270:
86:
42:
61:
382:
284:, with two plumages. Roughly one quarter of the individuals (a smaller percentage than in Foveaux shag) are pied, with dark and white feathers, and the rest, known as bronze shags, are dark all over. Both morphs breed together. These large, chunky birds are about 70 cm long and weigh about 2–3 kg, slightly larger than the closely related
291:
Otago shags vary in their facial ornamentation in the breeding season. Roughly half of breeding individuals have dark orange papillae on their face (as in
Foveaux shag), while the other half have small bright orange caruncles above the base of the bill instead.
304:
Until 2016, Otago shags and the closely related shags living around
Stewart Island and Foveaux Strait were considered to be a single species, called the Stewart Island shag. Mitochondrial DNA suggests Otago shags are actually more closely related to
378:. Restricted to a small area, and having little or no genetic variation, they require conservation efforts tailored to these extinction risk factors; this could include reintroduction to part of their former range.
362:, but when humans arrived the population was devastated, reduced by 99 percent within 100 years with a corresponding loss of genetic diversity. It became restricted to the rocky offshore islets off the
551:
Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Scofield, R. Paul; Spencer, Hamish G.; Lalas, Chris; Easton, Luke J.; Tennyson, Alan J.D.; Adams, Mark; Pasquet, Eric; Fraser, Cody; Waters, Jonathan M.; Kennedy, Martyn (2016).
485:
Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Till, Charlotte E.; Scofield, R. Paul; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Collins, Catherine J.; Lalas, Chris; Loh, Graeme; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Waters, Jonathan M. (2014).
393:
on islands and sea cliffs. Colonies are large enough to be strikingly visible, and are used year after year. One notable colony is on the northern shore of
1651:
397:, at the mouth of the Otago Harbour. They feed in coastal waters less than 30 m deep and are rarely if ever seen inland or far out to sea.
735:
1805:
1777:
1612:
344:
is a distinct genus, which would contain amongst other species the Otago, Foveaux, and
Chatham shags. Others place it in the genus
1825:
1625:
1830:
1697:
711:
1630:
762:
358:
Archaeological evidence shows that Otago shags were formerly found along the entire east coast of the South Island up to
1815:
366:, and has scarcely recovered since that time. There are less than 2500 Otago shags remaining, but they can be seen at
1820:
1656:
1551:
296:
colour in the breeding season also varies, from bright orange (as in
Foveaux shag) to dark orange to purple.
624:
487:"Strong Phylogeographic Structure in a Sedentary Seabird, the Stewart Island Shag (Leucocarbo chalconotus)"
1591:
1586:
17:
389:
Otago shags breed colonially from May to
September, making raised cup nests out of organic material and
438:
85:
325:. Foveaux and Otago shags probably diverged when populations were split up by lower sea levels in the
1676:
1565:
1205:
650:
1340:
1235:
755:
677:
848:
1728:
1573:
1513:
1215:
281:
1643:
1723:
1421:
1302:
1276:
1210:
858:
853:
588:
Kennedy, Martyn; Spencer, Hamish G. (2014). "Classification of the cormorants of the world".
180:
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1320:
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498:
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8:
1810:
1345:
1312:
1111:
1015:
748:
557:
shag (Aves, Pelecaniformes, Phalacrocoracidae) from southern South Island of New
Zealand"
415:
246:
50:
1741:
502:
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1240:
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80:
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771:
511:
363:
330:
601:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1281:
1225:
1190:
1106:
947:
337:. Other taxonomists have kept the Otago shag and the Foveaux shag conspecific.
157:
1799:
1638:
1457:
1447:
1442:
1370:
1176:
424:
367:
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70:
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41:
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107:
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814:
797:
390:
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334:
258:
770:
550:
484:
407:
127:
1133:
890:
553:"Genetic and morphological evidence for two species of
413:
273:
An 1844 painting by
Hullmandel of the bronze phase of
1317:
439:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696853A133556225.en
317:and genetic differences supported separating off
1797:
701:
461:"Otago shag | Matapo | New Zealand Birds Online"
353:
587:
756:
704:The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand
675:
625:"Meet our 'newest' endangered bird species"
763:
749:
333:were subsequently colonised by shags from
59:
40:
702:Heather, Barrie; Robertson, Hugh (2015).
695:
572:
561:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
520:
510:
437:
380:
340:A recent taxonomic revision argues that
268:
14:
1798:
676:Chamberlain, Rhys (18 February 2016).
