Bodybuilding - Knowledge

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can compete are natural divisions as well as normal ones. The main difference between the two is that men's physique competitors pose in board shorts rather than a traditional posing suit and open-bodybuilders are much larger and are more muscular than the men's physique competitors. Open-bodybuilders have an extensive routine for posing while the Physique category is primarily judged by the front and back poses. Many of the men's physique competitors are not above 200 lbs and have a bit of a more attainable and aesthetic physique in comparison to open-bodybuilders. Although this category started off slowly, it has grown tremendously, and currently men's physique seems to be a more popular class than open-bodybuilding.

6415: 1014:. Penalties range from organization to organization, from suspensions to strict bans from competition. Natural organizations also have their own list of banned substances and it is important to refer to each organization's website for more information about which substances are banned from competition. There are many natural bodybuilding organizations; some of the larger ones include: MuscleMania, Ultimate Fitness Events (UFE), INBF/WNBF, and INBA/PNBA. These organizations either have an American or worldwide presence and are not limited to the country in which they are headquartered. 323: 882: 673: 968:

focused workouts, are now being treated as filming locations for aspiring or established influencers with bystanders being unintentionally placed under the public eye in the process. Bodybuilder Joey Swoll, who voiced his concerns over this culture, addressed the controversy by stating that while harassment in gyms needs to be addressed, the man in Fernandez's video was not guilty of it. Although social media is giving more attention to the world of bodybuilding, there are still some areas that are controversial.

1456:: sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar. Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy leads to larger muscles and so is favored by bodybuilders more than myofibrillar hypertrophy, which builds athletic strength. Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy is triggered by increasing repetitions, whereas myofibrillar hypertrophy is triggered by lifting heavier weight. In either case, there is an increase in both size and strength of the muscles (compared to what happens if that same individual does not lift weights at all), although the emphasis is different. 47: 5638: 5178: 952:, and YouTube flooded with fitness-related content, changing how the average person views and interacts with fitness culture. Gym clothing brands like Gymshark, YoungLA and Rawgear leveraged this platform to create their brands. By recruiting fitness ambassadors—real people who embody their brand values—these companies personalize their marketing strategy and create a more relatable image. These ambassadors, often in the form of 1328: 1533: 1424: 245: 716:(NPC) was formed in 1981 by Jim Manion, who had just stepped down as chairman of the AAU Physique Committee. The NPC has gone on to become the most successful bodybuilding organization in the United States and is the amateur division of the IFBB. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the decline of AAU-sponsored bodybuilding contests. In 1999, the AAU voted to discontinue its bodybuilding events. 1254:

muscle mass percentage a person is looking for. A common tactic for keeping fat low and muscle mass high is to have higher calorie and lower calorie days to maintain a balance between gain and loss. Many clean bulk diets start off with a moderate amount of carbs, moderate amount of protein, and a low amount of fats. To maintain a clean bulk, it is important to reach calorie goals every day.

1067: 873:, and planning to make a guest pose during the 1992 championship before being injured in a motorcycle accident) and attempting to sign Lou Ferrigno (who left the organization shortly after the drug testing policy was announced) did not come to fruition. The second PPV received a minuscule audience, and the WBF dissolved only one month later in July 1992. 379:. He allowed audiences to enjoy viewing his physique in "muscle display performances". Although audiences were thrilled to see a well-developed physique, the men simply displayed their bodies as part of strength demonstrations or wrestling matches. Sandow had a stage show built around these displays through his manager, 1209: 2308: 861:) received mixed reviews. The WBF would be indirectly impacted by a steroid scandal involving the WWF, prompting the organization to impose a drug testing policy prior to the 1992 championship. The drug testing policy hampered the quality of the 1992 championship, while attempts to increase interest by hiring 1561:

protein needs to be consumed frequently throughout the day, especially during/after a workout, and before sleep. There is also some debate concerning the best type of protein to take. Chicken, turkey, beef, pork, fish, eggs and dairy foods are high in protein, as are some nuts, seeds, beans, and lentils.

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intake to further their goal of maintaining and improving their body composition. This is a widely debated topic, with many arguing that 1 gram of protein per pound of body weight per day is ideal, some suggesting that less is sufficient, while others recommending 1.5, 2, or more. It is believed that

1504:. Insulin has steroid-like effects in terms of muscle gains. It is impossible to promote protein synthesis without the existence of insulin, which means that without ingesting carbohydrates or protein—which also induces the release of insulin—it is impossible to add muscle mass. Bodybuilders seek out 987:

In the modern bodybuilding industry, the term "professional" generally means a bodybuilder who has won qualifying competitions as an amateur and has earned a "pro card" from their respective organization. Professionals earn the right to compete in competitions that include monetary prizes. A pro card

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Overtraining occurs when a bodybuilder has trained to the point where their workload exceeds their recovery capacity. There are many reasons why overtraining occurs, including lack of adequate nutrition, lack of recovery time between workouts, insufficient sleep, and training at a high intensity for

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Some bodybuilders often split their food intake into 5 to 7 meals of equal nutritional content and eat at regular intervals (e.g., every 2 to 3 hours). This approach serves two purposes: to limit overindulging in the cutting phase, and to allow for the consumption of large volumes of food during the

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and other slowly digesting carbohydrates, which release energy in a more stable fashion than high-glycemic sugars and starches. This is important as high-glycemic carbohydrates cause a sharp insulin response, which places the body in a state where it is likely to store additional food energy as fat.

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Due to those who found open-bodybuilding to be "too big" or "ugly" and unhealthy, a new category was started in 2013. The first Men's Physique Olympia winner was Mark Wingson, who was followed by Jeremy Buendia for four consecutive years. Like open-bodybuilding, the federations in which bodybuilders

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Due to the growing concerns of the high cost, health consequences, and illegal nature of some steroids, many organizations have formed in response and have deemed themselves "natural" bodybuilding competitions. In addition to the concerns noted, many promoters of bodybuilding have sought to shed the

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The bulking and cutting strategy is considered effective because there is a well-established link between muscle hypertrophy and being in a state of positive energy balance. A sustained period of caloric surplus will allow the athlete to gain more fat-free mass than they could otherwise gain under

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The attempt to increase muscle mass in one's body without any gain in fat is called clean bulking. Competitive bodybuilders focus their efforts to achieve a peak appearance during a brief "competition season". Clean bulking takes longer and is a more refined approach to achieving the body fat and

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tests for both steroids and other banned substances. Although doping tests occurred, the majority of professional bodybuilders still used anabolic steroids for competition. During the 1970s, the use of anabolic steroids was openly discussed, partly due to the fact they were legal. In the Anabolic

