2012:
161:). Alternatively, the revising author changed the rank of the taxon, for example raising it from subspecies to species (or vice versa), from subgenus to Section, etc. (Again, the latter is in contrast to the situation in zoology, where no authorship change is recognized within family-group, genus-group, and species-group names, thus a change from subspecies to species, or subgenus to genus, is not associated with any change in cited authorship.)
255:, but that the same name was subsequently validly published by a second author or authors (or by the same author in a subsequent publication). However, if the subsequent author makes clear that the description was due to the earlier author (and that the earlier author accepted the name), then no "ex" is used, and the earlier author is listed alone. For example:
390:) it is not necessary (or even recommended) to cite the authority of the species ("Mill.") as well as that of the subspecies, though this is found in some sources. The only exception to this rule is where the nominate variety or subspecies of a species is cited, which automatically will inherit the same authorship of its parent taxon, thus:
420:
As described in
Article 47 of the botanical code, on occasion either the diagnostic characters or the circumscription of a taxon may be altered ("emended") sufficiently that the attribution of the name to the original taxonomic concept as named is insufficient. The original authorship attribution is
78:
In biological works, particularly those dealing with taxonomy and nomenclature but also in ecological surveys, it has long been the custom that full citations to the place where a scientific name was published are omitted, but a short-hand is used to cite the author of the name, at least the first
472:
Smith", etc.), prior taxonomic status for taxa transferred between hybrid and non-hybrid status ("(pro sp.)" and "(pro hybr.)", see
Article 50 of the botanical Code), and more. Technically these do not form part of the author citation but represent supplementary text, however they are sometimes
365:
Article 46.2 Note 1 of the
Botanical Code indicates that in such cases, the portion commencing "in" is in fact a bibliographic citation and should not be used without the place of publication being included, thus the preferred form of the name+author alone in this example would be
125:
The simplest form of author citation in botany applies when the name is cited in its original rank and its original genus placement (for binomial names and below), where the original author (or authors) are the only name/s cited, and no parentheses are included.
52:). In cases where a species is no longer in its original generic placement (i.e. a new combination of genus and specific epithet), both the authority for the original genus placement and that for the new combination are given (the former in parentheses).
70:. In zoology, the publication year is given following the author names and the authorship of a new combination is normally omitted. A small number of more specialized practices also vary between the recommendations of the botanical and zoological codes.
549:
for a taxon name rejected (normally in favour of a later usage) and placed on the list of rejected names forming an appendix to the botanical Code (the alternative name conserved over the rejected name would be cited as "nom. cons.")
117:). As stated in Article 46 of the botanical Code, in botany it is normal to cite only the author of the taxon name as indicated in the published work, even though this may differ from the stated authorship of the publication itself.
561:
this is the preferred syntax for a name that has been misapplied by a subsequent author or authors ("auct." or "auctt.") such that it actually represents a different taxon from the one to which Vahl's name correctly applies
680:
McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012).
1842:
171:
44:
684:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011
1847:
600:
382:
According to the botanical Code it is only necessary to cite the author for the lowest rank of the taxon in question, i.e. for the example subspecies given above (
374:
Wahlenb. in
Acharius. (This is in contrast to the situation in zoology, where either form is permissible, and in addition a date would normally be appended.)
351:
The ancillary term "in" is sometimes employed to indicate that the authorship of the published work is different from that of the name itself, for example:
105:
The name may not have been validly published, but the supposed author name may be helpful to locate the publication or manuscript in which it was listed.
1980:
464:
Other indications which may be encountered appended to scientific name authorship include indications of nomenclatural or taxonomic status (e.g. "
79:
time this is mentioned. The author name is frequently not sufficient information, but can help to resolve some difficulties. Problems include:
311:
As indicated above, either the original or the revising author may involve multiple words, as per the following examples from the same genus:
17:
1898:
184:(1992), where each author of a botanical name has been assigned a unique abbreviation. These standard abbreviations can be found at the
232:
1714:
615:
60:
274:(in botany, the author of the earlier name precedes the later, valid one; in zoology, this sequence, where present, is reversed).
698:
251:
When "ex" is a component of the author citation, it denotes the fact that an initial description did not satisfy the rules for
728:
692:
169:
When citing a botanical name including its author, the author's name is often abbreviated. To encourage consistency, the
102:
The publication of the name may be in a little-known journal or book. The author name may sometimes help to resolve this.
