2994:
2933:
35:
2909:
475:
593:
reflected an increase in the "use of armed retinues by public officials" in the Roman Empire. These armies were, therefore, associated with the decline of imperial authority because they demonstrated that it no longer had the monopoly of violence. The
1078:
667:
were mercenaries and describe their leaders as soldiers of fortune. This was particularly the case for the military companies that operated in Italy from the sixth to seventh centuries.
3059:
1788:
3064:
598:
had close ties with its commander, supporting him in his quarrel with other commanders and even against the Empire, court, and emperor. This is shown by the army of
503:
884:
782:
Mercenaries and Paid Men: The
Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages : Proceedings of a Conference Held at University of Wales, Swansea, 7th-9th July 2005
2021:
1001:
2978:
2897:
1251:
1152:
629:, amongst others". The recruitment of soldiers of barbarian origin is well-documented as evidenced in the description of the army inherited by
2585:
1162:
1095:
1110:
1105:
2186:
1172:
1147:
496:
281:
177:
663:
generally received the highest salaries and were armed with the best equipment from the empire's factories. Some sources state that the
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2520:
1177:
1157:
93:
2236:
2082:
2054:
1698:
1690:
1167:
1100:
3035:
2432:
1793:
69:
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889:
235:
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1445:
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1584:
1428:
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2179:
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823:
795:
43:
1930:
987:
381:
59:
3074:
2902:
2724:
1256:
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553:) or civil office-holders. Their name is derived from the type of bread rations eaten by these troops, so-called
137:
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1913:
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2016:
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2006:
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as an army of barbarians under the employ of military figures, politicians, and warlords such as
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provided the best cavalry in 5th and 6th century Roman armies, and were "recruited from Romans,
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1984:
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They are also described as "militarily organized bodyguards" or "elite defence forces".
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132:
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1989:
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2114:
1969:
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909:
576:
538:
979:
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1529:
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599:
326:
217:
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2151:
2011:
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1834:
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357:
122:
78:
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1940:
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342:
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1935:
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681:
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638:
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2419:
1918:
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1570:
107:
2221:
1996:
1862:
545:. They were employed by high-ranking military figures (such as
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2500:
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741:
739:
737:
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733:
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953:
Prinzing, GĆ¼nter (2008). "Patronage and retinues". In
936:
Rome
Resurgent: War and Empire in the Age of Justinian
751:
726:
3060:
Military units and formations of the
Byzantine Empire
860:
3065:Types of cavalry unit in the army of ancient Rome
561:came into common use during the reign of Emperor
3046:
537:) were formations of escort troops used in the
1370:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
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602:, which was used in his attempt to seize
963:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies
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890:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
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842:Rich, John; Shipley, Graham (2002).
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773:
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893:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
24:
846:. London: Routledge. p. 269.
844:War and Society in the Roman World
816:AD69: Emperors, Armies and Anarchy
25:
3086:
2868:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
832:
804:
766:
2992:
2931:
2907:
473:
33:
1257:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
1079:ConstantinianāValentinianic era
818:. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword.
567:
2342:Great Palace of Constantinople
2083:Patriarchate of Constantinople
1402:
887:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
694:
13:
1:
527:; literally "biscuitāeater",
368:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
3070:Ancient Roman military stubs
3008:. You can help Knowledge by
2951:. You can help Knowledge by
2804:University of Constantinople
2385:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
1735:
1535:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
1224:Byzantine successor states (
707:
583:regiment is attested in the
282:Frontiers and fortifications
7:
2474:Saint Catherine's Monastery
1530:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
1525:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
1023:
965:. Oxford University Press.
938:. Oxford University Press.
670:
94:Decorations and punishments
10:
3091:
2987:
2926:
2863:Neo-Byzantine architecture
2827:
1484:Comes sacrarum largitionum
786:. Leiden: BRILL. pp.
27:Roman Empire escort troops
3055:Late Roman military units
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877:General and cited sources
721:Dixon & Southern 1996
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2007:Droungarios of the Fleet
613:Coulston notes that the
397:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
382:DanubeāIllerāRhine Limes
52:Military of ancient Rome
2939:This article about the
2521:Early Byzantine mosaics
1883:Domestic of the Schools
480:Ancient Rome portal
3075:Byzantine Empire stubs
3004:ārelated article is a
2838:Byzantine commonwealth
1600:Praetorian prefectures
1520:Logothetes tou genikou
1494:Quaestor sacri palatii
1489:Comes rerum privatarum
1262:Fall of Constantinople
1201:Sack of Constantinople
883:Coulston, Jon (2018).
