1037:
Buddhas were larger than the carved giant Buddha statue in Swat near
Mangalore. The government did nothing to safeguard the statue after the initial attempt at destroying it, which did not cause permanent damage, but when the second attack took place on the statue, its feet, shoulders and face were demolished. Islamists such as the Taliban and looters destroyed much of Pakistan's Buddhist artifacts left over from the Buddhist Gandhara civilization, especially in Swat Valley. The Taliban deliberately targeted Gandhara Buddhist relics for destruction. The Christian Archbishop of Lahore Lawrence John Saldanha wrote a letter to Pakistan's government denouncing the Taliban activities in Swat Valley including their destruction of Buddha statues and their attacks on Christians, Sikhs, and Hindus. Gandhara Buddhist artifacts were also looted by smugglers. A group of Italians helped repair the Buddha at Jahan Abad, Swat.
1210:
523:. The Buddhist monk Xuanzang observed that Buddhism was already declining in the Sindh region when he visited in the 7th century. While Buddhism declined and ultimately disappeared after Arab conquest mainly due to conversion of almost all of the Buddhist population of Sindh to Islam. Derryl Maclean attributes the decline of Buddhism in Sindh to the socio-economic differences between Hinduism and Buddhism in the region, with Buddhism being mainly urban and mercantile, while Hinduism was rural and non-mercantile. The Arabs attracted and converted the Buddhist classes, but for the rural and non-mercantile parts, they promoted a more decentralized authority and appointed Brahmins for the task.
1198:
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719:
1168:
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19:
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1999:"During the sixth and fifth centuries B.C.E. (Before Common Era), commerce and cash became increasingly important in an economy previously dominated by self-sufficient production and bartered exchange. Merchants found Buddhist moral and ethical teachings an attractive alternative to the esoteric rituals of the traditional Brahmin priesthood, which seemed to cater exclusively to Brahmin interests while ignoring those of the new and emerging social classes." Jerry Bentley,
7090:
6681:
1069:. The monks defied appeals from Seoul to abandon their trip for safety reasons, and were guarded by Pakistani security forces on their visit to the monastery, built of ochre-colored stone and nestled on a mountainside. From around 1,000 years BCE until the 7th century CE, northern Pakistan and parts of modern Afghanistan formed the Gandhara kingdom, where Greek and Buddhist customs mixed to create what became the Mahayana strand of the religion. The monk
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7260:
798:
6692:
1268:
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in
Pakistan has many Buddhist carvings and stupas, and Jehanabad contains a Seated Buddha statue. Kushan-era Buddhist stupas and statues in Swat valley were demolished by the foreign-funded Taliban and after two attempts by them, the Jehanabad Buddha's face was destroyed by dynamite. Only the Bamiyan
983:
According to the
National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA), there were 1,492 buddhists in holding national identity cards (CNICs) in 2012. In 2017, it increased to 1,884 holders. They are mostly concentrated in Sindh and Punjab regions. According to a report, most of the Baori Buddhists do
987:
In Sindh and
Southern Punjab, there is a community of Buddhists called Baori Buddhists that live primarily in the outskirts of the Mandi Yazman and Rahimyar Khan of Rohi region. Today, they have around 15 colonies in various villages of Mandi Yazman. They used to be nomadic and may have connections
875:
O-tien-p-o-chi-lo, located at the high road running through Makran, and he also describes it as predominantly
Buddhist, thinly populated though it was, it had no less than 80 Buddhist convents with about 5000 monks. In effect at eighteen km northwest of Las Bela at Gandakahar, near the ruins of an
1073:
set out from what is now northwest
Pakistan to cross China and spread Buddhism in the Korean peninsula during the 4th century. The authorities are even planning package tours for visitors from China, Japan, Singapore and South Korea, including trips to the Buddhist sites at Takht-e-Bahi, Swat,
152:
population of
Pakistan was minuscule, with 1,492 adult holders of national identity cards (CNICs). The total population of Buddhists is therefore unlikely to be more than a few thousand. In 2017, the number of Buddhist voters was stated to be 1,884, and they were mostly concentrated in
2012:"Merchants proved to be an efficient vector of the Buddhist faith, as they established diaspora communities in the string of oasis towns-Merv, Bukhara, Samarkand, Kashgar, Khotan, Kuqa, Turpan, Dunhuang – that served as lifeline of the silk roads through central Asia." Jerry Bentley,
2611:‘Uḍḍiyāna and Kashmir’, pp 265-269 ‘The Śaiva Exegesis of Kashmir’, in Mélanges tantriques à la mémoire d’Hélène Brunner. Tantric Studies in Memory of Hélène Brunner, Collection Indologie 106, EFEO, Institut français de Pondichéry (IFP), ed. Dominic Goodall and André Padoux, 2007.)
683:. For over 1,000 years, Taxila remained famous as a center of learning Gandharan art of sculpture, architecture, education and Buddhism in the days of Buddhist glory. There are over 50 archaeological sites scattered around Taxila. Some of the most important sites are the
176:, a large international Buddhist organization has been invited by the Pakistani government to reconnect the local indigenous Buddhist population to the faith by organizing event, reciting prayers and singing hymns to praise the Buddha in the local tongue.
880:, and as their constructions show these caves were undoubtedly Buddhist. Traveling through the Kij valley further west (then under the government of Persia) Hiuen Tsang saw some 100 Buddhist monasteries and 6000 priests. He also saw several hundred
1006:; he then left the Chittagong region and settled in Pakistan. He claimed to represent the Buddhists of Pakistan by founding and chairing the "Pakistan Buddhist Society" from 1996 until his death in 2012. His family stayed behind in Bangladesh.
870:
who had been elevated for their loyalty and devotion, but who later made themselves independent. The
Buddhist chief offered his allegiance to Chach when the latter was on his way to Kirman in 631. The same chiefdom of Armadil is referred to by
888:
Deva, richly adorned and sculptured. There is thus very wide extension of Indian cultural forms in Makran in the seventh century, even in the period when it fell under
Persian sovereignty. By comparison in more recent times the last place of
1938:
2150:"A vast hoard of coins, with a mixture of Greek profiles and Indian symbols, along with interesting sculptures and some monumental remains from Taxila, Sirkap and Sirsukh, point to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences",
2309:
Richard
Salomon. Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhāra: The British Library Kharosthī Fragments, with contributions by Raymond Allchin and Mark Barnard. Seattle: University of Washington Press; London: The British Library, 1999. p.
322:
and symbols, as seen on their coins, and blended Greek and Indian ideas, as seen in the archaeological remains. The diffusion of Indo-Greek culture had consequences which are still felt today, particularly through the influence of
1908:
414:
is particularly known for his support of Buddhism. During his reign, stupas and monasteries were built in the Gandhāra. Kushan royal support and the opening of trade routes allowed Gandharan Buddhism to spread along the
7055:
1209:
3793:
Asanga, born in the Gandara region of present-day Pakistan in the city of Purusapura (the modern Peshawar) as the third son of Prasannasila (or Prakasila), was probably active around the fourth or fifth
1986:"Furthermore, Buddhism was prominent in communities of merchants, who found it well suited to their needs and who increasingly established commercial links throughout the Mauryan empire". Jerry Bentley,
1009:
Lala Rajoo Raam is the representative of the Baori Buddhists community. He is also a councillor for Chak number 75 DB, Union Council number 88. He also twice contested elections for the Punjab assembly.
7065:
1930:
3763:
Born into a brāhmana family in Puruṣapura (modern-day Peshawar, Pakistan), Asanga originally studied under Sarvāstivāda (possibly Māhiṣasaka) teachers but converted to the Mahāyāna later in life.
7024:
3228:
3250:
1425:
1659:
1197:
972:
The presence of Pakistani Buddhists in modern Pakistan is unclear, although a few Pakistanis have reported themselves as Buddhist. A report mentions that they are only found in the
1904:
32:
took root some 2,300 years ago under the Mauryan king Ashoka who sent missionaries to the Kashmira-Gandhara region of North West Pakistan extending into Afghanistan, following the
2782:
6814:
2705:
1057:) with a hole in the navel is an odd artifact. It is called the "Healing Buddha". Buddhist pilgrims put their fingers in the navel hole and pray for the ailment of the patients.
467:
were found in the ruins of burned down monasteries, where apparently some of the invaders died alongside local defenders during the wave of destructions. It is thought that the
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The principal founders of this school, the brothers Asanga and Vasubandhu, were born in Puruṣapura, today Peshawar in Pakistan, and lived probably in the fourth century.
609:. It was unearthed in the early 20th century, and in 1980, it was included in the UNESCO World Heritage list as the largest Buddhist remains in Gandhara, along with the
2638:
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2882:
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invasion from Central Asia in the 6th century CE. Xuanzang wrote that numerous monasteries in north-western Indian subcontinent had been reduced to ruins by the Huns.
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6804:
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3206:
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which is heavily influenced by the classical Greek and Hellenistic styles, Gandhara attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century CE under the
913:
Hiuen Tsang considered the script which was in use in Makran to be 'much the same as India', but the spoken language 'differed a little from that of India.'
6849:
6799:
2980:
4831:
1823:
Alberuni's India: An Account of the Religion, Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws and Astrology of India about AD 1030
7075:
6994:
6954:
6809:
3523:
3446:
6834:
5746:
4221:
3337:
3368:
3407:
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Levy, Robert I. Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990 1990.
