884:, replaces a small proportion of carbon atoms in a diamond's structure and causes a yellowish to brownish tint. This effect is present in almost all white diamonds; in only the rarest diamonds is the coloration from this effect undetectable. The GIA has developed a rating system for color in white diamonds, from D to Z (with D being "colorless" and Z having a bright yellow coloration), which has been widely adopted in the industry and is universally recognized, superseding several older systems. The GIA system uses a benchmark set of natural diamonds of known color grade, along with standardized and carefully controlled lighting conditions. Diamonds with higher color grades are rarer, in higher demand, and therefore more expensive, than lower color grades. Oddly enough, diamonds graded Z are also rare, and the bright yellow color is also highly valued. Diamonds graded D–F are considered "colorless", G–J are considered "near-colorless", K–M are "slightly colored". N–Y usually appears light yellow or brown.
1150:
allowing the maximum amount of light to enter from all angles, allowing the diamonds to appear larger and more brilliant. In bezel settings the diamond or gemstone is completely surrounded by a rim of metal, which can be molded into any shape to accommodate the stone. Used to set earrings, necklaces, bracelets, and rings, bezel settings can have open or closed backs, and generally can be molded to allow a lot of light to pass through. Channel settings set the stones right next to each other with no metal separating them. This setting is mostly used in wedding and anniversary bands. The outer ridge is then worked over the edges of the stones to create a smooth exterior surface. This also protects the girdle area of the stone.
592:, which proceeded to establish a monopoly over the world's diamond market. That monopoly had ended by 2005, following an antitrust lawsuit in the US (which De Beers settled without admitting wrongdoing, upon payment of a US$ 295 million settlement), and a voluntary agreement between De Beers and the European Commission. The latter agreement had been overturned upon appeal by the Russian mining company Alrosa, but the European Court of Justice then upheld the decision and the European Commission subsequently concluded its investigation with no more action being taken against De Beers.
1159:
69:
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261:
1060:. Many fancy colored diamonds are now being cut according to these new styles. Generally speaking, these "fancy cuts" are not held to the same strict standards as Tolkowsky-derived round brilliants and there are less specific mathematical guidelines of angles which determine a well-cut stone. Cuts are influenced heavily by fashion: the baguette cut—which accentuates a diamond's luster and downplays its fire—was popular during the
1623:
or revolutionary activities. Although the
Kimberley Process has been moderately successful in limiting the number of conflict diamonds entering the market, conflict diamonds smuggled to market continue to persist to some degree (about 2–3% of diamonds traded in 2000 were possible conflict diamonds). Today, according to the Gemological Institute of America, 99% of the world's diamonds are conflict-free. According to the 2006 book
822:
1408:. Sutras are most used to describe the teachings of Buddha. In this case the title of the Sutra refers not to the diamond itself but to a 'diamond blade that will cut through worldly illusion to illuminate what is real and everlasting'. Jewel imagery forms a central part of Buddhism: the triple-jewel represents 'Buddha', his teachings 'Dharma' and the spiritual community 'Shangha'. The book presently resides in the
546:
774:(t.c.w.) is a phrase used to describe the total mass of diamonds or other gemstone in a piece of jewelry, when more than one gemstone is used. Diamond solitaire earrings, for example, are usually quoted in t.c.w. when placed for sale, indicating the mass of the diamonds in both earrings and not each individual diamond. T.c.w. is also widely used for diamond necklaces, bracelets and other similar jewelry pieces.
518:
1133:
carat price of diamond shifts around key milestones (such as 1.00 carat (200 mg)), many one-carat diamonds are the result of compromising cut for carat. Some jewelry experts advise consumers to buy a 0.99-carat (198 mg) diamond for its better price or buy a 1.10-carat (220 mg) diamond for its better cut, avoiding a 1.00-carat (200 mg) diamond which is more likely to be a poorly cut stone.
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272:
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from the external and internal facet surfaces. Fire refers to the spectral colors which are produced as a result of the diamond dispersing the white light. Scintillation refers to the small flashes of light that are seen when the diamond, light source or the viewer is moved. A diamond that is cut and polished to produce a high level of these qualities is said to be high in
904:). Diamonds with unusual or intense coloration are sometimes labeled "fancy" in the diamond industry. Intense yellow coloration is considered one of the fancy colors, and is separate from the color grades of white diamonds. Gemologists have developed rating systems for fancy colored diamonds, but they are not in common use because of the relative rarity of such diamonds.
1081:, and the relative angles of various facets, are determined by the quality of the cut and can affect the performance of a diamond. A diamond with facets cut only a few degrees out of alignment can result in a poorly performing stone. For a round brilliant cut, there is a balance between "brilliance" and "fire". When a diamond is cut for too much "fire", it looks like a
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607:, created in 1929 to become the first and biggest diamond bourse dedicated to rough diamonds. Antwerp's association with diamonds began in the late 15th century when a new technique to polish and shape the gems evolved in this city. The diamond cutters of Antwerp are world renowned for their skill. More than 12,000 expert cutters and polishers are at work in the
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steps to try to create a distinction between diamonds dug from the ground and diamonds made in a factory, in part by downplaying the fact that diamonds from both sources are actually visually identical. Synthetics currently represent 2% of gem-quality diamond supply used for jewelry, but 98% of industrial-quality supply used for abrasive applications.
1240:(as is commonly encountered in jewellery stores), diamonds described as strongly or very strongly fluorescent were, on average, reported as having a better color appearance than less fluorescent stones". The GIA study concluded that "the diamond industry would be better served by considering each individual diamond on its own visual merits."
1554:, starting in 1938. Such a campaign had become necessary to sell the large quantity of diamonds suddenly available because of the large diamond finds particularly in South Africa. In the early 20th century, a chairman of De Beers optimistically predicted that the diamond trade would prosper "so long as men are foolish and women are vain."
1085:, which gives off much more "fire" than real diamond. A well-executed round brilliant cut should reflect light upwards and make the diamond appear white when viewed from the top. An inferior cut will produce a stone that appears dark at the center and in extreme cases the setting may be seen through the top of the diamond as shadows.
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Even a thin film absorbs some light that could have been reflected to the viewer. Colored dye or smudges can affect the perceived color of a diamond. Historically, some jewelers' stones were misgraded because of smudges on the girdle, or dye on the culet. Current practice is to clean a diamond thoroughly before grading its color.
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1627:, two major flaws still hinder the effectiveness of the Kimberley Process: the relative ease of smuggling diamonds across African borders and giving phony histories, and the violent nature of diamond mining in nations that are not in a technical state of war and whose diamonds are therefore considered "clean."
1738:). They further discuss his referral to the adamas coming from the "east" through Armenian traders, but they show this was actually based on an erroneous interpretation of Theophrastus. Williams (Gardner F. Williams, Diamond Mines of South Africa, New York, BF Buck Company, 1905) argues that the stone named
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undoubtedly encouraged the establishment of today's GIA color grading system. The new GIA grading system had no place for the effect of fluorescence on color and the desirability of fluorescence in a diamond began to wane in the years that followed. Diamonds with fluorescence were marked down in price.