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This is the middle ground of both Men's Physique and Bodybuilding. The competitors in this category are not nearly as big as bodybuilders but not as small as men's physique competitors. They pose and perform in men's boxer briefs to show off the legs, unlike Men's Physique which hide the legs in

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that went viral showed her lifting weights in a gym while a man in the background stared at her, sparking a widespread debate about narcissism and an increasingly toxic gym culture in the age of social media. The video led to criticism of an emerging trend in which gyms, once known as places for

1266:"Dirty bulking" is the process of eating at a massive caloric surplus without trying to figure out the exact amount of ingested macronutrients, often down with junk food such as burgers and fries. Weightlifters who attempt to gain mass quickly with no aesthetic concerns often choose to do this. 1117:

increased in popularity, surpassing that of female bodybuilding, and provided an alternative for women who choose not to develop the level of muscularity necessary for bodybuilding. McLish would closely resemble what is thought of today as a fitness and figure competitor, instead of what is now

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In the early 2000s, the IFBB was attempting to make bodybuilding an Olympic sport. It obtained full IOC membership in 2000 and was attempting to get approved as a demonstration event at the Olympics, which would hopefully lead to it being added as a full contest. This did not happen and Olympic

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Bodybuilding requires significant time and effort to reach the desired results. A novice bodybuilder may be able to gain 8–15 pounds (4–7 kg) of muscle per year if they lift weights for seven hours per week, but muscle gains begin to slow down after the first two years to about 5–15 pounds

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In competitive bodybuilding, competitors appear onstage in line-ups and perform specified poses (and later individual posing routines) for a panel of judges who rank them based on conditioning, muscularity, posing, size, stage presentation, and symmetry. Bodybuilders prepare for competitions by

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magazine, "Overtrain for Big Gains", claimed that overtraining for a brief period can be beneficial. Overtraining can be used advantageously, as when a bodybuilder is purposely overtrained for a brief period of time to super compensate during a regeneration phase. These are known as "shock

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eucaloric conditions. Some gain in fat mass is expected, which athletes seek to oxidize in a cutting period while maintaining as much lean mass as possible. However, it is unclear whether one can maintain enough fat-free mass during cutting for the overall process to be worth it.

1189:, where the main point is equally split between strength and technique, bodybuilding competitions typically emphasize condition, size, and symmetry. Different organizations emphasize particular aspects of competition, and sometimes have different categories in which to compete. 1229:

surplus). The amount of a surplus in which a person remains is based on the person's goals, as a bigger surplus and longer bulking phase will create more fat tissue. The surplus of calories relative to one's energy balance will ensure that muscles remain in a state of

2292: 432:, the contest was a great success and many bodybuilding enthusiasts were turned away due to the overwhelming number of audience members. The trophy presented to the winner was a gold statue of Sandow sculpted by Frederick Pomeroy. The winner was William L. Murray of 988:

also prohibits the athlete from competing in federations other than the one from which they have received the pro card. Depending on the level of success, these bodybuilders may receive monetary compensation from sponsors, much like athletes in other sports.

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to build muscles and recover from injuries faster. However, using performance-enhancing drugs can have serious health risks. Furthermore, most competitions prohibit the use of these substances. Despite some calls for drug testing to be implemented, the

1003:"freakish" perception that the general public has of bodybuilding and have successfully introduced a more mainstream audience to the sport of bodybuilding by including competitors whose physiques appear much more attainable and realistic. 399:

Sandow was so successful at flexing and posing his physique that he later created several businesses around his fame, and was among the first to market products branded with his name. He was credited with inventing and selling the first

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Miranda L, Horman S, De Potter I, Hue L, Jensen J, Rider MH (March 2008). "Effects of contraction and insulin on protein synthesis, AMP-activated protein kinase and phosphorylation state of translation factors in rat skeletal muscle".

1636:. Various products are used in an attempt to augment muscle size, increase the rate of fat loss, improve joint health, increase natural testosterone production, enhance training performance and prevent potential nutrient deficiencies. 1468:

than the average person of the same weight to provide the protein and energy requirements needed to support their training and increase muscle mass. In preparation of a contest, a sub-maintenance level of food energy is combined with

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Gentil, Paulo; de Lira, Claudio Andre Barbosa; Paoli, Antonio; dos Santos, José Alexandre Barbosa; da Silva, Roberto Deivide Teixeira; Junior, José Romulo Pereira; da Silva, Edson Pereira; Magosso, Rodrigo Ferro (March 24, 2017).

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and the all around fitness revolution, gave birth to new alternative perspectives of feminine beauty that included an athletic physique of toned muscle. This athletic physique was found in various popular media outlets such as

2968: 436:. The silver Sandow trophy was presented to second-place winner D. Cooper. The bronze Sandow trophy—now the most famous of all—was presented to third-place winner A.C. Smythe. In 1950, this same bronze trophy was presented to 772:, Schwarzenegger, while never admitting to steroid use until long after his retirement, said, "You have to do anything you can to get the advantage in competition". He would later say that he did not regret using steroids. 595:(NABBA), and the World Bodybuilding Guild (WBBG). Consequently, the contests grew both in number and in size. Besides the many "Mr. XXX" (insert town, city, state, or region) championships, the most prestigious titles were 1779:(CNS) and can result in a hyperadrenergic state that interferes with sleep patterns. To avoid overtraining, intense frequent training must be met with at least an equal amount of purposeful recovery. Timely provision of 1574:(BV) and quick absorption rates. Whey protein also has a bigger effect than casein on insulin levels, triggering about double the amount of insulin release. That effect is somewhat overcome by combining casein and whey. 1169:

is usually held at the end of a posing round, while judges are finishing their scoring. Bodybuilders are advised to spend a lot of time practising their posing in front of mirrors or under the guidance of their coach.

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The general strategy adopted by most present-day competitive bodybuilders is to make muscle gains for most of the year (known as the "off-season") and, approximately 12–14 weeks from competition, lose a maximum of

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Lenzi, Jaqueline L.; Teixeira, Emerson L.; de Jesus, Guilherme; Schoenfeld, Brad J.; de Salles Painelli, Vitor (2021). "Dietary Strategies of Modern Bodybuilders During Different Phases of the Competitive Cycle".

