369:. The blepharospasm referred to here is officially called benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) to distinguish it from the less serious secondary blinking disorders. "Benign" indicates the condition is not life-threatening, and "essential" is a medical term meaning "of unknown cause". It is both a cranial and a focal dystonia. Cranial refers to the head and focal indicates confinement to one part. The word dystonia describes abnormal involuntary sustained muscle contractions and spasms. Patients with blepharospasm have normal eyes. The visual disturbance is due solely to the forced closure of the eyelids.
181:
44:
153:
248:). Blepharospasm may lead to embarrassment in social situations, and oromandibular dystonia can affect speech, making it difficult to carry on the simplest conversations. This can cause difficulty in both personal and professional contexts, and in some cases may cause patients to withdraw from social situations.
334:
In addition, in some patients, the dystonic spasms may sometimes be provoked by certain activities, such as talking, chewing, or biting. Particular activities or sensory tricks may sometimes temporarily alleviate OMD symptoms, including chewing gum, talking, placing a toothpick in the mouth, lightly
372:
Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is a form of focal dystonia that affects varying areas of the head and neck including the lower face, jaw, tongue and larynx. The spasms may cause the mouth to pull open, shut tight, or move repetitively. Speech and swallowing may be distorted. It is often associated
343:
Meige's is commonly misdiagnosed and most doctors will not be familiar with this condition due to its rare incidence. Usually, a neurologist specializing in psychomotor disorders can detect Meige's. There are currently no technological diagnostic tools to detect Meige's, as it cannot be identified
520:
Czyz, Craig N; Burns, John A; Petrie, Thomas P; Watkins, John R; Cahill, Kenneth V; Foster, Jill A (2013). "Long-term
Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Benign Essential Blepharospasm, Hemifacial Spasm, and Meige Syndrome".
347:
Patients with idiopathic Meige's syndrome do not quickly respond to anticholinergic drug treatments, a diagnostic sign that can help differentiate it from acute dystonia, which does respond to anticholinergic drugs.
629:
614:
360:
means "eyelid". Spasm means "uncontrolled muscle contraction". The term blepharospasm can be applied to any abnormal blinking or eyelid tic or twitch resulting from any cause, ranging from dry eyes to
220:, the French neurologist who first described the symptoms in detail in 1910. The symptoms usually begin between the ages of 30 and 70 years old and appear to be more common in women than in men (2:1
1145:
1531:
1526:
1543:
1521:
495:
408:
In some cases Meige's syndrome can be reversed when it is caused by medication. Botulinum toxin injections can be helpful for the blepharospasm and for masseter spasm.
694:
344:
using blood chemistry analysis or radiological imaging, such as MRI or CT scans. A patient presenting with signs of OMD alone may be misdiagnosed with TMJD.
240:
thrusting. Some patients may experience excessive tongue protrusion, squinting, light sensitivity, muddled speech, or uncontrollable contraction of the
890:
224:). The combination of upper and lower dystonia is sometimes called cranial-cervical dystonia. The incidence is about one case in 20,000 people.
1612:
885:
687:
1513:
1503:
680:
108:
17:
1483:
1156:
80:
1508:
1140:
1622:
1346:
1334:
796:
61:
568:
87:
1627:
1565:
1498:
1053:
1268:
1071:
556:
127:
94:
580:
1387:
902:
878:
708:
76:
65:
1581:
1466:
1382:
1324:
1094:
873:
1550:
924:
396:). Some patients may also experience involuntary contractions of the wide muscle at the side of the neck (
1060:
1538:
1088:
760:
459:
Ananth J, Edelmuth E, Dargan B (April 1988). "Meige's
Syndrome Associated with Neuroleptic Treatment".
1488:
1456:
1430:
1408:
1257:
836:
1555:
1329:
743:
644:
180:
161:
1560:
1493:
1249:
1067:
919:
909:
753:
54:
672:
101:
1425:
1417:
1372:
1048:
1020:
868:
385:
216:
When OMD is combined with blepharospasm, it may be referred to as Meige's
Syndrome named after
210:
1440:
1314:
1132:
1110:
1025:
948:
858:
845:
770:
374:
1377:
1194:
1083:
164:
is one of the oldest known depictions of the facial dystonia associated with this syndrome.
8:
1306:
808:
748:
633:
384:
In patients with OMD, involuntary contractions may involve the muscles used for chewing (
378:
28:
400:). This muscle draws down the corner of the mouth and lower lip or other muscle groups.