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Currently, gem production totals nearly 30 million carats (6.0 tonnes; 6.6 short tons) of cut and polished stones annually, and over 100 million carats (20 tonnes; 22 short tons) of mined diamonds are sold for industrial use each year, as are about 100 tonnes (110 short tons) of synthesized
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Ironically, in 1997, a seminal study by the
Gemological Institute of America (GIA) concluded that, "in general, the strength of fluorescence had no widely perceptible effect on the color appearance of diamonds viewed table-down (as is typical in laboratory and trade grading). In the table-up position
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Before the diamond industry standardized to the GIA grading terminology the term "Blue White" (Blauweiss) was widely used to describe the most highly regarded white diamonds. The term described colorless diamonds with a tinge of blue fluorescence. These stones were actively sought by merchants thanks
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The further the diamond's characteristics are from the
Tolkowsky's ideal, the less light will be reflected. However, there is a small range in which the diamond can be considered "ideal". Tolkowsky's calculations can be repeated for a narrow range of pavilion angles. Such calculations show a slightly
792:. Inclusions may be crystals of a foreign material or another diamond crystal, or structural imperfections such as tiny cracks that can appear whitish or cloudy. The number, size, color, relative location, orientation, and visibility of inclusions can all affect the relative clarity of a diamond. The
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The price per carat does not increase linearly with increasing size. Instead, there are sharp jumps around milestone carat weights, as demand is much higher for diamonds weighing just more than a milestone than for those weighing just less. As an example, a 0.99-carat diamond may have a significantly
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Within the last two decades, a number of for-profit gemological grading laboratories have also been established, many of them also based in
Antwerp or New York. These entities serve to provide similar services as the non-profit associations above, but in a less expensive and more timely fashion. They
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Some diamonds with "very strong" fluorescence can have a "milky" or "oily" look to them, but they are also very rare and are termed "over-blues." Their study concluded that with the exception of "over-blues" and yellow fluorescent diamonds, fluorescence had little effect on transparency and that the
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The setting diamonds are placed in also affect the performance of light through a diamond. The three most commonly used settings are: Prong, Bezel, and
Channel. Prong settings are the most popular setting for diamond jewelry. The prong setting consists of four or six 'claws' that cradle the diamond,
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Even with modern techniques, the cutting and polishing of a diamond crystal always results in a dramatic loss of weight; rarely is it less than 50%. Sometimes the cutters compromise and accept lesser proportions and symmetry in order to avoid inclusions or to preserve the carat rating. Since the per
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Most inclusions present in gem-quality diamonds do not affect the diamonds' performance or structural integrity. When set in jewelry, it may also be possible to hide certain inclusion behind mounting hardware such as prongs in a way that renders the defect invisible. However, large clouds can affect
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Diamonds become increasingly rare when considering higher clarity gradings. Only about 20% of all diamonds mined have a clarity rating high enough for the diamond to be considered appropriate for use as a gemstone; the other 80% are relegated to industrial use. Of that top 20%, a significant portion
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in 2002, which is aimed at ensuring that conflict diamonds do not become intermixed with the diamonds not controlled by such rebel groups, by providing documentation and certification of diamond exports from producing countries to ensure that the proceeds of sale are not being used to fund criminal
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Cleanliness significantly affects a diamond's beauty. A clean diamond is more brilliant and fiery than the same diamond when it is "dirty". Dirt or grease on the top of a diamond reduces its luster. Water, dirt, or grease on the bottom of a diamond interferes with the diamond's brilliance and fire.
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to their appealing ‘ice’ effect and consumers paid higher prices for diamonds with fluorescence. Quality retailers such as C. D. Peacock of
Chicago Il. made their name selling genuine Blue-White diamonds, but others in the industry saw the opportunity to use the term to sell lower quality diamonds.
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of the ASET) are used to test for AGS cut grade. Proponents of these machines argue they help sellers demonstrate the light performance of the diamond in addition to the traditional 4 Cs. Detractors, however, see these machines as marketing tools rather than scientific ones. The GIA has developed a
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There are mathematical guidelines for the angles and length ratios at which the diamond is supposed to be cut in order to reflect the maximum amount of light. Round brilliant diamonds, the most common, are guided by these specific guidelines, though fancy cut stones are not able to be as accurately
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Most gem diamonds are traded on the wholesale market based on single values for each of the four Cs; for example knowing that a diamond is rated as 1.5 carats (300 mg), VS2 clarity, F color, excellent cut round brilliant, is enough to reasonably establish an expected price range. More detailed
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In the gem trade, the term light performance is used to describe how well a polished diamond will return light to the viewer. There are three light properties which are described in relation to light performance: brilliance, fire, and scintillation. Brilliance refers to the white light reflections
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and even the Romans. The Romans valued the diamond entirely on account of the supernatural powers they ascribed to it. Pliny wrote that a diamond baffles poison, keeps off insanity, and dispels vain fears. The medieval
Italians copied these beliefs and added some to it: they called it the "Pietra
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period, whereas the princess cut — which accentuates a diamond's fire rather than its luster — is currently gaining popularity. The princess cut is also popular amongst diamond cutters: of all the cuts, it wastes the least of the original crystal. The past decades have seen the development of new
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on the farm
Vooruitzigt belonging to the De Beers brothers. This sparked off the famous "New Rush" and within a month, 800 claims were cut into the hillock which were worked frenetically by two to three thousand men. As the land was lowered so the hillock became a mine—in time, the world-renowned
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was developed. Diamonds produced by the latest technologies are visually identical to mined, naturally occurring diamonds. It is too early to assess the effect of future wide availability of gem-quality synthetic diamonds on the diamond market, although the traditional diamond industry has taken
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In more recent times a
Parisian Oracle of mystic subjects, the Baron d'Orchamps, announced the diamond, if worn on the left (hand) warded off evil influences and attracted good fortune and since he had fashionable clients the word spread and the wearing of the diamond on the left hand became in
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The process of shaping a rough diamond into a polished gemstone is both an art and a science. The choice of cut is often decided by the original shape of the rough stone, location of the inclusions and flaws to be eliminated, the preservation of the weight, popularity of certain shapes amongst
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The culet is the tiny point or facet at the bottom of the diamond. This should be a negligible diameter, otherwise light leaks out of the bottom. Tolkowsky's calculations included neither a culet nor a girdle. However, a girdle is required in reality in order to prevent the diamond from easily
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In contrast to yellow or brown hues, diamonds of other colors are more rare and valuable. While even a pale pink or blue hue may increase the value of a diamond, more intense coloration is usually considered more desirable and commands the highest prices. A variety of impurities and structural
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The finest quality as per color grading is totally colorless, which is graded as D color diamond across the globe, meaning it is absolutely free from any color. The next grade has a very slight trace of color, which can be observed by any expert diamond valuer/grading laboratory. However, when
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have developed methods of grading diamonds and other gemstones based on the characteristics most important to their value as a gem. Four characteristics known informally as the "four Cs" are now commonly used as the basic descriptors of diamonds: carat, cut, color, and clarity. This system was
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works dating from the 4th century BC describe the diamond as a well-known and precious stone but do not mention the details of diamond cutting. Another Indian description written in the beginning of the 3rd century describes strength, regularity, brilliance, ability to scratch metals, and good
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The quality of a diamond's cut is widely considered the most important of the four Cs in determining the beauty of a diamond; indeed, it is commonly acknowledged that a well-cut diamond can appear to be of greater carat weight, and have clarity and color appear to be of better grade than they
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for example believed gemstones were a consequence of fermentation in the stars, where a diamond actually formed the kernel of gold-bearing mass. In fact often diamonds were linked to gold, which may have found its origin in the joint occurrence of diamonds with quartzite, quartz veins and an
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Several different theories on the "ideal" proportions of a diamond have been and continue to be advocated by various owners of patents on machines to view how well a diamond is cut. These advocate a shift away from grading cut by the use of various angles and proportions toward measuring the
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Today, because of the relative importance of carat weight among buyers, many diamonds are often intentionally cut poorly to increase carat weight. There is a financial premium for a diamond that weighs the desirable 1.0 carat (200 mg), so often the girdle is made thicker or the depth is
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By 1938, the term "Blue White" and the underlying concept that blue (i.e. fluorescence) added value to white (colorless) diamonds had become abused by too many unscrupulous dealers and the U.S. Federal Trade
Commission outlawed the use of the term Blue White. The subsequent FTC restrictions
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In the wholesale trade of gem diamonds, carat is often used in denominating lots of diamonds for sale. For example, a buyer may place an order for 100 carats (20 g) of 0.5-carat (100 mg), D–F, VS2-SI1, excellent cut diamonds, indicating a wish to purchase 200 diamonds (100 carats
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Diamonds do not show all of their beauty as rough stones; instead, they must be cut and polished to exhibit the characteristic fire and brilliance that diamond gemstones are known for. Diamonds are cut into a variety of shapes that are generally designed to accentuate these features.
