368:
31:
6269:
973:
221:
816:. Examination of the journal by Hume in 2003 revealed only a description of the dodo. He suggested that the distinctively drawn facial mask may represent a separate colour. Hume suggested in 1987 that in addition to size dimorphism, the sexes may have had different colours, which would explain some of the discrepancies in the old descriptions. The head was evidently blue, and in 2007, Hume suggested the beak may have been red, and the rest of the plumage greyish or blackish, which also occurs in other members of Psittaculini.
6281:
909:
602:
1081:
85:
842:
712:
6245:
777:
4454:
1184:
59:
4478:
2454:
6257:
748:, and a slightly bifurcated tail, with the two central feathers longer than the rest. Measurements of some of the first known bones show that the mandible was 65β78 millimetres (2.6β3.1 in) in length, 65 mm (2.6 in) in width, the femur was 58β63 mm (2.3β2.5 in) in length, the tibia was 88β99 mm (3.5β3.9 in), and the metatarsus 35 mm (1.4 in). The sternum was relatively reduced.
4490:
4466:
2442:
6233:
1180:, actually have weak jaws in life, and that the morphologies cited by Holyoak do not indicate strength. Hume pointed out in 2007 that the mandible morphology of the broad-billed parrot is comparable to that of the largest living parrot, the hyacinth macaw, which cracks open palm nuts with ease. It is therefore probable that the broad-billed parrot fed in the same manner.
928:. In species where it occurs, the sexes prefer food of different sizes, the males use their beaks in rituals, or the sexes have specialised roles in nesting and rearing. Similarly, the large difference between male and female head size may have been reflected in the ecology of each sex, though it is impossible to determine how.
755:
in size between male and female skulls is the largest among parrots. Differences in the bones of the rest of the body and limbs are less pronounced; nevertheless, it had greater sexual dimorphism in overall size than any living parrot. The size differences between the two birds in the 1601 sketch may
900:
keel, is capable of gliding. Furthermore, Hoffman's account states that it could fly, albeit with difficulty, and the first published illustration shows the bird on top of a tree, an improbable position for a flightless bird. The broad-billed parrot may have been behaviourally near-flightless, like
792:
There has been some confusion over the colouration of the broad-billed parrot. The report of van Neck's 1598 voyage, published in 1601, contained the first illustration of the parrot, with a caption stating that the bird had "two or three colours". The last account of the bird, and the only mention
553:
examined an unlabelled pen-and-ink sketch in it. Realising that the drawing, which is attributed to the Dutch artist Joris
Joostensz Laerle, depicted the parrot described by Owen, Schlegel made the connection with the old journal descriptions. Because its bones and crest are significantly different
1233:, and it was used from then on for the provisioning of trade vessels of the Dutch East India Company. To the Dutch sailors who visited Mauritius from 1598 and onwards, the fauna was mainly interesting from a culinary standpoint. Of the eight or so parrot species endemic to the Mascarenes, only the
623:
speculated that reports of grey
Mauritian parrots referred to the broad-billed parrot. In 1973, based on remains collected by the French amateur naturalist Louis Etienne Thirioux in the early 20th century, the British ornithologist Daniel T. Holyoak placed a small subfossil Mauritian parrot in the
1252:
and rats. Various sources indicate the bird was aggressive, which may explain why it held out so long against introduced animals after all. The bird is believed to have become extinct by the 1680s, when the palms it may have sustained itself on were harvested on a large scale. Unlike other parrot
819:
In 2015, a translation of the 1660s report of the Dutch soldier
Johannes Pretorius about his stay on Mauritius (from 1666 to 1669) was published, wherein he described the bird as "very beautifully coloured". Hume accordingly reinterpreted Hoffman's account, and suggested the bird may have been
739:
sketch was examined in 2003 by Hume, who compared the ink finish with the underlying pencil sketch and found that the latter showed several additional details. The pencil sketch depicts the crest as a tuft of rounded feathers attached to the front of the head at the base of the beak, and shows
1261:
associated with ravens. The birds would not in any case have survived such a journey if they refused to eat anything but seeds. Cheke pointed out in 2013 that hunting of this species was never reported and that deforestation was minimal at the time. He also suggested that old birds would have
968:
may have been suggested by the bird's harsh call, its behavioural traits, or just its dark plumage. The following description by the Dutch bookkeeper Jacob
Granaet from 1666 mentions some of the broad-billed parrot's co-inhabitants of the forests, and might indicate its demeanour:
342:
in overall size and head size than any living parrot. The exact colouration is unknown, but a contemporary description indicates that it had multiple colours, including a blue head, and perhaps a red body and beak. It is believed to have been a weak flier, but not
698:
features and the fact that parrots from that group have managed to colonise many isolated islands in the Indian Ocean. The
Psittaculini may have invaded the area several times, as many of the species were so specialised that they may have evolved significantly on
1134:. The broad-billed parrot and other extinct Mascarene birds, such as the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire could only reach seeds at low heights, and were therefore probably important seed-dispeersers, able to destroy the largest seeds among the Mascarene flora.
679:, so it was possible for species to colonise some of the then less isolated islands. Although most extinct parrot species of the Mascarenes are poorly known, subfossil remains show that they shared features such as enlarged heads and jaws, reduced
760:" among the animals of the island. A full transcript of the original text was only published in 2003, and showed that a comma had been incorrectly placed in the English translation; "large and small" instead referred to "field-hens", possibly the
955:
side of
Mauritius, which was the most accessible for people, and it was noted that birds were more abundant near the coast, which may indicate that the fauna of such areas was more diverse. It may have nested in tree cavities or rocks, like the
663:
features, Newton and Gadow thought it to be closely related to the
Rodrigues parrot in 1893, but were unable to determine whether they both belonged in the same genus, since a crest was only known from the latter. The British ornithologist
797:
There are also geese, flamingos, three species of pigeon of varied colours, mottled and green perroquets, red crows with recurved beaks and with blue heads, which fly with difficulty and have received from the Dutch the name of Indian
1157:
had been discovered, which he attributed to its delicateness. The
British ornithologist George A. Smith, however, pointed out that the four genera Holyoak used as examples of "strong jawed" parrots based on radiographs,
756:
be due to this feature. A 1602 account by the Dutch sailor Reyer
Cornelisz has traditionally been interpreted as the only contemporary mention of size differences among broad-billed parrots, listing "large and small
726:
The broad-billed parrot had a disproportionately large head and jaws, and the skull was flattened from top to bottom, unlike in other
Mascarene parrots. Ridges on the skull indicate that its distinct frontal
857:
The Indian ravens are very beautifully coloured. They cannot fly and are not often found. This kind is a very bad tempered bird. When captive it refuses to eat. It would prefer to die rather than to live in
828:
agreed in 2017 that the bill was red (at least in males), but interpreted Hoffman's account as suggesting a more subdued reddish-brown colouration in general, with a pale bluish-grey head, similar to the
333:
The broad-billed parrot's head was large in proportion to its body, and there was a distinct crest of feathers on the front of the head. The bird had a very large beak, comparable in size to that of the
1104:
macaws, which are habitual ground dwellers, eat very hard palm nuts. Many types of palms and palm-like plants on Mauritius produce hard seeds that the broad-billed parrot may have eaten, including
433:, did not paint this species and it does not appear to have been transported from Mauritius, they may have read about it or heard about it from the latter's contacts in the court of Emperor
878:
sketch. According to Hume, the underlying pencil sketch actually shows that the wings are not particularly short. They appear broad, as they commonly are in forest-adapted species, and the
311:
mandible in 1866, but this was not linked to the old accounts until the rediscovery of a detailed 1601 sketch that matched both the subfossils and the accounts. It is unclear what other
992:
Within the forest dwell parrots, turtle and other wild doves, mischievous and unusually large ravens , falcons, bats and other birds whose name I do not know, never having seen before.
1908:
Cheke, A. S. (1987). "An ecological history of the Mascarene Islands, with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates". In Diamond, A. W. (ed.).
1145:
of the broad-billed parrot was weakly constructed and suggested that it would have fed on soft fruits rather than hard seeds. As evidence, he pointed out that the internal
1000:
of the island is severely damaged and hard to reconstruct. Before humans arrived, Mauritius was entirely covered in forests, almost all of which have since been lost to
824:
or glossy feathers that changed appearance according to angle of light may also have given the impression that it had even more colours. The Australian ornithologist
1229:
and Portuguese ships between 1507 and 1513, they did not settle on the island. The Dutch Empire acquired the island in 1598, renaming it after the Dutch stadtholder
1213:
tortoises and dodos performed the same function on Mauritius, and that the broad-billed parrot, with its macaw-like beak, depended on them to obtain cleaned seeds.