1375:
1353:
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1311:
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or righteous law represent some of the earliest evidence of deciphered writing in South Asia, dating to middle of the third century BCE. The
3273:
3242:
2209:"The Buddha accompanied by Vajrapani, who has the characteristics of the Greek Heracles" Description of the same image on the cover page in
4191:
141:
1451:
866:
marched to Armabil, this town is described as having been in the hands of a Buddhist Samani (Samani Budda), a descendant of the agents of
3072:
3011:
2094:
516:
471:, one of the most famous and tallest buildings in antiquity, was destroyed by them during their invasion of the area in the 460s CE. The
134:
2774:
2293:
2260:
512:, the religion recovered slowly from these invasions during the 7th century, with the "Buddhism of Punjab and Sindh remaining strong".
406:, they are the oldest Buddhist manuscripts yet discovered (c. 1st century CE). According to Richard Salomon, most of them belong to the
4299:
2228:
4034:
2688:
4056:
2760:
2559:
4029:
2241:
Also "Herakles found an independent life in India in the guise of Vajrapani, the bearded, club-wielding companion of the Buddha" in
1851:
7290:
3867:
3131:
2735:
7004:
6566:
6018:
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538:
region by the early 11th century. By the end of the twelfth century, Buddhism had further disappeared, with the conquest of the
463:, a high center of learning, which never recovered from the destruction. Virtually all of the Alchon coins found in the area of
6221:
4201:
3184:
3154:
338:
nomads in the 1st century BCE, the Kushans adopted elements of the Hellenistic culture of the Indo-Greeks. During Kushan rule,
295:. Upon Menander's death, the honor of sharing his remains was claimed by the cities under his rule, and they were enshrined in
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2535:
2254:
2222:
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1801:
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1542:
1515:
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1461:
1347:
22:
3824:
According to tradition Vasubandhu was born in Puruşapura, the capital of Gāndhāra (the modern Peshawar in Western Pakistan).
3509:
Purābhāratī: Studies in Early Historical Archaeology and Buddhism : Commemoration Volume in Respect of Prof. B.P. Sinha
3469:
2872:
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temples in this part of Makran, and in the town of Su-nu li-chi-shi-fa-lo - which is probably Qasrqand - he saw a temple of
6979:
6729:
4384:
4226:
3837:
3624:
505:
CE, he reported that Buddhism had drastically declined, and that most of the monasteries were deserted and left in ruins.
6561:
3869:
Buddhist Symbolism in Tibetan Thangkas: The Story of Siddhartha and Other Buddhas Interpreted in Modern Nepalese Painting
3296:
2574:
2405:
7129:
6458:
6008:
4103:
3945:
3807:
3707:
3198:
2830:
1306:
1022:
909:'s notings on the language and script in use in easternmost Makran (eastern parts of Pakistani Balochistan and Sindh):
486:, over one thousand Buddhist monasteries are said to have been destroyed. In particular, the writings of Chinese monk
4304:
4013:
2699:
2474:
2447:
2415:
2388:
1883:
1703:
1419:
118:
Buddhism, one of the most prominent branches of Buddhism today, is believed to have been originated in the region of
6551:
3746:
7198:
6236:
5981:
3776:
1868:
Buddhism survived in Gilgit and Baltistan until 13-14th Century, perhaps slightly longer in the nearby Swat Valley.
774:
3585:
3546:
7248:
7218:
6628:
6618:
4447:
1167:
6573:
6226:
6028:
5919:
5864:
4437:
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3319:
188:
where Ashoka sent missionaries to the region. As per Buddhist tradition, a monk from Varanasi in India called
7295:
7280:
7122:
6543:
6241:
5924:
4216:
4049:
3041:
2058:
3333:
2925:
2332:
227:, Northwestern India, and Central Asia. Mauryan control over the northwestern frontier is attested from the
7285:
6126:
5998:
5969:
5671:
3352:
1611:
1316:
3118:
The Taliban destroyed the Buddhist statues and stupas where we played Kushan kings haram Jehanabad Buddha.
1660:"Long Read: A Pakistani homeland for Buddhism: Buddhist art, Muslim nationalism and global public history"
6924:
5817:
5726:
5196:
4841:
4354:
4249:
3391:
2940:"Thread, Not Scissor Common Spiritual Heritage For Peace And Harmony, Ahmad Salim, SARRC – December 2008"
1061:
In March 2013, a group of around 20 Buddhist monks from South Korea made the journey to the monastery of
636:
342:
was at the height of its influence and a significant number of Buddhist centers were built or renovated.
238:
122:, although its total number of confirmed Buddhists is a fraction of what it was. In the Gandhara region,
5361:
399:
7208:
7166:
6666:
6146:
5622:
5108:
4231:
4064:
1383:
1337:
1182:
5556:
2662:"Ancient Uddayana-the land of Buddha at Rajgriha, prior to establishment of Patliputra in Ganges Doab"
6556:
6369:
6359:
6231:
5214:
4794:
4555:
4530:
1003:
520:
207:
through commercial connections and along trade routes. In this way, Buddhism also spread through the
4580:
733:
Buddhist sites in Sindh are numerous but ill preserved in various stages of deterioration. Sites at
403:
7183:
6974:
6939:
6894:
6746:
6722:
6661:
6013:
5827:
5805:
5798:
5701:
5234:
4854:
4670:
4615:
4236:
4042:
2915:
Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th–11th centuries By André Wink Page 137
2946:
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6864:
6859:
6754:
6598:
6578:
5909:
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5376:
4620:
3265:
509:
129:
Buddhism thrived until the 6th century, when the religion began to decline after the invasion by
3103:
2624:
Making Sense of Tantric Buddhism: History, Semiology, and Transgression in the Indian Traditions
710:, arranged in chronological order and properly labeled, has been established close to the site.
7238:
6984:
6959:
6874:
6854:
6774:
6608:
6448:
6116:
6086:
5859:
5810:
5651:
5599:
5594:
5356:
5177:
5074:
4826:
4821:
4570:
3266:"Archbishop of Lahore: Sharia in the Swat Valley is contrary to Pakistan's founding principles"
254:
185:
33:
4938:
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3015:
2464:
2378:
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1045:
1018:
7233:
7228:
7193:
7070:
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6944:
6824:
6613:
6583:
6164:
6096:
5929:
5844:
5839:
5763:
5758:
5676:
4206:
2290:
2244:
2140:
1695:
1689:
1585:
1532:
1505:
734:
5229:
2212:
7178:
7145:
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6899:
6889:
6789:
6636:
6603:
6588:
6106:
6003:
5949:
5834:
5773:
5741:
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5661:
5574:
5266:
5189:
4492:
4432:
4181:
4148:
4098:
2281:
Kurt Behrendt, Pia Brancaccio, Gandharan Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts, 2006 p. 10
1301:
961:
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5091:
4960:
4886:
4762:
4500:
2752:
2551:
1733:
430:
Between the 5th and 8th centuries, Chinese scholars traveling through the region, such as
100:, which dates from sometime between 100 BC and 200 AD, following a dialogue with the monk
8:
7223:
7188:
7044:
6989:
6904:
6884:
6769:
6759:
6715:
6443:
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6131:
6121:
6081:
6058:
5941:
5914:
5874:
5793:
5783:
5711:
5638:
5069:
4926:
4707:
4685:
4637:
4457:
4257:
4113:
4093:
1296:
1281:
953:
782:
718:
277:. Direct cultural exchange is described by a dialogue called the Debate of King Milinda (
4417:
4344:
3836:
Chattopadhyaya, Debi Prasad; Embree, Lester E.; Mohanty, Jitendranath (1 January 1991).
1961:
7171:
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6969:
6934:
6869:
6839:
6784:
6779:
6506:
6411:
6253:
6216:
6211:
6141:
6091:
6038:
6033:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5884:
5869:
5854:
5849:
5788:
5768:
5731:
5656:
5461:
5162:
5086:
4964:
4906:
4747:
4647:
4575:
4550:
4196:
4126:
3096:
2727:
2086:
2070:
1286:
684:
660:
581:
564:
495:
339:
324:
258:
133:, until by the end of the 14th century, Buddhism had largely disappeared following the
123:
89:
7203:
6305:
2322:
Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (editors). The Spread of Buddhism, Brill, p. 57
223:
and sponsorship of Buddhist missionaries allowed for the expansion of that faith into
7156:
7099:
6929:
6909:
6844:
6819:
6794:
6684:
6646:
6342:
6327:
6290:
6275:
6048:
5964:
5879:
5716:
5681:
5666:
5393:
5383:
5064:
4911:
4896:
4767:
4690:
4610:
4545:
4477:
4364:
4121:
4009:
3982:
3951:
3912:
3873:
3843:
3813:
3782:
3752:
3713:
3672:
3630:
3591:
3552:
3513:
3475:
3436:
3397:
3358:
3107:
2826:
2695:
2661:
2628:
2580:
2531:
2470:
2443:
2411:
2384:
2250:
2218:
2078:
1857:
1827:
1797:
1767:
1737:
1699:
1591:
1538:
1511:
1484:
1457:
1415:
1343:
292:
246:
242:
71:
67:
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1216:
498:, becomes essentially extinct around that period. When Xuanzang visited Gandhara in
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6879:
6829:
6738:
6332:
6285:
6280:
6136:
6101:
6076:
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5822:
5778:
5691:
5366:
5022:
5015:
4799:
4789:
4675:
4339:
4211:
2333:"Historical Development of Buddhism in India – Buddhism under the Guptas and Palas"
2062:
898:
766:
573:
543:
5411:
952:
The region has a number of surviving Buddhist archaeological sites, including the
613:
urban remains that date back to the same period, located about a kilometer south.