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to yellow and so can appear to cancel it out, strong blue fluorescence had especially better color appearance with lower color graded diamonds that have a slight yellowish tint, such as I or J color, but had little effect on the more colorless D, E, and F color grades.
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unit—equal to one one-hundredth of a carat (0.01 carat, or 2 mg)—is commonly used for diamonds of less than one carat. All else being equal, the price per carat increases with carat weight, since larger diamonds are both rarer and more desirable for use as gemstones.
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being an ornamental stone and not used in an "industrial" context of engraving gems). Streeter argues similarly in his book (Edwin Streeter, Precious Stones and gems, London, Bell and Sons, 1898). There seems to be a consensus over a large period of time that in fact the
1751:" was not a diamond, but mostly any type of corundum, several other minerals such as spinel were probably confused with diamonds as well; particularly because of a similarity in hardness and their availability in the Mediterranean area. (see discussion in Theophrastus).
861:. Depending on the hue and intensity of a diamond's coloration, a diamond's color can either detract from or enhance its value. For example, most white diamonds are discounted in price as a more yellow hue is detectable, while intense pink or blue diamonds (such as the
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Diamonds which show very little traces of color are graded as G or H color diamonds. Slightly colored diamonds are graded as I or J or K color. A diamond can be found in any color in addition to colorless. Some of the colored diamonds, such as pink, are very rare.
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diamond cuts, often based on a modification of an existing cut. Some of these include extra facets. These newly developed cuts are viewed by many as more of an attempt at brand differentiation by diamond sellers, than actual improvements to the state of the art.
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of a diamond describes the manner in which a diamond has been shaped and polished from its beginning form as a rough stone to its final gem proportions. The cut of a diamond describes the quality of workmanship and the angles to which a diamond is cut. Often
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della Reconciliazione" (stone of reconciliation) because it maintained concord between husband and wife. On this account it was recommended as the stone to be set in wedding (or espousal) rings—not on account of its beauty therefore, which was described by
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for many grading reports) on diamonds; while carat weight and cut angles are mathematically defined, the clarity and color are judged by the trained human eye and are therefore open to slight variance in interpretation. These associations are listed below.
334:, which established the first large-scale diamond mines in South Africa. Through an advertising campaign in the late 1940s and continuing into the mid-20th century, De Beers made diamonds into a key part of the betrothal process and a coveted symbol of
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Today, fluorescent natural diamonds are again becoming very desirable with major diamond miners such as the world's largest diamond producer, Alrosa, reminding the industry of the historic desirability and beauty of naturally fluorescent diamonds.
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The Canadian Government has set up a body known as Canadian Diamond Code of Conduct to help authenticate Canadian diamonds. This is a very stringent tracking system of diamonds and helps protect the 'conflict free' label of Canadian diamonds.
1734:, and which had long been used for cutting and polishing. A chief product of Naxos has long been a high grade of amorphous corundum which was used as an abrasive. ("Theophrastus, On Stones", E Caley, J. Richards, Ohio State University, 1956,
319:. Diamonds are such a highly traded commodity that multiple organizations have been created for grading and certifying them based on the "four Cs", which are color, cut, clarity, and carat. Other characteristics, such as presence or lack of
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contains one or more visible inclusions. Those that do not have a visible inclusion are known as "eye-clean" and are preferred by most buyers, although visible inclusions can sometimes be hidden under the setting in a piece of jewelry.
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consumers and many other considerations. The round brilliant cut is preferred when the crystal is an octahedron, as often two stones may be cut from one such crystal. Oddly shaped crystals such as macles are more likely to be cut in a
1093:" characteristic pattern observable in stones exhibiting high symmetry and particular cut angles. Closely related to Hearts and Arrows viewers is the ASET which tests for light leakage, light return, and proportions. The ASET (and
1005:
Typically a round brilliant 1.0-carat (200 mg) diamond should have a diameter of about 6.5 mm (0.26 in). Mathematically, the diameter in millimeters of a round brilliant should approximately equal to 6.5 times the
463:
work from the 3rd century BC mentions: "Foreigners wear it in the belief that it can ward off evil influences". The Chinese, who did not find diamonds in their country, initially did not use diamond as a jewel but used it as a
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have excavated beads with evidences of diamond drilling from 1200 BC to 1st century AD from the site of Hajar ar Rayhani, with double diamond drilling from 1000 to 600 BC. The double diamond drill technique was present in
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In traditional Hinduism one should avoid contact with a diamond whose surface area is damaged by a crack, a crowfoot, a round, dull, speckled area, or which is black-blue, flat, or is cut other than the (ideal) hexagonal
768:(20 g) total mass) of those approximate characteristics. Because of this, diamond prices (particularly among wholesalers and other industry professionals) are often quoted per carat, rather than per stone.
957:(the lower half). The girdle is the thin middle part. The function of the crown is to refract light into various colors, and the pavilion's function is to reflect light back through the top of the diamond.
1602:. Major diamond trading corporations continue to fund and fuel these conflicts by doing business with armed groups. In response to public concerns that their diamond purchases were contributing to war and
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is the overall quickest indication of the quality of the cut of a round brilliant. "Ideal" round brilliant diamonds should not have a depth percentage greater than 62.5%. Another quick indication is the
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any larger, and both greatly reduce the sparkle of the diamond. (A poorly cut 1.0-carat (200 mg) diamond may have the same diameter and appear as large as a 0.85-carat (170 mg) diamond.) The
796:(GIA) and other organizations have developed systems to grade clarity, which are based on those inclusions which are visible to a trained professional when a diamond is viewed under 10× magnification.
330:. The practice is documented among European aristocracy as early as the 15th century, though ruby and sapphire were more desirable gemstones. The modern popularity of diamonds was largely created by
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by the Greek and further referred to by Pliny was most likely a sapphire, since this was a much more abundant stone, even among traders in Asia, than diamond (especially when used in the context of
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In addition to carrying the most importance to a diamond's quality as a gemstone, the cut is also the most difficult to quantitatively judge. A number of factors, including proportion, polish,
595:
Today, annual global rough diamond production is estimated to be about 130 million carats (26 tonnes; 29 short tons), of which 92% is cut and polished in India, mostly in the city of
1560:
The increase in online sales are disrupting the market for diamonds by bringing greater transparency to an industry that has traditionally relied on opacity. Online diamond retailers and
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A population of diamonds exhibiting an ultra rare purple fluorescence were discovered in 2020 at a new alluvial deposit within the Ellendale diamond field in Australia. Credit: IBDH
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materials adhere well to a diamond. Furthermore, the intricate facets of certain diamond cuts may trap dirt and grime, requiring specialized cleaning techniques. Many jewelers use
1214:. In October 2020, a population of diamonds were discovered within an alluvial deposit at the Ellendale diamond field in Australia that exhibit an ultra rare purple fluorescence.
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cuts. Newer cuts that have been introduced into the jewelry industry are the "cushion" "radiant" (similar to princess cuts, but with rounded edges instead of square edges) and
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actually believed that gems (including a diamond) were formed of clear, transparent water, and that their colors and characteristics were derived from their metallic spirit.
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by calculating the ideal shape to return and scatter light when a diamond is viewed from above. The modern round brilliant has 57 facets (polished faces), counting 33 on the
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studded in jewellery these very light colored diamonds do not show any color or it is not possible to make out color shades. These are graded as E color or F color diamonds.
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Diamonds eventually spread throughout the world, even though India had remained the only major source of the gemstone until diamonds were discovered in Brazil in 1725. A
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fluorescence of which 38% had faint blue fluorescence and 62% had fluorescence that ranged from medium to very strong blue. Other colors diamonds can fluoresce are
857:. However, in reality most gem-sized natural diamonds are imperfect. The color of a diamond may be affected by chemical impurities and/or structural defects in the
694:(GIA) was the first laboratory in America to issue modern diamond reports, and is held in high regard amongst gemologists for its consistent, conservative grading.
