196:Portacaval anastomosis
2132:Portal vein thrombosis
1774:Critical limb ischemia
1675:Cardiovascular disease
1447:10.1186/1750-1172-1-14
1399:Indian Medical Gazette
1368:10.1136/bmj.1.4808.478
474:
454:Thrombosis prophylaxis
2392:Systolic hypertension
2137:Renal vein thrombosis
1996:Arteriovenous fistula
1988:Vascular malformation
1956:Intracranial aneurysm
1843:Renal artery stenosis
1155:International Surgery
535:above-knee amputation
472:
452:Further information:
425:or the production of
2306:Paradoxical embolism
2301:Cholesterol embolism
2127:May–Thurner syndrome
2122:Budd–Chiari syndrome
2105:Deep vein thrombosis
2100:primarily lower limb
1879:Raynaud's phenomenon
848:(Suppl 1): S237-42.
609:Mount Sinai Hospital
597:Felix von Winiwarter
537:is rarely required.
411:Raynaud's phenomenon
347:A possible role for
54:improve this article
2382:Benign hypertension
1325:The Philippine Star
755:Mayo Clinic Staff.
487:Epidural anesthesia
2296:Pulmonary embolism
2206:Esophageal varices
2144:upper limb / torso
1788:Arteriolosclerosis
1596:External resources
1393:Anon (July 1953).
1255:Buerger L (1908).
642:James R. Learmonth
625:God Save the Queen
475:
423:clotting disorders
279:Signs and symptoms
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2267:Arteries or veins
2262:
2261:
2087:Venous thrombosis
2054:
2053:
2036:Cherry hemangioma
1936:Aortic dissection
1887:
1886:
1722:Buerger's disease
1641:
1640:
1362:(4808): 478–481.
695:Ferri FF (2003).
638:Buckingham Palace
548:anti-inflammatory
273:smokeless tobacco
199:
198:
139:Medical condition
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2457:
2338:
2337:
2149:Mondor's disease
2092:Thrombophlebitis
2065:
2064:
1741:Arteriosclerosis
1737:
1736:
1698:
1697:
1668:
1661:
1654:
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1506:
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1414:
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1252:
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1229:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1116:(10): CD012794.
1101:
1095:
1094:
1081:Clinical Surgery
1077:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1020:
1011:
1010:
974:
968:
967:
950:
944:
943:
915:
909:
908:
872:
866:
865:
837:
831:
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814:
807:Porth C (2007).
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778:
772:
771:
769:
767:
752:
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745:
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692:
242:
240:[ˈbʏʁɡɐ]
237:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
204:, also known as
195:
194:
162:
142:
141:
134:Berger's disease
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2419:
2401:
2327:
2284:Microangiopathy
2279:Macroangiopathy
2258:
2222:
2191:Gastric varices
2177:
2090:
2081:
2050:
2022:
1982:
1914:Aortic aneurysm
1900:
1883:
1869:Erythromelalgia
1847:
1824:
1749:Atherosclerosis
1726:
1690:
1678:
1672:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1591:
1590:
1523:
1509:
1345:
1343:Further reading
1340:
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1329:
1327:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1292:
1288:
1253:
1249:
1230:
1226:
1195:(16): 1858–61.
1181:
1174:
1151:
1147:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1035:(5): CD011033.
1021:
1014:
975:
971:
964:
952:
951:
947:
916:
912:
873:
869:
838:
834:
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780:
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765:
763:
753:
749:
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714:
707:
693:
678:
673:
665:Rodrigo Duterte
636:, performed at
621:
593:
573:
564:
556:anticoagulation
552:corticosteroids
550:agents such as
503:ischemic ulcers
464:
456:
450:
435:plethysmography
399:atherosclerosis
359:
337:
335:Pathophysiology
281:
235:
213:
209:
206:Buerger disease
189:
140:
137:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Buerger disease
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12:
11:
5:
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2333:Blood pressure
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2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2183:Varicose veins
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2141:
2140:
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2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
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2107:
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2051:
2049:
2048:
2046:Spider angioma
2043:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2028:Vascular nevus
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2006:Telangiectasia
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1948:
1943:
1941:Aortic rupture
1938:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1906:
1904:
1902:pseudoaneurysm
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1813:Oxycholesterol
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1745:
1743:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1623:
1612:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1577:
1566:
1555:
1540:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:Classification
1508:
1507:
1481:(6): 401–403.
1470:
1425:
1405:(7): 395–396.
1390:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1311:
1304:
1286:
1247:
1224:
1172:
1145:
1096:
1090:978111834395-1
1089:
1072:
1012:
969:
962:
945:
910:
867:
832:
825:
799:
773:
747:
712:
706:978-0323026680
705:
675:
674:
672:
669:
620:
617:
592:
589:
572:
569:
563:
560:
516:cases, lumbar
483:prostaglandins
463:
460:
449:
446:
429:in the blood.
391:
390:
387:
384:
381:
376:(indicated by
370:
367:
358:
355:
336:
333:
280:
277:
197:
196:
179:
173:
172:
169:femoral artery
164:
163:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
138:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2462:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Caput medusae
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:Degos disease
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1305:9789810873646
1301:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
985:(2): 115–20.
984:
980:
973:
965:
963:9780702026683
959:
955:
949:
941:
937:
933:
929:
926:(12): 864–9.
925:
921:
914:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
828:
826:9780781770873
822:
818:
813:
812:
803:
787:
783:
777:
762:
758:
751:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:(2): 463–70.