747:
158:
1904:
799:
143:
This form of author citation indicates that the epithet was originally published in another genus (in this case as
2036:
1238:
185:
1719:
581:, but the spelling here is in an altered form, presumably for Code compliance or some other legitimate reason.
524:
1169:
647:
456:, indicates that this taxonomic concept excludes varieties which other workers have subsequently included.)
1888:
1475:
990:
1970:
1724:
129:
The Latin term "et" or the ampersand symbol "&" can be used when two authors jointly publish a name.
1704:
1854:
632:
627:
67:
1992:
887:
270:
validly published this name (in 1824 in this instance), but his description attributed the name to
42:, i.e. who first published the name while fulfilling the formal requirements as specified by the
1822:
1746:
328:
180:
59:, it is customary (though not obligatory) to abbreviate author names according to a recognised
31:
1551:
109:
Rules and recommendations for author citations in botany are covered by
Articles 46–50 of the
1987:
637:
605:
536:
445:
228:
132:
In many cases the author citation will consist of two parts, the first in parentheses, e.g.:
1709:
1606:
1561:
1233:
792:
610:
1209:
425:
statement can be appended to the original authorship using the abbreviation "emend." (for
8:
1879:
1424:
506:
252:
358:
1817:
1682:
1460:
1152:
938:
834:
642:
532:
477:. Some specific examples given in Recommendations 50A–F of the botanical Code include:
474:
682:
1975:
824:
819:
724:
688:
502:
465:
210:
148:
95:
84:
531:
as above, but two prior (and quite possibly unrelated) homonyms noted, the first by
1761:
1667:
1662:
1616:
1509:
1494:
1455:
1380:
1221:
1145:
1042:
984:
1556:
2015:
1997:
1859:
1688:
1638:
1626:
1588:
1524:
1351:
1319:
1280:
1253:
1082:
1077:
968:
904:
785:
1909:
1874:
1827:
1809:
1773:
1529:
1356:
1334:
1300:
1275:
1258:
1248:
1243:
1125:
943:
928:
882:
877:
595:
514:
39:
2030:
1945:
1693:
1611:
1583:
1546:
1514:
1450:
1419:
1370:
1270:
1072:
1055:
978:
958:
899:
894:
842:
772:
743:
679:
219:
205:
1940:
1930:
1832:
1541:
1050:
1017:
395:
316:
271:
235:; these authors jointly described this species (and placed it in the genus
153:
38:
is the way of citing the person or group of people who validly published a
488:
for a taxon name published without an acceptable description or diagnosis
1756:
1741:
1736:
1672:
1534:
1314:
1285:
1184:
1179:
1027:
867:
862:
847:
527:
in Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 10: 373. 1827, non Rchb. 1824 nec F.Muell. 1882
434:
151:(indicated by the enclosing parentheses), but moved to the present genus
1785:
1778:
1768:
1751:
1434:
1429:
1365:
1157:
1004:
963:
857:
83:
The name of a taxon being referred to is ambiguous, as in the case of
1893:
1790:
1519:
1324:
1305:
1216:
1140:
1060:
1012:
953:
933:
872:
1935:
1925:
1869:
1864:
1631:
1504:
1480:
1397:
1067:
852:
1120:
1115:
1032:
1022:
493:
267:
577:
indicating that the epithet as originally published was spelled
66:
There are differences between the botanical code and the normal
1573:
1465:
1385:
1339:
1329:
1290:
1228:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
808:
172:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
56:
45:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
342:(Borja & Rivas Goday ex G.López) Mateo & V.J.Arán Resó
1797:
1731:
1653:
1621:
1578:
1470:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1390:
1375:
1344:
1265:
923:
914:
687:. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG.
469:
346:
237:
196:
89:
1648:
1643:
1295:
1135:
1110:
1105:
1089:
948:
1568:
1130:
777:
517:, the correspondence of the two names being coincidental
282:
The following forms of citation are all equally correct:
601:
473:
included in "authority" fields in less well constructed
513:" is not the same taxon as that named previously by
204:
the abbreviation "L." refers to the famous botanist
324:(Raynaud) G.López, Ortega Oliv. & Romero García
246:
377:
2028:
497:Thunb., Nov. Gen. Pl.: 64. 1783, non Adans. 1763
452:(In the second example, "excl. var.", abbr. for
227:the abbreviation "Cham." refers to the botanist
208:who described this genus on p. 492 of his
27:Citing the first publishers of a botanical name
718:
178:recommends the use of Brummitt & Powell's
793:
484:Olney, nomen nudum (alternatively: nom. nud.)