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performance of a cut stone. A number of specially modified viewers and machines have been developed toward this end. Hearts and Arrows viewers test for the "
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imperfections cause different colors in diamonds, including yellow, pink, blue, red, green, brown, and other hues. There is also a kind of pebble containing
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Before diamonds were discovered in Brazil in the 1700s, India was the only place where diamonds were mined. Early references to diamonds in India come from
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to fund conflicts. Though popularly believed to derive its value from its rarity, gem-quality diamonds are quite common compared to rare gemstones such as
2037:"The elaboration of political models in maritime Southeast Asia and of pan-regional culture: Contribution from Khao Sek stone ornament craft system study"
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Today, the round brilliant is still the most popular diamond shape for an engagement ring. More than 60 percent of diamonds on the market are brilliants.
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338:. The diamond's high value has been the driving force behind dictators and revolutionary entities, especially in Africa, using slave and child labor to
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is worn on the forehead until the early 19th century this was a tradition believed to bring good luck. Devotional statues is not specifically mentioned
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1361:, diamonds have been used symbolically since near the time of their first discovery. Perhaps the earliest symbolic use of diamonds was as the eyes of
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for individual stones. Consumers who purchase individual diamonds are often advised to use the four Cs to pick the diamond that is "right" for them.
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chipping in the setting. The thick part of the girdle is normally about 1.7% (of the overall diameter) thicker than the thin part of the girdle.
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Diamonds were traded to the east and west of India and were recognized by various cultures for their gemological or industrial uses. In his work
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Other characteristics also influence the value and appearance of a gem diamond. These include physical characteristics such as the presence of
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a diamond's ability to transmit and scatter light. Large cracks close to or breaking the surface may increase the likelihood of a fracture.
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Depth percentage (overall depth divided by overall diameter) = 59.3% (not including adjustments for the culet height and girdle thickness)
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1550:
The popularity of the diamond ring as an engagement ring for a much wider audience can be traced directly to the marketing campaigns of
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set of criteria for grading the cut of round brilliant stones that is now the standard in the diamond industry and is called Facetware.
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The techniques for cutting diamonds have been developed over hundreds of years, with perhaps the greatest achievements made in 1919 by
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Martin Meredith, Diamonds, Gold, and War: The British, the Boers, and the Making of South Africa, (New York, Public Affairs, 2007):34
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strong and very strong blue fluorescent diamonds on average had better color appearance than non-fluorescent stones. Since blue is a
300:. Diamonds are one of the best-known and most sought-after gems, and they have been used as decorative items since ancient times.
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Maintaining a clean diamond can sometimes be difficult as jewelry settings can obstruct cleaning, and oils, grease, and other
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There are two major non-profit gemological associations which grade and provide reports, (informally referred to by the term
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The process of diamonds being used for drilling ornamental beads dates back to 2nd millennium BC. Archaeologists working in
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In some of the politically unstable central African and west African countries, revolutionary groups have taken control of
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by gemstone occasionally used in the past for the arms of nobles, diamond was used to represent the color sable, or black.
349:, and annual global rough diamond production is estimated to be about 130 million carats (26 tonnes; 29 short tons).
88:
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refractive properties as the desirable qualities of a diamond. Kalkutta was an important trading center for diamonds in
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with the opening of the first large-scale diamond mine. The first diamond there was found in 1866 on the banks of the
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756:, CEO of Rapaport Group of New York, for different diamond cuts, clarity and weights. It is currently considered the
3092:"Joint Resolution - World Federation of Diamond Bourses (WFDB) and International Diamond Manufacturers Association"
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Diamonds which are not cut into a round brilliant shape are known as "fancy cuts." Popular fancy cuts include the
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1594:, using proceeds from diamond sales to finance their operations. Diamonds sold through this process are known as
565:, and by 1873 Kimberley was the second largest town in South Africa, having an approximate population of 40,000.
448:. This was long believed to refer to diamond, but is now thought more likely to mean other hard minerals such as
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Gwinnett, A. John; Gorelick, L. (1993). "Beads, Scarabs, and Amulets: Methods of Manufacture in Ancient Egypt".
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One of the first occurrences of the diamond engagement (or wedding) ring can be traced back to the marriage of
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prior to 600 BC (7th century BC). There is also evidence of technique of double diamond drilling from Southern
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1971:"Stone Beads in Oman during the 3rd to 2nd Millennia BCE. New Approaches to the Study of Trade and Technology"
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2804:
2790:
1302:
A diamond gives victory to him or her who carries it bound on his left arm, no matter the number of enemies.
599:. Some 85% of the world's rough diamonds, 50% of cut diamonds, and 40% of industrial diamonds are traded in
3164:
315:—giving the diamond its characteristic "fire"—make it useful for industrial applications and desirable as
1074:
actually are. The skill with which a diamond is cut determines its ability to reflect and refract light.
1010:
of carat weight, or 11.1 times the cube root of gram weight, or 1.4 times the cube root of point weight.
697:
Diamond High Council (HRD) Official certification laboratory of the Belgian diamond industry, located in
1735:
2637:
2330:
525:
In 1869, an even larger 83.50-carat (16.700 g; 0.5891 oz) diamond was found on the slopes of
248:
1120:, at a 2001 diamond exhibition in Paris. An uncut diamond does not show its prized optical properties.
745:
3314:
2891:
1797:
1644:
1129:—that is, a cut other than the round brilliant—which the particular crystal shape lends itself to.
608:
604:
600:
499:
31:
946:
761:
749:
379:
2922:
2314:
1767:
He describes diamonds being worn as long as 5000 years ago, recorded in ancient Hindu writings.
896:, which may be of extraterrestrial origin. It is the toughest form of diamond and is used as an
2805:"A Contribution to Understanding the Effect of Blue Fluorescence on the Appearance of Diamonds"
2729:
Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond, and fullerenes: properties, processing, and applications
2508:
1699:
866:
243:
2957:
2727:
2631:
2065:
960:
Tolkowsky's calculations included some approximations. He calculated the ideal dimensions as:
741:
lower price per carat than a comparable 1.01-carat diamond, because of differences in demand.
3301:
3188:
2700:
2685:
2533:
2362:
2223:
2165:
2016:
1768:
1591:
657:
145:
3219:
1875:
Gwinnett, A. John; Gorelick, Leonard (1991). "Bead Manufacture at Hajar Ar-Rayhani, Yemen".
1421:
to explain the origin and creation of gemstones, and diamonds were no exception to this. In
2575:
2133:
964:
Table percentage (corner-to-corner diameter of the table divided by overall diameter) = 53%
901:
233:
807:
Diamonds are graded by the major societies on a scale ranging from flawless to imperfect.
8:
2916:
2208:
1603:
1565:
1219:
1117:
1094:
636:
308:
217:
38:
2754:"A contribution to the understanding of blue fluorescence on the appearance of diamonds"
2579:
1659:
3055:
2591:
2501:
2331:
Media Briefing Note: Judgment in Case C 441/07 P Commission v Alrosa Company Ltd - News
1951:
1908:
1900:
1513:
1395:. In fact there are 14 names counted to be given to a diamond in traditional Hinduism.
1309:
1275:
1253:
667:
as well as the diamond's source and which gemological institute evaluated the diamond.
428:
2587:
1463:
for people born in the month of April, and is also used as the symbol of a sixty-year
652:
in 1953 as internationally recognized standard to evaluate diamonds' characteristics.
3265:
3244:
3225:
3137:
3131:
2733:
2706:
2641:
2595:
2539:
2512:
2264:
2169:
2158:
2076:
2036:
1943:
1912:
1892:
1679:
1619:
1531:
in 1477. Other early examples of betrothal jewels incorporating diamonds include the
1358:
1090:
760:
retail price baseline. Jewelers often trade diamonds at negotiated discounts off the
643:
is the primary gemological characteristic of gem diamonds. In the twentieth century,
615:
535:
155:
1290:
Mary of Burgundy is the first known recipient of a diamond engagement ring, in 1477.