458:
in 1848, because he interpreted the projection on the forehead in the 1601 illustration as a horn. The Dutch and the French also referred to South American
4744:
1576:
1244:, Hume stated in 2007 the broad-billed parrot was easy prey for sailors who visited Mauritius, and their nests would have been extremely vulnerable to
672:
6567:
5267:
4884:
4650:
2417:"Extinct birds of the Mascarenes and Seychelles β a review of the causes of extinction in the light of an important new publication on extinct birds"
518:
The first known physical remain of the broad-billed parrot was a subfossil mandible collected along with the first batch of dodo bones found in the
4730:
3366:
1008:
is still seriously threatened. The broad-billed parrot lived alongside other recently extinct Mauritian birds such as the dodo, the red rail, the
6562:
5008:
6522:
4751:
4691:
1735:
507:
was in favour of this idea as late as 1993. No remains of hornbills have ever been found on the island, and apart from an extinct species from
1956:
Hume, J. P.; Winters, R. (2015). "Captive birds on Dutch Mauritius: Bad-tempered parrots, warty pigeons and notes on other native animals".
5020:
4737:
751:
Subfossils show that the males were larger, measuring 55β65 centimetres (22β26 in) to the females' 45β55 cm (18β22 in). The
4621:
2446:
1362:
Winters, R. (2020). "The Dutch East India Company and the Transport of Live Exotic Animals in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries".
5561:
4528:
1802:"Reappraisal of the parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from the Mascarene Islands, with comments on their ecology, morphology, and affinities"
1257:
by sailors, there are no records of broad-billed parrots being transported from Mauritius either live or dead, perhaps because of the
303:" in Dutch ships' journals from 1598 onwards. Only a few brief contemporary descriptions and three depictions are known. It was first
731:
of feathers was firmly attached, and that the bird, unlike cockatoos, could not raise or lower it. The width of the hind edge of the
2147:
Carpenter, J. K.; Wilmshurst, J. M.; McConkey, K. R.; Hume, J. P.; Wotton, D. M.; Shiels, A. B.; Burge, O. R.; Drake, D. R. (2020).
853:
Pretorius kept various now-extinct Mauritian birds in captivity, and described the behaviour of the broad-billed parrot as follows:
386:
in 1598. They appear in reports published in 1601, which also contain the first illustration of the bird, along with the first of a
6484:
6391:
2219:
Holyoak, D. T. (1973). "Comments on taxonomy and relationships in the parrot subfamilies Nestorinae, Loriinae and Platycercinae".
3361:
6572:
6512:
2486:
2283:"New discoveries from old sources, with reference to the original bird and mammal fauna of the Mascarene Islands, Indian Ocean"
1037:
630:. In 2007, on the basis of a comparison of subfossils, and correlated with old descriptions of small grey parrots, the British
6557:
2364:
2130:
2037:
1933:
1875:
1719:
1651:
1586:
1463:
1379:
1237:
of Mauritius has survived. The others were likely all made extinct by a combination of excessive hunting and deforestation.
526:
described the mandible in 1866 and identified it as belonging to a large parrot species, to which he gave the binomial name
6547:
920:
Sexual dimorphism in beak size may have affected behaviour. Such dimorphism is common in other parrots, for example in the
643:
and called it Thirioux's grey parrot. Hume also reidentified a skull found by Thirioux that was originally assigned to the
379:
413:") without accompanying useful descriptions, which caused confusion when their journals were studied. The Dutch painter
6537:
1195:
The Brazilian ornithologist Carlos Yamashita suggested in 1997 that macaws once depended on now-extinct South American
6542:
2746:
2000:
675:
and Hume have proposed that this may be the case for all the parrots there as well. Sea levels were lower during the
2380:
Schaper, M. T.; Goupille, M. (2003). "Fostering enterprise development in the Indian Ocean: The case of Mauritius".
820:
brightly coloured with a red body, blue head, and red beak; the bird was illustrated as such in the paper. Possible
671:
Many endemic Mascarene birds, including the dodo, are derived from South Asian ancestors, and the British ecologist
6552:
488:], fierce and indomitable", but naturalists did not realise that he was referring to the same bird. Even after
2905:
1199:
to eat fruits and excrete the seeds, and that they later relied on domesticated cattle to do this. Similarly, in
812:
1801:
4521:
1592:
1041:
541:"broad-billed parrot" was first used by Owen in a 1866 lecture. In 1868, shortly after the 1601 journal of the
578:
means parrot. More fossils were later found by Theodore Sauzier, and described by the British ornithologists
466:" during the 17th century, and the name was used for hornbills by Dutch, French, and English speakers in the
788:
sketch), inaccurately showing the bird as entirely blue; the body probably had a different colour in reality
735:(where the two halves of the lower jaw connected) indicate that the jaws were comparatively broad. The 1601
1613:"IX. On additional bones of the Dodo and other extinct birds of Mauritius obtained by Mr. Theodore Sauzier"
659:
The taxonomic affinities of the broad-billed parrot are undetermined. Considering its large jaws and other
651:) as belonging to the broad-billed parrot instead, making it only the second skull known of this species.
84:
6527:
4494:
3351:
2653:
810:
journal described the bird as entirely blue-grey, and it was restored this way in Rothschild's 1907 book
338:, which would have enabled it to crack hard seeds. Its bones indicate that the species exhibited greater
2515:(extinctions: β indicates a species confirmed to be extinct, β΄ indicates evidence only from sub-fossils)
378:
The earliest known descriptions of the broad-billed parrot were provided by Dutch travellers during the
6532:
6223:
3133:
2658:
2566:
2479:
2029:
1053:
1049:
1612:
1302:
870:(tree-dwelling) characteristics. The Newton brothers and many authors after them inferred that it was
6334:
4514:
3048:
3038:
1892:
394:, more than twice as big as the parroquets, of two or three colours". The Dutch sailors who visited
374:
from 1601, with the first published depiction of a broad-billed parrot (5, perched in a tree above).
3374:
3356:
2814:
2637:
2290:
1545:
1118:
542:
304:
1917:
1703:
1518:
3379:
2834:
2809:
2647:
2627:
2551:
1009:
680:
383:
30:
6435:
3053:
6342:
6297:
4773:
4470:
3346:
3158:
3108:
2458:
684:
626:
6422:
367:
6430:
5052:
4506:
3183:
2819:
2794:
2472:
2025:
1124:
1058:
1045:
1033:
1013:
943:, two extant ground-dwelling parrots. Contemporary accounts do not corroborate this, and the
441:
190:
6448:
1909:
1695:
6517:
6378:
6347:
3811:
2829:
2804:
2799:
2788:
2778:
2767:
2622:
2592:
2556:
2228:
2160:
1188:
1025:
765:
732:
695:
1483:
8:
6285:
4629:
3341:
3233:
3173:
3118:
2898:
2772:
2683:
2642:
2617:
2561:
1910:
1696:
1249:
1017:
902:
48:
2232:
2164:
1279:
1062:
lived on Mauritius and RΓ©union but became extinct in both islands. Some plants, such as
4659:
4124:
3188:
3148:
3113:
2698:
2693:
2586:
2531:
2397:
2267:
2178:
2018:
1973:
1729:
1680:
1646:. New York: American Committee for International Wild Life Protection 13. p. 126.
1628:
1561:
1503:
1385:
1106:
1086:
1064:
977:
745:
471:
398:
categorised the broad-billed parrots separately from parrots, and referred to them as "
237:
79:
781:
683:
bones, and robust leg bones. Hume has suggested that they have a common origin in the
5721:
4477:
4250:
4197:
4147:
3290:
3280:
3223:
3023:
3018:
2958:
2728:
2718:
2688:
2632:
2416:
2401:
2360:
2310:
2182:
2126:
2033:
1996:
1929:
1871:
1715:
1647:
1582:
1459:
1389:
1375:
1230:
1154:
932:
862:
Though the broad-billed parrot may have fed on the ground and been a weak flier, its
825:
803:
793:
of specific colours, was by the German preacher Johann Christian Hoffman in 1673β75:
752:
339:
288:
2282:
1977:
6475:
6017:
5600:
5203:
4997:
4590:
4575:
4569:
4116:
3258:
2930:
2867:
2824:
2738:
2663:
2389:
2263:
2236:
2168:
2099:
2066:
1965:
1921:
1838:
1818:
1782:
1707:
1676:
1624:
1557:
1499:
1367:
1297:
1254:
996:
Many other endemic species of Mauritius were lost after human colonisation, so the
925:
830:
802:
In spite of the mention of several colours, authors such as the British naturalist
728:
715:
665:
644:
550:
352:
323:
281:
6357:
2122:
Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, RΓ©union & Rodrigues
1969:
668:
instead found their skulls too dissimilar for them to be close relatives in 1987.
