314:
River. Following the death of Ord, Benjamin Bloome, became the first deputy governor of "Fort York" under the authority of the governor of Madras. A smaller station was also built at
Manduta. When they learned of these developments, the irate directors questioned the alleged superior merits of Bencoolen as a rich center of the pepper trade, stressing that the port was too close to Batavia and notoriously insalubrious. What had been done could not be undone however and Bencoolen began to live up to its reputation as a white man's graveyard. Deputy-governor Bloome was already lamenting in October 1685 that many of his men were dying from "fever and flux" and permission had to be granted to recruit non-European soldiers to supplement the military establishment of Fort York, a brick building of modest proportions built on the swampy seafront between a palisaded enclosure containing the Company's slaves, and a Malay village of seven or eight hundred houses.
386:
54:
68:
164:
355:
335:
203:
2450:
2460:
326:(1712β1716) bragged that "this military structure of my own" was the strongest fortification in India. This did not prevent its capture and momentary occupation in 1719 by Malay insurgents who, among other grievances, opposed a deputy-governor's intention to levy a head tax. The new location did not improve the health situation as it had been hoped and the ill-repute of Bencoolen as an unhealthy station was to remain unaltered.
178:
367:
years later, fearing that the Dutch were contemplating making themselves master of the vast Bay of
Tapanuli 100 km north of Natal, the EIC forestalled them by establishing a settlement there. Natal and Tapanuli were to be the only EIC settlements not located in the pepper districts of the south and not trading primarily in pepper.
317:
The fort was meant to house the deputy governor and council, the factors, writers and assistants, as well as the garrison of
European and "Bugis" troops, as native troops were called. Bantal, a sub-station 90 miles to the north, was also provided with a strong garrison and fifty cannons. In 1714 Fort
313:
Whether by accident or design, the plan miscarried and the expedition from Madras, commanded by Ralph Ord and
Benjamin Bloome and consisting of two companies of 100 soldiers each, sailing past Pryaman, landed further south at Bencoolen in June 1685, and built a fort there near the mouth of Bencoolen
366:
in the south, but in 1752, in response to an invitation from the inhabitants of Natal in northwestern
Sumatra, the deputy governor and council at Fort Marlborough sent agents to take possession of the port despite protests by the Dutch who considered Natal to be in their sphere of influence. A few
350:
Although the
Bencoolen-Silebar region had long been the main pepper outlet of southwestern Sumatra, its annual volume was far from meeting EIC requirements and the Company soon began setting up subordinate factories, generally called settlements or residencies, along 500 km of coast both north and
277:
It was a fatall and never enough to be repented errour of our
President and Council of Fort St. George to break all our orders for a settlement at Pryaman upon a caprice of their owne to send our ships, spend our strength, our money and soe many men's lives upon settlement at such an unhealthful
351:
south of
Bencoolen. Local cultivators would bring and sell their pepper to the nearest EIC settlement, which would then be shipped by Company sloops to Bencoolen. This system was costly to maintain and it was one of the reasons why British Bencoolen generally registered an annual deficit.
342:
The area over which the East India
Company was to dominate politically and economically for 140 years was the southwestern Sumatra pepper growing districts scattered along the narrow coastal plain tucked between the Indian Ocean and the
322:, a larger stone fortress built on higher grounds two miles to the south. The object of the change being healthier conditions, more accommodation and better arrangement for defense. Deputy-Governor
2437:
310:
on the west coast of
Sumatra said their town would welcome the Company. Instructions were therefore sent to the Governor of Madras to build at Pryaman a fort as strong as any in India.
2248:
2509:
298:. Unwilling to leave the lucrative pepper trade entirely in the hands of their Dutch rivals, they elected to build a fortified trading base at a safe distance from
2484:
2489:
653:
347:
covering the whole length of the island from north to south. Pepper was grown by small cultivators disseminated along the river valleys of that coastal strip.
2524:
1107:
2519:
1821:
2415:
Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the
401:. During his time as lieutenant-governor of what he declared to be "the most wretched place I ever beheld", he abolished slavery and founded
1980:
2408:
2391:
2269:
1860:
371:
1550:
1544:
646:
1606:
53:
389:
The Dutch East India Residency of Bengkoelen (in pink on a map from 1910) comprised the area formerly covered by British Bencoolen.