849:
A chemically pure and structurally perfect diamond is perfectly transparent with no
3336:
3116:
3095:
2583:
2004:
1935:
1884:
1727:
1719:
1669:
1528:
1158:
942:
265:
212:
196:
2609:
3321:
3259:
3023:
2337:
2290:
2258:
2072:
1772:
1569:
1504:
1490:
1468:
1422:
1409:
1211:
1107:
988:
larger table percentage, and a trade-off between pavilion angle and crown angle.
921:
is the art and science of creating a gem-quality diamond out of mined rough. The
918:
889:
858:
783:
753:
632:
568:
The various smaller mining companies were amalgamated by the British businessmen
526:
437:
327:
323:, also affect the desirability and thus the value of a diamond used for jewelry.
275:
150:
114:
93:
3133:
The Heartless Stone: A Journey Through the World of Diamonds, Deceit, and Desire
444:(invulnerable stone) that occurred alongside gold and was used for ornament and
2315:
The European Court of Justice confirms approach in De Beers commitment decision
2202:
2160:
Diamonds, Gold, and War: The British, the Boers, and the Making of South Africa
1649:
1615:
1607:
1082:
970:
Pavilion angle (angle between the girdle and the pavilion main facets) = 40.75°
876:
Most diamonds used as gemstones are basically transparent with little tint, or
829:
640:
585:
511:
477:
339:
2671:
Diamond Design. A Study of the Reflection and Refraction of Light in a Diamond
2535:
Jewelry & Gems, the Buying Guide: How to Buy Diamonds, Pearls, Colored ...
2442:
603:, Belgium—the diamond center of the world. The city of Antwerp also hosts the
3330:
1947:
1896:
1822:
1585:
1400:
1183:
938:
870:
834:
816:
420:
390:
342:
335:
165:
119:
2204:
Select Constitutional Documents Illustrating South African History 1795-1910
3028:
1453:
1317:
1295:
1187:
1186:
of 26,010 natural diamonds, 65% of the diamonds in the sample did not
1040:
862:
716:
664:
573:
569:
507:
503:
469:
433:
406:
367:
320:
109:
68:
2669:
1286:
1206:, but are very rare and are sometimes a combination of the colors such as
973:
Crown angle (angle between the girdle and the crown's kite facets) = 34.5°
160:
3074:"This Diamond Startup Wants To Change the Way You Buy An Engagement Ring"
2008:
1726:. E. Caley and J. Richards also discuss Pliny's reference in Book XXXVI,
1664:
1611:
1508:
1503:
The origin of the custom to use diamonds in rings, and more recently, in
1464:
1405:
1313:
1263:
1171:
1167:
1057:
927:
913:
729:
611:, at 380 workshops, serving 1,500 firms and 3,500 brokers and merchants.
539:
346:
293:
124:
30:"Three Cs" redirects here. For the strategy for countering COVID-19, see
1955:
656:
information from within each characteristic is used to determine actual
2478:
1904:
1561:
1460:
1207:
534:. Following agreement by the British government on compensation to the
3158:"Voluntary Code of Conduct For Authenticating Canadian Diamond Claims"
2531:
2375:
2284:
Lawsuit settlement places new restrictions on De Beers' behavior | JCK
976:
Pavilion depth (depth of pavilion divided by overall diameter) = 43.1%
521:
Fleetwood Rawstone's "Red Cap Party" of prospectors on Colesberg Kopje
2874:
Die Indischen Mineralien, Ihre Nahmen und Ihre Zugeschriebene Kraefte
1939:
1328:
1007:
893:
722:
628:
445:
2503:
How to Buy a Diamond: Insider Secrets for Getting Your Money's Worth
2461:
1970:
1888:
2224:"The Big Hole: The Rise And Fall Of Kimberley The City Of Diamonds"
1826:
1551:
1478:
1380:
1362:
1345:
A diamond's hardiness can only be broken by smearing it with fresh
1175:
1078:
1061:
1031:
897:
881:
821:
757:
683:
644:
627:
The most familiar usage of diamonds today is as gemstones used for
589:
577:
558:
550:
531:
493:
489:
449:
415:
411:
401:
394:
331:
304:
289:
170:
3056:"Analysis of a relationship between carat weight and face-up size"
2365:. Antwerp-tourist-guide.com (2014-09-30). Retrieved on 2015-10-22.
1771:
in 'A Curious Lore of Precious Stones' describes how a diamond in
1618:, the diamond industry and diamond-trading nations introduced the
561:
with picks and shovels, yielding 2,722 kg (6,001 lb) of
538:
for its competing land claims, Griqualand West was annexed to the
2786:
1433:
and who were then (as a form of punishment) transformed into the
1417:
1271:
698:
562:
316:
297:
60:
1294:
Historically, it has been claimed that diamonds possess several
979:
Crown depth (depth of crown divided by overall diameter) = 16.2%
545:
517:
2827:"Alrosa steps up efforts to brighten fluorescent diamond sales"
1573:
1495:
1339:
1332:
1321:
1199:
473:
453:
362:
271:
3287:
2079:
Online Encyclopedia. 2007. Microsoft Corporation. 2009-11-01.
1445:
1426:
1371:
1366:
1305:
1267:
1195:
1170:
light, usually a blue color, which may be noticeable under a
1112:
788:
Clarity is a measure of internal defects of a diamond called
726:
596:
460:
385:
371:
312:
44:
2418:"How High Quality Synthetic Diamonds Will Impact the Market"
825:
Jewelers sometimes set diamonds in groups of similar colors.
721:
measures the mass of a diamond. One carat is defined as 200
3163:. The Canadian Diamond Code Committee. 2006. Archived from
2876:(in German). Leipzig, Verlag von S. Hirzel. pp. 81–83.
1430:
1369:
uses Vajrayudham or the thunderbolt as his primary weapon.
1346:
1191:
706:
produce certificates that are similar to those of the GIA.
465:
1990:"A new look at stone drills of the Indus Valley Tradition"
1547:
1430–1440), a pictorial piece depicting a wedding couple.
1398:
The oldest dated printed book in the world is called the
1203:
850:
370:. Its deep blue coloration is caused by trace amounts of
2943:
A Natural History of Precious Stones and Precious Metals
2702:
Antique jewellery: its manufacture, materials and design
2610:"Black Diamonds & different types of black Diamonds"
1338:
Arabic diamonds are said to attract iron greater than a
1969:
Frenez, Dennys; Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (January 2018).
1499:
1.13-carat (226 mg) round diamond engagement ring.
900:, though sometimes also as precious stone (for example
614:
In the 21st century, the technology to produce perfect
498:
The modern era of diamond mining began in the 1860s in
1404:, a Chinese text dating from 868 and was found in the
992:
increased. Neither of these changes makes the diamond
2532:
Antoinette Matlins, Antonio C. Bonanno (April 2009).
1853:. Resource Investor. January 22, 2013. Archived from
1798:"How are Diamonds Graded: A Concise Guide to the 4Cs"
1270:
cleaners. Some jewelers provide their customers with
472:
from India. Diamonds were also discovered in 700 in
3094:. World Diamond Council. 2000-07-19. Archived from
3084:
2678:
2467:
1845:
1843:
1709:, meaning "unbreakable", "proper", or "unalterable"
2746:
2500:
2157:
3150:
2256:
3328:
3189:"Industrial Diamonds Statistics and Information"
3016:
2561:"Optical absorption and luminescence in diamond"
2221:
1928:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
1925:
1874:
1840:
1335:of their virtue (i.e., ability to attract iron).
3117:"How can I be sure a diamond is conflict-free?"
2725:
2698:
2215:
2155:
1987:
1851:"The state of 2013 global rough diamond supply"
2525:
1425:for example it was the youth on the island of
1166:About a third of all diamonds will glow under
671:also dramatically affects a diamond's beauty.
3007:
2918:Precious Stones in Nature, Art and Literature
2667:
2110:
2108:
2106:
1968:
873:, which occur in every color of the rainbow.