5123:
4875:
4844:
4792:
4666:
4348:
4176:
3646:
3168:
3153:
3091:
2990:
2918:
2733:
2495:
2120:
1925:
1711:
1241:
1130:
1112:
1094:
Species that are morphologically similar to the broad-billed parrot, such as the
944:
863:
741:
688:
631:
519:
316:
1371:
390:. The description for the illustration reads: "5* Is a bird which we called the
6261:
6249:
6161:
6141:
6032:
5878:
5797:
5769:
5762:
5678:
5662:
5332:
5241:
5069:
4973:
4940:
4816:
4721:
4538:
4458:
4388:
4340:
4274:
4213:
4168:
4155:
4029:
3992:
3843:
3617:
3454:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3178:
3163:
3058:
3033:
3028:
3010:
2891:
2846:
2723:
1095:
1029:
1021:
719:
700:
620:
512:
496:
430:
335:
2104:
2087:
2071:
2054:
1822:
893:
503:" was a hornbill whose remains awaited discovery. The Mauritian ornithologist
437:(Roelant painted other extinct Mauritian species in the emperor's menagerie).
315:
it was most closely related to, but it has been classified as a member of the
6506:
6417:
6273:
6061:
6052:
5902:
5887:
5860:
5818:
5705:
5653:
5495:
5467:
5380:
5371:
5309:
5284:
5277:
5116:
5062:
4823:
4762:
4673:
4396:
4380:
4303:
4295:
4129:
3927:
3777:
3664:
3622:
3422:
3414:
3336:
3300:
3218:
3142:
2970:
2783:
2356:
1786:
1288:
1258:
1234:
1164:
1150:
1100:
1001:
972:
921:
579:
571:
559:
508:
348:
284:
166:
146:
69:
2173:
2148:
220:
6320:
6244:
6237:
6115:
6003:
5961:
5945:
5927:
5839:
5811:
5790:
5783:
5741:
5629:
5609:
5551:
5502:
5460:
5453:
5432:
5318:
5291:
5173:
5158:
5031:
4906:
4892:
4605:
4482:
4226:
4071:
3887:
3725:
3673:
3545:
3506:
3275:
3263:
3253:
3243:
2940:
2499:
1479:
1209:
1080:
957:
940:
888:
691:
660:
523:
504:
414:
319:
210:
6404:
6189:
6168:
6097:
6070:
6041:
5989:
5968:
5867:
5825:
5748:
5714:
5638:
5568:
5539:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5339:
5182:
5151:
5091:
5040:
4922:
4854:
4680:
4287:
4134:
3940:
3919:
3908:
3873:
3740:
3730:
3688:
3579:
3446:
3248:
3073:
3068:
3000:
2985:
2953:
2674:
2608:
2597:
2542:
1226:
1200:
1069:
908:
883:
676:
634:
538:
467:
6489:
2393:
1993:
Vanished and Vanishing Parrots: Profiling Extinct and Endangered Species
601:
6443:
6396:
6175:
6151:
6131:
6081:
5982:
5954:
5911:
5853:
5776:
5755:
5618:
5585:
5481:
5439:
5404:
5387:
5248:
5227:
5137:
5100:
4915:
4830:
4809:
4707:
4636:
4614:
4404:
4266:
4205:
4184:
4016:
4000:
3935:
3880:
3852:
3784:
3749:
3627:
3475:
3310:
3285:
3043:
2758:
2742:
2577:
2464:
1667:
Holyoak, D. T. (1973). "An undescribed extinct parrot from Mauritius".
1183:
1146:
1138:
948:
871:
821:
639:
605:
595:
583:
489:
426:
344:
63:
6409:
2883:
841:
711:
429:
instead of numbers at the time. While he and his brother, the painter
347:. The species became extinct sometime in the late 17th century due to
6182:
6104:
6090:
6010:
5996:
5934:
5846:
5685:
5671:
5575:
5474:
5360:
5234:
5144:
4929:
4802:
4364:
4319:
4108:
3901:
3818:
3802:
3791:
3701:
3637:
3596:
3295:
3096:
3083:
3063:
2963:
2522:
2240:
1245:
1204:
1196:
1176:
997:
936:
897:
609:
598:, and a lower jaw larger than the one that was originally described.
528:
493:
434:
395:
308:
296:
292:
229:
96:
6370:
6291:
1694:
Cowles, G. S. (1987). "The fossil record". In Diamond, A. W. (ed.).
6469:
6314:
6256:
6124:
5975:
5920:
5832:
5696:
5488:
5394:
5255:
5130:
5076:
4557:
4332:
4062:
4037:
3983:
3894:
3866:
3756:
3720:
3712:
3694:
3589:
3574:
3558:
3305:
3268:
3101:
2709:
2453:
1170:
1142:
981:
886:
was reduced, but not enough to prevent flight, as the adept flying
874:, due to the apparent short wings and large size shown in the 1601
867:
761:
612:
534:
479:
449:
322:, along with other Mascarene parrots. It had similarities with the
116:
2280:
2149:"The forgotten fauna: Native vertebrate seed predators on islands"
6383:
6329:
5732:
5514:
5446:
5353:
5325:
5109:
4861:
4242:
4095:
3974:
3859:
3825:
3763:
3584:
3438:
3430:
3123:
2995:
2980:
1809:
952:
913:
776:
587:
454:
371:
356:
312:
274:
1488:, Owen), contemporary with the Dodo, in the island of Mauritius"
586:
in 1893. These included previously unknown elements such as the
574:
word for crest, referring here to the bird's frontal crest, and
5804:
5524:
5346:
5214:
4551:
4372:
4311:
4087:
4079:
4008:
3948:
3832:
3770:
3653:
3320:
3315:
3193:
2441:
2146:
1839:"A single comma in a manuscript alters Mauritius avian history"
277:
136:
106:
4536:
1149:
were widely spaced, that the upper bill was broad whereas the
6365:
5298:
4563:
4258:
4045:
3608:
2508:
1098:
and the palm cockatoo, may provide insight into its ecology.
1005:
879:
591:
492:
of a parrot matching the descriptions were found, the French
482:) in 1634, with the description "birds like Parrats [
459:
403:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1240:
Because of its poor flying ability, large size and possible
4234:
3601:
3564:
3534:
2948:
2914:
1271:
1222:
985:
882:
appears large, a feature of slow-flying birds. Its sternal
409:
387:
126:
2334:
2332:
2315:
Macaws as a followers of extinct megafauna: an hypothesis"
1870:(revised ed.). New York: Comstock. pp. 230β231.
1747:
1745:
1484:"Evidence of a species, perhaps extinct, of large parrot (
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
4356:
3213:
2975:
1317:
951:
parrots. The broad-billed parrot was recorded on the dry
892:
parrots also have reduced keels, and even the flightless
484:
2329:
2196:
Holyoak, D. T. (1971). "Comments on the extinct parrot
1742:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1336:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1277:
1207:
droppings. Yamashita also suggested that the abundant
980:
from 1634 showing a broad-billed parrot ("Cacato"), a
562:
assigned it to its own genus in 1875, which he called
6221:
1606:
1604:
1602:
6157:
6147:
6137:
5581:
5557:
5547:
5400:
5199:
5058:
5048:
5016:
4993:
4903:
4872:
4841:
4789:
4718:
4703:
4647:
4602:
1617:
The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
866:(lower leg bone) was short and stout, implying some
3505:
1396:
624:same genus as the broad-billed parrot and named it
2055:"The legacy of the dodoβconservation in Mauritius"
2017:
1916:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
1599:
1153:were narrow, and the fact that no preserved upper
1861:
1859:
1773: β dodo and other birds on Mauritius 1601".
1769:Hume, J. P. (2003). "The journal of the flagship
1546:"XXVII.-On the psittaci of the Mascarene Islands"
1303:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728847A94998733.en
1203:the palm cockatoo feeds on undigested seeds from
722:, with colouration based on contemporary accounts
6504:
1995:. Clayton South: CSIRO Publishing. p. 154.