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Bodybuilding became more popular in the 1950s and 1960s with the emergence of strength and gymnastics champions, and the simultaneous popularization of bodybuilding magazines, training principles, nutrition for

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made a film of Treloar's posing routine. Edison had also made two films of Sandow a few years before. Those were the first three motion pictures featuring a bodybuilder. In the early 20th century, Macfadden and

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are often used to supplement the diet with additional protein. Whey is the type of protein contained in many popular brands of protein supplements and is preferred by many bodybuilders because of its high

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continued its popularity as the place to be for witnessing acrobatic acts, feats of strength, and the like. The movement grew more in the 1960s with increased TV and movie exposure, as bodybuilders were

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fat while preserving as much muscle as possible. The larger the calorie deficit, the faster one will lose weight. However, a large calorie deficit will also create the risk of losing muscle tissue.

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and fats are the three major macronutrients that the human body needs to build muscle. The ratios of calories from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats vary depending on the goals of the bodybuilder.

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levels. Some recent clinical studies have shown that low-dose HGH treatment for adults with HGH deficiency changes the body composition by increasing muscle mass, decreasing fat mass, increasing

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to detailed discussions on workout attire. This not only provides consumers with an abundance of free resources to aid their fitness journey, but also creates a more informed consumer base.

1803:), may account for overtraining in some individuals. Sufferers feel as if they are never big enough or muscular enough, which forces them to overtrain to try to reach their goal physique. 1740:

Some bodybuilders inject oils or other compounds into their muscles (sometimes known as "synthol") to enhance their size or appearance. This practice can have serious health consequences.

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or personal trainers, promote the brand by sharing their workout routines, dietary plans, and gym clothing. YouTube in particular has seen a surge in fitness content, ranging from gym

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in October 2008. In 2004, contest promoter Wayne DeMilia broke ranks with the IFBB and AMI took over the promotion of the Mr. Olympia contest: in 2017 AMI took the contest outright.

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for the public and challenging each other. The focus was not on their physique, and they possessed relatively large bellies and fatty limbs compared to bodybuilders of today.

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attained mass and size never seen previously but were not successful at the pro level. Others were renowned for their spectacular development of a particular body part, like

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Taylor MA, Garrow JS (April 2001). "Compared with nibbling, neither gorging nor a morning fast affect short-term energy balance in obese patients in a chamber calorimeter".

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Giorgi A, Weatherby RP, Murphy PW (December 1999). "Muscular strength, body composition and health responses to the use of testosterone enanthate: a double blind study".

3467: 1081:, is generally regarded as the first true female bodybuilding contest—that is, the first contest where the entrants were judged solely on muscularity. In 1980, the first 5212: 3569: 3237: 3925:"Greater stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis with ingestion of whey protein isolate v. micellar casein at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men" 1597:

functions while stimulating the liver's P450 system (which eliminates hormones, drugs, and waste from the body) to more actively process and excrete excess estrogen.

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decreases amino acid uptake by muscle and inhibits protein synthesis. Current recommendations suggest that bodybuilders should consume 25–30% of protein per total

538:(a champion wrestler who also authored an early book on "physical culture"), and Alan P. Mead (who became a muscle champion despite the fact that he lost a leg in 2161: 1994: 2446: 2226: 502:

Many other important bodybuilders in the early history of bodybuilding prior to 1930 include: Earle Liederman (writer of some of bodybuilding's earliest books),

1614:, it depends on the quantity and type of food, not how the food is spread across the meals of the day. Well-controlled studies using whole-body calorimetry and 3444:

Giblin, Chris. "Clean Bulking: for Frustrated Hard-Gainers, Clean Bulking Is Attainable If You Focus Your Diet Accordingly with the Right Foods and Strategy."

2607: 1449:. Normally, this soreness becomes most apparent a day or two after a workout. However, as muscles become adapted to the exercises, soreness tends to decrease. 485:, who was declared "The Most Perfectly Developed Man in the World". Treloar won a thousand dollar cash prize, a substantial sum at that time. Two weeks later, 3133: 5679: 3965: 1492:

play an important role for bodybuilders. They give the body energy to deal with the rigors of training and recovery. Carbohydrates also promote secretion of

66: 2665: 846:). It touted efforts to bring bigger prize money and more "dramatic" events to the sport of bodybuilding—which resulted in its championships being held as 4565:

Sisti, Andrea; Huayllani, Maria T.; Restrepo, David J.; Boczar, Daniel; Manrique, Oscar J.; Broer, Peter N.; Shapiro, Shane A.; Forte, Antonio J. (2020).

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of both types (I and II) of muscle fibers, likely caused by an increased synthesis of muscle proteins. They also provoke undesired side effects including

2577: 4842: 3595: 2772: 1338: 1225:(referred to as "cutting") while preserving as much muscular mass as possible. The bulking phase entails remaining in a net positive energy balance ( 4622:

MacDougall, J. Duncan; Gibala, Martin J.; Tarnopolsky, Mark A.; MacDonald, Jay R.; Interisano, Stephen A.; Yarasheski, Kevin E. (December 1, 1995).

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Philen RM, Ortiz DI, Auerbach SB, Falk H (August 1992). "Survey of advertising for nutritional supplements in health and bodybuilding magazines".

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MacDougall JD, Elder GC, Sale DG, Moroz JR, Sutton JR (February 1980). "Effects of strength training and immobilization on human muscle fibres".

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via its performers and personalities. Tom Platz served as the WBF's director of talent development, and announced the new organization during an

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The high levels of muscle growth and repair achieved by bodybuilders require a specialized diet. Generally speaking, bodybuilders require more

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Another growing trend with gym-related social media is the phenomenon of gym-shaming; a video posted by content creator Jessica Fernandez on

1962: 5128: 1110:, though she soon made a successful transition to bodybuilding, becoming one of the leading competitors of the late 1980s and early 1990s. 2130: 4895: 3489: 2248: 780: 5198: 3775: 3103: 2195: 257:(2–7 kg) per year. After five years, gains can decrease to as little as 3–10 pounds (1–5 kg) per year. Some bodybuilders use 919:

similar to those of the United States became more widespread in Europe and especially in Eastern Europe following the collapse of the

6351: 5672: 3413: 2075: 5103: 2367: 2049: 576: 448: 312: 274: 3909:"Your nutrition problems solved; This month: pre- and postworkout nutrition, calculating protein intake and adding simple carbs". 1906: 1089:, who had also won the NPC's USA Championship earlier in the year. The contest was a major turning point for female bodybuilding. 4670: 1102:

World Cup Championship. Competitors prominently featured in the film were Kris Alexander, Lori Bowen, Lydia Cheng, Carla Dunlap,

2514: 622:. Certain bodybuilders rose to fame thanks to the relatively new medium of television, as well as cinema. The most notable were 4426:"Body composition and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency; effects of low-dose growth hormone replacement" 3459: 3565: 2710: 2481: 5646: 4000: 3810: 3227: 3087: 3012: 2829: 2648: 2550: 2423: 2302: 4729: 4359: 3870: 2859: 2338: 642:'s chain gyms), there were still segments of the United States that had no "hardcore" bodybuilding gyms until the advent of 209:. It is primarily undertaken for aesthetic purposes over functional ones, distinguishing it from similar activities such as 5665: 3691:

Dimitriadis G, Mitrou P, Lambadiari V, Maratou E, Raptis SA (August 2011). "Insulin effects in muscle and adipose tissue".