589:. The creation of the
2538:Komnenian renaissance
2533:Macedonian period art
2438:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
2410:Walls of Thessaloniki
1510:Logothetes tou dromou
1125:Twenty Years' Anarchy
1089:Valentinianic dynasty
1084:Constantinian dynasty
778:France, John (2008).
363:Neckar-Odenwald Limes
178:Technological history
2735:Units of measurement
2469:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
2362:Pammakaristos Church
2210:Corpus Juris Civilis
2161:Missionary activity
1620:Exarchate of Ravenna
1446:Imperial bureaucracy
814:Fields, Nic (2014).
353:Lower Germanic Limes
252:Strategy and tactics
187:Military engineering
89:Unit types and ranks
2259:Culture and society
2122:Ecumenical councils
1625:Exarchate of Africa
1615:Quaestura exercitus
1479:Magister officiorum
1474:Praetorian prefects
1117:Byzantine Dark Ages
957:; Haldon, John F.;
955:Jeffreys, Elizabeth
641:also described the
348:Lauter Valley Limes
2676:Flags and insignia
2322:Baths of Zeuxippus
2205:Codex Theodosianus
2095:Oriental Orthodoxy
1053:Later Roman Empire
651:praetorian prefect
649:, Aetius, and the
586:Notitia Dignitatum
449:Limes Tripolitanus
70:Structural history
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2843:Byzantine studies
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2629:Alexander Romance
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2464:Nea Moni of Chios
2327:Blachernae Palace
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2215:Code of Justinian
2063:Eastern Orthodoxy
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1830:Scholae Palatinae
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1691:Foreign relations
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1192:(1204–1453)
908:Dixon, Karen R.;
900:978-0-19-866277-8
688:Explanatory notes
677:Bucellarian Theme
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456:Limes Mauretaniae
311:Limes Britannicus
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236:Political history
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3002:Byzantine Empire
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2941:military history
2935:
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2767:Imperial Library
2713:Byzantine Greeks
2454:Daphni Monastery
2405:Panagia Chalkeon
2400:Hagios Demetrios
2367:Prison of Anemas
2317:Basilica Cistern
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2110:West Syriac Rite
2100:Alexandrian Rite
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2044:Religion and law
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1975:Maritime themata
1931:Palaiologan army
1784:Military manuals
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1589:
1566:Megas logothetes
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1272:By modern region
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1139:(717–1204)
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1011:Byzantine Empire
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337:Limes Germanicus
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156:Campaign history
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2810:
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2739:
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2621:Digenes Akritas
2597:
2542:
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2447:Other locations
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2414:
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2292:Cross-in-square
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2191:
2045:
2026:
1952:
1902:
1898:Varangian Guard
1841:
1815:East Roman army
1810:Late Roman army
1798:
1737:
1718:
1681:
1660:
1629:
1575:
1554:
1550:Epi ton deeseon
1540:Epi tou eidikou
1498:
1462:
1404:
1385:
1372:
1275:
1273:
1266:
1252:Palaiologan era
1194:
1191:
1182:
1153:Nikephorian era
1141:
1138:
1129:
1072:
1070:(330–717)
1069:
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1008:
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914:Late Roman Army
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427:Anastasian Wall
405:Pannonian Limes
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1759:Battle tactics
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1451:Medieval Greek
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1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1206:Fourth Crusade
1197:
1195:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1163:Macedonian era
1160:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1096:Theodosian era
1093:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1006:
999:
992:
984:
978:
977:
972:978-0199252466
971:
959:Cormack, Robin
950:
944:
932:Heather, Peter
928:
923:978-1134724222
922:
905:
899:
878:
875:
872:
871:
859:
852:
831:
824:
803:
796:
765:
763:, p. 662.
750:
748:, p. 270.