1364:Animal Trade Histories in the Indian Ocean World
1262:survived long after reproduction was possible.
1221:Though Mauritius had previously been visited by
549:had been rediscovered, the German ornithologist
2379:
2254:Smith, G. A. (1975). "Systematics of parrots".
2125:. New Haven and London: T. & A. D. Poyser.
1856:
4522:
2899:
2779:Rose-ringed parakeet (or ringnecked parakeet)
2480:
2281:Hume, J. P.; R. P. Prys-Jones, R. P. (2005).
2020:Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide
1764:
1762:
1760:
1458:. London: A & C Black. pp. 180β181.
3413:
2768:Alexandrine parakeet (or Alexandrine parrot)
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1578:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1447:
947:are of similar size to those of other large
703:before the Mascarenes emerged from the sea.
299:. The species was first referred to as the "
2344:
1955:
1610:
1453:
5039:
4529:
4515:
2906:
2892:
2487:
2473:
1897:. London: Hutchinson & Co. p. 49.
1890:
1757:
1734:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1355:
637:reclassified it as a species in the genus
219:
57:
29:
5099:
2408:
2338:
2308:
2172:
2140:
2118:
2103:
2070:
1942:
1751:
1581:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 230.
1349:
1330:
1301:
1036:. Extinct Mauritian reptiles include the
6568:Species made extinct by human activities
2494:
1687:
1644:Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World
1641:
1635:
1182:
1079:
971:
907:
840:
836:
775:
710:
600:
474:referred to the broad-billed parrot as "
366:
2913:
2218:
2195:
2015:
1990:
1666:
1574:
1361:
912:Subfossil leg bones, a mandible, and a
845:Illustration based on a tracing of the
771:
6563:Species endangered by invasive species
6505:
2350:
2085:
1865:
1693:
1543:
1527:Transactions of the Zoological Society
1038:saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise
935:suggested the broad-billed parrot was
425:") until 1602, since Dutch houses had
417:lived in a house in Amsterdam called "
330:), and may have been closely related.
6523:Extinct birds of Indian Ocean islands
6296:
6295:
4971:
4588:
4510:
3398:
2887:
2468:
2414:
2253:
2052:
1907:
1836:
4589:
4465:
1799:
1768:
1568:
1516:
1478:
1441:
1090:, perhaps part of this parrot's diet
931:In 1953, the Japanese ornithologist
619:In 1967, the American ornithologist
380:Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia
4489:
2353:Dodo β From Extinction To Icon
1289:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1253:species, which were often taken as
16:Extinct parrot endemic to Mauritius
13:
4972:
2268:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1975.tb04187.x
2119:Cheke, A. S.; Hume, J. P. (2008).
1681:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1973.tb01980.x
1629:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1893.tb00001.x
1562:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1876.tb06925.x
1504:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1866.tb06084.x
14:
6584:
3367:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
2434:
1912:Studies of Mascarene Island Birds
1698:Studies of Mascarene Island Birds
1454:Hume, J. P.; Walters, M. (2012).
511:, hornbills are not found on any
38:Sketch of two individuals in the
6279:
6267:
6255:
6243:
6231:
4488:
4476:
4464:
4453:
4452:
4343:(New World vultures and condors)
2452:
2440:
740:rounded wings with long primary
402:" (translated as either "Indian
83:
2373:
2302:
2274:
2247:
2212:
2189:
2112:
2079:
2046:
2009:
1984:
1901:
1884:
1830:
1793:
1660:
1519:"On the osteology of the dodo (
1278:BirdLife International (2016).
558:species, the British zoologist
3399:
1611:Newton, E.; Gadow, H. (1893).
1537:
1510:
1472:
1042:domed Mauritius giant tortoise
706:
1:
6573:Taxa with lost type specimens
6513:IUCN Red List extinct species
2088:"Wildlife in Mauritius today"
1970:10.1080/08912963.2015.1036750
1265:
1216:
522:swamp. The British biologist
6558:Extinct animals of Mauritius
1926:10.1017/CBO9780511735769.003
1712:10.1017/CBO9780511735769.004
1072:, have also become extinct.
654:
7:
6548:Bird extinctions since 1500
4407:(woodpeckers and relatives)
2654:Yellow-breasted racket-tail
1775:Archives of Natural History
1372:10.1007/978-3-030-42595-1_2
1191:and the broad-billed parrot
1141:, Holyoak claimed that the
382:, led by the Dutch Admiral
362:
10:
6589:
6449:Lophopsittacus-mauritianus
6306:Lophopsittacus mauritianus
4269:(cormorants and relatives)
3362:Extinct species since 1500
2659:Golden-mantled racket-tail
2447:Lophopsittacus mauritianus
2198:Lophopsittacus mauritianus
2030:Princeton University Press
1282:Lophopsittacus mauritianus
1054:small Mauritian flying fox
1050:Round Island burrowing boa
939:, like the kΔkΔpΕ and the
537:specimen is now lost. The
351:, predation by introduced
270:Lophopsittacus mauritianus
203:Lophopsittacus mauritianus
6538:Extinct animals of Africa
6459:
6304:
6114:
6080:
6060:
6051:
6031:
5944:
5910:
5901:
5877:
5731:
5704:
5695:
5661:
5652:
5628:
5608:
5599:
5538:
5512:
5370:
5308:
5265:
5222:
5213:
5190:
5181:
5172:
5090:
5030:
5007:
4984:
4980:
4967:
4939:
4902:
4871:
4840:
4788:
4761:
4717:
4699:
4690:
4646:
4601:
4597:
4584:
4546:
4448:
4399:(kingfishers and rollers)
4331:
4286:
4253:(albatrosses and petrels)
4225:
4196:
4167:
4146:
4137:(swifts and hummingbirds)
4119:(nightjars and relatives)
4107:
4070:
4061:
4028:
3991:
3982:
3973:
3969:
3943:(pheasants and relatives)
3918:
3842:
3801:
3739:
3711:
3687:
3663:
3636:
3557:
3544:
3501:
3474:
3470:
3409:
3405:
3394:
3390:
3329:
3232:
3132:
3082:
3009:
2939:
2926:
2844:
2756:
2707:
2672:
2606:
2575:
2540:
2520:
2506:
2382:Small Enterprise Research
2105:10.1017/S0030605300012643
2072:10.1017/S0030605300020457
1823:10.11646/zootaxa.1513.1.1
649:Necropsittacus rodricanus
499:argued in 1897 that the "
328:Necropsittacus rodricanus
243:
236:
227:
218:
196:
189:
80:Scientific classification
78:
55:
46:
37:
28:
23:
6543:Extinct flightless birds
4541:and their extinct allies
4298:(seriemas and relatives)
4277:(pelicans and relatives)
2638:Blue-crowned racket-tail
2291:Zoologische Mededelingen
1787:10.3366/anh.2003.30.1.13
1642:Greenway, J. C. (1967).
1296:: e.T22728847A94998733.
1119:Sideroxylon grandiflorum
1004:. The surviving endemic
694:, basing this theory on
543:Dutch East India Company
470:. The British traveller
305:scientifically described
6553:Birds described in 1866
4391:(hornbills and hoopoes)
4306:(falcons and relatives)
2851:(probably Psittaculini)
2835:Mascarene grey parakeet
2810:Blossom-headed parakeet
2648:Blue-winged racket-tail
2628:Blue-headed racket-tail
2567:Madarasz's tiger parrot
2174:10.1111/1365-2435.13629
2016:Forshaw, J. M. (2006).
1991:Forshaw, J. M. (2017).
1891:Rothschild, W. (1907).
1075:
1010:Mascarene grey parakeet
440:The British naturalist
384:Jacob Cornelis van Neck
4375:(trogons and quetzals)
4187:(cranes and relatives)
3457:(emus and cassowaries)
3347:Glossary of bird terms
3159:Confuciusornithiformes
2309:Yamashita, C. (1997).
2086:Temple, S. A. (1974).
1702:. Cambridge. pp.
1575:Jobling, J. A (2012).
1192:
1187:Statues in Hungary of
1091:
994:
988:
917:
860:
850:
800:
789:
723:
627:Lophopsittacus bensoni
616:
375:
6461:Psittacus mauritianus
6431:Paleobiology Database
4216:(kagu and sunbittern)
4179:(gulls and relatives)
3184:Songlingornithiformes
3149:Omnivoropterygiformes
2820:Red-breasted parakeet
2815:Lord Derby's parakeet
2795:Slaty-headed parakeet
2650:(or Sulu racket-tail)
2415:Cheke, A. S. (2013).