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pleasing" body on stage. In prejudging, competitors do a series of mandatory poses: the front lat spread, rear lat spread,

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Sandow organized the first bodybuilding contest on September 14, 1901, called the "Great Competition". It was held at the

4260:"Oxandrolone in the treatment of HIV-associated weight loss in men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study" 2799: 1375: 2945: 1085:(initially known as the "Miss" Olympia), the most prestigious contest for professionals, was held. The first winner was 603:, which was started in 1965 by the IFBB and is now considered the most important bodybuilding competition in the world. 5641: 4712: 2165: 2114: 1984: 1237:

The cutting phase entails remaining in a net negative energy balance (calorie deficit). The main goal of cutting is to

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The advent of social media had a profound influence on fitness and bodybuilding. It is common to see platforms such as

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board shorts. Classic physique started in 2016. Danny Hester was the first classic physique Mr. Olympia. As of 2023,

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The first large-scale bodybuilding competition in America took place from December 28, 1903, to January 2, 1904, at

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Alexopoulou O, Abs R, Maiter D (2010). "Treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: who, why and how? A review".

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The important role of nutrition in building muscle and losing fat means bodybuilders may consume a wide variety of

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goals (carbs, fats, and proteins) will be different for each person, but it is ideal to get as close as possible.

842:(which, unbeknownst to organizers, McMahon and Platz had attended as representatives of an accompanying magazine, 4888: 3314:"Nutrition, Pharmacological and Training Strategies Adopted by Six Bodybuilders: Case Report and Critical Review" 2941:

From 'Classical' To 'Freaky:' An Exploration of the Development of Dominant, Organised, Male Bodybuilding Culture

2669: 2393: 3051:""The Most Muscular Woman I Have Ever Seen": Bev Francis's Performance of Gender in Pumping Iron II: The Women" 1775:

too long (a lack of splitting apart workouts). Training at a high intensity too frequently also stimulates the

1684:(HGH). HGH is also used by female bodybuilders to obtain bigger muscles "while maintaining a 'female appearance 1610:

when compared to 3 meals a day. While food does have a metabolic cost to digest, absorb, and store, called the

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The testosterone syndrome: the critical factor for energy, health, and sexuality: reversing the male menopause

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changed the limits of traditional femininity as their bodies showed that muscles are not only just for men.

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Lambert CP, Frank LL, Evans WJ (March 2004). "Macronutrient considerations for the sport of bodybuilding".

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Manore MM, Thompson J, Russo M (March 1993). "Diet and exercise strategies of a world-class bodybuilder".

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features and showmanship. The organization signed high-valued contracts with a number of IFBB regulars.

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recognition for bodybuilding remains controversial since many argue that bodybuilding is not a sport.

6044: 3871:"Protein: a guide to maximum muscle: confused? Let us separate the gristle from the meat.(Nutrition)" 3826:

Lambert CP, Frank LL, Evans WJ (2004). "Macronutrient considerations for the sport of bodybuilding".

1715: 1346: 982: 789: 3130:"Judging the 2008 Mr. Olympia: Judges Provide Full Transparency and Complete Explanation of Results" 3079: 3073: 1077:

The first U.S. Women's National Physique Championship, promoted by Henry McGhee and held in 1978 in

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depicts the beginning of modern bodybuilding, when Sandow began to display his body for carnivals.

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Summermatter S, Bouzan A, Pierrel E, Melly S, Stauffer D, Gutzwiller S, et al. (March 2017).

1795:, phytochemicals, even nutritional supplements are critical. A mental disorder, informally called 904:(AMI). The position of president of the IFBB was filled by Rafael Santonja following the death of 5741: 5235: 2765:"Beginner's Guide To Natural Bodybuilding Competition: Disseminating Misconception From Reality!" 2415: 1954: 1627: 1537: 1470: 1342: 1300: 912: 6414: 1512:

However, bodybuilders frequently do ingest some quickly digesting sugars (often in form of pure

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Schroeder ET, Vallejo AF, Zheng L, Stewart Y, Flores C, Nakao S, et al. (December 2005).

3798: 2252: 1585:(female hormone) properties, though more recent studies have shown that soy actually contains 1165:. Each competitor also performs a personal choreographed routine to display their physique. A 6473: 6394: 6285: 5585: 5313: 4937: 4853: 3673: 1673: 1186: 729: 684: 596: 466: 300: 61: 51: 3771: 2187: 6240: 5938: 5828: 5802: 5772: 5560: 5497: 5490: 5250: 4624:"The Time Course for Elevated Muscle Protein Synthesis Following Heavy Resistance Exercise" 1735: 1615: 1121:

E. Wilma Conner competed in the 2011 NPC Armbrust Pro Gym Warrior Classic Championships in

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have been considered the top amateur bodybuilding contests, with notable winners including

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Roberts, Brandon M; Helms, Eric R; Trexler, Eric T; Fitschen, Peter J (January 31, 2020).

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Muscle growth is more difficult to achieve in older adults than younger adults because of

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Savine R, Sönksen P (2000). "Growth hormone - hormone replacement for the somatopause?".

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occurs during rest periods for up to 48 hours after the workout. Some bodybuilders add a

1633: 1441:. These micro-tears in the muscle contribute to the soreness felt after exercise, called 1060: 1045: 194: 97: 4219:"Six-week improvements in muscle mass and strength during androgen therapy in older men" 2507:"When Bodybuilding Met Wrestling: The Bizarre Tale of the World Bodybuilding Federation" 2361: 2041: 280:

contest is recognized as the world's top male professional bodybuilder. Since 1950, the

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Bodybuilders were previously thought to require protein with a higher BV than that of

1357: 1146: 923:. This resulted in the emergence of whole new populations of bodybuilders from former 6427: 6360: 6305: 6173: 6123: 6073: 6026: 5983: 5844: 5822: 5688: 5545: 5058: 5033: 5005: 4990: 4826: 4822: 4776: 4708: 4651: 4643: 4604: 4586: 4547: 4490: 4447: 4442: 4425: 4398: 4349: 4324: 4281: 4240: 4199: 4164: 4115: 4080: 4039: 3996: 3989: 3946: 3890: 3843: 3839: 3806: 3744: 3708: 3665: 3634: 3536: 3399: 3387: 3379: 3354: 3343: 3276: 3272: 3213: 3201: 3083: 3008: 2920: 2902: 2644: 2556: 2546: 2506: 2298: 2110: 1858: 1853: 1823: 1589:

which compete with estrogens in the male body and can block estrogenic actions. Soy,

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It's after you finish your workout…that your body is busy making new muscle protein.