727:
723:
716:
708:
702:
698:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
676:
668:
666:
663:
660:
656:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
634:sympathectomy
630:
626:
616:
614:
613:New York City
610:
606:
602:
598:
588:
586:
582:
581:United States
578:
568:
559:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
541:Streptokinase
538:
536:
532:
528:
523:
519:
518:sympathectomy
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
471:
467:
459:
455:
445:
442:
440:
436:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
388:
385:
382:
379:
375:
371:
368:
365:
364:
363:
354:
352:
351:
345:
342:
332:
330:
326:
325:complications
322:
318:
314:
313:cyanotic blue
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
231:
207:
203:
193:
187:
183:
180:
178:
174:
170:
165:
161:
156:
152:
148:
143:
135:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2342:Hypertension
2254:Venous ulcer
2160:
2143:
2111:
2099:
2069:Inflammation
1950:
1909:
1798:Hyperplastic
1759:Fatty streak
1721:
1702:Inflammation
1625:
1614:
1603:
1579:
1568:
1557:
1542:
1527:
1478:
1474:
1437:
1433:
1402:
1398:
1359:
1355:
1330:December 17,
1328:. Retrieved
1324:
1314:
1295:
1289:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1192:
1188:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1080:
1075:
1032:
1028:
982:
978:
972:
953:
948:
923:
919:
913:
883:(6): 334–6.
880:
876:
870:
845:
841:
835:
810:
802:
790:. Retrieved
786:Medline Plus
785:
776:
764:. Retrieved
760:
750:
725:
721:
715:
696:
657:
652:
646:
624:
622:
594:
574:
571:Epidemiology
565:
545:
539:
511:
499:prostacyclin
476:
465:
457:
443:
431:
403:endocarditis
396:
392:
378:claudication
360:
348:
346:
338:
305:claudication
285:inflammation
282:
249:inflammation
244:
205:
201:
200:
186:rheumatology
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2407:Hypotension
1951:head / neck
1803:Cholesterol
1693:capillaries
1605:MedlinePlus
1267:: 567–580.
1189:Circulation
1161:(1): 54–8.
792:13 February
766:13 February
761:Mayo Clinic
649:John McBeth
605:Leo Buerger
599:in 1879 in
527:Debridement
507:alprostadil
419:scleroderma
317:Ulcerations
150:Other names
2434:Categories
2323:Vasculitis
2313:Thrombosis
2274:Angiopathy
2218:Varicocele
2211:Hemorrhoid
2041:Halo nevus
1897:dissection
1688:arterioles
1627:Patient UK
1581:DiseasesDB
1475:Andrologia
1244:: 202–226.
671:References
659:Philippine
448:Prevention
407:vasculitis
350:Rickettsia
341:pathologic
329:amputation
289:thrombosis
253:thrombosis
182:Cardiology
80:newspapers
2077:Phlebitis
1818:Trans fat
1754:Foam cell
1710:Arteritis
1677:(vessels)
1616:eMedicine
1049:1469-493X
662:president
629:George VI
562:Prognosis
462:Treatment
409:, severe
357:Diagnosis
208:(English
177:Specialty
2291:Embolism
1893:Aneurysm
1830:Stenosis
1764:Atheroma
1715:Aortitis
1684:Arteries
1503:33681507
1495:19032693
1466:16722538
1440:: 14pp.
1421:29015658
1386:13009253
1281:31731903
1219:20421527
1140:30378681
1067:32364620
1007:22190177
999:19112336
940:10995867
905:22660338
897:21803838
877:Vascular
495:iloprost
374:ischemia
321:gangrene
293:arteries
257:arteries
110:May 2024
2112:abdomen
1793:Hyaline
1621:med/253
1575:D013919
1457:1523324
1412:5202473
1377:2015385
1210:2880529
1167:8473086
1131:6516882
1058:7197514
862:9951825
742:2189162
601:Austria
591:History
579:in the
514:chronic
269:smoking
265:tobacco
236:German:
94:scholar
1610:000172
1564:211480
1501:
1493:
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1005:
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960:
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577:adults
531:digits
522:Bypass
439:digits
309:pulses
188:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2227:Other
2060:Veins
1910:torso
1852:Other
1553:443.1
1538:I73.1
1499:S2CID
1277:S2CID
1003:S2CID
979:Spine
901:S2CID
479:acute
427:clots
415:lupus
297:veins
261:veins
243:) or
101:JSTOR
87:books
2161:head
1691:and
1586:1762
1570:MeSH
1559:OMIM
1548:9-CM
1491:PMID
1462:PMID
1417:PMID
1382:PMID
1332:2015
1300:ISBN
1215:PMID
1163:PMID
1136:PMID
1114:2018
1085:ISBN
1063:PMID
1045:ISSN
995:PMID
958:ISBN
936:PMID
893:PMID
858:PMID
821:ISBN
794:2016
768:2016
738:PMID
701:ISBN
489:and
319:and
301:pain
295:and
287:and
259:and
251:and
73:news
1808:LDL
1544:ICD
1529:ICD
1483:doi
1452:PMC
1442:doi
1407:PMC
1372:PMC
1364:doi
1269:doi
1265:136
1205:PMC
1197:doi
1193:121
1126:PMC
1118:doi
1053:PMC
1037:doi
987:doi
928:doi
924:343
885:doi
850:doi
817:264
730:doi
640:by
611:in
607:at
587:).
512:In
477:In
421:),
417:or
291:of
221:ɜːr
56:by
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1015:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