482:
sources to have been a "terrible persecutor of the religion". During the reign of
455:
The Alchons apparently undertook the mass destruction of Buddhist monasteries and
6696:
6641:
6593:
6521:
6391:
6189:
6169:
6111:
6023:
5686:
5584:
5431:
5167:
5150:
5135:
5113:
4665:
4535:
4369:
4349:
3976:
2820:
2297:
2171:
1821:
1761:
1726:
1559:
1478:
1409:
1273:
1259:
1203:
Gumbatona stupa, Swat, KPK, a rare example true domed stupa 1st or 2nd century AD
1116:
1104:
999:
881:
606:
395:
203:
Buddhism became prominent in merchant communities and then spread throughout the
5441:
4595:
4585:
3312:"Iconic Buddha in Swat valley restored after nine years when Taliban defaced it"
2576:
Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the 7th and 8th Centuries A.D.
1826:. Translated by Edward C. Sachau. Cambridge University Press. pp. 253–254.
494:
and the expulsion of monks. Indeed, the Buddhist art of Gandhara, in particular
448:
in the northwestern parts of Indian subcontinent, especially in the wake of the
164:
The only functional Buddhist temple in Pakistan is in the Diplomatic Enclave at
6651:
6354:
6204:
5986:
5566:
5546:
5466:
5155:
5145:
5079:
4916:
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2038:
2014:
Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times
2001:
Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times
1988:
Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times
1188:
1082:
Some Buddhist historical figures who hailed from present-day Pakistan include:
944:– rock carvings of Buddha, everywhere in the region, point to the firm hold of
877:
770:
742:
594:
472:
468:
380:
785:. Many terracotta tiles from Kaho-Jo-Daro and Buddha statues are exhibited in
7274:
7093:
6421:
6270:
5579:
5481:
5339:
5140:
5118:
5054:
4725:
4520:
4515:
4407:
4076:
2970:
800 years of Buddhism in Pakistan, Emi Foulk, The Friday Times, July 18, 2008
2082:
2074:
1146:
1142:
984:
not have CNIC cards, and the actual Buddhist population could exceed 16,000.
933:
923:
863:
778:
754:
726:
680:
632:
620:
585:
439:
407:
331:
310:
278:
232:
204:
173:
97:
75:
4879:
4869:
4241:
3098:
I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban
2904:
Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th–11th centuries
2804:
Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain) (1896). John Scott Keltie (ed.).
2164:
843:
655:
362:
6511:
6496:
6466:
6416:
6406:
6248:
6043:
5536:
5371:
5249:
5037:
5032:
4859:
4730:
4605:
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3695:
Kumāralāta was the founder of the Sautrántika school, and came from Taxila.
2066:
1238:
1062:
973:
738:
602:
420:
212:
5294:
5279:
5239:
4936:
4600:
4176:
2803:
1905:"Pakistan elections: Non-Muslim voters up by 30%, Hindus biggest minority"
928:
7103:
6481:
6310:
5451:
5436:
5219:
5027:
4955:
4735:
4565:
4467:
4314:
4186:
1219:
1110:
1033:
989:
867:
758:
668:
644:
610:
547:
449:
424:
228:
189:
130:
52:
37:
18:
6471:
4931:
2090:
7114:
6426:
6384:
6260:
6066:
5991:
5605:
5589:
5551:
5531:
5426:
5401:
5309:
5244:
5224:
4970:
4901:
4772:
4655:
4625:
4560:
4510:
4168:
4158:
4131:
3471:
Glimpses of Art, Architecture, and Buddhist Literature in Ancient India
1152:
1136:
977:
851:
706:
A museum comprising various sections with rich archaeological finds of
688:
539:
527:
483:
442:, Hui-sheng, and Sung-Yun, began to speak of a decline of the Buddhist
319:
304:
300:
284:
262:
208:
93:
5446:
4442:
2137:
Foreign Impact on Indian Life and Culture (c. 326 B.C. to C. 300 A.D.)
797:
6401:
6374:
5541:
5416:
5128:
5044:
4921:
4811:
4784:
4777:
4740:
4697:
4660:
4427:
4392:
4359:
4334:
4289:
4005:
2868:
1557:
1094:
1070:
1066:
836:
824:
762:
624:
531:
416:
372:
224:
184:
Buddhism first reached the Gandhara region of Pakistan following the
169:
165:
79:
6174:
5010:
4864:
4630:
4412:
4281:
4273:
623:. It is ascribed importance in the development and dissemination of
7259:
6707:
6691:
6531:
6486:
6431:
6396:
6300:
5959:
5526:
5521:
5471:
5406:
5324:
5289:
5284:
4945:
4816:
4804:
4715:
4374:
4071:
3311:
2981:"THE NURBAKHSHI RELIGION IN BALTISTAN, Xabier Rentería, 26-11/2007"
2855:
South Asian Studies: Journal of the Society for South Asian Studies
2124:
1253:
1223:
1174:
1130:
945:
906:
890:
872:
859:
818:
810:
802:
640:
616:
589:
491:
487:
479:
435:
411:
391:
376:
368:
288:
266:
220:
193:
149:
145:
119:
115:
101:
60:
48:
44:
5516:
5506:
5491:
5314:
5184:
4452:
3908:
Sons of Sikkim: The Rise and Fall of the Namgyal Dynasty of Sikkim
3037:
2694:(1 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 203, 208.
1759:
569:
6436:
6379:
6364:
5511:
5501:
5476:
5351:
5346:
5304:
5274:
5206:
5172:
5059:
5000:
4995:
4849:
4752:
4590:
4540:
4327:
4153:
3745:
Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (24 November 2013).
3584:
Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (24 November 2013).
3390:
Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (24 November 2013).
3243:"Taliban trying to destroy Buddhist art from the Gandhara period"
3221:"Taliban and traffickers destroying Pakistan's Buddhist heritage"
2198:
The Buddhist architecture of Gandhara, Handbuch der Orientalistik
1647:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
1098:
1050:
1026:
894:
700:
696:
635:, the eighth-century Buddhist master who was instrumental in the
490:
from 630 CE explained that Mihirakula ordered the destruction of
350:
274:
109:
56:
5123:
4891:
2246:
The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks
2214:
The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks
526:
In a second wave, from the 10th through the 12th centuries, the
299:, in a parallel with the historic Buddha. Several of Menander's
6516:
6501:
6337:
6199:
6179:
5954:
5616:
5496:
5486:
5421:
5049:
5005:
4990:
4980:
4950:
4874:
4757:
4525:
4397:
4141:
4136:
4001:
2510:
Shu Hikosaka, G. John Samuel, Can̲ārttanam Pārttacārati (ed.),
1587:
The Debate of King Milinda: An Abridgement of the Milinda Pañha
1126:
1120:
1090:
1054:
957:
937:
814:
750:
722:
707:
692:
676:
664:
628:
535:
464:
460:
456:
444:
431:
335:
270:
216:
197:
158:
105:
84:
2857:. University of Michigan: The Society for South Asian Studies.
1534:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
6656:
6491:
6349:
6315:
6295:
6265:
6194:
5611:
5456:
5334:
5329:
5299:
5254:
5101:
5096:
4975:
4680:
4505:
4472:
4462:
3978:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
2054:
1086:
941:
885:
855:
832:
746:
639:, was believed to have been born in Oddiyana. Founder of the
546:
until 13–14th century, perhaps slightly longer in the nearby
318:
During the two centuries of their rule, the Indo-Greek kings
296:
154:
3653:
The venerable Kumāralāta (labdha) was a native of Takṣaśilā.
1612:"Remembering Pakistan's Buddhist past | The Express Tribune"
6526:
5319:
4985:
4482:
3835:
2019:
777:; Bhaleel-Shah-Thul square stupas (5th–7th century A.D) at
534:'s memoirs suggest Buddhism had vanished from the medieval
265:, converted to Buddhism following a dialogue with the monk
2775:"Ancient Buddhist terracottas from Mirpurkhas in Pakistan"
2456:
6184:
4720:
3155:"'I am Malala': But Then, We All Are Malalas, Aren't We?"
3132:"'I am Malala': But then, we all are Malalas, aren't we?"
2808:. Great Britain: Royal Geographical Society. p. 399.
2139:
Satyendra Nath Naskar, Abhinav Publications, 1996, p. 69
2043:"Ashoka's Wives and the Ambiguities of Buddhist Kingship"
1819:
1558:
Department of Archaeology and Museums (30 January 2004).
1507:
India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods
1013:
2165:"Cultural links between India and the Greco-Roman world"
817:, Balochistan. The remains of Buddhist cave city called
375:(right), as the protector of the Buddha, 2nd century AD
3809:
Being as Consciousness: Yogācāra Philosophy of Buddhism
3778:
Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia
1755:
1753:
1002:, the Chakma chief, supported Pakistan during the 1971
542:. Buddhism survived confined in the northern region of
291:, who was himself a student of the Greek Buddhist monk
3289:"Pakistan police foil huge artefact smuggling attempt"
2918:
854:
makes perfectly clear that many areas of Makran as of
303:
successors inscribed "Follower of the Dharma," in the
192:
is held to be the first monk to travel to Kashmir and
3038:"Monks to start peace march tomorrow,August 05, 2002"
3006:
3004:
3002:
2483:
2318:
2316:
1899:
1897:
1853:
Buddhism and Dalits: Social Philosophy and Traditions
1560:"UNESCO world heritage Centre - Mansehra Rock Edicts"
1292:
Hindu and Buddhist architectural heritage of Pakistan
813:
reported many Buddhist temples in coastal regions of
515:
However, the religion further declined following the
2852:
1760:
Ann Heirman; Stephan Peter Bumbacher (11 May 2007).