725:
712:
711:
709:
706:
703:
702:
692:
691:
689:
686:
685:
684:
679:
672:
669:
635:Galla Placidia
570: 395ā423
547:Flavius Aetius
543:Late Antiquity
512:
511:
509:
508:
501:
494:
486:
483:
482:
469:
468:
463:
462:
460:
459:
452:
445:
442:Limes Arabicus
437:
436:
429:
424:
419:
414:
412:Limes Alutanus
408:
407:
401:
400:
392:
391:
385:
384:
378:
377:
376:
375:
373:Wetterau Limes
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
332:
331:
330:
329:
324:
322:Hadrian's Wall
319:
306:
305:
304:
303:
290:
285:
280:
279:
276:
275:
270:
269:
267:
266:
260:
255:
250:
249:
246:
245:
240:
239:
234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
223:
221:
220:
215:
209:
207:
206:
201:
193:
190:
189:
181:
176:
175:
172:
171:
167:
166:
160:
159:
154:
153:
150:
149:
144:
143:
141:
140:
135:
129:
126:
125:
119:
118:
116:
115:
110:
104:
102:
101:
96:
91:
85:
82:
81:
73:
68:
67:
64:
63:
54:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3087:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2825:
2821:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Encyclopedias
2760:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:Hellenization
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:Everyday life
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2616:Acritic songs
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Hosios Loukas
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2252:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:Monophysitism
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:Armenian Rite
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2037:
2023:
2022:Naval battles
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1729:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1545:Protasekretis
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1396:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:Komnenian era
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:Heraclian era
1109:
1107:
1106:Justinian era
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
986:
985:
982:
974:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
947:
945:9780199362745
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
919:
916:. Routledge.
915:
911:
910:Southern, Pat
906:
902:
896:
892:
891:
886:
881:
880:
869:, p. 54.
868:
863:
855:
849:
845:
838:
836:
827:
825:9781781591888
821:
817:
810:
808:
799:
797:9789004164475
793:
789:
784:
783:
774:
772:
770:
762:
761:Prinzing 2008
757:
755:
747:
746:Coulston 2018
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
723:, p. 72.
722:
717:
713:
697:
693:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
668:
666:
662:
657:
655:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
588:
587:
582:
578:
575:According to
573:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
526:
522:
518:
507:
502:
500:
495:
493:
488:
487:
485:
484:
481:
471:
470:
458:
457:
453:
451:
450:
446:
444:
443:
439:
438:
435:
434:
430:
428:
425:
423:
422:Trajan's Wall
420:
418:
417:Limes Moesiae
415:
413:
410:
409:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
394:
393:
390:
389:Norican Limes
387:
386:
383:
380:
379:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
338:
334:
333:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
317:Antonine Wall
315:
314:
313:
312:
308:
307:
302:
299:
298:
297:
296:
292:
291:
289:
288:
283:
278:
277:
265:
262:
261:
259:
258:
253:
248:
247:
237:
232:
231:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
205:
204:Siege engines
202:
200:
199:
195:
194:
192:
191:
188:
185:
184:
179:
174:
173:
165:
162:
161:
157:
152:
151:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
128:
127:
124:
121:
120:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
84:
83:
80:
77:
76:
71:
66:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
32:
31:
19:
3010:expanding it
2999:
2953:expanding it
2945:Ancient Rome
2938:
2627:
2395:Hagia Sophia
2377:Thessalonica
2352:Hagia Sophia
2332:Chora Church
2270:Architecture
2147:Great Schism
2137:Paulicianism
2115:Miaphysitism
1970:Karabisianoi
1824:
1274:or territory
1234:Thessalonica
1218:Latin Empire
1213:Frankokratia
1188:
1148:Isaurian era
1135:
1066:
1051:
1047:Roman Empire
1037:
962:
935:
913:
888:
885:"bucellarii"
867:Heather 2018
862:
843:
815:
781:
716:
696:
664:
660:
658:
642:
614:
612:
595:
590:
584:
580:
577:Jon Coulston
574:
558:
554:
539:Roman Empire
534:ĪĪæĻ
ĪŗĪµĪ»Ī»Ī¬ĻĪ¹ĪæĪ¹
528:
524:
516:
515:
454:
447:
440:
431:
395:
335:
309:
293:
196:
2878:Megali Idea
2853:Byzantinism
2556:Agriculture
2347:Hagia Irene
2180:Kievan Rus'
2157:Mount Athos
1980:Cibyrrhaeot
1924:Vestiaritai
1779:Mercenaries
1656:Catepanates
1515:Sakellarios
1434:Family tree
1359:Mesopotamia
1178:Angelid era
1158:Amorian era
637:. The poet
631:Constantius
604:Roman Italy
596:bucellarius
557:. The term
555:buccellatum
525:Bucellarius
327:Saxon Shore
18:Bucellarius
3049:Categories
2873:Third Rome
2799:University
2782:Philosophy
2772:Inventions
2635:Historians
2603:Literature
2586:Varangians
2428:San Vitale
2357:Hippodrome
2337:City Walls
2237:Mutilation
2232:Hexabiblos
2152:Bogomilism
2142:Iconoclasm
2012:Megas doux
2002:Greek fire
1985:Aegean Sea
1858:Kleisourai
1835:Excubitors
1825:Bucellarii
1677:Despotates
1646:Kleisourai
1585:Provincial
1429:Coronation
1403:Governance
1168:Doukid era
1101:Leonid era
853:0203075544
665:bucellarii
661:bucellarii
643:bucellarii
615:bucellarii
591:bucellarii
581:bucellarii
559:bucellarii
551:Belisarius
523:plural of
517:Bucellarii
358:Main Limes
2701:Octoechos
2581:Silk Road
2073:Hesychasm
1941:Paramonai
1888:Hetaireia
1820:Foederati
1709:Diplomacy
1704:Diplomats
1610:Provinces
1439:Empresses
1242:Trebizond
1038:Preceding
708:Citations
600:Heraclian
343:Alb Limes
2794:Scholars
2787:Rhetoric
2777:Medicine
2752:Learning
2651:Calendar
2528:Painters
2227:Basilika
2165:Bulgaria
2127:Arianism
2078:Hayhurum
2055:Religion
2017:Admirals
1936:Allagion
1868:Droungos
1774:Generals
1736:Military
1699:Treaties
1605:Dioceses
1424:Emperors
1337:Sardinia
1317:Dalmatia
1297:Bulgaria
1287:Anatolia
1246:Theodoro
1240: /
1236: /
1228: /
961:(eds.).
934:(2018).
912:(1996).
671:See also
647:Stilicho
639:Claudian
633:' widow
619:Persians
563:Honorius
138:Admirals
113:Generals
44:a series
42:Part of
2903:Outline
2848:Museums
2748:Science
2725:Slavery
2681:Gardens
2661:Cuisine
2593:Dynatoi
2561:Coinage
2548:Economy
2516:Mosaics
2479:Mystras
2420:Ravenna
2282:Secular
2170:Moravia
1919:Pronoia
1893:Akritai
1878:Tagmata
1853:Themata
1794:Revolts
1764:Battles
1672:Kephale
1641:Themata
1571:Mesazon
1413:Central
1349:Maghreb
1302:Corsica
1292:Armenia
1282:Albania
1025:History
654:Rufinus
108:Auxilia
99:Legions
2913:Portal
2828:Impact
2708:People
2656:Cities
2506:Enamel
2287:Sacred
2222:Ecloga
2088:Saints
1997:Dromon
1873:Bandon
1863:Tourma
1846:Middle
1769:Beacon
1651:Bandon
1634:Middle
1503:Middle
1458:Senate
1381:Thrace
1364:Serbia
1342:Sicily
1327:Greece
1312:Cyprus
1230:Epirus
1226:Nicaea
1136:Middle
1013:topics
969:
942:
920:
897:
850:
822:
794:
625:, and
579:, one
241:
198:Castra
133:Fleets
60:AD 476
56:753 BC
46:on the
3000:This
2947:is a
2898:Index
2730:Death
2720:Women
2691:Music
2671:Dress
2666:Dance
2611:Novel
2571:Trade
2566:Mints
2511:Glass
2501:Icons
2297:Domes
2175:Serbs
1990:Samos
1803:Early
1593:Early
1467:Early
1376:Syria
1354:Malta
1332:Italy
1322:Egypt
1307:Crete
1238:Morea
1067:Early
682:Ka'ak
623:Goths
606:from
530:Greek
521:Latin
519:(the
301:Walls
295:Limes
218:Roads
3006:stub
2949:stub
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