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the science and development of muscle hypertrophy, Dr. Brad Schoenfeld, page 139-140

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Protein milkshakes, made from protein powder (center) and milk (left), are a common

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Burd NA, Yang Y, Moore DR, Tang JE, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM (September 2012).

3039:

Todd, Jan, "Bodybuilding", St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture, Gale Group, 1999

2821: 1680:. Other performance-enhancing substances used by competitive bodybuilders include 1618:

have demonstrated that there is no metabolic advantage to eating more frequently.

708:. By this time, the IFBB dominated the competitive bodybuilding landscape and the 606:

During the 1950s, the most successful and most famous competing bodybuilders were

6432: 6295: 5856: 5150: 5140: 5068: 5015: 4804:"A framework for understanding the training process leading to elite performance" 4737: 4343: 3375: 2851: 2330: 1873: 1792: 1711: 1434: 1313: 831: 631: 519: 503: 198: 6229: 4235: 4218: 3677: 2017:"Anabolic Steroids and Other Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drugs (APEDs)" 672: 510:, Emy Nkemena, George F. Jowett, Finn Hateral (a pioneer in the art of posing), 6452: 6447: 6437: 5932: 5862: 5813: 5790: 5718: 5550: 5455: 5339: 5293: 5053: 4223:

The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences

2131:"This footage taken by Thomas Edison in 1904, shows women and men bodybuilding" 1989: 1868: 1848: 1704: 1661: 1607: 1586: 1520:) just before, during, and/or just after a workout. This may help to replenish 1508: 1505: 1222: 1203: 1099: 1033: 1007: 889: 749: 688: 384: 341: 288: 5657: 4159: 4142: 3941: 3924: 3740: 1707:

parameters, and affects the quality of life without significant side effects.

753: 6467: 6389: 6379: 6135: 5995: 5850: 5754: 5623: 5607: 5480: 4647: 4590: 3669: 3383: 3205: 3197: 2939: 2906: 2795: 2560: 1478: 1446: 1255: 1238: 1213: 1154: 1086: 819: 643: 619: 615: 535: 491: 486: 337: 153: 46: 5926: 5900: 4582: 4195: 2898: 1437:

causes micro-tears to the muscles being trained; this is generally known as

775:

To combat anabolic steroid use and in the hopes of becoming a member of the

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Ahmad AM, Hopkins MT, Thomas J, Ibrahim H, Fraser WD, Vora JP (June 2001).

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In the 1970s, bodybuilding had major publicity thanks to the appearance of

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was released. It documented the preparation of several women for the 1983

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In natural contests, the testing protocol ranges among organizations from

6290: 6248: 6050: 5868: 5834: 5724: 5706: 5460: 5448: 5329: 5145: 4533: 4394: 2969:"Bodybuilding World Reacts to Chris Bumstead's Fourth Mr.Olympia Triumph" 2608:"American Media, Inc. Acquires Full Ownership Of Mr. Olympia Competition" 1843: 1813:

micro-cycles" and were a key training technique used by Soviet athletes.

1676:

and a decline in the body's own testosterone production, which can cause

1657: 1465: 1452:

Weight training aims to build muscle by prompting two different types of

1438: 1103: 1082: 886: 870: 765: 757: 740:

in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and continuing through the 1980s with

600: 539: 515: 511: 459: 451: 277: 238: 234: 230: 173: 4075: 4058: 4034: 4017: 3630: 447:

contest. It would not resurface again until 1977 when the winner of the

375:

Bodybuilding developed in the late 19th century, promoted in England by

6114: 5963: 5888: 5796: 5784: 5443: 5427: 5396: 5365: 5298: 5245: 5240: 5078: 4759:

Mosley PE (May 2009). "Bigorexia: bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia".

3532: 1833: 1760:

at the end of each workout to their routine as a method of recovering.

1649: 1582: 1360:

if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

1134: 1011: 916: 905: 897: 728:

in bodybuilding and many other sports. More significant use began with

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winners have been consistently awarded a replica of the bronze Sandow.

455: 433: 133: 4486: 4015: 6404: 6197: 6164: 6141: 6091: 5989: 5840: 5766: 5745: 5712: 5580: 5575: 5525: 5370: 5308: 2542:

Wrestling Babylon: piledriving tales of drugs, sex, death and scandal

1796: 1594: 1524:

stored within the muscle, and to stimulate muscle protein synthesis.

1231: 945: 866: 761: 741: 700: 639: 523: 345: 4772: 4639: 4621: 1500:

they need. Insulin also carries amino acids into cells and promotes

348:. Western weightlifting developed in Europe from 1880 to 1953, with 6191: 6179: 6129: 6079: 6065: 6032: 5612: 5602: 5530: 5334: 5323: 5318: 5303: 5048: 4957: 4927: 4904: 1828: 1800: 1553: 1521: 1474: 1166: 1051: 611: 564: 405: 222: 6329: 3690: 3521:

European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology

412:, and tension bands. Even his image was sold by the thousands in " 5955: 5911: 5894: 5760: 5730: 5555: 5406: 5391: 5355: 5260: 4962: 4952: 4932: 4018:"Effect of the pattern of food intake on human energy metabolism" 4016:

Verboeket-van de Venne WP, Westerterp KR, Kester AD (July 1993).

3228:"Reverse Dieting: How to Go From Cut to Bulk Without Gaining Fat" 1788: 1757: 1723: 1719: 1557: 1513: 1497: 1493: 1289: 1226: 1158: 822:

attempted to form his own bodybuilding organization known as the

676: 568: 458:, was presented with a replica of the bronze trophy. Since then, 205:. An individual who engages in this activity is referred to as a 4258:

Grunfeld C, Kotler DP, Dobs A, Glesby M, Bhasin S (March 2006).

4100:

International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders

3660:

Skinner R (March 2002). "Nutrition for Muscle Mass". Sidelines.