1476:
1461:
1449:
1199:
1150:
987:
850:
738:
638:
366:
1617:
1239:
1205:
1177:
1168:
1100:
1076:
943:
791:
655:
538:
476:
417:
362:
169:
1362:
1233:
1228:
1013:
1008:
530:
468:
32:
1284:
975:
649:
397:
393:
389:
241:
1341:
1290:
1118:
827:
704:
660:
572:
442:
623:
534:
437:
330:
uncontrollable eyes closing shut (rare instances completely causing blindness)
1606:
1367:
1319:
1189:
958:
914:
765:
206:
863:
733:
716:
584:
542:
392:) and the broad muscle that draws back the lower jaw and closes the mouth (
560:
480:
472:
822:
783:
725:
321:
217:
388:). These may include the thick muscle in the cheek that closes the jaw (
933:
803:
301:
244:. Some Meige's patients also have "laryngeal dystonia" (spasms of the
606:
1043:
994:
982:
965:
897:
174:
43:
1518:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
1223:
1215:
1181:
1035:
938:
233:
194:
335:
touching the lips or chin, or applying pressure beneath the chin.
702:
273:
266:
496:"Medical mysteries: I opened my laptop and my eyes snapped shut"
1262:
1003:
970:
618:
245:
251:
The condition tends to affect women more frequently than men.
221:
314:
the first symptom to appear is an increased rate of blinking
237:
152:
205:. It is actually a combination of two forms of dystonia,
519:
288:
drawing back (retraction) of the corners of the mouth
596:
458:
68:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
351:
1604:
688:
160:This 16th-century painting by Flemish artist
454:
452:
450:
1407:
513:
282:sideways deviation or protrusion of the jaw
695:
681:
179:
151:
581:"Focal Dystonias: Oromandibular Dystonia"
447:
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
555:Paulson, George W. (December 13, 1997).
317:uncontrollable squinting/closing of eyes
571:. Dystonia.org.za. 2006. Archived from
554:
493:
377:), eyelids (Blepharospasm), or larynx (
373:with dystonia of the cervical muscles (
14:
1605:
1484:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
1157:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
291:deviation or protrusion of the tongue.
232:The main symptoms involve involuntary
1613:Extrapyramidal and movement disorders
676:
494:Boodman, Sandra G. (April 23, 2012).
1335:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
724:
327:squinting/eyes closing during speech
272:clenching or grinding of the teeth (
66:adding citations to reliable sources
37:
559:. Blepharospasm.org. Archived from
24:
1566:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
583:. WeMove.org. 2009. Archived from
25:
1639:
1269:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
1072:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
592:
523:American Journal of Ophthalmology
1289:For more detailed coverage, see
1267:For more detailed coverage, see
1238:For more detailed coverage, see
1204:For more detailed coverage, see
1155:For more detailed coverage, see
297:difficulties eating and drinking
42:
227:
53:needs additional citations for
487:
461:American Journal of Psychiatry
430:
352:Upper and lower dystonia types
265:difficulty opening the mouth (
13:
1:
1582:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1467:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
1325:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
423:
1551:Progressive muscular atrophy
403:
338:
7:
1623:Syndromes affecting the eye
1061:Primary progressive aphasia
411:
254:
10:
1644:
1383:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
1089:Posterior cortical atrophy
910:Striatonigral degeneration
761:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
285:lip tightening and pursing
26:
1628:Syndromes affecting teeth
1489:Spinal muscular atrophies
1457:Primary lateral sclerosis
1439:
1416:
1400:
1355:
1315:Intracranial hypertension
1305:
1277:
1248:
1214:
1176:
1165:
1131:
1109:
1095:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1034:
844:
835:
821:
781:
715:
600:
535:10.1016/j.ajo.2013.02.001
168:
159:
150:
145:
1556:Progressive bulbar palsy
1347:Intracranial hypotension
1330:Choroid plexus papilloma
744:Herpesviral encephalitis
162:Pieter Bruegel the Elder
27:Not to be confused with
18:Brueghel's syndrome
1068:Frontotemporal dementia
754:Encephalitis lethargica
300:difficulties speaking (
1373:Hepatic encephalopathy
309:Blepharospasm symptoms
260:Oromandibular Symptoms
211:oromandibular dystonia
197:. It is also known as
1431:Ataxia–telangiectasia
1388:Static encephalopathy
1111:Mitochondrial disease
949:Spasmodic torticollis
859:Basal ganglia disease
473:10.1176/ajp.145.4.513
375:Spasmodic Torticollis
279:spasms of jaw opening
1378:Toxic encephalopathy
1084:Lewy bodies dementia
203:oral facial dystonia
62:improve this article
1426:Friedreich's ataxia
809:Meningoencephalitis
749:Limbic encephalitis
386:masticatory muscles
379:Spasmodic Dysphonia
363:Tourette's syndrome
320:light sensitivity (
199:Brueghel's syndrome
1462:Pseudobulbar palsy
1200:Status epilepticus
1151:Multiple sclerosis
988:Myoclonic epilepsy
851:movement disorders
797:Acute disseminated
739:Viral encephalitis
557:"Meige's Syndrome"
367:tardive dyskinesia
77:"Meige's syndrome"
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1396:
1395:
1301:
1300:
1240:Template:Headache
1206:Template:Epilepsy
1127:
1126:
1101:Vascular dementia
944:Status dystonicus
817:
816:
792:Encephalomyelitis
670:
669:
529:(1): 173–177.e2.