362:
Until the middle of the 18th century, all the EIC settlements were set up in southwestern Sumatra, from Indrapura in the north to
2534:
494:
J. Kathirithamby-Wells, "A Survey of the Effects of British Influence on Indigenous Authority in Southwest Sumatra (1685β1824)",
1454:
572:
1815:
639:
602:
2529:
2153:
1763:
989:
2499:
2093:
875:
760:
2494:
1811:
1973:
1166:
469:
457:
1846:
1833:
398:
2062:
1793:
631:
2356:
1884:
1498:
1392:
1209:
893:
2166:
1930:
1681:
1122:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
1019:
951:
385:
1966:
1416:
1340:
1316:
1310:
667:
34:
2514:
2383:
2049:
899:
2504:
2121:
1898:
1872:
1769:
1538:
413:
306:
at the northern tip of Sumatra, but the local sultan rejected their proposal. Then, representatives of
299:
119:
2412:; Ascension Island (1922β) and Tristan da Cunha (1938β) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
2055:
2011:
1733:
1444:
1119:
1089:
847:
2236:
1944:
1891:
1799:
1757:
1721:
1675:
1290:
939:
881:
2453:
2285:
2160:
2128:
2109:
1775:
1727:
1669:
1378:
1322:
698:
408:
In 1823, Singapore was removed from the control of Bencoolen. The British ceded Bencoolen to the
67:
1924:
1905:
1781:
1745:
1517:
1505:
1404:
1284:
1272:
1160:
1115:
1103:
734:
2463:
2069:
1224:
1001:
983:
792:
723:
363:
294:
found themselves facing the prospect of being entirely excluded from the spice trade of the
2374:
2192:
2105:
2039:
2017:
1918:
1878:
1787:
1751:
1689:
1614:
1302:
1037:
1031:
1025:
183:
8:
1853:
1656:
1563:
1511:
1398:
1386:
1366:
1354:
1266:
1057:
969:
196:
17:
551:
2099:
2081:
2021:
1912:
1638:
1600:
1576:
1557:
1448:
995:
921:
887:
786:
766:
692:
291:
253:
16:"Bencoolen Residency" redirects here. For the residency of the Dutch East Indies, see
2459:
2045:
1663:
1628:
1360:
1248:
1196:
1190:
1013:
1007:
957:
927:
857:
453:
379:
344:
295:
283:
169:
286:
in Java and under the likelihood of being turned out at any moment from Dutch-ruled
2416:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2261:
2172:
2140:
2027:
1827:
1739:
1524:
1050:
1043:
945:
830:
775:
394:
319:
265:
84:
73:
661:
2369:
2146:
2075:
1866:
1805:
1644:
1328:
1230:
933:
354:
334:
2254:
2242:
2087:
1703:
1632:
1621:
1410:
1372:
1278:
1242:
1236:
1202:
740:
663:
378:, in 1785 Bencoolen was downgraded to Bencoolen Residency and placed under the
323:
2478:
2295:
2115:
1296:
1180:
617:
604:
588:
375:
261:
38:
2325:
2033:
1594:
1588:
1569:
1334:
1069:
976:
915:
909:
287:
256:(EIC) extending nearly 500 miles (800 km) along the southwestern coast of
2442:
1938:
1839:
1650:
1254:
1154:
869:
863:
409:
358:
1788 aquatint showing an East India Company vessel entering Tapanuli Bay
1715:
1696:
1439:
1218:
837:
754:
268:
there. The United Kingdom ceded Bencoolen to the Netherlands in 1824.
2361:
1214:
963:
747:
468:
The Directors of the East India Company, cited in Marjorie Schaffer,
402:
264:. The EIC established a presence there in 1685, and in 1714 it built
221:
433:
The Honourable Company - A History of the English East India Company
2289:
2204:
1483:
1435:
1184:
1111:
1097:
1093:
1063:
851:
307:
525:
D. K. Bassett, "British Trade and Policy in Indonesia 1760β1772",
278:
place as Bencoolen, because they hear there was more pepper there.