37:"4 Cs" redirects here. For the singular, see
3123:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2966:
2959:An Essay about the Origin and Virtue of Gems
2880:
2498:
2021:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1795:
1722:, mentioned Germany as the best location of
588:. In 1888, the two companies merged to form
2990:Fire in the Earth, the Story of the Diamond
2977:. London: MacGibbon & Kee. p. 379.
2376:"The history of the Antwerp Diamond Center"
2060:
2058:
2056:
1712:
1316:, all fly before it; hence, it is good for
2910:
2908:
2871:
2558:
2103:
1988:Kenoyer, Vidale, J.M, Massimo (May 1992).
869:displays a spectacular array of naturally
3217:
2996:
2949:
2340:. Hogan Lovells. Retrieved on 2015-10-22.
2293:. Jckonline.com. Retrieved on 2015-10-22.
1190:. Of the 35% that did fluoresce, 97% had
865:) can be dramatically more valuable. The
557:From 1871 to 1914, 50,000 miners dug the
3129:
3008:Kunz PhD. DSc, George Frederick (1917).
2987:
2981:
2972:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2492:
2250:
2195:
2053:
1494:
1285:
1157:
1111:
828:
820:
544:
516:
361:
43:
3261:Minerals: Their Constitution and Origin
3258:Wenk, Hans-Rudolf; et al. (2003).
2936:
2934:
2932:
2914:
2905:
2692:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2435:
2313:Mische, Harald and Višnar, Blaž (2010)
2087:
2085:
1760:
1754:
1449:occasional occurrence of gold in them.
14:
3329:
3322:Have You Ever Tried to Sell a Diamond?
3024:Have you ever tried to sell a diamond?
2856:
2705:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 82–102.
2629:
2623:
2552:
2420:. Kitco. July 12, 2013. Archived from
2394:"Synthetic diamonds still a rough cut"
2303:De Beers Diamonds Antitrust Litigation
2260:The Autobiography of John Hays Hammond
892:diamond that is black or gray, called
2955:
2865:
2841:
2182:
2140:
2117:
1281:
3257:
3181:
3043:Engineering and Mining Journal-Press
2940:
2929:
2654:
2353:. Time.com. Retrieved on 2015-10-22.
2207:. Routledge and Sons. 1918. p.
2164:. New York: Public affairs. p.
2082:
1655:Child labour in the diamond industry
1136:
3285:
3241:Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing
3238:
3109:
3012:. Philadelphia, J.H. Lippincott Co.
2921:. Boston, Bradlee Whidden. p.
2719:
2222:Barbara Mitchell (April 20, 2022).
1516:as a small stone devoid of beauty.
24:
2988:McCarthy, James Remington (1942).
2507:. Sourcebooks Casablanca. p.
2464:. Hrd.be. Retrieved on 2015-10-22.
2192:. Cape Town: David Philip pp 45-49
1796:Gary Simpson (September 2, 2023).
934:guided by mathematical specifics.
622:
476:, and were used by the traders of
25:
3348:
3279:
1730:, of the stone of Naxos as being
1579:
468:cutting knife". Diamonds reached
414:mentions diamond trade in India.
48:Diamonds in modern brilliant cut.
3211:
2837:from the original on 2020-03-04.
2815:from the original on 2014-10-23.
2793:from the original on 2018-06-12.
2765:Gemological Institute of America
2263:. Ayer Publishing. p. 205.
1765:. John Lane Company. p. 14.
1474:hierarchy of precious substances
1440:Philosophers however had a more
1365:devotional statues. In Hinduism
1226:
794:Gemological Institute of America
692:Gemological Institute of America
650:Gemological Institute of America
270:
260:
259:
67:
3194:United States Geological Survey
3066:
3048:
3035:
2819:
2797:
2779:
2732:. William Andrew. p. 280.
2686:"Advanced Instruments Division"
2602:
2455:
2410:
2386:
2368:
2356:
2343:
2324:
2307:
2296:
2277:
2241:
2149:
2126:
2094:
1444:to explain the origin of gems:
1357:Because of their extraordinary
1153:
631:—a usage which dates back into
3264:. Cambridge University Press.
2945:. Cambridge Press. p. 46.
2029:
1981:
1962:
1919:
1868:
1815:
1789:
1692:
1675:List of largest rough diamonds
1527:(then Archduke of Austria) to
1052:(a form of the rose cut), and
953:(the top half), and 24 on the
582:Barnato Diamond Mining Company
191:
13:
1:
3041:"Future supply of diamonds,"
2859:An Encyclopaedia of Occultism
2349:Adiga, Aravind. (2004-04-12)
2319:Competition Policy Newsletter
1782:
1544:
1536:
2872:Garbe, Dr., Richard (1882).
2787:"THE HISTORY OF C.D.PEACOCK"
2538:Gemstone Press. p. 37.
2477:. March 2007. Archived from
2462:Antwerp World Diamond Center
2380:Antwerp World Diamond Center
1507:, can be traced back to the
1375:is the word for diamond and
1116:The 253-carat (50.6 g)
880:. The most common impurity,
186:
7:
3218:Dickinson, Joan Y. (2001).
2588:10.1088/0034-4885/42/10/001
2499:Fred Cuellar (2005-03-01).
2363:diamond center of the world
1638:
1247:
590:De Beers Consolidated Mines
332:De Beers Consolidated Mines
205:Imitations and enhancements
10:
3353:
2992:. NY, Harper and Brothers.
2638:Cambridge University Press
2257:John Hays Hammond (1974).
1877:The Biblical Archaeologist
1703:
1583:
1488:
1383:. Another name for it was
1251:
1105:
1101:
1068:
930:is confused with "shape".
911:
814:
781:
777:
487:
377:
352:
36:
29:
2973:Franklyn, Julian (1961).
2962:. London, William Godbid.
2475:"Rapaport Diamond Report"
2190:Kimberley, turbulent city
1660:De Beers diamond monopoly
867:Aurora Diamond Collection
483:
2941:King, Rev. C.W. (1867).
2861:. University Books, Inc.
2726:Pierson, Hugh O (1993).
2699:James, Duncan S (1998).
2156:Martin Meredith (2007).
2146:Went et al. 2003, p. 539
2123:Went et al. 2003, p. 535
1685:
1645:Antwerp diamond district
1484:
1013:
810:
709:
605:Antwerpsche Diamantkring
510:and became known as the
357:
307:of diamond and its high
239:Schiphol Airport robbery
89:Crystallographic defects
32:Three Cs (public health)
2688:. American gem society.
2640:. p. 223;230–249.
2100:Dickinson 2001, pp. 1–2
1533:Bridal Crown of Blanche
764:price (e.g., "R −3%").
750:Rapaport Diamond Report
578:De Beers Mining Company
397:dating back to 400 BC.
380:Diamond mining in India
244:Graff Diamonds robbery
94:Formation and surfacing
3309:Cite journal requires
3224:. Dover Publications.
3136:. St. Martin's Press.
3130:Zoellner, Tom (2006).
3045:, 26 July 1924, p.123.
2956:Boyle, Robert (1672).
2915:Burnham, S.M. (1886).
2857:Spence, Lewis (1960).
2633:The nature of diamonds
2188:Roberts, Brian. 1976.
1761:Catelle, W.R. (1911).
1718:Pliny in Book XXXVII,
1500:
1291:
1274:-based cleaning kits;
1163:
1121:
907:
838:
826:
616:diamonds synthetically
554:
522:
375:
49:
3239:Lee, Sunggyu (2006).
2630:Harlow, G.E. (1998).
2134:"History Of Diamonds"
1769:George Frederick Kunz
1498:
1442:naturalistic approach
1289:
1161:
1115:
832:
824:
548:
520:
365:
326:Diamonds are used in
249:Belgium diamond heist
47:
18:Brilliance (gemstone)
3221:The Book of Diamonds
3010:Rings for the Finger
2114:Dickinson 2001, p. 3
2009:10.1557/PROC-267-495
1095:computer simulations
639:of white light into
234:Millennium Dome raid
161:The diamond industry
2668:Tolkowsky, Marcel.
2580:1979RPPh...42.1605W
2559:Walker, J. (1979).