2339:Cheke & Hume 2008
2053:Cheke, A. S. (1987).
1837:Cheke, A. S. (2013).
1752:Cheke & Hume 2008
1486:Psittacus mauritianus
1350:Cheke & Hume 2008
1331:Cheke & Hume 2008
1186:
1125:Diospyros egrettorium
1083:
1059:Tropidophora carinata
1046:Mauritian giant skink
1034:Mauritius night heron
1014:Mauritius blue pigeon
990:
975:
911:
855:
844:
837:Behaviour and ecology
795:
779:
714:
604:
442:Hugh Edwin Strickland
370:
247:Psittacus mauritianus
42:ship's journal, 1601
4038:Phoenicopteriformes
2830:Long-tailed parakeet
2805:Plum-headed parakeet
2800:Grey-headed parakeet
2623:Mindanao racket-tail
2593:Blue-collared parrot
2557:Painted tiger parrot
2552:Brehm's tiger parrot
2449:at Wikimedia Commons
1800:Hume, J. P. (2007).
1250:crab-eating macaques
1026:Mauritius sheldgoose
780:1907 restoration by
772:Possible colouration
733:mandibular symphysis
24:Broad-billed parrot
4630:Eurofluvioviridavis
4009:Mesitornithiformes
4003:(doves and pigeons)
3337:Families and orders
3199:Ichthyornithiformes
3174:Patagopterygiformes
2858:Broad-billed parrot
2773:Seychelles parakeet
2684:Great-billed parrot
2643:Mindoro racket-tail
2618:Montane racket-tail
2589:(or singing parrot)
2562:Modest tiger parrot
2394:10.5172/ser.11.2.93
2351:Fuller, E. (2002).
2233:1973EmuAO..73..157H
2165:2020FuEco..34.1802C
1866:Fuller, E. (2001).
1595:on 29 October 2013.
1544:Newton, E. (1876).
1018:Mauritius scops owl
903:Norfolk Island kaka
423:in the Indian raven
419:In de Indische Rave
261:broad-billed parrot
182:L. mauritianus
49:Conservation status
6528:Birds of Mauritius
4660:Eofringillirostrum
4351:(eagles and hawks)
4251:Procellariiformes
4156:Opisthocomiformes
4125:Steatornithiformes
3352:List by population
3189:Hongshanornithidae
3114:Evolution of birds
2699:Black-lored parrot
2694:Blue-backed parrot
2587:Red-cheeked parrot
2532:Blue-rumped parrot
2359:. pp. 16β26.
2153:Functional Ecology
1958:Historical Biology
1366:. pp. 49β54.
1193:
1107:Latania loddigesii
1092:
1087:Latania loddigesii
1065:Casearia tinifolia
989:
978:Sir Thomas Herbert
918:
851:
790:
746:secondary feathers
724:
617:
472:Sir Thomas Herbert
376:
66: (c. 1680s?)
6533:Parrots of Africa
6500:
6499:
6298:Taxon identifiers
6219:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6027:
6026:
5897:
5896:
5722:Psittaculirostris
5648:
5647:
5595:
5594:
5534:
5533:
5168:
5167:
5086:
5085:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4784:
4783:
4745:Primozygodactylus
4504:
4503:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4237:(loons or divers)
4206:Phaethontiformes
4198:Phaethontimorphae
4148:Opisthocomiformes
4117:Caprimulgiformes
4057:
4056:
4046:Podicipediformes
3965:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3683:
3682:
3466:
3465:
3423:Struthioniformes
3291:Waterfowl hunting
3224:Gastornithiformes
3219:Aepyornithiformes
3209:Lithornithiformes
2881:
2880:
2789:Newton's parakeet
2729:Tanimbar eclectus
2719:Moluccan eclectus
2689:Blue-naped parrot
2633:Green racket-tail
2445:Media related to
2366:978-0-00-714572-0
2132:978-0-7136-6544-4
2039:978-0-691-09251-5
2024:. Illustrated by
1935:978-0-521-11331-1
1877:978-0-8014-3954-4
1721:978-0-511-73576-9
1653:978-0-486-21869-4
1588:978-1-4081-2501-4
1517:Owen, R. (1869).
1465:978-1-4081-5725-1
1381:978-3-030-42594-4
1333:, pp. 23β25.
1231:Maurice of Nassau
1189:Newton's parakeet
933:Masauji Hachisuka
826:Joseph M. Forshaw
806:claimed that the
804:Walter Rothschild
766:Cheke's wood rail
753:sexual dimorphism
340:sexual dimorphism
257:
256:
251:
170:
73:
6580:
6493:
6492:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6452:
6451:
6439:
6438:
6426:
6425:
6413:
6412:
6400:
6399:
6387:
6386:
6374:
6373:
6361:
6360:
6351:
6350:
6338:
6337:
6335:8C3CD124F2D1162A
6325:
6324:
6323:
6293:
6292:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6260:
6259:
6248:
6247:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6227:
6159:
6149:
6139:
6058:
6057:
6018:Purpureicephalus
5908:
5907:
5702:
5701:
5659:
5658:
5606:
5605:
5601:Psittrichasiidae
5583:
5559:
5549:
5402:
5220:
5219:
5204:Archaeopsittacus
5201:
5188:
5187:
5179:
5178:
5097:
5096:
5060:
5050:
5037:
5036:
5018:
4998:Mogontiacopsitta
4995:
4982:
4981:
4969:
4968:
4905:
4874:
4843:
4791:
4720:
4705:
4697:
4696:
4649:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4591:Psittacopasseres
4586:
4585:
4576:Psittacopasseres
4570:Eufalconimorphae
4531:
4524:
4517:
4508:
4507:
4492:
4491:
4480:
4468:
4467:
4456:
4455:
4408:
4400:
4392:
4384:
4381:Leptosomiformes
4376:
4368:
4360:
4352:
4349:Accipitriformes
4344:
4323:
4322:(perching birds)
4315:
4307:
4299:
4278:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4243:Sphenisciformes
4238:
4217:
4209:
4188:
4180:
4177:Charadriiformes
4159:
4138:
4120:
4099:
4091:
4088:Musophagiformes
4083:
4068:
4067:
4049:
4041:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3989:
3988:
3980:
3979:
3971:
3970:
3944:
3931:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3698:
3611:
3604:
3568:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3472:
3471:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3259:Bird collections
3214:Dinornithiformes
3119:Darwin's finches
3109:Origin of flight
3049:Seabird breeding
3039:Sexual selection
2908:
2901:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2868:Rodrigues parrot
2825:Nicobar parakeet
2739:Oceanic eclectus
2664:Buru racket-tail
2489:
2482:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2457:Data related to
2456:
2444:
2429:
2428:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2287:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2241:10.1071/MU973157
2216:
2210:
2209:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2159:(9): 1802β1813.
2144:
2138:
2136:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2023:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1953:
1940:
1939:
1915:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1806:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1766:
1755:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1725:
1701:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1608:
1597:
1596:
1591:. Archived from
1572:
1566:
1565:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1451:
1445:
1444:, pp. 4β17.