1532: 1445:(DOMS). It is the repair of these micro-traumas that results in 1133:

In competitive bodybuilding, bodybuilders aspire to present an "

244: 6001: 5879: 5401: 5360: 4947: 3877:. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013 3490:"9 things every athlete needs to know about sleep and recovery" 3360: 3180:

Probert, Anne; Leberman, Sarah; Palmer, Farah (March 1, 2007).

1562: 1549: 1066: 949: 792:(CSA). In Canada, steroids are listed under Schedule IV of the 409: 4515: 2822:"How Bodybuilding is Judged, Different Divisions, and Scoring" 2711:"Bodybuilder Joey Swoll has had enough of fitness influencers" 6363: 2731: 1545: 1296: 1162: 419: 30:"Bodybuilder" redirects here. For the 2022 Russian film, see 4564: 4216: 3310: 5375: 4873: 3414:"The Clean Bulk: A New Approach To Adding Offseason Muscle" 3370:(9). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 2546–2551. 2880: 1669: 1590: 957: 4140: 3104:"Top 10 Most Impressive Bodybuilder Physiques of All Time" 2685:"How YoungLA Became 2022's Hottest Men's Activewear Brand" 371:, often referred to as the "Father of Modern Bodybuilding" 225:. This is enhanced at the final stage by a combination of 6310: 6061: 4721: 4423: 3725: 3566:"Weight Training Intensity or Volume for Bigger Muscles?" 1578: 776: 477:

and publisher of original bodybuilding magazines such as

4257: 4056: 3518: 3182:"New Zealand Bodybuilder Identities: Beyond Homogeneity" 1606:

bulking phase. Eating more frequently does not increase

4730:"The Warrior Nerd: Overtraining or Undereating, part 1" 4181: 2666:"Bodybuilding And The Olympics: An Ongoing Controversy" 857:

The IFBB's inaugural championship in June 1991 (won by

54:, one of the most notable figures in bodybuilding, 1974 4671:"When Do Muscles Grow After Working Out With Weights?" 3460:"Dirty Bulking: Why You Need To Know The Dirty Truth!" 2188:"The Fascinating Story of the First Bodybuilding Show" 599:, Mr. World, Mr. Universe, Mr. Galaxy, and ultimately 67:

International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness

5220: 4306: 3179: 2944:(doctoral thesis). Goldsmiths, University of London. 2251:. Sandowplus.co.uk. December 28, 1903. Archived from 1212:

Lukas Osladil posing onstage with a variation of the

869:

as a figurehead (hosting a WBF television program on

336:

Stone-lifting competitions were practiced in ancient

4380: 3980: 3799:"Sites of Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism" 1581:, which was additionally avoided due to its alleged 1552:

generate the forces exerted by contracting muscles.

494:

continued to promote bodybuilding across the world.

428:

in London. Judged by Sandow, Sir Charles Lawes, and

3616: 2883:"Nutritional Recommendations for Physique Athletes" 2578:"Vince McMahon's Attempt to Take Over Bodybuilding" 2472:Branch, Legislative Services (September 19, 2019). 1639: 1274:Bodybuilders use three main strategies to maximize 4705:Thinking Through the Body: Essays in Somaesthetics 4057:Bellisle F, McDevitt R, Prentice AM (April 1997). 3988: 2640:Creativity of God in the Human Body "Bodybuilding" 2294:CREATIVITY OF GOD IN THE HUMAN BODY "BODYBUILDING" 1106:, and McLish. At the time, Francis was actually a 788:placed anabolic steroids into Schedule III of the 756:, and up to the present day. Bodybuilders such as 719: 469:in New York City. The competition was promoted by 3922: 3825: 3258: 2736:International Fitness and Bodybuilding Federation 2392:. Ifbbpro.com. September 26, 2007. Archived from 6465: 6320:(c) – compound exercise, (i) – isolated exercise 4141:Smeets AJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS (June 2008). 1726:hypertrophy, and ultimately in muscle strength. 1356:. Please review the contents of the section and 1285:through weights or elastic/hydraulic resistance. 1050:The female movement of the 1960s, combined with 803: 587:. Other bodybuilding organizations included the 579:(IFBB) was founded in 1946 by Canadian brothers 5687: 4264:Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 3868: 3186:International Review for the Sociology of Sport 2708: 768:for their leg muscles. At the time of shooting 3966:"Estrogens, Testosterone & Phytoestrogens" 2852:"Excellence In Execution: Perfecting The Pose" 2363:Flex marks the spot: histories of Muscle Beach 2104: 6345: 5673: 5206: 4889: 4727: 4472: 3364:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2636: 1729: 1714:gene expression results in activation of the 497: 241:and shave their bodies prior to competition. 4795: 4466: 4341: 4134: 4097: 3986: 1985:"How Long Does it Take to Be a Bodybuilder?" 976: 3512: 2107:The New Encyclopedia of Modern Bodybuilding 2073: 1288:Specialized nutrition, incorporating extra 930: 6352: 6338: 5680: 5666: 5213: 5199: 4896: 4882: 4702: 3957: 3796: 3457: 2759: 2757: 420:First large-scale bodybuilding competition 45: 4668: 4598: 4541: 4441: 4275: 4234: 4158: 4074: 4050: 4033: 3940: 3819: 3337: 3318:European Journal of Translational Myology 2937: 2914: 2223:, vol. 10, no. 6 (December 1903), p. 555" 593:National Amateur Bodybuilding Association 233:to achieve maximum muscle definition and 221:exercising and eliminating non-essential 4309:Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 4091: 3619:International Journal of Sport Nutrition 2538: 2359: 2042:"Should The IFBB Ban Steroids For Real?" 1531: 1352:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1207: 1065: 880: 671: 577:International Federation of Bodybuilders 363: 321: 313:History of physical training and fitness 243: 4681:from the original on September 24, 2023 3693:Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 3664:. Vol. 71, no. 8. p. 3. 3659: 3071: 2754: 2663: 2447:"Arnold & Steroids: Truth Revealed" 2076:"Locked horns and a flurry of feathers" 1909:from the original on September 14, 2020 1125:, at the age of 75 years and 349 days. 991: 911:In the early 21st century, patterns of 14: 6466: 4758: 4628:Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 3803:Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Volume 4 3662:Scholastic Coach and Athletic Director 3598:from the original on September 5, 2013 3560: 3558: 2938:Liokaftos, Dimitrios (February 2012). 2572: 2570: 2501: 2499: 2471: 2444: 2159: 2109:. Fireside, NY: Simon & Schuster. 1621: 1496:, a hormone enabling cells to get the 1197: 1039: 826:(WBF). It operated as a sister to the 646:in the mid-1960s. Finally, the famed 27:Control and development of musculature 6333: 5661: 5647:International World Games Association 5194: 4877: 4801: 3500:from the original on October 29, 2021 3470:from the original on February 8, 2023 3240:from the original on January 24, 2020 3048: 2992: 2966: 2793: 2775:from the original on January 26, 2020 2742:from the original on February 8, 2023 2709:Kristen Fleming (February 23, 2023). 2534: 2532: 2426:from the original on November 6, 2013 2229:from the original on February 4, 2021 1934:World Natural Bodybuilding Federation 1903:"Men's Bodybuilding: A Short History" 1787:, and various micronutrients such as 679:posing with model Jackie Coey in 1953 197:to build, control, and develop one's 4848:from the original on August 9, 2017. 4707:. Cambridge University. p. 43. 2614:(Press release). September 5, 2017. 2216: 2069: 2067: 1896: 1894: 1752:occurs when lifting weights, muscle 1644:Some bodybuilders use drugs such as 1321: 667: 6359: 4059:"Meal frequency and energy balance" 3572:from the original on March 10, 2012 3555: 2948:from the original on April 23, 2021 2862:from the original on April 23, 2021 2832:from the original on April 23, 2021 2567: 2496: 2416:"Arnold: No Regrets About Steroids" 2370:from the original on April 23, 2021 2341:from the original on April 23, 2021 2198:from the original on April 23, 2021 2141:from the original on April 23, 2021 1997:from the original on April 23, 2021 1026: 794:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 526:, Sgt. Alfred Moss, Joe Nordquist, 248:A bodybuilder performs the incline 24: 4669:Braverman, Jody (April 10, 2019). 4362:from the original on April 5, 2023 4277:10.1097/01.qai.0000197546.56131.40 3963: 3778:from the original on June 21, 2000 3426:from the original on April 7, 2020 3110:from the original on July 29, 2017 3078:. The Jim Pattison Group. p. 3021:from the original on April 5, 2023 2967:Bachu, Ramya (December 18, 2022). 2588:from the original on June 25, 2021 2529: 2484:from the original on April 8, 2022 2331:"A History Lesson In Bodybuilding" 2311:from the original on April 5, 2023 2074:Karthikeyan D (January 12, 2013). 2052:from the original on June 25, 2020 1965:from the original on June 26, 2020 1307: 25: 6515: 5222:Sports of the World Games program 4869: 4571:Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis 3446:Joe Weider's Muscle & Fitness 3049:Shain, Cera R. (March 20, 2019). 2996:Critical Readings in Bodybuilding 2802:from the original on May 12, 2021 2682: 2618:from the original on May 19, 2020 2517:from the original on May 24, 2021 2086:from the original on May 11, 2013 2064: 1927: 1900: 1891: 1648:and precursor substances such as 1118:considered a female bodybuilder. 1017: 724:This period also saw the rise of 6413: 5637: 5636: 5177: 5176: 4981:High-intensity interval training 4823:10.2165/00007256-200333150-00003 4761:European Eating Disorders Review 4443:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01275.x 4147:The British Journal of Nutrition 4063:The British Journal of Nutrition 4022:The British Journal of Nutrition 3929:The British Journal of Nutrition 3840:10.2165/00007256-200434050-00004 3772:"Substrates for Gluconeogenesis" 3769: 3273:10.2165/00007256-200434050-00004 2021:National Institute on Drug Abuse 1640:Performance-enhancing substances 1484: 1422: 1326: 1269: 1261: 1248: 1036:is the 5x reigning Mr. Olympia. 317: 4752: 4696: 4662: 4615: 4558: 4509: 4417: 4374: 4335: 4300: 4251: 4210: 4175: 4009: 3916: 3903: 3862: 3790: 3763: 3719: 3684: 3653: 3610: 3584: 3482: 3451: 3438: 3406: 3304: 3295: 3252: 3220: 3173: 3148: 3122: 3096: 3065: 3042: 3033: 2986: 2960: 2931: 2874: 2844: 2814: 2794:Spice, Robyn Charlotte (2016). 2787: 2724: 2702: 2676: 2668:. article99.com. Archived from 2664:Littman J (November 13, 2007). 