1899:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
429:), as per these examples given in the Code:
336:(Villar ex Rothm.) M.Mayor & Fern.Benito
800:
786:
719:Brummitt, R.K. & Powell, C.E. (1992),
233:Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal
1843:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
616:List of botanists by author abbreviation
569:Nicolson in Am. J. Bot. 54: 496. 1967, "
361:in Acharius, Methodus, Suppl.: 17. 1803
14:
2029:
781:
750:from the original on February 7, 2006
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
459:
301:von Chamisso & von Schlechtendal
746:. International Plant Names Index.
415:
24:
660:
505:—indicating in this instance that
421:not altered in these cases, but a
111:International Code of Nomenclature
99:Röding, 1798, a genus of molluscs.
25:
2048:
1848:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
766:
307:von Chamisso et von Schlechtendal
157:by the second (revising) author (
120:
2011:
2010:
347:Usage of the ancillary term "in"
701:from the original on 2013-11-04
186:International Plant Names Index
164:
159:António Xavier Pereira Coutinho
73:
736:
723:, Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens,
712:
378:Authorship of subsidiary ranks
231:and "Schldl." to the botanist
61:list of standard abbreviations
13:
1:
653:
648:Glossary of scientific naming
18:Botanical author abbreviation
1889:History of plant systematics
1476:Thorns, spines, and prickles
93:L., the fig tree genus, vs.
7:
584:
277:
10:
2053:
1705:Alternation of generations
807:
2006:
1954:
1918:
1855:Cultivated plant taxonomy
1818:Biological classification
1808:
1681:
1597:
1493:
1443:
1168:
1098:
1041:
1003:
977:
913:
833:
815:
633:Biological classification
628:Author citation (zoology)
567:Spathiphyllum solomonense
137:Helianthemum coridifolium
1715:Evolutionary development
1366:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
147:) by the first author,
2037:Botanical nomenclature
1981:by author abbreviation
1905:Plant taxonomy systems
1823:Botanical nomenclature
773:IPNI Author Query page
721:Authors of Plant Names
444:L. excl. var. (emend.
384:Helianthemum apenninum
340:Helianthemum conquense
329:Helianthemum apenninum
247:Usage of the term "ex"
181:Authors of Plant Names
32:botanical nomenclature
1988:Botanical expeditions
638:Binomial nomenclature
606:Correct name (botany)
537:Ferdinand von Mueller
454:exclusis varietatibus
442:Globularia cordifolia
372:Verrucaria aethiobola
368:Verrucaria aethiobola
356:Verrucaria aethiobola
260:Andropogon aromaticus
229:Adelbert von Chamisso
1720:Evolutionary history
1710:Double fertilization
1562:Cellular respiration
611:Hybrid name (botany)
939:Non-vascular plants
744:"Author Query Page"
507:Carl Peter Thunberg
475:taxonomic databases
438:L. emend. Müll. Arg
289:Cham. & Schldl.
223:Cham. & Schldl.
145:Cistus coridifolius
68:practice in zoology
1444:Surface structures
1239:Flower development
643:Nomenclature codes
590:Specific to botany
545:L. 1753, nom. rej.
533:Ludwig Reichenbach
2024:
2023:
1663:Herbaceous plants
1489:
1488:
730:978-1-84246-085-6
694:978-3-87429-425-6
460:Other indications
262:Sieber ex Schult.
253:valid publication
211:Species Plantarum
191:For example, in:
149:Dominique Villars
16:(Redirected from
2044:
2014:
2013:
1993:Individual trees
1668:Secondary growth
1639:Succulent plants
1627:Prostrate shrubs
1510:Apical dominance
1495:Plant physiology
1456:Epicuticular wax
1001:
1000:
994:
985:Plant morphology
802:
795:
788:
779:
778:
760:
759:
757:
755:
740:
734:
733:
716:
710:
709:
707:
706:
677:
555:Ficus exasperata
535:, the second by
416:Emending authors
295:Cham. et Schldl.
21:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2002:
1971:Botanical terms
1964:
1950:
1914:
1860:Citrus taxonomy
1838:Author citation
1804:
1698:
1677:
1599:
1593:
1589:Turgor pressure
1497:
1485:
1439:
1254:Floral symmetry
1172:
1164:
1094:
1083:Vascular bundle
1078:Vascular tissue
1037:
997:
988:
987:
973:
944:Vascular plants
909:
905:Plant pathology
829:
811:
806:
769:
764:
763:
753:
751:
742:
741:
737:
731:
717:
713:
704:
702:
695:
678:
661:
656:
587:
462:
418:
380:
349:
280:
266:indicates that
249:
167:
123:
76:
36:author citation
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
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1984:
1983:
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1967:
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1961:Related topics
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1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
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1920:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1910:Taxonomic rank
1907:
1902:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1862:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:Botanical name
1820:
1814:
1812:
1810:Plant taxonomy
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1786:Megasporangium
1783:
1782:
1781:
1774:Microsporangia
1766:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1699:
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1691:
1685:
1679:
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1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
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1658:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1619:
1614:
1612:Cushion plants
1603:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1549:
1547:Plant hormones
1544:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1530:Photosynthesis
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1491:
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1487:
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1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
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1417:
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1395:
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1388:
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1368:
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1256:
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1249:Floral formula
1246:
1244:Floral diagram
1241:
1236:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1173:(incl. Flower)
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
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1100:
1096:
1095:
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1092:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1073:Storage organs
1070:
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1039:
1038:
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981:
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961:
959:Spermatophytes
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
929:Archaeplastida
926:
920:
918:
911:
910:
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892:
891:
890:
883:Phytogeography
880:
878:Phytochemistry
875:
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865:
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845:
839:
837:
835:Subdisciplines
831:
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797:
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776:
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767:External links
765:
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711:
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619:
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613:
608:
603:
598:
596:Botanical name
592:
591:
586:
583:
575:
574:
559:
558:
557:auct. non Vahl
547:
546:
529:
528:
515:Michel Adanson
499:
498:
486:
485:
461:
458:
450:
449:
439:
417:
414:
413:
412:
379:
376:
370:Wahlenb., not
363:
362:
348:
345:
344:
343:
337:
325:
309:
308:
302:
296:
290:
279:
276:
268:Josef Schultes
264:
263:
248:
245:
225:
224:
202:
201:
166:
163:
141:
140:
122:
121:Basic citation
119:
107:
106:
103:
100:
75:
72:
40:botanical name
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2049:
2038:
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1625:
1624:
1623:
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1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Transpiration
1582:
1580:
1577:
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1572:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
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1528:
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1389:
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1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1371:Inflorescence
1369:
1367:
1364:
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1355:
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1129:
1128:
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1080:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:Ground tissue
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
999:
992:
986:
983:
982:
980:
979:Plant anatomy
976:
970:
967:
965:
962:
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947:
945:
942:
940:
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935:
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927:
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919:
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903:
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900:Plant ecology
898:
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895:Plant anatomy
893:
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879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
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859:
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849:
846:
844:
843:Archaeobotany
841:
840:
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836:
832:
826:
823:
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817:
814:
810:
803:
798:
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749:
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664:
659:
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631:
629:
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625:
621:
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588:
582:
580:
572:
568:
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544:
541:
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538:
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508:
504:
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467:
457:
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436:
432:
431:
430:
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410:
406:
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398:
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392:
391:
389:
385:
375:
373:
369:
360:
357:
354:
353:
352:
341:
338:
335:
332:Mill. subsp.
331:
330:
326:
323:
319:
318:
314:
313:
312:
306:
305:Rubus ursinus
303:
300:
299:Rubus ursinus
297:
294:
293:Rubus ursinus
291:
288:
287:Rubus ursinus
285:
284:
283:
275:
273:
269:
261:
258:
257:
256:
254:
244:
242:
240:
239:
234:
230:
222:
221:
220:Rubus ursinus
217:
216:
215:
213:
212:
207:
206:Carl Linnaeus
199:
198:
194:
193:
192:
189:
187:
183:
182:
177:
174:
173:
162:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
139:(Vill.) Cout.