622:
1512:
1511:
1132:
1036:
889:
787:
744:
706:. New Zealand: Penguin. p. 290.
590:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1677:142ade09-25a7-4fcf-9abd-0f0bb6704dd7
1460:(imperial cormorant, blue-eyed shag)
546:
544:
542:
540:
651:"New Otago shag species discovered"
425:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
24:
623:Morton, Jamie (17 February 2016).
25:
1842:
724:
537:
299:
1806:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
730:Otago shag discussed on RadioNZ
84:
414:BirdLife International (2018).
1826:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
669:
643:
616:
581:
478:
453:
264:
13:
1:
400:
354:Distribution and conservation
249:and in its dark phase as the
1831:Endemic birds of New Zealand
859:Christmas Island frigatebird
512:10.1371/journal.pone.0090769
7:
1160:
1071:
917:
823:
602:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.020
10:
1847:
374:, and as far south as the
257:now found only in coastal
1816:Birds of the South Island
1752:
1520:
1399:
1379:
1359:
1329:
1291:
1250:
1174:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1128:
1085:
1070:
1061:
1057:
1032:
994:
976:
931:
916:
907:
903:
885:
837:
822:
813:
809:
783:
432:: e.T22696853A133556225.
275:Phalacrocorax chalconotus
215:Phalacrocorax chalconotus
212:
205:
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
1341:Double-crested cormorant
1236:White-breasted cormorant
678:"Otago shag new species"
1821:Birds described in 1845
1284:(long-tailed cormorant)
849:Magnificent frigatebird
321:as a distinct species,
1742:Leucocarbo-chalconotus
1552:Leucocarbo chalconotus
1522:Leucocarbo chalconotus
1413:(Magellanic cormorant)
1243:(Temminck's cormorant)
1216:Little black cormorant
778:(Phalacrocoraciformes)
629:The New Zealand Herald
418:Leucocarbo chalconotus
386:
277:
245:formerly known as the
238:
230:Leucocarbo chalconotus
190:Leucocarbo chalconotus
1724:Paleobiology Database
1422:New Zealand king shag
1277:Little pied cormorant
1211:Black-faced cormorant
854:Ascension frigatebird
655:39 Dunedin Television
385:Otago Shag - Otago NZ
384:
272:
241:), together with the
1754:Graculus chalconotus
1391:Red-legged cormorant
1351:Flightless cormorant
1321:Spectacled cormorant
1141:: Phalacrocoracidae)
1045:: Anhingidae ·
796:: Fregatidae ·
465:nzbirdsonline.org.nz
1667:stewart-island-shag
1346:Neotropic cormorant
1313:Red-faced cormorant
1112:Australasian darter
1016:Australasian gannet
892:Gannets and boobies
732:Critter of the Week
503:2014PLoSO...990769R
247:Stewart Island shag
172:L. chalconotus
51:Conservation status
1489:South Georgia shag
1424:(rough-faced shag)
1303:Brandt's cormorant
1241:Japanese cormorant
869:Lesser frigatebird
657:. 18 February 2016
387:
370:, as far north as
311:Leucocarbo onslowi
278:
253:, is a species of
1793:
1792:
1711:Open Tree of Life
1514:Taxon identifiers
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1464:Heard Island shag
1308:Pelagic cormorant
1262:Crowned cormorant
1186:Socotra cormorant
1170:
1169:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1081:
1080:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
943:Blue-footed booby
927:
926:
881:
880:
877:
876:
864:Great frigatebird
833:
832:
713:978-0-143-57092-9
682:Otago Daily Times
574:10.1111/zoj.12376
221:
220:
148:Phalacrocoracidae
74:
16:(Redirected from
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1566:483FA17D5EC47483
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1541:
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1539:
1509:
1508:
1417:Guanay cormorant
1319:
1267:Little cormorant
1221:Indian cormorant
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1156:
1148:
1147:
1130:
1129:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1034:
1033:
963:Red-footed booby
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1685:Observation.org
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1506:
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1375:
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1325:
1287:
1272:Pygmy cormorant
1246:
1231:Great cormorant
1166:
1142:
1116:
1102:Oriental darter
1077:
1053:
1020:
1006:Northern gannet
990:
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364:Otago Peninsula
356:
331:Chatham Islands
302:
280:The species is
267:
261:, New Zealand.