2351:Uncommon Brilliance
1857:on January 28, 2013
1625:The Heartless Stone
1604:human rights abuses
1539:1370–1380) and the
1459:The diamond is the
1418:divine intervention
1359:physical properties
1276:ultrasonic cleaners
1220:complementary color
1178:. According to the
1118:Oppenheimer Diamond
947:round brilliant cut
945:. He developed the
941:and gem enthusiast
84:Material properties
55:Part of a series on
39:4C (disambiguation)
3288:"Diamond Gemology"
3080:. October 4, 2016.
2336:2016-03-04 at the
2289:2014-05-08 at the
2071:2009-10-28 at the
1564:platforms include
1543:brooch of Vienna (
1520:itself a fashion.
1514:Isidore of Seville
1501:
1477:). In a system of
1415:Many cultures use
1292:
1282:Symbolism and lore
1278:are also popular.
1254:Jewellery cleaning
1164:
1122:
1044:(square outline),
839:
827:
772:Total carat weight
555:
523:
429:Naturalis Historia
376:
156:Synthetic diamonds
141:Diamond (gemstone)
50:
2545:978-0-943763-71-2
2518:978-1-4022-0409-8
2382:. 16 August 2012.
2175:978-1-58648-473-6
2077:Microsoft Encarta
1680:Synthetic diamond
1620:Kimberley Process
1596:conflict diamonds
1182:, who reviewed a
1144:light performance
1137:Light performance
1091:hearts and arrows
1026:(French, meaning
1003:overall diameter.
536:Orange Free State
283:
282:
16:(Redirected from
3344:
3318:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3275:
3254:
3235:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3169:
3162:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3060:Diamond Database
3052:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3022:Epstein, E. J.:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3005:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2975:Shield and Crest
2970:
2964:
2963:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2927:
2926:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2890:. Archived from
2884:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2854:
2839:
2838:
2833:. 2 March 2020.
2823:
2817:
2816:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2758:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2652:
2651:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2565:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2341:
2328:
2322:
2311:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2199:
2193:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2163:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2091:Lee 2006, p. 685
2089:
2080:
2062:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2012:
1994:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1940:10.2307/40000232
1923:
1917:
1916:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1793:
1776:
1766:
1758:
1752:
1716:
1710:
1705:
1696:
1670:List of diamonds
1546:
1538:
1529:Mary of Burgundy
1505:engagement rings
1452:In later times,
1379:means weapon in
998:depth percentage
943:Marcel Tolkowsky
871:colored diamonds
752:is published by
609:Diamond District
440:referred to the
328:engagement rings
274:
263:
262:
71:
52:
51:
21:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3327:
3326:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3282:
3272:
3251:
3232:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3199:
3197:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3128:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3040:
3036:
3032:, February 1982
3021:
3017:
3006:
2997:
2986:
2982:
2971:
2967:
2954:
2950:
2939:
2930:
2913:
2906:
2897:
2895:
2888:"Diamond Sutra"
2886:
2885:
2881:
2870:
2866:
2855:
2842:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2666:
2655:
2648:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2568:Rep. Prog. Phys
2563:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2497:
2493:
2484:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2427:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2400:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2338:Wayback Machine
2329:
2325:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2297:
2291:Wayback Machine
2282:
2278:
2271:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2220:
2216:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2073:Wayback Machine
2063:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2014:
2013:
1997:MRS Proceedings
1992:
1986:
1982:
1967:
1963:
1924:
1920:
1889:10.2307/3210280
1873:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1759:
1755:
1717:
1713:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1641:
1588:
1582:
1570:Brilliant Earth
1493:
1491:Engagement ring
1487:
1469:Diamond Jubilee
1429:that disturbed
1423:Greek mythology
1410:British Library
1284:
1256:
1250:
1229:
1156:
1139:
1110:
1108:Diamond cutting
1104:
1071:
1016:
919:Diamond cutting
916:
910:
890:polycrystalline
859:crystal lattice
819:
813:
786:
784:Diamond clarity
780:
754:Martin Rapaport
712:
641:spectral colors
625:
623:Characteristics
527:Colesberg Kopje
496:
486:
438:Pliny the Elder
382:
374:in the diamond.
360:
355:
197:Famous diamonds
179:Cultural impact
151:Diamond cutting
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3350:
3340:
3339:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3311:|journal=
3281:
3280:External links
3278:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3255:
3249:
3236:
3230:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3180:
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3142:
3122:
3108:
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3034:
3015:
2995:
2980:
2965:
2948:
2928:
2904:
2879:
2864:
2840:
2831:www.mining.com
2818:
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2139:
2125:
2116:
2102:
2093:
2081:
2052:
2028:
1980:
1961:
1918:
1883:(4): 187–196.
1867:
1839:
1814:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1753:
1711:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1650:Brown diamonds
1647:
1640:
1637:
1616:United Nations
1608:central Africa
1600:blood diamonds
1584:Main article:
1581:
1580:Blood diamonds
1578:
1489:Main article:
1486:
1483:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1325:
1303:
1283:
1280:
1252:Main article:
1249:
1246:
1228:
1225:
1155:
1152:
1138:
1135:
1106:Main article:
1103:
1100:
1083:cubic zirconia
1070:
1067:
1015:
1012:
981:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
912:Main article:
909:
906:
878:white diamonds
815:Main article:
812:
809:
782:Main article:
779:
776:
711:
708:
703:
702:
695:
624:
621:
586:Barney Barnato
532:Kimberley Mine
512:Eureka Diamond
485:
482:
478:southeast Asia
359:
356:
354:
351:
343:blood diamonds
281:
280:
279:
278:
268:
254:
253:
252:
251:
246:
241:
236:
228:
227:
223:
222:
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220:
215:
207:
206:
202:
201:
200:
199:
194:
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181:
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176:
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174:
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168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
135:
134:
130:
129:
128:
127:
122:
117:
112:
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103:
99:
98:
97:
96:
91:
86:
78:
77:
73:
72:
64:
63:
57:
56:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3349:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3303:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3271:0-521-52958-1
3267:
3263:
3262:
3256:
3252:
3250:0-8247-5563-4
3246:
3243:. CRC Press.
3242:
3237:
3233:
3231:0-486-41816-2
3227:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3212:Cited sources
3196:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3170:on 2007-11-29
3166:
3159:
3153:
3145:
3143:0-312-33969-0
3139:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3112:
3098:on 2006-08-20
3097:
3093:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3011:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2991:
2984:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2911:
2909:
2894:on 2007-07-02
2893:
2889:
2883:
2875:
2868:
2860:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2767:. Winter 1997
2766:
2762:
2755:
2749:
2741:
2739:0-8155-1339-9
2735:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2712:0-7478-0385-4
2708:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2681:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2649:
2647:0-521-62935-7
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2611:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2495:
2481:on 2007-03-18
2480:
2476:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2444:
2443:"GIA History"
2438:
2424:on 2013-11-03
2423:
2419:
2413:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2272:
2270:0-405-05913-2
2266:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2244:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2135:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2097:
2088:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1788:
1774:
1773:ancient times
1770:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1700:Ancient Greek
1695:
1691:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:diamond mines
1587:
1586:Blood diamond
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1401:Diamond Sutra
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:Trade History
1224:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:random sample
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1032:loaf of bread
1029:
1025:
1020:
1011:
1009:
1004:
999:
995:
989:
985:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
962:
961:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:mathematician
935:
931:
929:
924:
920:
915:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
885:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
843:
836:
831:
823:
818:
817:Diamond color
808:
805:
801:
797:
795:
791:
785:
775:
773:
769:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
746:diamond price
742:
738:
735:
731:
728:
725:(about 0.007
724:
720:
718:
707:
700:
696:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
682:, which is a
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
661:
659:
653:
651:
648:developed by
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
620:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
552:
547:
543:
541:
537:
533:
528:
519:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
495:
491:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:
424:
422:
421:central India
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
398:
396:
392:
391:Western India
387:
381:
373:
369:
364:
350:
348:
344:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
277:
273:
269:
267:
258:
257:
256:
255:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
230:
229:
225:
224:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
209:
208:
204:
203:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
183:
182:
178:
177:
172:
169:
167:
166:Blood diamond
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
146:List of mines
144:
142:
139:
138:
137:
136:
132:
131:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
106:
105:
101:
100:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
80:
79:
75:
74:
70:
66:
65:
62:
59:
58:
54:
53:
46:
40:
33:
19:
3302:cite journal
3291:. Retrieved
3260:
3240:
3220:
3198:. Retrieved
3192:
3183:
3172:. Retrieved
3165:the original
3152:
3132:
3125:
3111:
3100:. Retrieved
3096:the original
3086:
3077:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3029:The Atlantic
3027:
3018:
3009:
2989:
2983:
2974:
2968:
2958:
2951:
2942:
2917:
2896:. Retrieved
2892:the original
2882:
2873:
2867:
2858:
2830:
2821:
2808:
2799:
2781:
2769:. Retrieved
2760:
2748:
2728:
2721:
2701:
2694:
2680:
2670:
2632:
2625:
2614:. Retrieved
2612:. 2018-06-03
2604:
2574:(10): 1605.