2198:
1531:
1491:
1084:
841:
800:
257:
2208:
1583:
1348:
1126:
728:
590:
Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat
1709:
1431:
903:
435:, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1994 (1991) p. 248.
282:
In 1683, following the forcible closing of their factory at
1260:
303:
483:
Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
538:
F. C. Danvers, "The English Connection with Sumatra", in
470:
Pepper: A History of the World's Most Influential Spice
405:
in order to provide a new trading port in the region.
271:
2314:
1447:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the
2510:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia
2476:
302:, center of Dutch power. Their first choice was
2485:States and territories established in the 1680s
593:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 34.
2490:States and territories disestablished in 1824
1974:
647:
527:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde,
2525:1824 disestablishments in the British Empire
2409:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
2392:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2270:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
496:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
485:, Vol. 16, No. 1 (July, 1938), pp. 127β128.
446:Historical Dictionary of the British Empire
1981:
1967:
654:
640:
232:, variously known during its existence as
66:
2520:1785 establishments in the British Empire
1453:Legitimacy of territorial establishment
580:
542:, vol I, JanuaryβApril 1886, p. 421-424.
438:
384:
353:
333:
260:and centered on the area of what is now
586:
2477:
2438:Historical flags of the British Empire
2422:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985
2313:
2225:
1962:
1471:
1143:
818:
711:
635:
507:R. J. Wilkinson, "Bencoolen", p. 129.
452:). Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996.
448:, Volume 2. page 1074 (at entry for
23:Former British possession in Sumatra
2249:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands
1092:. British Cameroons is now part of
272:Establishment and early development
13:
1108:unilaterally declared independence
803:1708β1757, 1763β1782 and 1798β1802
529:Deel 120, 2de Afl. (1964), p. 199.
252:, was a possession of the British
76:can be seen on the top of the map.
14:
2546:
2315:Antarctica and the South Atlantic
2294:Occupied by Argentina during the
2226:
1472:
2458:
2449:
2448:
1861:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
399:lieutenant-governor of Bencoolen
201:
176:
162:
52:
565:
556:
545:
516:R. J. Wilkinson (1938), p. 129.
2535:1824 disestablishments in Asia
2357:Australian Antarctic Territory
1213:since 1965 (before as part of
1210:British Indian Ocean Territory
1096:, while Tanganyika is part of
727:since 1960 (before as part of
532:
519:
510:
501:
488:
481:R. J. Wilkinson, "Bencoolen",
475:
462:
425:
1:
444:Olson JS, Shadle R, editors.
419:
668:British Overseas Territories
540:The Asiatic Quarterly Review
329:
7:
2530:1785 establishments in Asia
2384:British Antarctic Territory
2094:Western Pacific Territories
1988:
10:
2551:
2500:British East India Company
2122:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
1539:British Arctic Territories
819:
712:
574:The Singapore Legal System
498:, Deel 129,(1973), p. 240.
414:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
72:Map of Bencoolen in 1797,
15:
2495:British rule in Indonesia
2433:
2402:
2362:Commonwealth of Australia
2320:
2309:
2280:
2232:
2221:
2187:
1994:
1958:
1764:Newfoundland and Labrador
1478:
1467:
1445:League of Nations mandate
1426:
1150:
1139:
1120:Lancaster House Agreement
1090:League of Nations mandate
1079:
825:
814:
718:
707:
674:
217:
141:
137:
133:
129:
116:
106:
102:
94:
90:
80:
65:
49:
44:
33:
28:
1892:Turks and Caicos Islands
1199:(protectorate) 1907β1949
1144:
771:(integrated into the UK)
587:Roberts, Edmund (1837).