1750:
1249:
530:
overtook Gandhara and Punjab. The Persian traveller
2822:
Al-Hind : the making of the Indo-Islamic world
1884:"Over 35,000 Buddhists, Baha'is call Pakistan home"
1342:. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. pp. 59–62.
521:
conquered the southern part of present-day Pakistan
3095:
2999:
2687:
2313:
2291:"UW Press: Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara"
1894:
1725:
980:sect is said to retain some elements of Buddhism.
257:invaded the Indian Subcontinent, establishing the
2016:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 47-48.
1878:
1876:
1728:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
1583:
960:at the edge of the village (near Skardu)—and the
168:, used by Buddhist diplomats from countries like
7272:
3093:
2825:(. ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 135.
2757:www.findpk.com/Pakistan/html/buddhist_sites.html
2653:
1414:. Princeton University Press. pp. 424–425.
964:. Nearby are former sites of Buddhist shelters.
3671:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 258.
3551:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 473.
3512:. Sharada Publishing House. 2006. p. 455.
3065:"EARLY HISTORY OF BUDDHISM – Facts and Details"
1476:
519:. As early as the 8th century, Arab conquerors
47:during Ashoka’s reign when he sent a monk from
25:, 1st–2nd century CE (Peshawar basin, Pakistan)
4030:Archaeology in Gandhara region —Buddhist sites
3805:
3354:Buddha and Buddhist Synods in India and Abroad
2819:Wink, André (2002). "The frontier of alHind".
2469:. Harvard University Press. pp. 241–242.
2249:. Princeton University Press. pp. 88–89.
2187:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 42.
2003:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 43.
1990:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 46.
1873:
1312:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
994:
7130:
6723:
4050:
3995:
3087:
2462:
2376:
2025:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1403:
1401:
627:. It was also called as “the paradise of the
4832:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
3744:
3583:
3544:
3389:
3199:"Another attack on the giant Buddha of Swat"
2579:Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 258–259.
2527:An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism
1445:
1443:
1407:
1040:
475:was also vandalized during their invasions.
142:National Database and Registration Authority
3806:Tola, Fernando; Dragonetti, Carmen (2004).
3590:. Princeton University Press. p. 496.
3396:. Princeton University Press. p. 447.
3334:"Pakistan hopes for Buddhist tourism boost"
3152:
3129:
2779:Art of South Asia, the Silk Road and Beyond
2512:Buddhist themes in modern Indian literature
2037:
2031:
1456:. Princeton University Press. p. 490.
781:, and Kot-Bambhan-Thul buddhist tower near
517:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
135:muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
7137:
7123:
6730:
6716:
4057:
4043:
3996:Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004).
3865:
3751:. Princeton University Press. p. 69.
3664:
2627:. Columbia University Press. p. 229.
1787:
1785:
1783:
1712:
1510:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 66.
1450:Buswell Jr, Robert (2014). "Madhyāntika".
1449:
1398:
1155:, Pakistani Buddhist politician and leader
478:Mihirakula in particular is remembered by
356:Standing Buddha, Gandhara, 1st century AD.
261:. One of the most famous Indo-Greek kings
3629:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 105.
2926:"Episode 1: A Window to Gilgit-Baltistan"
2620:
2383:. Harvard University Press. p. 241.
2217:. Princeton University Press. p. 4.
1440:
1339:Pakistan: A Primary Source Cultural Guide
7144:
3812:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 55.
3712:. Allied Publishers. 1988. p. 323.
3545:Malalasekera, Gunapala Piyasena (2007).
2530:. Oxford University Press. p. 219.
2437:
2242:
2210:
2157:
1687:
1590:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 19.
1537:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 87.
1530:
1470:
1044:
1017:
927:
897:, 256 km west of present-day Karachi in
796:
717:
654:
568:
309:
283:) which recounts the discussion between
237:
70:of Ashoka inscribed on rock boulders in
17:
6019:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
3774:
3299:from the original on 24 September 2015.
3276:from the original on 23 September 2015.
3253:from the original on 23 September 2015.
3209:from the original on 25 September 2015.
3165:from the original on 25 September 2015.
3142:from the original on 24 September 2015.
2747:
2745:
2523:
1791:
1780:
1683:
1681:
1649:Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 25.
1408:Buswell, Robert; Lopez, Donald (2014).
825:Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Al-Bīrūnī
553:
402:also date from this period. Written in
320:combined the Greek and Indian languages
196:to spread Buddhism under the orders of
7273:
6222:List of Buddhist architecture in China
3974:
3943:
3467:
3350:
3309:
3130:Wijewardena, W.A. (17 February 2014).
2867:
2785:from the original on 18 September 2020
2621:Wedemeyer, Christian K. (6 May 2014).
2514:, Inst. of Asian Studies, 1992, p. 268
2489:
2115:Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 124
1911:from the original on 18 September 2020
1845:
1843:
1815:
1813:
1503:
1335:
1014:Taliban destruction of Buddhist relics
737:(Mansura) include a Buddhist stupa at
7118:
6711:
4038:
3950:. Yale University Press. p. 81.
3474:. Abhinav Publications. p. 146.
3340:from the original on 20 January 2015.
3286:
3263:
3153:Wijewardena, W.A (17 February 2014).
2738:from the original on 21 January 2015.
2685:
2679:
2572:
2359:
2355:
2353:
1941:from the original on 13 November 2016
1890:from the original on 2 November 2012.
1856:. Gyan Publishing House. p. 39.
1694:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
1579:
1577:
1077:
1074:Peshawar and Taxila, near Islamabad.
558:
96:embraced Buddhism as attested in the
6737:
3925:from the original on 15 January 2023
3904:
3886:from the original on 15 January 2023
3748:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
3726:from the original on 15 January 2023
3685:from the original on 15 January 2023
3643:from the original on 15 January 2023
3622:
3604:from the original on 15 January 2023
3587:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
3565:from the original on 15 January 2023
3526:from the original on 15 January 2023
3488:from the original on 15 January 2023
3449:from the original on 15 January 2023
3428:
3410:from the original on 15 January 2023
3393:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
3371:from the original on 15 January 2023
3357:. Abhinav Publications. p. 81.
3322:from the original on 7 January 2017.
3075:from the original on 19 October 2017
3044:from the original on 16 October 2018
2879:Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co
2818:
2763:from the original on 10 August 2015.
2742:
2641:from the original on 15 January 2023
2593:from the original on 15 January 2023
2562:from the original on 10 August 2015.
2431:
2263:from the original on 15 January 2023
2231:from the original on 15 January 2023
1849:
1678:
1480:Sculptures of Kashmir, 600-1200 A.D.
1428:from the original on 15 January 2023
1411:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
1356:from the original on 15 January 2023
1139:from Peshawar, 4th to 5th century CE
675:Most of the archaeological sites of
3839:Phenomenology and Indian Philosophy
3700:
3658:
3616:
3187:from the original on 19 April 2016.
3094:Malala Yousafzai (8 October 2013).
2797:
2517:
2466:Political Violence in Ancient India
2380:Political Violence in Ancient India
2041:(2002–2003). Faure, Bernard (ed.).
1840:
1810:
1630:
1336:Rengel, Marian (15 December 2003).
917:
82:recording aspects of the emperor's
43:Buddhism first reached what is now
13:
6009:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
3905:Kazi, Jigme N. (20 October 2020).
3577:
3538:
3500:
3461:
3422:
3383:
3344:
3014:. 8 September 2017. Archived from
2614:
2605:
2566:
2403:
2397:
2350:
2097:from the original on 8 August 2021
1820:Muhammad ibn Ahmad Biruni (1888).
1574:
1307:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1065:, 170 kilometers (106 miles) from
1023:Buddhist rock carving in Manglawar
619:was a small region in present-day
14:
7307:
4023:
3310:Khaliq, Fazal (7 November 2016).
3231:from the original on 12 May 2016.
3177:"Attack on giant Pakistan Buddha"
2806:The Geographical Journal Volume 7
2708:from the original on 16 July 2017
2243:Stoneman, Richard (8 June 2021).
2211:Stoneman, Richard (8 June 2021).
1794:Religion and Society in Arab Sind
637:introduction of Buddhism to Tibet
7258:
7098:
7089:
7088:
6690:
6680:
6679:
6237:Thai temple art and architecture
5982:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
4222:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
4088:
4075:
4065:
3944:Schaik, Sam Van (28 June 2011).
3937:
3062:
2885:from the original on 28 May 2022
2659:
2059:École française d'Extrême-Orient
1959:
1796:. BRILL. pp. 12–14, 77–78.
1483:Agam Kala Prakashan. p. 7.
1453:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
1266:
1252:
1231:
1208:
1196:
1181:
1166:
361:
349:
330:Following the foundation of the
148:indicated that the contemporary
7291:History of religion in Pakistan
4089:
3898:
3859:
3829:
3799:
3768:
3738:
3548:Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names
3326:
3303:
3280:
3264:Felix, Qaiser (21 April 2009).
3257:
3235:
3213:
3191:
3169:
3146:
3123:
3056:
3030:
2973:
2964:
2932:
2909:
2897:
2861:
2846:
2812:
2767:
2720:
2544:
2504:
2495:
2370:
2325:
2303:
2284:
2275:
2203:
2190:
2177:
2144:
2130:
2118:
2109:
2006:
1993:
1980:
1953:
1923:
1652:
1639:
1604:
1113:from Sialkot, 6th century B.C.E
1107:from Sialkot, 6th century B.C.E
967:
685:Dhamarajika Stupa and Monastery
231:left by Ashoka in Mansehra and
7056:British Indian Ocean Territory
6227:Japanese Buddhist architecture
6029:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
5109:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
4300:Places where the Buddha stayed
3981:. Cambridge University Press.