394:temporalis muscle
188:
187:
140:Medical condition
138:
137:
130:
112:
16:(Redirected from
1635:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1363:Brain herniation
1174:
1173:
1014:Intention tremor
1009:Essential tremor
874:Postencephalitic
842:
841:
833:
832:
722:
721:
703:Diseases of the
697:
690:
683:
674:
673:
598:
597:
588:
576:
564:
547:
546:
517:
511:
510:
508:
506:
491:
485:
484:
456:
445:
434:
398:platysmal muscle
191:Meige's syndrome
184:
183:
155:
146:Meige's syndrome
143:
142:
133:
126:
122:
119:
113:
111:
70:
46:
38:
33:Meige lymphedema
29:Meigs's syndrome
21:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1588:
1514:Congenital DSMA
1435:
1392:
1351:
1297:
1285:Sleep disorders
1273:
1250:Cerebrovascular
1244:
1210:
1167:
1161:
1123:
1105:
1030:
976:Choreoathetosis
849:
826:
813:
777:
711:
701:
671:
666:
665:
609:
595:
579:
569:"Oromandibular"
567:
551:
550:
518:
514:
504:
502:
500:Washington Post
492:
488:
457:
448:
435:
431:
426:
414:
406:
390:masseter muscle
356:The Greek word
354:
341:
257:
242:platysma muscle
230:
178:
141:
134:
123:
117:
114:
71:
69:
59:
47:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1445:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1342:Cerebral edema
1339:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1291:Template:Sleep
1281:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1119:Leigh syndrome
1115:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
992:
991:
990:
980:
979:
978:
968:
963:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
930:
929:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
906:
905:
895:
894:
893:
883:
882:
881:
876:
871:
855:
853:
846:Extrapyramidal
839:
830:
828:encephalopathy
819:
818:
815:
814:
812:
811:
806:
801:
800:
799:
788:
786:
779:
778:
776:
775:
774:
773:
763:
758:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
730:
728:
719:
713:
712:
705:nervous system
700:
699:
692:
685:
677:
668:
667:
664:
663:
652:
641:
626:
610:
605:
604:
602:
601:Classification
594:
593:External links
591:
590:
589:
587:on 2009-02-28.
577:
575:on 2009-03-24.
565:
563:on 2012-02-06.
549:
548:
512:
486:
467:(4): 513–515.
446:
428:
427:
425:
422:
421:
420:
413:
410:
405:
402:
353:
350:
340:
337:
332:
331:
328:
325:
318:
315:
306:
305:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
270:
256:
253:
229:
226:
186:
185:
172:
166:
165:
157:
156:
148:
147:
139:
136:
135:
50:
48:
41:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1640:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:Reye syndrome
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:Hydrocephalus
1318:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1133:Demyelinating
1130:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:Restless legs
1019:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
996:
993:
989:
986:
985:
984:
981:
977:
974:
973:
972:
969:
967:
964:
960:
959:Blepharospasm
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
940:
937:
936:
935:
932:
931:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
915:Hemiballismus
913:
911:
908:
904:
901:
900:
899:
896:
892:
889:
888:
887:
884:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
865:
862:
861:
860:
857:
856:
854:
852:
847:
843:
840:
838:
834:
831:
829:
824:
820:
810:
807:
805:
802:
798:
795:
794:
793:
790:
789:
787:
785:
780:
772:
769:
768:
767:
766:Brain abscess
764:
762:
759:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
735:
732:
731:
729:
727:
723:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
698:
693:
691:
686:
684:
679:
678:
675:
662:
658:
657:
653:
651:
647:
646:
642:
640:
636:
635:
631:
627:
625:
621:
620:
616:
612:
611:
608:
603:
599:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
552:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
516:
501:
497:
490:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
455:
453:
451:
444:
443:Who Named It?