2175:1919β1942 and 1945β1968
2000:18th and 19th centuries
1816:Queen Charlotte Islands
1776:North-Western Territory
1748:1665β1674 and 1702β1776
1351:1781β1784 and 1795β1819
1016:1923β1965 and 1979β1980
699:Commonwealth of Nations
618:3.787093Β°S 102.251848Β°E
290:, the directors of the
1925:West Indies Federation
1114:) and continued as an
697:Current member of the
390:
359:
345:Barisan mountain range
339:
280:
1847:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1118:state until the 1979
724:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
623:-3.787093; 102.251848
388:
357:
337:
318:York was replaced by
275:
120:Treaty of London 1824
2375:Realm of New Zealand
2373:(transferred to the
2360:(transferred to the
2193:Realm of New Zealand
1794:Prince Edward Island
1672:1671β1816, 1833β1960
552:Bencoolen (Benkulen)
2406:Since 2009 part of
2298:of AprilβJune 1982.
1885:Trinidad and Tobago
1499:Antigua and Barbuda
1399:Straits Settlements
614: /
108:β’ Established
18:Benkoelen Residency
2515:History of Sumatra
1558:Cape Breton Island
1449:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
1291:Unfederated States
1106:Southern Rhodesia
693:Commonwealth realm
562:John Keay, p. 447.
391:
360:
340:
292:East India Company
254:East India Company
2505:Bengal Presidency
2472:
2471:
2429:
2428:
2305:
2304:
2237:Providence Island
2217:
2216:
2182:
2181:
2050:Western Australia
2018:Van Diemen's Land
1954:
1953:
1931:Associated States
1629:Columbia District
1463:
1462:
1317:Manila and Cavite
1135:
1134:
1014:Southern Rhodesia
1008:South-West Africa
958:Northern Rhodesia
870:Cape of Good Hope
810:
809:
687:Current territory
393:In October 1817,
380:Bengal Presidency
338:British Bencoolen
296:Malay Archipelago
230:British Bencoolen
227:
226:
213:
212:
209:
208:
189:
188:
85:Fort Marlborough
29:British Bencoolen
2542:
2462:
2452:
2451:
2417:Antarctic Treaty
2378:
2365:
2350:Falkland Islands
2342:Tristan da Cunha
2334:Ascension Island
2311:
2310:
2262:Falkland Islands
2223:
2222:
2191:Now part of the
2063:Pitcairn Islands
2028:Auckland Islands
1997:
1996:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1945:Windward Islands
1899:Vancouver Island
1676:MassachusettsBay
1545:British Columbia
1469:
1468:
1285:Federated States
1141:
1140:
1051:Tristan da Cunha
1020:Southern Nigeria
952:Northern Nigeria
831:Ascension Island
816:
815:
772:
709:
708:
683:Former territory
680:
656:
649:
642:
633:
632:
629:
628:
626:
625:
624:
619:
615:
612:
611:
610:
607:
595:
594:
584:
578:
569:
563:
560:
554:
549:
543:
536:
530:
523:
517:
514:
508:
505:
499:
492:
486:
479:
473:
466:
460:
442:
436:
429:
395:Stamford Raffles
320:Fort Marlborough
266:Fort Marlborough
250:"the West Coast"
238:Fort Marlborough
205:
204:
193:
192:
180:
179:
166:
165:
159:
158:
143:
142:
74:Fort Marlborough
70:
56:
26:
25:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2425:
2398:
2372:
2370:Ross Dependency
2359:
2316:
2301:
2276:
2228:
2213:
2183:
2178:
2134:
2129:Solomon Islands
2076:North Australia
2056:South Australia
2012:New South Wales
1990:
1987:
1950:
1670:Leeward Islands
1474:
1459:
1422:
1329:Muscat and Oman
1146:
1131:
1075:
821:
806:
770:
714:
703:
678:
670:
660:
622:
620:
616:
613:
608:
605:
603:
601:
600:
598:
585:
581:
570:
566:
561:
557:
550:
546:
537:
533:
524:
520:
515:
511:
506:
502:
493:
489:
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467:
463:
443:
439:
430:
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422:
332:
274:
202:
177:
163:
122:
109:
71:
61:
58:
57:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2548:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
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2446:
2440:
2434:
2431:
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2427:
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2424:
2423:
2420:
2413:
2403:
2400:
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2396:
2388:
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2367:
2354:
2346:
2338:
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2321:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2303:
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2300:
2299:
2292:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2243:Willoughbyland
2240:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2059:
2053:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1906:Virgin Islands
1902:
1896:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1873:South Carolina
1870:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1770:North Carolina
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1704:Mosquito Coast
1701:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1633:Oregon Country
1626:
1622:Cayman Islands
1618:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1580:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
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1553:
1542:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1495:
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1479:
1476:
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1465:
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1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1411:Trucial States
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1104:Self-governing
1101:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
897:
891:
885:
879:
876:Central Africa
873:
867:
861:
855:
845:
835:
826:
823:
822:
812:
811:
808:
807:
805:
804:
798:
797:
796:
790:
781:
780:
779:
764:
761:Ionian Islands
758:
752:
744:
738:
732:
719:
716:
715:
705:
704:
702:
701:
695:
689:
684:
681:
675:
672:
671:
664:British Empire
659:
658:
651:
644:
636:
597:
596:
579:
571:Kevin YL Tan.