3968:
3668:A History of Indian Literature
3012:"Meeting Pakistan's Buddhists"
2185:The Silk Road in World History
2174:. Ancient History Encyclopedia
1551:
1524:
1497:
1368:
1329:
792:
667:. It was destroyed during the
1:
6242:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
3435:. Books For All. p. 49.
3287:Rizvi, Jaffer (6 July 2012).
2853:Taylor & Francis (1989).
1931:"Vesak Festival in Islamabad"
1766:. Leiden: BRILL. p. 60.
1504:Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (2007).
1322:
499:
23:Standing Buddha from Gandhara
5999:Buddhism and the Roman world
5975:Decline of Buddhism in India
5970:History of Buddhism in India
4070: Topics in
3911:. Notion Press. p. 45.
3775:Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004).
1732:. Merriam-Webster. pp.
601:The monastic complex called
7:
5197:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
4937:
3842:. SUNY Press. p. 262.
3468:Murthy, K. Krishna (1987).
2732:www.pakistantoursguide.com/
2366:. CUP Archive. p. 791.
1792:MacLean, Derryl L. (1989).
1245:
995:Buddhism in modern Pakistan
809:Chinese Buddhist traveller
588:, who had their capital at
126:and sculptures flourished.
10:
7312:
6147:The unanswerable questions
3872:. Binkey Kok. p. 93.
3665:Winternitz, Moriz (1996).
3102:. Little, Brown. pp.
2869:Bīrūnī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad
2440:Handbuch der Orientalistik
2438:Behrendt, Kurt A. (2004).
2360:Ghosh, Amalananda (1965).
1584:Pesala (Bhikkhu.) (1991).
1317:Index: Buddhism by country
1159:
921:
562:
314:King Milinda and Nagasena.
179:
7255:
7152:
7084:
7043:
7003:
6745:
6675:
6627:
6542:
6457:
6232:Buddhist temples in Korea
6155:
6057:
5940:
5637:
5565:
5392:
5265:
5205:
4840:
4795:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
4706:
4698:Three planes of existence
4646:
4491:
4383:
4313:
4305:Buddha in world religions
4167:
4112:
4084:
3351:Thakur, Amarnath (1996).
2127:, Praec. reip. ger. 28, 6
1962:"復興巴基斯坦佛教 佛光僧侶宣法 | 覺世．宗教"
1691:The Empire of the Steppes
1041:Pakistan Buddhist tourism
1004:Bangladesh Liberation War
893:pilgrimage in Makran was
839:, the capital of Makran.
821:can still be seen today.
787:Chatrapati Shivaji Museum
650:
398:and Indian elements. The
253:In the 2nd century B.C.,
6805:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
6014:Persecution of Buddhists
5235:Four stages of awakening
4616:Three marks of existence
4202:Physical characteristics
3866:Meulenbeld, Ben (2001).
3781:. ABC-CLIO. p. 69.
3626:Buddhism in Central Asia
3623:Puri, Baij Nath (1987).
2690:A Dictionary of Buddhism
2573:Joshi, Lal Mani (1977).
2170:18 November 2022 at the
1531:Hirakawa, Akira (1993).
1477:Bansi Lal Malla (1990).
850:Further evidence in the
713:
400:Gandhāran Buddhist texts
7066:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5377:Ten principal disciples
4260:(aunt, adoptive mother)
2877:. Vol. 1. London:
2337:Encyclopædia Britannica
2300:. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
2163:Ghose, Sanujit (2011).
2152:India, the Ancient Past
1688:Grousset, Rene (1970).
1049:A statue of Buddha (at
842:According to historian
307:script, on their coins.
6087:Buddhism and democracy
5600:Tibetan Buddhist canon
5595:Chinese Buddhist canon
4827:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
4822:Early Buddhist schools
3975:Harvey, Peter (2013).
2906:by André Wink page 135
2686:Keown, Damien (2003).
2524:Fogelin, Lars (2015).
2463:Upinder Singh (2017).
2404:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
2377:Upinder Singh (2017).
2154:, Burjor Avari, p. 130
2067:10.3406/asie.2002.1176
2047:Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie
1763:The Spread of Buddhism
1724:Wendy Doniger (1999).
1376:"Buddhism In Pakistan"
1058:
1029:
956:—a rock relief of the
949:
948:for such a long time."
915:
903:
806:
730:
672:
643:tradition of Buddhism
582:Gandharan style of art
577:
315:
287:and the Buddhist monk
250:
186:Third Buddhist Council
34:Third Buddhist council
26:
6097:Eight Consciousnesses
4207:Life of Buddha in art
3183:. 12 September 2007.
2407:Buddhist Architecture
1048:
1021:
931:
911:
876:ancient town are the
848:
803:Gondrani, Balochistan
800:
775:Thul Hairo Khan Stupa
721:
658:
580:Famed for its unique
572:
313:
241:
21:
7296:Religion in Pakistan
7281:Buddhism in Pakistan
7146:Religion in Pakistan
6980:United Arab Emirates
6574:East Asian religions
6004:Buddhism in the West
5575:Early Buddhist texts
5190:Four Right Exertions
4656:Ten spiritual realms
4149:Noble Eightfold Path
3429:Ahir, D. C. (1994).
3249:. 27 November 2009.
3205:. 10 November 2007.
2753:"Buddhism in Taxila"
1850:Naik, C. D. (2010).
1302:Mansehra Rock Edicts
1173:Shingardar stupa in
962:Sacred Rock of Hunza
647:was also born here.
554:Archaeological sites
390:The Buddhist art of
172:. Recently in 2023,
30:Buddhism in Pakistan
7286:Buddhism by country
7249:Freedom of religion
7007:limited recognition
6697:Religion portal
6444:Temple of the Tooth
6323:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
5362:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
4855:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
4638:Two truths doctrine
4458:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4258:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3227:. 22 October 2012.
3069:factsanddetails.com
3018:on 12 November 2020
2781:. 18 October 2016.
1297:History of Pakistan
1282:History of Buddhism
1101:, 6th century B.C.E
954:Manthal Buddha Rock
827:states in his book
801:Buddhist Cave city
783:Tando Muhammad Khan
695:(200 BC – 600 AD),
687:(300 BC – 200 AD),
679:are located around
671:in the 6th century.
576:in the Swat Valley.
427:and thus to China.
394:was a synthesis of
6619:Western philosophy
6217:Dzong architecture
6039:Vipassana movement
6034:Buddhist modernism
5462:Emperor Wen of Sui
5230:Pratyekabuddhayāna
5163:Threefold Training
4965:Vipassana movement
4681:Hungry Ghost realm
4501:Avidyā (Ignorance)
4448:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
4197:Great Renunciation
4192:Eight Great Events
4074:
3998:A History of India
2952:on 16 October 2018
2296:2013-09-27 at the
2200:Brill, 2004, p. 13
2196:Kurt A. Behrendt,
2026:Hermann Kulke 2004
1386:on 20 January 2015
1287:Gandharan Buddhism
1226:. 3rd–4th century.
1133:, 4th-century C.E.
1078:Historical figures
1059:
1030:
950:
905:Wink has recorded
831:that the coast of
807:
731:
727:Kahu-jo-daro stupa
673:
661:Dharmarajika Stupa
625:Vajrayāna Buddhism
605:is located in the
578:
565:Gandharan Buddhism
559:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
496:Greco-Buddhist art
340:Gandharan Buddhism
325:Greco-Buddhist art
316:
259:Indo-Greek kingdom
251:
124:Greco-Buddhist art
27:
7268:
7267:
7112:
7111:
7049:other territories
6739:Buddhism in Asia
6705:
6704:
6343:Om mani padme hum
6049:Women in Buddhism
5965:Buddhist councils
5835:Western countries
5623:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
5384:Shaolin Monastery
4961:Samatha-vipassanā
4571:Pratītyasamutpāda
4375:Metteyya/Maitreya
4293:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4122:Four Noble Truths
3988:978-0-521-85942-4
3957:978-0-300-17217-1
3918:978-1-64805-981-0
3879:978-90-74597-44-9
3849:978-0-7914-9882-8
3819:978-81-208-1967-2
3788:978-1-57607-355-1
3758:978-0-691-15786-3
3719:978-81-8424-568-4
3678:978-81-208-0265-0
3636:978-81-208-0372-5
3597:978-0-691-15786-3
3558:978-81-208-3022-6
3519:978-81-88934-39-3
3481:978-81-7017-226-0
3442:978-81-7386-112-3
3403:978-0-691-15786-3
3364:978-81-7017-317-5
3159:Colombo Telegraph
3113:978-0-316-32241-6
3040:. 5 August 2002.
2634:978-0-231-16241-8
2586:978-81-208-0281-0
2537:978-0-19-994823-9
2442:. Leiden: BRILL.
2256:978-0-691-21747-5
2224:978-0-691-21747-5
1863:978-81-7835-792-8
1833:978-1-108-04720-3
1803:978-90-040-8551-0
1773:978-90-474-2006-4
1743:978-0-87779-044-0
1597:978-81-208-0893-5
1544:978-81-208-0955-0
1517:978-81-8069-457-8
1490:978-0-8364-2521-5
1463:978-0-691-15786-3
1349:978-0-8239-4001-1
1215:Bronze statue of
1123:, 3rd century C.E
878:caves of Gondrani
862:population. When
701:Jaulian Monastery
293:Mahadharmaraksita
68:Major Rock Edicts
40:(modern India).