201:
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188:
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83:
75:
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60:
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28:
27:Species of bird
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1609:
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1518:
1517:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1484:Macquarie shag
1481:
1479:Kerguelen shag
1476:
1474:Antarctic shag
1471:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
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1430:
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1419:
1414:
1407:
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1324:
1323:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1282:Reed cormorant
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1226:Cape cormorant
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1206:Pied cormorant
1203:
1198:
1193:
1191:Bank cormorant
1188:
1182:
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1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1154:
1144:
1143:
1126:
1125:
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1121:
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1117:
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1114:
1109:
1107:African darter
1104:
1099:
1093:
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1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1002:
1000:
992:
991:
989:
988:
986:Abbott's booby
982:
980:
974:
973:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
948:Peruvian booby
945:
939:
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725:External links
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567:(3): 676–694.
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1485:
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1467:
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1462:
1459:
1458:Imperial shag
1456:
1454:
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1449:
1448:Campbell shag
1446:
1444:
1443:Auckland shag
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1371:European shag
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1192:
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1177:Phalacrocorax
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347:Phalacrocorax
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319:Foveaux shags
316:
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307:Chatham shags
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72:
67:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1753:
1521:
1438:Chatham shag
1432:
1428:Foveaux shag
1400:
1382:Poikilocarbo
1380:
1360:
1330:
1292:
1251:
1201:Spotted shag
1175:
1161:
1086:
1072:
1049:
995:
977:
953:Masked booby
932:
918:
838:
824:
801:
790:Frigatebirds
736:4 March 2016
731:
703:
697:
685:. Retrieved
681:
671:
659:. Retrieved
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645:
633:. Retrieved
628:
618:
593:
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583:
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560:
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494:
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468:. Retrieved
464:
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443:. Retrieved
429:
423:
417:
409:
395:Taiaroa Head
388:
357:
345:
341:
339:
322:
315:osteological
310:
303:
290:
286:Foveaux shag
279:
274:
250:
243:Foveaux shag
229:
228:
224:
222:
214:
213:
189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
29:
1546:Wikispecies
1469:Crozet shag
1453:Bounty shag
1332:Nannopterum
1011:Cape gannet
968:Brown booby
958:Nazca booby
596:: 249–257.
470:26 November
445:18 November
360:Marlborough
327:Pleistocene
323:L. stewarti
294:Gular pouch
265:Description
251:bronze shag
35:Otago shag
18:Bronze Shag
1811:Leucocarbo
1800:Categories
1737:Xeno-canto
1433:Otago shag
1402:Leucocarbo
1253:Microcarbo
1135:Cormorants
898:: Sulidae)
776:Suliformes
555:Leucocarbo
401:References
342:Leucocarbo
329:, and the
225:Otago shag
159:Leucocarbo
138:Suliformes
66:Vulnerable
1769:Q50877964
1537:Q27074618
1411:Rock shag
1196:Pitt shag
282:dimorphic
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1763:Wikidata
1644:22696853
1579:22696853
1574:BirdLife
1531:Wikidata
978:Papasula
610:24994028
531:24614677
491:PLOS ONE
207:Synonyms
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1783:8815392
1703:1610891
1618:5789268
1561:Avibase
1362:Gulosus
1163:Species
1097:Anhinga
1088:Anhinga
1074:Species
1050:Anhinga
1039:Darters
920:Species
840:Fregata
826:Species
802:Fregata
687:2 March
661:2 March
635:2 March
522:3948693
499:Bibcode
376:Catlins
313:), and
200:, 1845)
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1729:399998
1716:480890
1674:NZOR:
1664:NZBO:
1657:146625
1631:824007
1592:198413
1139:family
1043:family
896:family
794:family
710:
631:. NZME
608:
529:
519:
372:Oamaru
239:Matapo
1690:73435
1605:6Q5KH
1294:Urile
1152:Genus
1063:Genus
1047:genus
997:Morus
909:Genus
815:Genus
798:genus
772:Order
391:guano
335:Otago
259:Otago
235:Māori
1778:GBIF
1698:OBIS
1652:NCBI
1639:IUCN
1626:ITIS
1613:GBIF
1587:BOLD
934:Sula
708:ISBN
689:2016
663:2016
637:2016
606:PMID
527:PMID
472:2023
447:2021
430:2018
255:shag
223:The
198:Gray
128:Aves
1600:CoL
598:doi
569:doi
565:177
517:PMC
507:doi
434:doi
233:) (
1802::
1780::
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1318:†
1137:(
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