2571:
2567:
2554:
2534:
2527:
2502:
2494:
2483:. Retrieved
2479:the original
2469:
2457:
2446:. Retrieved
2437:
2426:. Retrieved
2422:the original
2412:
2401:. Retrieved
2397:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2358:
2345:
2326:
2318:
2309:
2298:
2279:
2259:
2252:
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2227:
2217:
2203:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2159:
2151:
2142:
2128:
2119:
2096:
2044:. Retrieved
2041:ResearchGate
2040:
2031:
2017:cite journal
2000:
1996:
1983:
1974:
1964:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1859:. Retrieved
1855:the original
1830:. Retrieved
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1802:Diamondrensu
1791:
1762:
1756:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1714:
1706:
1694:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1559:
1556:
1549:
1540:
1532:
1525:Maximilian I
1522:
1518:
1502:
1472:
1467:, such as a
1458:
1454:Robert Boyle
1451:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1416:
1414:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1387:which means
1384:
1376:
1370:
1356:
1327:It deprives
1318:sleepwalkers
1314:enchantments
1296:supernatural
1293:
1261:
1257:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1216:
1165:
1154:Fluorescence
1148:
1143:
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1058:Asscher cuts
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1041:princess cut
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863:Hope Diamond
854:
848:
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668:
665:fluorescence
662:
658:market value
654:
626:
613:
594:
574:Charles Rudd
570:Cecil Rhodes
567:
556:
524:
508:Orange River
504:South Africa
497:
470:ancient Rome
458:
441:
427:
425:
407:Arthashastra
405:
399:
383:
368:Hope Diamond
325:
321:fluorescence
302:
285:
284:
218:Enhancements
140:
2809:www.gia/edu
2321:. europa.eu
2003:: 495–518.
1934:: 125–132.
1763:The Diamond
1665:Diamantaire
1612:West Africa
1509:Middle Ages
1465:anniversary
1406:Mogao Caves
1310:pestilences
1264:hydrophobic
1172:black light
1168:ultraviolet
928:diamond cut
914:Diamond cut
835:Darya-I-Nur
730:avoirdupois
676:certificate
669:Cleanliness
645:gemologists
540:Cape Colony
404:texts. The
347:alexandrite
3293:2010-11-06
3200:2009-05-05
3174:2007-10-30
3102:2006-11-05
2898:2007-07-11
2616:2019-02-14
2485:2007-03-20
2448:2007-04-18
2428:2013-08-01
2403:2017-11-01
2228:Bernardine
2046:2020-05-11
1861:2013-02-04
1783:References
1562:e-commerce
1461:birthstone
1208:blue-green
1174:or strong
902:The Enigma
790:inclusions
748:list, the
723:milligrams
637:dispersion
580:, and the
488:See also:
378:See also:
309:dispersion
292:formed by
133:Production
3286:B. Seth.
2596:250857323
2233:April 24,
1948:0065-9991
1913:134287655
1897:0006-0895
1823:"THE 4CS"
1698:From the
1635:diamond.
1566:Blue Nile
1349:'s blood.
1329:lodestone
1188:fluoresce
1127:fancy cut
1050:briolette
1008:cube root
894:carbonado
744:A weekly
633:antiquity
629:adornment
576:into the
542:in 1877.
500:Kimberley
446:engraving
213:Simulants
192:Symbolism
3331:Category
2835:Archived
2813:Archived
2791:Archived
2334:Archived
2287:Archived
2069:Archived
1956:40000232
1832:June 11,
1827:De Beers
1807:June 11,
1639:See also
1552:De Beers
1541:Heftlein
1479:heraldry
1381:Sanskrit
1320:and the
1298:powers:
1248:Cleaning
1176:sunlight
1079:symmetry
1062:Art Deco
1036:marquise
1024:baguette
955:pavilion
898:abrasive
882:nitrogen
762:Rapaport
758:de facto
684:misnomer
563:diamonds
559:Big Hole
551:Big Hole
494:De Beers
490:Big Hole
450:corundum
416:Buddhist
412:Kautilya
402:Sanskrit
395:Thailand
305:hardness
290:gemstone
266:Category
171:De Beers
102:The 4 Cs
76:Material
61:Diamonds
27:Gemstone
3337:Diamond
2771:1 March
2576:Bibcode
2066:Diamond
1905:3210280
1736:page 91
1728:(10).54
1720:(15).61
1391:or the
1377:ayudham
1333:magnets
1272:ammonia
1102:Process
1069:Quality
837:Diamond
778:Clarity
732:). The
699:Antwerp
601:Antwerp
461:Chinese
436:writer
353:History
317:jewelry
298:diamond
294:cutting
286:Diamond
276:Commons
187:History
115:Clarity
3268:
3247:
3228:
3140:
3078:Forbes
2736:
2709:
2644:
2594:
2542:
2515:
2267:
2172:
1954:
1946:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1749:adamas
1744:adamas
1740:adamas
1732:adamas
1724:adamas
1707:adámas
1704:ἀδάμας
1614:, the
1574:Costco
1572:, and
1435:adamas
1353:shape.
1340:magnet
1322:insane
1306:Panics
1212:orange
1202:, and
1200:yellow
994:appear
727:ounces
719:weight
635:. The
484:Modern
474:Borneo
454:spinel
442:adamas
432:, the
336:status
296:a raw
264:
3168:(PDF)
3161:(PDF)
2757:(PDF)
2592:S2CID
2564:(PDF)
1993:(PDF)
1975:BEADS
1952:JSTOR
1909:S2CID
1901:JSTOR
1686:Notes
1485:Rings
1471:(see
1446:Plato
1427:Crete
1385:Agira
1372:Vajra
1367:Indra
1363:Hindu
1268:steam
1196:green
1046:heart
1014:Shape
951:crown
855:color
853:, or
811:Color
734:point
717:carat
710:Carat
597:Surat
434:Roman
386:Yemen
372:boron
358:Early
313:light
288:is a
226:Theft
120:Color
110:Carat
3315:help
3266:ISBN
3245:ISBN
3226:ISBN
3138:ISBN
2773:2007
2734:ISBN
2707:ISBN
2642:ISBN
2540:ISBN
2513:ISBN
2398:CNET
2265:ISBN
2235:2022
2170:ISBN
2023:link
1944:ISSN
1893:ISSN
1834:2024
1809:2024
1610:and
1431:Zeus
1389:fire
1347:goat
1331:and
1192:blue
1054:pear
833:The
714:The
680:cert
572:and
549:The
492:and
466:jade
366:The
340:mine
303:The
2761:GIA
2584:doi
2075:,"
2005:doi
2001:267
1936:doi
1885:doi
1606:in
1598:or
1393:sun
1210:or
1204:red
1180:GIA
1034:),
1030:or
1028:rod
923:cut
908:Cut
851:hue
678:or
584:by
452:or
410:of
311:of
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