1439:
1394:
1393:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1334:
1328:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1275:
1137:On the basis of
926:New Zealand kaka
901:the now-extinct
831:Mascarene parrot
764:and the smaller
716:Life restoration
673:Anthony S. Cheke
666:Graham S. Cowles
645:Rodrigues parrot
608:of the now lost
551:Hermann Schlegel
353:invasive species
324:Rodrigues parrot
249:
223:
205:
201:
165:
158:
88:
87:
67:
61:
60:
33:
21:
20:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6488:
6483:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6455:
6447:
6442:
6434:
6429:
6421:
6416:
6408:
6403:
6395:
6390:
6382:
6377:
6369:
6364:
6356:
6354:
6346:
6341:
6333:
6328:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6300:
6290:
6280:
6278:
6268:
6266:
6254:
6242:
6232:
6230:
6222:
6220:
6195:
6110:
6076:
6047:
6023:
5940:
5893:
5873:
5727:
5691:
5644:
5624:
5591:
5530:
5508:
5366:
5304:
5268:Amoropsittacini
5261:
5209:
5164:
5124:Calyptorhynchus
5082:
5026:
5003:
4976:
4955:
4935:
4898:
4885:Palaeopsittacus
4876:Quercypsittidae
4867:
4845:Messelasturidae
4836:
4793:Halcyornithidae
4780:
4757:
4713:
4686:
4667:Parapsittacopes
4651:Psittacopedidae
4642:
4593:
4580:
4542:
4535:
4505:
4500:
4412:
4406:
4398:
4390:
4389:Bucerotiformes
4383:(cuckoo-roller)
4382:
4374:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4341:Cathartiformes
4327:
4321:
4313:
4312:Psittaciformes
4305:
4297:
4282:
4276:
4275:Pelecaniformes
4268:
4260:
4252:
4244:
4236:
4221:
4215:
4214:Eurypygiformes
4207:
4192:
4186:
4178:
4163:
4157:
4142:
4136:
4118:
4103:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4053:
4047:
4039:
4024:
4018:
4017:Pterocliformes
4010:
4002:
3953:
3942:
3929:
3914:
3838:
3797:
3735:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3691:
3679:
3659:
3632:
3609:
3602:
3562:
3561:
3549:
3548:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3462:
3456:
3455:Casuariiformes
3448:
3447:Apterygiformes
3440:
3432:
3424:
3401:
3386:
3357:Lists by region
3325:
3235:
3228:
3169:Chaoyangiformes
3154:Jeholornithidae
3128:
3092:Origin of birds
3078:
3059:Brood parasites
3005:
2935:
2922:
2912:
2882:
2877:
2850:
2840:
2752:
2734:Papuan eclectus
2703:
2668:
2602:
2571:
2536:
2516:
2502:
2493:
2437:
2432:
2413:
2409:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2330:
2307:
2303:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2252:
2248:
2217:
2213:
2194:
2190:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2117:
2113:
2084:
2080:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1989:
1985:
1954:
1943:
1936:
1906:
1902:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1864:
1857:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1767:
1758:
1750:
1743:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1692:
1688:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1640:
1636:
1609:
1600:
1589:
1573:
1569:
1542:
1538:
1515:
1511:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1397:
1382:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1337:
1329:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1242:island tameness
1225:vessels in the
1219:
1131:Pandanus utilis
1113:Mimusops maxima
1078:
864:tarsometatarsus
839:
782:Henrik GrΓΆnvold
774:
742:covert feathers
709:
701:hotspot islands
657:
632:palaeontologist
590:(breast-bone),
520:Mare aux Songes
513:oceanic islands
400:Indische ravens
365:
355:, and possibly
214:
207:
199:
198:
185:
164:
156:
82:
74:
62:
58:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6586:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6481:
6465:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6440:
6427:
6414:
6401:
6388:
6375:
6362:
6352:
6339:
6326:
6310:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6289:
6288:
6276:
6264:
6252:
6240:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6162:Necropsittacus
6155:
6145:
6142:Lophopsittacus
6135:
6128:
6120:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6101:
6094:
6086:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6066:
6064:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6037:
6035:
6033:Psittacellinae
6029:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6014:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5950:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5916:
5914:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5883:
5881:
5879:Melopsittacini
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5798:Hypocharmosyna
5794:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5770:Charmosynopsis
5766:
5763:Charmosynoides
5759:
5752:
5745:
5737:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5718:
5710:
5708:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5682:
5679:Bolbopsittacus
5675:
5667:
5665:
5663:Agapornithinae
5656:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5634:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5614:
5612:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5579:
5572:
5565:
5555:
5544:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5520:
5518:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5464:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5376:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5333:Graydidascalus
5329:
5322:
5314:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5273:
5271:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5242:Hapalopsittaca
5238:
5231:
5223:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5196:
5194:
5192:incertae sedis
5185:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5105:
5103:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5073:
5066:
5056:
5045:
5043:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5013:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4990:
4988:
4986:Incertae sedis
4978:
4977:
4974:Psittaciformes
4965:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4941:Psittaciformes
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4911:
4909:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4889:
4880:
4878:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4858:
4850:
4848:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4817:Pseudasturides
4813:
4806:
4798:
4796:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4731:Eozygodactylus
4726:
4724:
4722:Zygodactylidae
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4700:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4608:
4595:
4594:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4534:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4511:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4486:
4474:
4462:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4402:
4397:Coraciiformes
4394:
4386:
4378:
4373:Trogoniformes
4370:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4337:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:Passeriformes
4317:
4309:
4304:Falconiformes
4301:
4296:Cariamiformes
4292:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4259:Ciconiiformes
4256:
4248:
4240:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4211:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4182:
4173:
4171:
4169:Cursorimorphae
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4076:
4074:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4043:
4034:
4032:
4030:Mirandornithes
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4014:
4006:
4001:Columbiformes
3997:
3995:
3993:Columbimorphae
3986:
3977:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3938:
3933:
3928:Meleagridinae
3924:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3848:
3846:
3844:Odontophoridae
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3807:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3706:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3642:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3623:Stictonettinae
3620:
3618:Dendrocygninae
3615:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3571:
3569:
3552:
3539:
3496:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3419:
3417:
3403:
3402:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3371:Notable birds
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3321:Egg collecting
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3204:Hesperornithes
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:Ambiortiformes
3176:
3171:
3166:
3164:Enantiornithes
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2872:Necropsittacus
2865:
2862:Lophopsittacus
2854:
2852:
2847:incertae sedis
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2724:Sumba eclectus
2721:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2583:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2461:at Wikispecies
2450:
2436:
2435:External links
2433:
2431:
2430:
2407:
2372:
2365:
2343:
2328:
2301:
2273:
2246:
2227:(4): 157β176.
2211:
2188:
2139:
2131:
2111:
2098:(5): 584β590.
2078:
2045:
2038:
2008:
2001:
1983:
1941:
1934:
1900:
1883:
1876:
1855:
1829:
1792:
1756:
1741:
1720:
1686:
1675:(3): 417β419.
1659:
1652:
1634:
1623:(7): 281β302.
1598:
1587:
1567:
1556:(3): 281β289.
1536:
1509:
1498:(2): 168β171.
1471:
1464:
1446:
1395:
1380:
1354:
1352:, p. 172.
1335:
1316:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1248:by introduced
1218:
1215:
1096:hyacinth macaw
1077:
1074:
1056:and the snail
1030:Mascarene teal
1022:Mascarene coot
838:
835:
784:(based on the
773:
770:
720:Julian P. Hume
708:
705:
656:
653:
621:James Greenway
615:mandible, 1866
564:Lophopsittacus
554:from those of
497:Emile Oustalet
444:assigned the "
431:Roelant Savery
421:" (Dutch for "
364:
361:
336:hyacinth macaw
255:
254:
253:
252:
241:
240:
234:
233:
225:
224:
216:
215:
208:
194:
193:
187:
186:
178:
176:
172:
171:
161:Lophopsittacus
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
137:Psittaciformes
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
76:
75:
56:
53:
52:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6585:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6491:
6486:
6482:
6477:
6471:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6458:
6450:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6353:
6349:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6331:
6327:
6322:
6316:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6294:
6287:
6277:
6275:
6265:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6239:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6062:Micropsittini
6059:
6056:
6054:
6053:Psittaculinae
6050:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5903:Platycercinae
5900:
5890:
5889:
5888:Melopsittacus
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5861:Trichoglossus
5858:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5819:Oreopsittacus
5816:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5706:Cyclopsittini
5703:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5654:Psittaculidae
5651:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5588:
5587:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5496:Rhynchopsitta
5493:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5468:Orthopsittaca
5465:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5381:Anodorhynchus
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5310:Androglossini
5307:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5285:Nannopsittaca
5282:
5280:
5279:
5278:Bolborhynchus
5275:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5117:Callocephalon
5114:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5063:Nelepsittacus
5057:
5055:
5054:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5009:Namapsittidae
5006:
5000:
4999:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4970:
4966:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4824:Pulchrapollia
4821:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4787:
4775:
4774:Passeriformes
4771:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4763:Passeriformes
4760:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4674:Psittacomimus
4671:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4540:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4520:
4518:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4497:
4496:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:Strigiformes
4355:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4208:(tropicbirds)
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4130:Podargiformes
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4080:Cuculiformes
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3778:Macrocephalon
3775:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3665:Anseranatidae
3662:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:Tinamiformes
3437:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3415:Palaeognathae
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:Pigeon racing
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3143:Archaeopteryx
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Echo parakeet
2782:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2357:HarperCollins
2354:
2347:
2341:, p. 38.
2340:
2335:
2333:
2325:(2): 176β182.