564:
555:
544:
531:
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509:
500:
487:
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423:
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397:was appointed
331:
328:
324:Joseph Collett
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22:
9:
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2328:
2327:
2323:
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2319:
2312:
2308:
2297:
2296:Falklands War
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2227:South America
2224:
2220:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2158:
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2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:Union Islands
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
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2065:
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2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1929:
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1926:
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1920:
1917:
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1911:
1908:
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1900:
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1877:
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1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1828:Rupert's Land
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:Paulet affair
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1734:New Hampshire
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:New Brunswick
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
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1513:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1473:North America
1470:
1466:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1393:South Vietnam
1391:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
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1226:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
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1168:
1165:
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1128:
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944:
941:
938:
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923:
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914:
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905:
901:
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895:
892:
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886:
883:
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868:
865:
862:
859:
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839:
836:
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832:
828:
827:
824:
817:
813:
802:
799:
794:
791:
788:
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784:
782:
777:
774:
773:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
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750:
749:
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733:
730:
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717:
710:
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688:
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682:
677:
676:
673:
669:
665:
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638:
637:
634:
630:
627:
592:
591:
583:
576:
575:
568:
559:
553:
548:
541:
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528:
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513:
504:
497:
491:
484:
478:
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458:9780313293672
455:
451:
447:
441:
434:
428:
424:
417:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
387:
383:
381:
377:
376:British India
373:
370:Originally a
368:
365:
356:
352:
348:
346:
336:
327:
325:
321:
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
279:
269:
267:
263:
262:Bengkulu City
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
223:
220:
218:Today part of
216:
200:
198:
195:
194:
191:
185:
182:
175:
174:
171:
168:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
115:
111:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
75:
69:
64:
55:
48:
43:
40:
39:British India
36:
32:
27:
19:
2407:
2390:
2382:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2326:Saint Helena
2324:
2268:
2260:
2110:Cook Islands
2061:
2034:New Hebrides
2003:20th century
1919:West Florida
1904:
1890:
1822:Rhode Island
1800:Pennsylvania
1758:Newfoundland
1695:
1620:
1570:East Florida
1541:16th c.β1880
1530:
1482:
1379:Crown Colony
1367:Pulo Condore
1341:Crown Colony
1335:North Borneo
1208:
1174:
1167:Protectorate
1116:unrecognised
1110:in 1965 (as
1049:
1002:South Africa
990:Sierra Leone
977:Saint Helena
975:
970:Orange River
848:Bechuanaland
829:
787:Protectorate
746:
722:
686:
666:and Current
599:
589:
582:
573:
567:
558:
547:
539:
534:
526:
521:
512:
503:
495:
490:
482:
477:
464:
449:
445:
440:
432:
427:
407:
392:
369:
361:
349:
341:
316:
312:
281:
276:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:
152:Succeeded by
151:
146:
2443:Anglosphere
2161:New Zealand
2070:New Zealand
1939:West Jersey
1854:Saint Lucia
1840:Saint Kitts
1834:Saint Croix
1814:1763β1791*
1782:Nova Scotia
1728:New England
1684:, 1691β1776
1651:East Jersey
1639:Connecticut
1518:Bay Islands
1405:Transjordan
1323:Mesopotamia
1161:Afghanistan
1155:Aden Colony
940:Niger Coast
906:) 1874β1957
882:East Africa
864:Cape Colony
854:) 1884β1966
844:) 1868β1966
621: /
609:102Β°15β²07β³E
431:John Keay,
410:Netherlands
147:Preceded by
125:2 June 1824
2479:Categories
2395:since 1908
2387:since 1908
2353:since 1833
2345:since 1816
2337:since 1815
2329:since 1658
2286:department
2273:since 1908
2265:since 1833
2066:since 1838
2046:Swan River
2040:Queensland
1927:1958β1962
1909:since 1666
1895:since 1799
1746:New Jersey
1716:New Albion
1700:since 1632
1697:Montserrat
1678:1629β1691
1625:since 1670
1547:1858β1866
1535:since 1619
1487:since 1650
1440:Bangladesh
1375:1841β1946
1337:1882β1963
1303:Federation
1281:1819β1826
1219:Seychelles
1163:1839β1842
1054:since 1816
1038:Tanganyika
996:Somaliland
984:Seychelles
980:since 1658
900:Gold Coast
894:The Gambia
838:Basutoland
834:since 1815
776:Free State
769:1542β1800
755:Heligoland
751:since 1713
420:References
372:Presidency
2379:1841β1947
2366:1841β1933
2257:1831β1966
2251:1670β1688
2245:1651β1667
2239:1631β1641
2169:1914β1962
2163:1907β1947
2156:1901β1942
2154:Australia
2149:1900β1974
2143:1900β1970
2131:1893β1978
2124:1892β1979
2118:1889β1948
2112:1888β1901
2106:Rarotonga
2102:1884β1902
2096:1877β1976
2090:1874β1970
2084:1851β1901
2078:1846β1847
2072:1841β1907
2058:1836β1901
2052:1829β1901
2042:1824β1901
2036:1824β1980
2030:1807β1863
2024:1803β1901
2014:1788β1901
1947:1833β1960
1941:1674β1702
1933:1967β1983
1921:1763β1783
1915:1607β1776
1901:1849β1866
1887:1889β1962
1881:1862β1863
1875:1712β1776
1869:1635β1644
1863:1627β1979
1856:1605β1979
1849:1882β1983
1842:1623β1983
1836:1625β1650
1830:1670β1870
1824:1636β1776
1818:1853β1863
1808:1620β1691
1802:1681β1776
1796:1763β1873
1784:1713β1867
1778:1859β1870
1772:1712β1776
1766:1583β1907
1760:1907β1949
1754:1664β1776
1742:1637β1662
1740:New Haven
1736:1680β1776
1730:1686β1689
1724:1784β1867
1712:1628β1983
1706:1655β1860