7303:
7263:
7262:
7139:
7132:
7125:
7116:
7115:
7102:
7092:
7091:
7061:Christmas Island
6747:Sovereign states
6732:
6725:
6718:
6709:
6708:
6695:
6694:
6683:
6682:
6522:Sacred languages
6370:Maya Devi Temple
6333:Mahabodhi Temple
6137:Secular Buddhism
6102:Engaged Buddhism
4942:
4790:Tibetan Buddhism
4741:Vietnamese Thiền
4340:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
4291:
4283:
4275:
4267:
4259:
4251:
4243:
4092:
4091:
4079:
4069:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4019:
4000:(4th ed.).
3992:
3962:
3961:
3947:Tibet: A History
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3101:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3008:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2983:. Archived from
2977:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2945:. Archived from
2944:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2874:Alberuni's India
2865:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2693:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2207:
2201:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2175:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1789:
1778:
1777:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1731:
1721:
1710:
1709:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1656:
1650:
1645:Walser, Joseph,
1643:
1637:
1636:Karashima, 2013.
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1562:. Whc.unesco.org
1555:
1549:
1548:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1382:. Archived from
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1333:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1235:
1212:
1200:
1185:
1170:
1149:, 8th century CE
918:Gilgit Baltistan
829:Alberuni's India
769:near Hyderabad;
767:Sudheran-Jo-Thul
703:(200 – 600 AD).
669:Hunnic invasions
574:Amluk-Dara Stupa
544:Gilgit Baltistan
504:
501:
410:school. Emperor
404:Gāndhārī Prakrit
365:
353:
334:by the invading
243:Major Rock Edict
80:Kharosthi script
7311:
7310:
7306:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7257:
7253:
7148:
7143:
7113:
7108:
7080:
7048:
7039:
7020:Northern Cyprus
7006:
6999:
6741:
6736:
6706:
6701:
6689:
6671:
6623:
6538:
6453:
6190:Ordination hall
6151:
6053:
6024:Buddhist crisis
5936:
5633:
5585:Mahayana sutras
5561:
5557:Thích Nhất Hạnh
5388:
5261:
5201:
5151:Bodhisattva vow
4836:
4702:
4642:
4601:Taṇhā (Craving)
4536:Five hindrances
4487:
4379:
4309:
4163:
4108:
4080:
4063:
4026:
4016:
3989:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3919:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3880:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3804:
3800:
3789:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3720:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3688:
3686:
3679:
3663:
3659:
3646:
3644:
3637:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3598:
3582:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3559:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3520:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3482:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3443:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3404:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3365:
3349:
3345:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3308:
3304:
3285:
3281:
3262:
3258:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3151:
3147:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3063:Hays, Jeffrey.
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2881:. p. 208.
2866:
2862:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2817:
2813:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2702:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2635:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2587:
2571:
2567:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2375:
2371:
2358:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2298:Wayback Machine
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2257:
2234:
2232:
2225:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2178:
2172:Wayback Machine
2162:
2158:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2039:Strong, John S.
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1907:. 28 May 2018.
1903:
1902:
1895:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1864:
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1834:
1818:
1811:
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1471:
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1422:
1406:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1380:pakteahouse.net
1374:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1350:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1274:Pakistan portal
1272:
1267:
1265:
1260:Religion portal
1258:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1227:
1213:
1204:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1105:Bhadda Kapilani
1080:
1043:
1025:damaged by the
1016:
997:
970:
940:; "The ancient
926:
920:
795:
729:, circa 410 CE.
716:
699:(c.250 BC) and
653:
607:Mardan district
567:
561:
556:
502:
388:
387:
386:
385:
384:
366:
358:
357:
354:
182:
78:written in the
12:
11:
5:
7309:
7299:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7266:
7265:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7209:Zoroastrianism
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7153:
7150:
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7134:
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7119:
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7109:
7107:
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7073:
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7063:
7058:
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7041:
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7038:
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7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7011:
7009:
7001:
7000:
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6987:
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6887:
6882:
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6857:
6852:
6847:
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6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
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6751:
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6308:
6303:
6298:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6254:Greco-Buddhist
6246:
6245:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6205:Burmese pagoda
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6161:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5987:Greco-Buddhism
5984:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5920:United Kingdom
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5865:Czech Republic
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5744:
5739:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5643:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5629:Abhidharmadīpa
5626:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5571:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5547:B. R. Ambedkar
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5467:Songtsen Gampo
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5398:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5211:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5146:Eight precepts
5143:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4934:
4924:
4919:
4917:Five Strengths
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4857:
4852:
4846:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4712:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4556:Mental factors
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4408:Mahamoggallāna
4405:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4323:Avalokiteśvara
4319:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4062:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4025:
4024:External links
4022:
4021:
4020:
4014:
3993:
3987:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3956:
3936:
3917:
3897:
3878:
3858:
3848:
3828:
3818:
3798:
3787:
3767:
3757:
3737:
3718:
3709:Indian History
3699:
3677:
3657:
3635:
3615:
3596:
3576:
3557:
3537:
3518:
3499:
3480:
3460:
3441:
3432:Gautama Buddha
3421:
3402:
3382:
3363:
3343:
3325:
3302:
3279:
3256:
3234:
3212:
3190:
3168:
3145:
3122:
3112:
3086:
3055:
3029:
2998:
2987:on 3 June 2019
2972:
2963:
2931:
2928:. 4 July 1997.
2917:
2908:
2896:
2860:
2845:
2832:978-0391041257
2831:
2811:
2796:
2766:
2741:
2719:
2700:
2678:
2652:
2633:
2613:
2604:
2585:
2565:
2556:www.findpk.com
2543:
2536:
2516:
2503:
2494:
2492:, p. 194.
2482:
2475:
2455:
2448:
2430:
2416:
2396:
2389:
2369:
2349:
2324:
2312:
2302:
2283:
2274:
2255:
2223:
2202:
2189:
2176:
2156:
2143:
2129:
2117:
2108:
2030:
2018:
2005:
1992:
1979:
1952:
1922:
1893:
1872:
1862:
1839:
1832:
1809:
1802:
1779:
1772:
1749:
1742:
1711:
1704:
1677:
1666:. 22 July 2019
1664:South Asia@LSE
1651:
1638:
1629:
1618:. 11 June 2022
1616:tribune.com.pk
1603:
1596:
1573:
1550:
1543:
1523:
1516:
1496:
1489:
1469:
1462:
1439:
1420:
1397:
1367:
1348:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1263:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1217:Avalokiteśvara
1214:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1191:stupa in Sindh
1189:Thul Mir Rukan
1187:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1140:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1079:
1076:
1042:
1039:
1015:
1012:
996:
993:
969:
966:
932:Photograph of
919:
916:
858:had a largely
794:
791:
771:Thul Mir Rukan
743:Sirah-ji-takri
715:
712:
697:Jandial Temple
691:(600–200 BC),
652:
649:
563:Main article:
560:
557:
555:
552:
473:Mankiala stupa
469:Kanishka stupa
381:British Museum
367:
360:
359:
355:
348:
347:
346:
345:
344:
273:, present-day
205:Mauryan empire
181:
178:
108:, present-day
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7308:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7261:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7140:
7135:
7133:
7128:
7126:
7121:
7120:
7117:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7095:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7046:
7042:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7030:South Ossetia
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7008:
7002:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6733:
6728:
6726:
6721:
6719:
6714:
6713:
6710:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6686:
6678:
6677:
6674:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6630:
6626:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6459:Miscellaneous
6456:
6450:
6449:Vegetarianism
6447:
6445:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6271:Buddha in art
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5925:United States
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5482:Padmasambhava
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5394:Major figures
5391:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5340:Western tulku
5338:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5141:Five precepts
5139:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5119:Dhamma vicaya
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
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4531:Enlightenment
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4015:0-415-15481-2
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3336:. Dawn News.
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2701:9780198605607
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2666:Research gate
2663:
2660:Shah, Bipin.
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2028:, p. 67.