2324:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2313:Anodorhynchus
2305:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2004:
2002:9780643096325
1998:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1894:Extinct Birds
1887:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1868:Extinct Birds
1862:
1860:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1754:, p. 71.
1753:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1731:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1521:Didus ineptus
1513:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1456:Extinct Birds
1450:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1235:echo parakeet
1232:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1165:Melopsittacus
1161:
1160:Cyanorhamphus
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1101:Anodorhynchus
1097:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:deforestation
999:
993:
987:
983:
979:
974:
970:
967:
963:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
922:palm cockatoo
915:
910:
906:
904:
899:
895:
891:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
859:
854:
848:
843:
834:
832:
827:
823:
817:
815:
814:
813:Extinct Birds
809:
805:
799:
794:
787:
783:
778:
769:
767:
763:
759:
754:
749:
747:
743:
738:
734:
730:
721:
717:
713:
704:
702:
697:
696:morphological
693:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
662:
652:
650:
646:
642:
641:
636:
633:
629:
628:
622:
614:
611:
607:
603:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:Edward Newton
577:
573:
572:Ancient Greek
569:
565:
561:
560:Alfred Newton
557:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
530:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
509:New Caledonia
506:
502:
498:
495:
491:
487:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:Indian ravens
461:
457:
456:
451:
447:
446:Indian ravens
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
373:
369:
360:
358:
354:
350:
349:deforestation
346:
341:
337:
331:
329:
325:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:Psittaculidae
283:
279:
276:
273:) is a large
272:
271:
266:
262:
248:
245:
244:
242:
239:
235:
231:
226:
222:
217:
212:
206:
204:
195:
192:
191:Binomial name
188:
184:
183:
177:
174:
173:
168:
163:
162:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:Psittaculidae
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
86:
81:
77:
71:
65:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6460:
6305:
6286:Paleontology
6188:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6160:
6150:
6140:
6130:
6123:
6116:Psittaculini
6103:
6096:
6089:
6069:
6040:
6016:
6009:
6004:Psephotellus
6002:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5967:
5962:Cyanoramphus
5960:
5953:
5946:Platycercini
5933:
5928:Neopsephotus
5926:
5919:
5886:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5840:Psitteuteles
5838:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5812:Neopsittacus
5810:
5803:
5796:
5791:Glossoptilus
5789:
5784:Glossopsitta
5782:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5742:Chalcopsitta
5740:
5720:
5713:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5637:
5630:Coracopsinae
5617:
5610:Coracopsinae
5584:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5552:Bavaripsitta
5550:
5523:
5503:Thectocercus
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5461:Ognorhynchus
5459:
5454:Leptosittaca
5452:
5445:
5438:
5433:Enicognathus
5431:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5319:Alipiopsitta
5317:
5297:
5292:Psilopsiagon
5290:
5283:
5276:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5202:
5191:
5174:Psittacoidea
5157:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5051:
5032:Strigopoidea
5019:
4996:
4985:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:Morsoravidae
4893:Quercypsitta
4891:
4883:
4860:
4853:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4752:Zygodactylus
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4706:
4692:Parapasseres
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4635:
4628:
4620:
4613:
4606:Vastanavidae
4493:
4481:
4469:
4457:
4367:(mousebirds)
4365:Coliiformes
4235:Gaviiformes
4227:Aequornithes
4135:Apodiformes
4096:Otidiformes
4072:Otidimorphae
4019:(sandgrouse)
3941:Phasianinae
3907:
3900:
3893:
3888:Odontophorus
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3726:Oreophasinae
3672:
3652:
3645:
3550:(waterfowls)
3546:Anseriformes
3296:Cockfighting
3281:Conservation
3276:Bird feeding
3264:Birdwatching
3254:Ornithomancy
3194:Gansuiformes
3141:
3134:Fossil birds
3024:Intelligence
2871:
2861:
2857:
2845:
2757:
2708:
2673:
2607:
2576:
2541:
2521:
2507:
2500:Psittaculini
2459:Psittacoidea
2424:
2420:
2410:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2352:
2346:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2304:
2295:
2289:
2276:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2137:pp. 371-373.
2121:
2114:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2065:(1): 29β36.
2062:
2058:
2048:
2032:. plate 23.
2026:Frank Knight
2019:
2011:
1992:
1986:
1961:
1957:
1911:
1903:
1893:
1886:
1867:
1849:
1845:
1832:
1814:
1808:
1795:
1781:(1): 13β27.
1778:
1774:
1770:
1697:
1689:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1643:
1637:
1620:
1616:
1593:the original
1577:
1570:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1512:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1474:
1455:
1449:
1363:
1357:
1307:. Retrieved
1293:
1287:
1281:
1273:
1239:
1220:
1210:Cylindraspis
1208:
1194:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1136:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1085:
1063:
1057:
995:
991:
965:
961:
960:. The terms
958:Cuban amazon
941:night parrot
930:
919:
889:Cyanoramphus
887:
875:
861:
856:
852:
849:sketch, 1896
846:
818:
811:
807:
801:
796:
791:
785:
758:Indian crows
757:
750:
736:
725:
692:Psittaculini
670:
661:osteological
658:
648:
638:
625:
618:
575:
567:
563:
555:
546:
527:
524:Richard Owen
517:
505:France Staub
501:Indian raven
500:
483:
475:
463:
453:
445:
439:
422:
418:
415:Jacob Savery
407:
399:
391:
377:
332:
327:
320:Psittaculini
301:Indian raven
300:
269:
268:
265:raven parrot
264:
260:
258:
246:
228:Location of
202:
197:
181:
180:
160:
159:
39:
18:
6518:Psittacinae
6405:iNaturalist
6190:Tanygnathus
6169:Prioniturus
6098:Aprosmictus
6071:Micropsitta
6042:Psittacella
5990:Platycercus
5969:Eunymphicus
5826:Parvipsitta
5749:Charminetta
5715:Cyclopsitta
5639:Psittrichas
5569:Poicephalus
5540:Psittacinae
5426:Diopsittaca
5419:Cyanopsitta
5412:Cyanoliseus
5340:Pionopsitta
5183:Psittacidae
5152:Probosciger
5092:Cacatuoidea
5041:Strigopidae
4950:See below β
4923:Pumiliornis
4855:Messelastur
4681:Psittacopes
4495:WikiProject
4405:Piciformes
4288:Australaves
4267:Suliformes
4185:Gruiformes
4040:(flamingos)
3949:Tetraoninae
3920:Phasianidae
3909:Rhynchortyx
3874:Dactylortyx
3741:Megapodidae
3731:Penelopinae
3689:Galliformes
3431:Rheiformes
3425:(ostriches)
3375:individuals
3249:Ornithology
3236:interaction
2991:Preen gland
2747:prehistoric
2675:Tanygnathus
2609:Prioniturus
2598:Song parrot
2543:Psittacella
2298:(3): 85β95.
1309:12 November
1227:Middle Ages
1201:Australasia
1139:radiographs
1070:palm orchid
896:, with its
707:Description
677:Pleistocene
635:Julian Hume
539:common name
531:mauritianus
468:East Indies
392:Indian Crow
6507:Categories
6476:Q109563431
6444:Xeno-canto
6176:Psittacula
6152:Mascarinus
6132:Geoffroyus
6082:Polytelini
5983:Northiella
5955:Barnardius
5912:Pezoporini
5854:Synorhacma
5756:Charmosyna
5619:Coracopsis
5586:Xenopsitta
5482:Psittacara
5440:Eupsittula
5405:Conuropsis
5249:Myiopsitta
5228:Brotogeris
5138:Lophochroa
5101:Cacatuidae
5021:Namapsitta
4916:Morsoravis
4831:Serudaptus
4810:Halcyornis
4738:Primoscens
4708:Minutornis
4637:Vastanavis
4615:Avolatavis
4537:Genera of
4245:(penguins)
4098:(bustards)
3936:Perdicinae
3881:Dendrortyx
3853:Callipepla
3785:Megapodius
3750:Aepypodius
3628:Tadorninae
3610:true geese
3441:(tinamous)
3400:Neornithes
3311:Pheasantry
3286:Aviculture
3054:Incubation
3044:Lek mating
2870:β (genus:
2860:β (genus:
2759:Psittacula
2578:Geoffroyus
2355:. London:
1771:Gelderland
1266:References
1217:Extinction
1147:trabeculae
1048:, and the
1032:, and the
976:Sketch by
876:Gelderland
872:flightless
858:captivity.