440:
439:
433:
429:
419:
416:
415:
409:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
370:
368:
364:
359:
349:
345:
336:
329:
326:
323:
319:
316:
313:
312:
311:
310:
303:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
271:
268:
264:
263:
262:
261:
252:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
225:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
207:blepharospasm
204:
200:
196:
193:is a type of
192:
182:
176:
173:
171:
167:
163:
158:
154:
149:
144:
132:
129:
121:
118:February 2020
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79: –
78:
74:
73:Find sources:
67:
63:
57:
56:
51:This article
49:
45:
40:
39:
34:
30:
19:
1576:
1475:
1448:
1409:Degenerative
1146:Inflammatory
1093:
1026:Stiff-person
953:
864:Parkinsonism
837:Degenerative
734:Encephalitis
717:Inflammation
707:, primarily
654:
643:
628:
613:
585:the original
573:the original
561:the original
526:
522:
515:
503:. Retrieved
499:
489:
464:
460:
436:
432:
407:
383:
371:
357:
355:
346:
342:
333:
308:
307:
259:
258:
250:
231:
228:Presentation
215:
202:
198:
190:
189:
124:
115:
105:
98:
91:
84:
72:
60:Please help
55:verification
52:
1561:Fazio–Londe
1401:Both/either
1195:Generalised
1054:Early-onset
1049:Alzheimer's
784:spinal cord
418:Mogigraphia
322:photophobia
218:Henri Meige
1607:Categories
1169:paroxysmal
1141:Autoimmune
934:Dyskinesia
804:Meningitis
782:Brain and
656:DiseasesDB
424:References
302:dysarthria
88:newspapers
1166:Episodic/
1044:Tauopathy
995:Akathisia
983:Myoclonus
966:Athetosis
898:Tauopathy
505:April 24,
404:Treatment
358:blepharon
339:Diagnosis
175:Neurology
170:Specialty
1618:Dystonia
1532:SMALED2B
1527:SMALED2A
1224:Migraine
1216:Headache
1182:epilepsy
1178:Seizures
1036:Dementia
939:Dystonia
543:23541393
438:synd/547
412:See also
294:jaw pain
255:Symptoms
234:blinking
195:dystonia
1544:SMA-PME
1539:SMA-PCH
1522:SMALED1
1234:Tension
1229:Cluster
954:Meige's
771:Amoebic
650:D008538
481:2894781
274:bruxism
267:trismus
213:(OMD).
102:scholar
1263:Stroke
1077:Pick's
1004:Tremor
971:Chorea
639:333.82
541:
479:
246:larynx
177:
104:
97:
90:
83:
75:
1577:both:
1509:DSMA1
1504:SMAX2
1499:SMAX1
1479:only:
1452:only:
1356:Other
1278:Other
1190:Focal
823:Brain
726:Brain
661:31428
624:G24.4
222:ratio
109:JSTOR
95:books
1180:and
891:PKAN
886:NBIA
645:MeSH
634:9-CM
539:PMID
507:2012
477:PMID
238:chin
236:and
209:and
201:and
81:news
1494:SMA
1477:LMN
1450:UMN
1441:MND
1307:CSF
1258:TIA
903:PSP
879:NMS
848:and
709:CNS
630:ICD
615:ICD
531:doi
527:156
469:doi
465:145
441:at
381:).
365:to
64:by
31:or
1609::
1418:SA
925:OA
920:HD
869:PD
659::
648::
637::
622::
619:10
537:.
525:.
498:.
475:.
463:.
449:^
1070:/
825:/
696:e
689:t
682:v
632:-
617:-
607:D
545:.
533::
509:.
483:.
471::
324:)
304:)
276:)
269:)
131:)
125:(
120:)
116:(
106:·
99:·
92:·
85:·
58:.
35:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