2027:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1989:
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1705:0-8135-1304-9
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1143:Padmasambhava
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934:Kargah Buddha
930:
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924:Patola Shahis
914:
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819:Godrani caves
816:
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681:Taxila Museum
678:
670:
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648:
646:
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638:
634:
633:Padmasambhava
630:
626:
622:
621:Swat District
618:
614:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
596:
591:
587:
586:Kushan Empire
583:
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571:
566:
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541:
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518:
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508:According to
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408:Dharmaguptaka
405:
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397:
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382:
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371:depiction of
370:
364:
352:
343:
341:
337:
333:
332:Kushan empire
328:
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308:
306:
302:
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294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
280:Milinda Pañha
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
248:
245:of Ashoka in
244:
240:
236:
234:
233:Shahbaz Garhi
230:
226:
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218:
214:
210:
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201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
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174:Fo Guang Shan
171:
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147:
143:
140:In 2012, the
138:
136:
132:
127:
125:
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117:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:Milinda Panha
95:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:Shahbaz Garhi
73:
69:
64:
62:
58:
55:to preach in
54:
50:
46:
41:
39:
35:
31:
24:
20:
16:
7213:
7199:Bahá'í Faith
7184:Christianity
7045:Dependencies
6975:Turkmenistan
6940:Saudi Arabia
6919:
6637:Bodhisattvas
6557:Christianity
6552:Baháʼí Faith
6417:Dharmachakra
6407:Prayer wheel
6397:Prayer beads
6165:Architecture
6044:969 Movement
5828:Saudi Arabia
5806:Central Asia
5799:South Africa
5721:
5621:
5604:
5537:Panchen Lama
5442:Buddhapālita
5038:Satipatthana
5033:Mindful Yoga
4946:Recollection
4860:Brahmavihara
4731:Japanese Zen
4726:Chinese Chan
4686:Animal realm
4493:Key concepts
4315:Bodhisattvas
4127:Three Jewels
3997:
3977:
3946:
3939:
3927:. Retrieved
3907:
3900:
3888:. Retrieved
3868:
3861:
3853:
3838:
3831:
3823:
3808:
3801:
3792:
3777:
3770:
3762:
3747:
3740:
3728:. Retrieved
3708:
3702:
3694:
3687:. Retrieved
3667:
3660:
3652:
3645:. Retrieved
3625:
3618:
3606:. Retrieved
3586:
3579:
3567:. Retrieved
3547:
3540:
3528:. Retrieved
3508:
3502:
3490:. Retrieved
3470:
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3431:
3424:
3412:. Retrieved
3392:
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3353:
3346:
3328:
3315:
3305:
3292:
3282:
3269:
3259:
3246:
3237:
3224:
3215:
3202:
3193:
3180:
3171:
3158:
3148:
3135:
3125:
3117:
3097:
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3068:
3058:
3046:. Retrieved
3032:
3020:. Retrieved
3016:the original
2989:. Retrieved
2985:the original
2975:
2966:
2954:. Retrieved
2947:the original
2934:
2920:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2873:
2863:
2854:
2848:
2836:. Retrieved
2821:
2814:
2805:
2799:
2787:. Retrieved
2778:
2769:
2756:
2731:
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2689:
2681:
2669:. Retrieved
2665:
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2623:
2616:
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2575:
2568:
2555:
2552:"Takht Bhai"
2546:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2497:
2485:
2465:
2458:
2439:
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2410:. Grafikol.
2406:
2399:
2379:
2372:
2362:
2342:12 September
2340:. Retrieved
2336:
2327:
2305:
2286:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2213:
2205:
2197:
2192:
2184:
2179:
2159:
2151:
2146:
2136:
2132:
2120:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2050:
2046:
2033:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1968:(in Chinese)
1965:
1955:
1943:. Retrieved
1934:
1925:
1913:. Retrieved
1867:
1852:
1822:
1793:
1762:
1727:
1690:
1668:. Retrieved
1663:
1654:
1646:
1641:
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1615:
1606:
1586:
1564:. Retrieved
1553:
1533:
1526:
1506:
1499:
1479:
1472:
1452:
1430:. Retrieved
1410:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:the original
1379:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1338:
1331:
1239:Takht-i-Bahi
1093:and wife of
1081:
1063:Takht-i-Bahi
1060:
1031:
1008:
998:
986:
982:
976:region. The
974:Azad Kashmir
971:
968:Demographics
951:
912:
904:
849:
841:
835:begins with
828:
823:
808:
755:Kahu-Jo-Daro
739:Mohenjo-daro
732:
705:
674:
615:
603:Takht-i-Bahi
600:
593:
579:
525:
514:
510:Peter Harvey
507:
477:
454:
443:
429:
421:Central Asia
389:
329:
317:
279:
252:
213:Central Asia
202:
183:
163:
139:
128:
114:
83:
65:
42:
29:
28:
15:
7244:Scientology
7104:Asia portal
7005:States with
6925:Philippines
6865:South Korea
6860:North Korea
6755:Afghanistan
6482:Dharma talk
6311:Asalha Puja
6107:Eschatology
5910:Switzerland
5890:New Zealand
5818:Middle East
5727:Philippines
5647:Afghanistan
5452:Bodhidharma
5437:Buddhaghosa
5357:Householder
5267:Monasticism
5220:Bodhisattva
5075:Prostration
5028:Mindfulness
4956:Anapanasati
4939:Kammaṭṭhāna
4736:Korean Seon
4676:Asura realm
4671:Human realm
4611:Ten Fetters
4566:Parinirvana
4468:Uppalavanna
4433:Mahākaccana
4418:Mahākassapa
4350:Kṣitigarbha
4345:Ākāśagarbha
4242:Suddhodāna
4187:Four sights
4114:Foundations
3969:Works cited
3270:AsiaNews.it
3247:AsiaNews.it
3225:AsiaNews.it
3203:AsiaNews.it
2712:11 February
2490:Harvey 2013
2267:12 December
2235:12 December
2183:Xinru Liu,
1886:. Tribune.
1432:21 November
1220:Bodhisattva
1034:Swat Valley
990:Roma people
907:Hiuen Tsang
873:Hiuen Tsang
868:Rai Sahiras
811:Hiuen Tsang
793:Balochistan
759:Mirpur Khas
735:Brahmanabad
645:Garab Dorje
611:Seri Bahlol
548:Swat Valley
425:Tarim Basin
396:Hellenistic
255:Demetrius I
229:Rock Edicts
219:embrace of
190:Majjhantika
144:(NADRA) of
131:Alchon Huns
53:Majjhantika
38:Pataliputra
7275:Categories
7239:Irreligion
6985:Uzbekistan
6960:Tajikistan
6875:Kyrgyzstan
6855:Kazakhstan
6775:Bangladesh
6765:Azerbaijan
6599:Psychology
6579:Gnosticism
6567:Comparison
6562:Influences
6544:Comparison
6427:Bhavacakra
6385:Kushinagar
6360:Pilgrimage
6306:Māgha Pūjā
6261:Bodhi Tree
6077:Buddhology
6067:Abhidharma
6059:Philosophy
5992:Menander I
5860:Costa Rica
5811:Uzbekistan
5652:Bangladesh
5606:Dhammapada
5590:Pali Canon
5552:Ajahn Chah
5532:Dalai Lama
5432:Kumārajīva
5427:Vasubandhu
5402:The Buddha
5310:Zen master
5245:Sakadagami
5225:Buddhahood
5156:Pratimokṣa
4971:Shikantaza
4927:Meditation
4902:Deity yoga
4773:Madhyamaka
4666:Deva realm
4561:Mindstream
4511:Bodhicitta
4423:Aṅgulimāla
4290:Devadatta
4266:Yaśodharā
4169:The Buddha
4159:Middle Way
3048:15 October
2991:15 October
2956:15 October
2671:3 February
1935:mfa.gov.lk
1670:16 January
1622:16 January
1390:20 January
1323:References
1153:Tridev Roy
1137:Vasubandhu
1117:Kumaralata
1000:Tridev Roy
978:Nurbakhshi
922:See also:
886:Maheshvara
844:Andre Wink
789:, Mumbai.
689:Bhir Mound
595:Puruṣapura
540:Ghaznavids
528:Ghaznavids
503: 630
484:Mihirakula
450:Alchon Hun
301:Indo-Greek
209:silk route
90:Indo-Greek
7229:Shamanism
7194:Ahmadiyya
7071:Hong Kong
7025:Palestine
6950:Sri Lanka
6945:Singapore
6825:Indonesia
6667:Festivals
6647:Buddhists
6609:Theosophy
6412:Symbolism
6402:Hama yumi
6375:Bodh Gaya
6142:Socialism
6117:Evolution
6092:Economics
5930:Venezuela
5845:Australia
5840:Argentina
5764:Sri Lanka
5759:Singapore
5677:Indonesia
5639:Countries
5580:Tripiṭaka
5542:Ajahn Mun
5417:Nagarjuna
5412:Aśvaghoṣa
5295:Anagārika
5290:Śrāmaṇerī
5285:Śrāmaṇera
5280:Bhikkhunī
5240:Sotāpanna
5129:Passaddhi
5070:Offerings
5045:Nekkhamma
4922:Iddhipada
4842:Practices
4812:Theravada
4785:Vajrayana
4778:Yogachara
4748:Pure Land
4661:Six Paths
4648:Cosmology
4428:Anuruddha
4403:Sāriputta
4393:Kaundinya
4385:Disciples
4360:Vajrapāṇi
4212:Footprint
4177:Tathāgata
4006:Routledge
2889:11 August
2083:0766-1177
2075:2117-6272
2061:: 35–54.
1095:Bimbisara
1071:Marananta
1067:Islamabad
852:Chachnama
763:Nawabshah
725:from the
659:Ruins of
532:Al Biruni
417:Silk Road
373:Vajrapani
369:Herculean
305:Kharoṣṭhī
225:Sri Lanka
170:Sri Lanka
166:Islamabad
7214:Buddhism
7179:Hinduism
7094:Category
7015:Abkhazia
6965:Thailand
6920:Pakistan
6900:Mongolia
6895:Maldives
6890:Malaysia
6790:Cambodia
6685:Category
6614:Violence
6584:Hinduism
6532:Sanskrit
6487:Hinayana
6472:Amitābha
6432:Swastika
6301:Uposatha
6291:Holidays
6276:Calendar
6122:Humanism
5960:Kanishka
5950:Timeline
5774:Thailand
5742:Kalmykia
5737:Buryatia
5722:Pakistan
5707:Mongolia
5702:Maldives
5697:Malaysia
5662:Cambodia
5527:Shamarpa
5522:Nichiren
5472:Xuanzang
5407:Nagasena
5325:Rinpoche
5055:Pāramitā
4897:Devotion
4817:Navayana
4805:Dzogchen
4768:Nichiren
4716:Mahayana
4708:Branches
4586:Saṅkhāra
4335:Mañjuśrī
4292:(cousin)
4284:(cousin)
4252:(mother)
4244:(father)
4232:Miracles
4182:Birthday
4099:Glossary
4072:Buddhism
3929:4 August
3923:Archived
3890:4 August
3884:Archived
3794:century.