1692:1632β1776
1666:1655β1962
1659:1733β1776
1653:1674β1702
1647:1701β1776
1641:1636β1776
1635:1818β1846
1617:1663β1712
1609:1867β1931
1603:1841β1867
1597:1791β1841
1591:1791β1841
1579:1762β1974
1572:1763β1783
1566:1763β1978
1560:1754β1820
1551:1866β1871
1527:1871β1981
1520:1643β1860
1514:1624β1966
1508:1670β1973
1501:1860β1981
1494:1632β1860
1419:1898β1930
1413:1892β1971
1407:1921β1946
1401:1826β1946
1395:1945β1946
1389:1946β1963
1387:Singapore
1381:1946β1963
1369:1702β1705
1363:1786β1946
1357:1923β1948
1355:Palestine
1343:1946β1963
1331:1891β1971
1325:1920β1932
1319:1762β1764
1313:1796β1965
1305:1948β1957
1299:1946β1948
1293:1885β1946
1287:1895β1946
1275:1848β1946
1269:1918β1961
1263:1811β1816
1257:1858β1947
1251:1841β1997
1249:Hong Kong
1245:1878β1960
1239:1795β1948
1233:1888β1984
1227:1824β1948
1215:Mauritius
1205:1874β1963
1193:1757β1947
1187:1812β1824
1177:1685β1824
1175:Bencoolen
1169:1879β1919
1157:1839β1967
1072:1887β1897
1066:1890β1963
1060:1890β1962
1046:1900β1910
1044:Transvaal
1040:1922β1961
1034:1899β1956
1028:1893β1968
1026:Swaziland
1022:1900β1914
1010:1915β1931
1004:1910β1931
998:1884β1960
992:1792β1961
986:1903β1976
972:1900β1910
966:1891β1964
964:Nyasaland
960:1924β1964
954:1900β1914
948:1914β1960
942:1884β1900
936:1856β1910
930:1810β1968
928:Mauritius
924:1807β1808
918:1862β1906
912:1920β1963
896:1816β1965
890:1882β1922
884:1895β1920
878:1891β1907
872:1806β1910
866:1795β1803
860:1919β1961
858:Cameroons
795:1813β1964
789:1800β1813
778:1921β1931
763:1809β1864
757:1807β1890
748:Gibraltar
743:1878β1960
737:1794β1796
691:*Current
606:3Β°47β²14β³S
472:, p. 110
403:Singapore
330:Territory
242:Bencoolen
234:Fort York
222:Indonesia
197:Bencoolen
45:1685β1824
35:Residency
2454:Category
2290:Colombia
2205:Kiribati
2082:Victoria
2022:Tasmania
1913:Virginia
1879:Stickeen
1867:Saybrook
1806:Plymouth
1752:New York
1690:Maryland
1682:Province
1645:Delaware
1615:Carolina
1607:Dominion
1601:Province
1564:Dominica
1512:Barbados
1484:Anguilla
1455:disputed
1436:Pakistan
1311:Maldives
1185:Billiton
1112:Rhodesia
1098:Tanzania
1094:Cameroon
1070:Zululand
1064:Zanzibar
852:Botswana
2445:culture
2199:Vanuatu
1989:Oceania
1664:Jamaica
1657:Georgia
1577:Grenada
1532:Bermuda
1506:Bahamas
1492:Antigua
1373:Sarawak
1085:Namibia
946:Nigeria
922:Madeira
842:Lesotho
801:Minorca
767:Ireland
735:Corsica
662:Former
450:Sumatra
412:in the
374:within
308:Pryaman
300:Batavia
288:Malacca
258:Sumatra
246:Benkulu
118:β’
95:History
81:Capital
2464:Portal
2284:Now a
2255:Guiana
2209:Tuvalu
1812:Quebec
1584:Canada
1525:Belize
1417:Weihai
1361:Penang
1349:Padang
1279:Malaya
1273:Labuan
1267:Kuwait
1243:Cyprus
1237:Ceylon
1231:Brunei
1203:Borneo
1197:Bhutan
1191:Bengal
1127:Zambia
1058:Uganda
820:Africa
793:Colony
783:Malta
741:Cyprus
729:Cyprus
713:Europe
679:Legend
456:
284:Bantam
170:Bantam
98:
2207:and *
2173:Nauru
2167:Samoa
2141:Tonga
2100:Papua
1710:Nevis
1595:Upper
1589:Lower
1432:India
1297:Union
1255:India
1225:Burma
1181:Banka
1032:Sudan
934:Natal
916:Lagos
910:Kenya
904:Ghana
888:Egypt
248:, or
184:Ambon
2203:Now
2197:Now
2147:Niue
2088:Fiji
1790:1843
1718:1579
1438:and
1430:Now
1261:Java
1217:and
1183:and
1145:Asia
1125:Now
1083:Now
454:ISBN
364:Krui
304:Aceh
112:1685
60:Flag
2288:of
37:of
2481::
1434:,
416:.
382:.
244:,
240:,
236:,
2419:.
2377:)
2364:)
2159:*
2152:*
2127:*
2108:/
2048:/
2020:/
1982:e
1975:t
1968:v
1859:*
1852:*
1845:*
1662:*
1631:/
1582:*
1575:*
1523:*
1504:*
1497:*
1490:*
1221:)
1100:.
902:(
850:(
840:(
731:)
655:e
648:t
641:v
577:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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