847:Gelderland
822:iridescent
808:Gelderland
786:Gelderland
737:Gelderland
640:Psittacula
606:Lithograph
596:metatarsus
584:Hans Gadow
547:Gelderland
490:subfossils
427:signboards
345:flightless
295:island of
250:Owen, 1866
40:Gelderland
6183:Psittinus
6105:Polytelis
6091:Alisterus
6011:Psephotus
5997:Prosopeia
5935:Pezoporus
5847:Saudareos
5686:Loriculus
5672:Agapornis
5576:Psittacus
5475:Primolius
5361:Triclaria
5235:Deroptyus
5145:Nymphicus
4930:Sororavis
4803:Cyrilavis
4622:Calcardea
4550:Kingdom:
4314:(parrots)
4158:(hoatzin)
4109:Strisores
4090:(turacos)
4082:(cuckoos)
4011:(mesites)
3930:(turkeys)
3902:Philortyx
3819:Agelastes
3812:Acryllium
3803:Numididae
3792:Talegalla
3702:gamebirds
3695:landfowls
3674:Anseranas
3638:Anhimidae
3597:Anserinae
3380:fictional
3102:dinosaurs
3097:Theropoda
3084:Evolution
3029:Migration
3011:Behaviour
2523:Psittinus
2402:128421372
2388:(2): 93.
2319:Ararajuba
2262:: 17β18.
2183:225292938
1730:cite book
1442:Hume 2007
1390:226613585
1246:predation
1205:cassowary
1197:megafauna
1177:Psephotus
1151:palatines
1084:Seeds of
998:ecosystem
937:nocturnal
898:vestigial
685:radiation
655:Evolution
610:subfossil
576:psittakos
556:Psittacus
529:Psittacus
494:zoologist
448:" to the
435:Rudolf II
396:Mauritius
309:subfossil
297:Mauritius
293:Mascarene
287:. It was
230:Mauritius
175:Species:
103:Kingdom:
97:Eukaryota
6490:11300397
6470:Wikidata
6423:22728847
6384:45514176
6348:22728847
6343:BirdLife
6315:Wikidata
6125:Eclectus
5976:Lathamus
5921:Neophema
5833:Pseudeos
5697:Loriinae
5562:Khwenena
5489:Pyrrhura
5395:Aratinga
5256:Pionites
5131:Eolophus
5077:Strigops
5053:Heracles
4558:Chordata
4556:Phylum:
4552:Animalia
4459:Category
4333:Afroaves
4261:(storks)
4063:Passerea
4048:(grebes)
3984:Columbea
3895:Oreortyx
3867:Cyrtonyx
3757:Alectura
3721:Cracinae
3713:Cracidae
3590:Oxyurini
3580:Aythyini
3575:Anatinae
3559:Anatidae
3306:Falconry
3269:big year
3124:Seabirds
3034:Foraging
2981:Feathers
2710:Eclectus
2421:Phelsuma
2208:: 50β51.
1978:84473440
1964:(6): 1.
1846:Phelsuma
1817:: 1β76.
1533:: 49β86.
1482:(1866).
1480:Owen, R.
1171:Neophema
1143:mandible
1068:and the
984:, and a
982:red rail
924:and the
868:arboreal
762:red rail
744:, large
681:pectoral
613:holotype
535:holotype
480:cockatoo
476:Cacatoes
450:hornbill
363:Taxonomy
238:Synonyms
232:in blue
143:Family:
117:Chordata
113:Phylum:
107:Animalia
93:Domain:
70:IUCN 3.1
6397:5788408
6371:brbpar3
6358:brbpar3
6330:Avibase
6262:Biology
6250:Animals
6224:Portals
5733:Loriini
5515:Forpini
5447:Guaruba
5354:Pyrilia
5326:Amazona
5110:Cacatua
4862:Tynskya
4574:Clade:
4568:Clade:
4562:Class:
4539:parrots
4471:Commons
3975:Neoaves
3860:Colinus
3826:Guttera
3764:Eulipoa
3585:Mergini
3449:(kiwis)
3433:(rheas)
3244:Ringing
3069:Hybrids
3064:Nesting
3019:Singing
2996:Plumage
2971:Dactyly
2941:Anatomy
2931:Outline
2921:: Aves)
2743:extinct
2427:: 4β19.
2229:Bibcode
2161:Bibcode
1810:Zootaxa
1523:LinΕ.)"
1155:rostrum
953:leeward
949:diurnal
914:sternum
687:of the
588:sternum
570:is the
533:. This
455:Buceros
408:Indian
372:Woodcut
357:hunting
313:species
307:from a
291:to the
289:endemic
280:in the
275:extinct
213:, 1866)
200:†
179:†
153:Genus:
133:Order:
123:Class:
68: (
64:Extinct
6436:370882
6410:104810
6321:Q93553
6274:Africa
5805:Lorius
5525:Forpus
5347:Pionus
5215:Arinae
5070:Nestor
4483:Portal
4359:(owls)
3833:Numida
3771:Leipoa
3654:Chauna
3647:Anhima
3342:Genera
3316:Imping
3234:Human
3074:Colony
3001:Vision
2986:Flight
2496:Tribus
2400:
2363:
2181:
2129:
2036:
1999:
1976:
1932:
1874:
1852:: 1β3.
1827:p. 51.
1718:
1706:β100.
1650:
1585:
1462:
1388:
1378:
1259:stigma
1128:, and
1052:. The
1044:, the
1040:, the
1028:, the
1024:, the
1020:, the
1016:, the
1012:, the
945:orbits
916:, 1893
894:kΔkΔpΕ
568:Lophos
460:macaws
452:genus
406:" or "
404:ravens
282:family
278:parrot
169:, 1875
167:Newton
6366:eBird
6355:BOW:
6238:Birds
5372:Arini
5299:Touit
5159:Zanda
3603:swans
3565:ducks
3535:fowls
3330:Lists
2954:Brain
2919:class
2915:Birds
2741:β β΄ (
2509:Genus
2398:S2CID
2286:(PDF)
2202:Ardea
2179:S2CID
1974:S2CID
1920:β89.
1842:(PDF)
1805:(PDF)
1386:S2CID
1006:fauna
962:raven
880:alula
798:crow.
729:crest
689:tribe
592:femur
545:ship
410:crows
317:tribe
6485:GBIF
6418:IUCN
6392:GBIF
5868:Vini
4772:See
4564:Aves
2976:Eggs
2964:milk
2959:Crop
2949:Beak
2361:ISBN
2256:Ibis
2127:ISBN
2092:Oryx
2059:Oryx
2034:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1930:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1815:1513
1736:link
1716:ISBN
1669:Ibis
1648:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1550:Ibis
1492:Ibis
1460:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1311:2021
1294:2016
1255:pets
1223:Arab
1174:and
1076:Diet
986:dodo
966:crow
884:keel
582:and
462:as "
388:dodo
259:The
211:Owen
127:Aves
6379:EoL
5777:Eos
5388:Ara
2745:or
2390:doi
2264:doi
2260:117
2237:doi
2221:Emu
2200:".
2169:doi
2100:doi
2067:doi
1966:doi
1922:doi
1819:doi
1783:doi
1708:doi
1677:doi
1673:115
1625:doi
1558:doi
1500:doi
1368:doi
1298:doi
964:or
718:by
485:sic
478:" (
263:or
6509::
6487::
6472::
6446::
6433::
6420::
6407::
6394::
6381::
6368::
6345::
6332::
6317::
2498::
2425:21
2423:.
2419:.
2396:.
2386:11
2384:.
2331:^
2321:.
2317:.
2296:79
2294:.
2288:.
2258:.
2235:.
2225:73
2223:.
2206:59
2204:.
2177:.
2167:.
2157:34
2155:.
2151:.
2096:12
2094:.
2090:.
2063:21
2061:.
2057:.
2028:.
1972:.
1962:28
1960:.
1944:^
1928:.
1858:^
1850:21
1848:.
1844:.
1813:.
1807:.
1779:30
1777:.
1759:^
1744:^
1732:}}
1728:{{
1714:.
1704:90
1671:.
1621:13
1619:.
1615:.
1601:^
1554:18
1552:.
1548:.
1529:.
1525:.
1494:.
1490:.
1398:^
1384:.
1374:.
1338:^
1319:^
1292:.
1286:.
1168:,
1162:,
1122:,
1116:,
1110:,
905:.
833:.
768:.
594:,
566:.
515:.
359:.
6226::
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