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
127:
118:
116:
112:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
80:
71:
69:
64:
62:
58:
53:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1941:Horticulture
1931:Floriculture
1837:
1833:Correct name
1683:Reproduction
1673:Woody plants
1598:Plant growth
1557:Gas Exchange
1542:Phytomelanin
1420:Plant embryo
1170:Reproductive
1018:Phragmoplast
752:. Retrieved
738:
720:
714:
703:. Retrieved
683:
622:More general
579:solomonensis
578:
576:
571:solomonensis
570:
566:
560:
554:
548:
542:
530:
521:
510:
500:
492:
487:
482:Carex bebbii
481:
463:
453:
451:
441:
433:
426:
422:
419:
408:
405:Rosa gallica
404:
400:
396:Rosa gallica
394:
387:
383:
381:
371:
367:
364:
355:
350:
339:
333:
327:
321:
317:Helianthemum
315:
310:
304:
298:
292:
286:
281:
272:Franz Sieber
265:
259:
250:
243:
236:
226:
218:
209:
203:
195:
190:
179:
175:
170:
168:
165:Abbreviation
154:Helianthemum
152:
144:
142:
136:
131:
128:
124:
114:
110:
108:
94:
88:
77:
74:Introduction
65:
54:
49:
43:
35:
29:
1757:Pollen tube
1752:Pollinators
1742:Pollination
1737:Germination
1552:Respiration
1535:Chlorophyll
1381:Pedicellate
1315:Gametophyte
1234:Aestivation
1185:Antheridium
1180:Archegonium
1028:Plasmodesma
1005:Plant cells
868:Paleobotany
863:Ethnobotany
848:Astrobotany
754:29 November
543:Betula alba
466:nom. illeg.
435:Phyllanthus
322:Atlanthemum
241:) in 1827.
1779:Microspore
1769:Sporangium
1747:Artificial
1435:Sporophyte
1430:Sporophyll
1425:Receptacle
1320:Gynandrium
1190:Androecium
1099:Vegetative
969:Angiosperm
964:Gymnosperm
858:Dendrology
705:2014-07-28
654:References
522:Bartlingia
388:rothmaleri
334:rothmaleri
1976:Botanists
1894:Herbarium
1791:Megaspore
1689:Evolution
1632:Subshrubs
1600:and habit
1525:Nutrition
1520:Cellulose
1515:Bulk flow
1498:Materials
1461:Epidermis
1325:Gynoecium
1306:Endosperm
1301:Dispersal
1217:Staminode
1153:Sessility
1141:Cataphyll
1061:Mesophyll
1013:Cell wall
954:Lycophyte
934:Bryophyte
888:Geobotany
873:Phycology
427:emendavit
423:taxonomic
214:in 1753.
2031:Category
2016:Category
1936:Forestry
1926:Agronomy
1919:Practice
1870:Cultivar
1865:Cultigen
1725:timeline
1617:Rosettes
1505:Aleurone
1481:Trichome
1398:Perianth
1210:Filament
1068:Meristem
991:glossary
853:Bryology
748:Archived
699:Archived
585:See also
399:L. var.
359:Wahlenb.
278:Examples
87:such as
85:homonyms
1694:Ecology
1451:Cuticle
1281:Capsule
1271:Anatomy
1222:Tapetum
1146:Petiole
1121:Rhizome
1116:Rhizoid
1043:Tissues
1033:Vacuole
1023:Plastid
825:Outline
820:History
525:Brongn.
511:Lindera
503:homonym
494:Lindera
409:gallica
403:, not "
401:gallica
386:subsp.
1998:Plants
1901:(IAPT)
1654:Lianas
1622:Shrubs
1574:Starch
1466:Nectar
1386:Raceme
1352:Stigma
1340:Locule
1330:Carpel
1291:Pyrena
1229:Flower
1205:Anther
1200:Stamen
1195:Pollen
917:groups
809:Botany
727:
691:
501:for a
320:sect.
57:botany
1958:Lists
1875:Group
1798:Spore
1732:Flora
1649:Vines
1644:Trees
1607:Habit
1579:Sugar
1471:Stoma
1413:Sepal
1408:Petal
1403:Tepal
1391:Umbel
1376:Bract
1357:Style
1345:Ovule
1335:Ovary
1276:Berry
1266:Fruit
1259:Whorl
1126:Shoot
924:Algae
915:Plant
470:sensu
407:var.
238:Rubus
197:Rubus
96:Ficus
90:Ficus
1880:Grex
1762:Self
1296:Seed
1158:Stem
1136:Leaf
1111:Root
1106:Bulb
1090:Wood
1051:Cork
949:Fern
756:2010
725:ISBN
689:ISBN
509:'s "
468:", "
446:Lam.
1569:Sap
1286:Nut
1131:Bud
411:L."
176:ICN
115:ICN
55:In
50:ICN
30:In
2033::
697:.
662:^
448:).
200:L.
188:.
63:.
34:,
993:)
989:(
801:e
794:t
787:v
758:.
708:.
573:"
113:(
48:(
20:)
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