3730:4 August
3724:Archived
3689:4 August
3683:Archived
3647:4 August
3641:Archived
3608:4 August
3602:Archived
3569:4 August
3563:Archived
3530:4 August
3524:Archived
3492:4 August
3486:Archived
3453:4 August
3447:Archived
3414:4 August
3408:Archived
3375:4 August
3369:Archived
3338:Archived
3320:Archived
3297:Archived
3293:BBC News
3274:Archived
3251:Archived
3229:Archived
3207:Archived
3185:Archived
3181:BBC NEWS
3163:Archived
3140:Archived
3136:Daily FT
3073:Archived
3042:Archived
2883:Archived
2871:(1910).
2838:19 March
2789:8 August
2783:Archived
2761:Archived
2736:Archived
2728:"Taxila"
2706:Archived
2645:4 August
2639:Archived
2597:4 August
2591:Archived
2560:Archived
2423:24 March
2294:Archived
2261:Archived
2229:Archived
2168:Archived
2125:Plutarch
2101:9 August
2095:Archived
2091:44167352
1939:Archived
1915:9 August
1909:Archived
1888:Archived
1566:30 March
1426:Archived
1360:4 August
1354:Archived
1246:See also
1224:Gandhara
1175:Ghalegay
1131:Peshawar
946:Buddhism
899:Las Bela
860:Buddhist
641:Dzogchen
617:Oddiyana
590:Peshawar
492:Buddhism
488:Xuanzang
480:Buddhist
436:Xuanzang
412:Kanishka
392:Gandhara
377:Gandhara
289:Nāgasena
285:Menander
267:Nāgasena
263:Menander
247:Mansehra
221:Buddhism
217:Ashoka's
194:Gandhara
150:Buddhist
146:Pakistan
120:Gandhara
116:Mahayana
102:Nāgasena
94:Menander
72:Mansehra
61:Gandhara
49:Varanasi
45:Pakistan
7224:Jainism
7219:Judaism
7189:Sikhism
6990:Vietnam
6905:Myanmar
6885:Lebanon
6815:Georgia
6770:Bahrain
6760:Armenia
6662:Temples
6642:Buddhas
6604:Science
6594:Judaism
6589:Jainism
6507:Lineage
6467:Abhijñā
6437:Thangka
6380:Sarnath
6365:Lumbini
6286:Funeral
6281:Cuisine
6157:Culture
6132:Reality
6082:Creator
6072:Atomism
5942:History
5915:Ukraine
5875:Germany
5794:Senegal
5784:Vietnam
5712:Myanmar
5512:Shinran
5502:Karmapa
5477:Shandao
5447:Dignāga
5372:Śrāvaka
5352:Donchee
5347:Kappiya
5305:Sayadaw
5275:Bhikkhu
5250:Anāgāmi
5207:Nirvana
5173:Samadhi
5060:Paritta
5001:Tonglen
4996:Mandala
4951:Smarana
4932:Mantras
4880:Upekkha
4850:Bhavana
4800:Shingon
4753:Tiantai
4606:Tathātā
4596:Śūnyatā
4591:Skandha
4581:Saṃsāra
4576:Rebirth
4551:Kleshas
4541:Indriya
4443:Subhūti
4328:Guanyin
4282:Ānanda
4274:Rāhula
4154:Nirvana
4094:Outline
1160:Gallery
1099:Magadha
1051:Jaulian
1027:Taliban
988:to the
895:Hinglaj
773:stupa;
629:Ḍākinīs
275:Sialkot
180:History
110:Sialkot
57:Kashmir
51:called
7204:Kalash
7035:Taiwan
6970:Turkey
6935:Russia
6870:Kuwait
6850:Jordan
6840:Israel
6800:Cyprus
6785:Brunei
6780:Bhutan
6657:Sutras
6652:Suttas
6517:Siddhi
6502:Koliya
6477:Brahmā
6392:Poetry
6338:Mantra
6328:Kasaya
6200:Pagoda
6180:Kyaung
6175:Vihāra
6170:Temple
6112:Ethics
5955:Ashoka
5905:Sweden
5900:Poland
5895:Norway
5885:Mexico
5870:France
5855:Canada
5850:Brazil
5789:Africa
5769:Taiwan
5732:Russia
5657:Bhutan
5617:Vinaya
5497:Naropa
5487:Saraha
5422:Asanga
5178:Prajñā
5087:Refuge
5050:Nianfo
5011:Tertön
5006:Tantra
4991:Ganana
4981:Tukdam
4907:Dhyāna
4875:Mudita
4870:Karuṇā
4763:Risshū
4758:Huayan
4691:Naraka
4631:Anattā
4626:Dukkha
4621:Anicca
4526:Dharma
4478:Channa
4413:Ānanda
4398:Assaji
4365:Skanda
4268:(wife)
4237:Family
4217:Relics
4142:Sangha
4137:Dharma
4132:Buddha
4012:
4002:London
3985:
3954:
3915:
3876:
3846:
3816:
3785:
3755:
3716:
3675:
3633:
3594:
3555:
3516:
3478:
3439:
3400:
3361:
3110:
3106:–124.
3022:3 June
2829:
2698:
2631:
2583:
2534:
2473:
2446:
2414:
2387:
2363:Taxila
2253:
2221:
2089:
2081:
2073:
1972:2 June
1960:人間福報.
1860:
1830:
1800:
1770:
1740:
1736:–157.
1702:
1594:
1541:
1514:
1487:
1460:
1418:
1346:
1127:Asanga
1121:Taxila
1091:Sagala
1055:Taxila
958:Buddha
938:Gilgit
815:Makran
751:Sukkur
723:Buddha
708:Taxila
693:Sirkap
677:Taxila
665:Taxila
651:Punjab
536:Punjab
465:Taxila
461:Taxila
457:stupas
445:Sangha
440:Yijing
432:Faxian
423:, the
336:Yuezhi
297:stupas
271:Sagala
198:Ashoka
159:Punjab
106:Sagala
85:dharma
7167:Shi'a
7162:Sunni
7157:Islam
7076:Macau
6995:Yemen
6955:Syria
6930:Qatar
6910:Nepal
6845:Japan
6820:India
6810:Egypt
6795:China
6629:Lists
6497:Kalpa
6492:Iddhi
6355:Music
6350:Mudra
6316:Vassa
6296:Vesak
6266:Budai
6212:Candi
6195:Stupa
6127:Logic
5880:Italy
5779:Tibet
5717:Nepal
5687:Korea
5682:Japan
5672:India
5667:China
5612:Sutra
5567:Texts
5517:Dōgen
5507:Hōnen
5492:Atiśa
5457:Zhiyi
5367:Achar
5335:Tulku
5330:Geshe
5315:Rōshi
5300:Ajahn
5255:Arhat
5215:Bodhi
5185:Vīrya
5102:Sacca
5097:Satya
5092:Sādhu
5080:Music
5023:Merit
5016:Terma
4976:Zazen
4912:Faith
4865:Mettā
4546:Karma
4506:Bardo
4473:Asita
4463:Khema
4453:Upāli
4438:Nanda
4276:(son)
4250:Māyā
4227:Films
4104:Index
3079:5 May
2950:(PDF)
2943:(PDF)
2087:JSTOR
2071:eISSN
2055:Paris
1945:5 May
1696:69–71
1222:from
1145:from
1129:from
1119:from
1111:Anoja
1089:from
1087:Khema
942:Stupa
891:Hindu
864:Chach
856:Sindh
833:India
747:Rohri
745:near
714:Sindh
211:into
155:Sindh
92:king
7234:Folk
7172:Sufi
6915:Oman
6880:Laos
6835:Iraq
6830:Iran
6527:Pāḷi
6512:Māra
6422:Flag
5823:Iran
5747:Tuva
5692:Laos
5320:Lama
5168:Śīla
5136:Śīla
5124:Pīti
5114:Sati
5065:Puja
4986:Koan
4892:Dāna
4483:Yasa
4370:Tārā
4010:ISBN
3983:ISBN
3952:ISBN
3931:2022
3913:ISBN
3892:2022
3874:ISBN
3844:ISBN
3814:ISBN
3783:ISBN
3753:ISBN
3732:2022
3714:ISBN
3691:2022
3673:ISBN
3649:2022
3631:ISBN
3610:2022
3592:ISBN
3571:2022
3553:ISBN
3532:2022
3514:ISBN
3494:2022
3476:ISBN
3455:2022
3437:ISBN
3416:2022
3398:ISBN
3377:2022
3359:ISBN
3316:DAWN
3108:ISBN
3081:2018
3050:2018
3024:2019
2993:2018
2958:2018
2891:2022
2840:2013
2827:ISBN
2791:2018
2714:2016
2696:ISBN
2673:2021
2647:2022
2629:ISBN
2599:2022
2581:ISBN
2532:ISBN
2471:ISBN
2444:ISBN
2425:2017
2412:ISBN
2385:ISBN
2344:2015
2269:2021
2251:ISBN
2237:2021
2219:ISBN
2103:2021
2079:ISSN
1974:2023
1966:人間福報
1947:2018
1917:2018
1858:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1672:2023
1624:2023
1592:ISBN
1568:2011
1539:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1434:2021
1416:ISBN
1392:2015
1362:2022
1344:ISBN
1147:Swat
1032:The
882:Deva
779:Dadu
598:).
157:and
74:and
66:The
59:and
7047:and
6249:Art
6185:Wat
4721:Zen
3104:123
2310:181
2063:doi
1734:155
1097:of
936:in
837:Tiz
757:at
663:in
631:”.
459:at
419:to
269:in
112:.
104:in
36:in
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5751:ru
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