2657: 2630: 2600: 2465: 2438: 2408: 2382: 2360:Ozyurtcu, Tolga (August 2014). 2353: 2323: 2285: 2267: 2241: 2210: 2180: 2162:"Bodybuilders Through the Ages" 2153: 1763: 1292:and supplements when necessary. 1192: 939: 830:(WWF, now WWE), which provided 720:Anabolic/androgenic steroid use 359: 195:progressive resistance exercise 4522:Molecular and Cellular Biology 3448:, vol. 75, no. 8, 2014, p. 89. 2249:"Al Treloar at SandowPlus.com" 2123: 2098: 2034: 2009: 1977: 1947: 1921: 1703:and muscle strength, improves 1358:add the appropriate references 1128: 1115:fitness and figure competition 662: 553: 13: 1: 4858:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 4321:10.1016/S1440-2440(99)80007-3 3805:. Elsevier. pp. 229–98. 3705:10.1016/S0168-8227(11)70014-6 2993:Locks, Adam (March 1, 2013). 2094:– via www.thehindu.com. 1885: 1443:delayed onset muscle soreness 824:World Bodybuilding Federation 810:World Bodybuilding Federation 804:World Bodybuilding Federation 784:Steroid Control Act of 1990, 659:in popular shows and movies. 4903: 4345:Bodybuilding, Drugs and Risk 3458:Rian Evans (June 13, 2010). 3376:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003169 3132:. Muscletime. Archived from 2275:"STRONGFORTISM – LESSON ONE" 1955:"Shaving Body Hair For Men!" 1459: 900:sold Weider Publications to 712:(AAU) took a back seat. The 7: 3987:Shippen E, Fryer W (1998). 3160:Ultimate Fitness Birmingham 3075:Guinness World Records 2014 2217:Ryan, Eugene Avery (1899). 1905:. Bodybuildingreviews.net. 1816: 1730:Injecting oil into muscles 1339:reliable medical references 714:National Physique Committee 636:North Hollywood, California 268:National Physique Committee 263:performance-enhancing drugs 10: 6520: 4802:Smith DJ (February 2003). 4348:. Routledge. p. 145. 2798:. University of Stirling. 2160:Rhodes J (July 19, 2009). 1767: 1733: 1656:. Anabolic steroids cause 1625: 1527: 1311: 1201: 1095:Pumping Iron II: The Women 1043: 995: 980: 828:World Wrestling Federation 807: 498:Notable early bodybuilders 440:for winning the inaugural 310: 306: 84:England, late 19th century 29: 6422: 6411: 6370: 6258: 6239: 6219: 6163: 6113: 6060: 6017: 5973: 5954: 5910: 5878: 5812: 5740: 5696: 5642:Sports at the World Games 5632: 5595: 5518: 5436: 5415: 5384: 5348: 5286: 5229:Artistic and dance sports 5228: 5174: 5096: 5026: 4971: 4918: 4911: 4236:10.1093/gerona/60.12.1586 4160:10.1017/S0007114507877646 3942:10.1017/S0007114511006271 3895:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3774:. IU School of Medicine. 3741:10.1007/s00424-007-0368-2 3592:"Major Nutrients in Food" 2887:Journal of Human Kinetics 2105:Schwarzenegger A (1999). 1710:In rodents, knockdown of 1345:or relies too heavily on 1295:Adequate rest, including 1092:In 1985, the documentary 983:Professional bodybuilding 977:Professional bodybuilding 850:events with WWF-inspired 790:Controlled Substances Act 404:for the masses: machined 273:The winner of the annual 237:. Most bodybuilders also 172: 162: 152: 144: 139: 129: 121: 111: 103: 93: 88: 80: 72: 59: 44: 3869:Samantha Heller (2004). 3198:10.1177/1012690207081921 2539:Muchnick, Irvin (2007). 1600: 971: 931:Olympic sport discussion 876: 5236:Artistic roller skating 5129:Neurobiological effects 4583:10.23750/abm.v91i3.8533 4196:10.1001/jama.268.8.1008 2899:10.2478/hukin-2019-0096 2545:. Toronto : ECW Press. 2478:laws-lois.justice.gc.ca 1743: 1628:Bodybuilding supplement 1471:cardiovascular exercise 844:Bodybuilding Lifestyles 699:and others in the 1977 5921:Close-grip bench press 4728:Lonnie Lowery (2004). 4430:Clinical Endocrinology 4112:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801572 3995:. New York: M. Evans. 3797:Manchester KL (2012). 3330:10.4081/ejtm.2017.6247 1777:central nervous system 1612:thermic effect of food 1541: 1217: 1074: 893: 816:professional wrestling 779:, the IFBB introduced 710:Amateur Athletic Union 680: 589:Amateur Athletic Union 430:Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 372: 333: 285:Universe Championships 253: 145:Country or region 6395:Olympic weightlifting 4740:on September 27, 2007 4703:Shusterman R (2012). 4342:Lee Monaghan (2002). 3801:. In Munro HN (ed.). 3005:10.4324/9780203809457 2828:. November 27, 2020. 2689:www.tribedynamics.com 2422:. February 11, 2009. 2396:on September 21, 2012 1674:male pattern baldness 1672:, the early onset of 1535: 1211: 1202:Further information: 1187:Olympic weightlifting 1113:The related areas of 1069: 992:Natural bodybuilding 884: 730:Arnold Schwarzenegger 685:Arnold Schwarzenegger 675: 522:, Launceston Elliot, 479:Health & Strength 467:Madison Square Garden 367: 325: 301:Arnold Schwarzenegger 247: 52:Arnold Schwarzenegger 6230:Side-lying leg raise 5975:Abdomen and obliques 5901:Reverse grip push-up 5519:Past official sports 5498:Competition climbing 5481:Speed roller skating 5251:Acrobatic gymnastics 4734:TESTOSTERONE! NATION 4534:10.1128/MCB.00305-16 4395:10.1179/acb.2010.002 4383:Acta Clinica Belgica 3976:on October 25, 2006. 3568:. October 15, 2010. 3422:. October 16, 2016. 2672:on December 5, 2007. 2643:. Abdullah F Shrit. 2582:Muscle & Fitness 2297:. Abdullah F Shrit. 1809:Muscle & Fitness 1736:Site enhancement oil 1682:human growth hormone 1616:doubly labeled water 1608:basal metabolic rate 1185:is paramount, or to 1181:competitions, where 998:Natural bodybuilding 902:American Media, Inc. 852:sports entertainment 508:George Hackenschmidt 416:" and other prints. 352:displaying feats of 227:carbohydrate loading 6380:Grip strength sport 6271:Bodyweight exercise 5596:Invitational sports 5266:Rhythmic gymnastics 5156:Outline of exercise 5124:Exercise physiology 5011:Suspension training 5001:Bodyweight exercise 4076:10.1079/BJN19970104 4069:(Suppl 1): S57-70. 4035:10.1079/BJN19930108 3631:10.1123/ijsn.3.1.76 2637:Abdullah F. Shirt. 2168:on November 6, 2013 1961:. August 30, 2010. 1839:Exercise physiology 1634:dietary supplements 1622:Dietary supplements 1544:The motor proteins 1198:Bulking and cutting 1139:front double biceps 1061:Female bodybuilders 1046:Female bodybuilding 1040:Female bodybuilding 954:fitness influencers 530:("Strongfortism"), 193:is the practice of 62:governing body 41: 6443:Strength athletics 6385:Kettlebell lifting 6281:Muscle hypertrophy 6223:(inside of thighs) 6086:Dirty dog exercise 5927:Close grip push-up 5256:Aerobic gymnastics 5119:Exercise equipment 5114:Exercise and music 5064:Muscle hypertrophy 4973:Anaerobic exercise 4943:Endurance training 4481:(Suppl 3): 37–41. 3699:(Suppl 1): S52-9. 3533:10.1007/BF00421352 3072:Glenday C (2013). 2858:. March 20, 2005. 2683:Kulke, Catherine. 2612:www.prnewswire.com 2513:. March 17, 2020. 2453:on October 8, 2003 2337:. March 21, 2005. 2281:on August 2, 2008. 2137:. March 26, 2016. 2048:. March 16, 2005. 1930:"Judging Criteria" 1678:testicular atrophy 1654:muscle hypertrophy 1542: 1276:muscle hypertrophy 1218: 1143:back double biceps 1123:Loveland, Colorado 1075: 894: 798:federal Parliament 681: 544:Francis X. Bushman 402:exercise equipment 393:The Great Ziegfeld 373: 334: 254: 39: 32:Bodybuilder (film) 6504:Physical exercise 6489:Individual sports 6479:Body modification 6461: 6460: 6428:Strength training 6327: 6326: 6306:Flywheel training 6300:List of exercises 6117:(front of thighs) 5945:Triceps extension 5845:handstand push-up 5689:Strength training 5655: 5654: 5188: 5187: 5092: 5091: 5059:Interval training 5034:Athletic training 5006:Flywheel training 4991:Strength training 4487:10.1159/000023531 4002:978-0-87131-829-9 3812:978-0-323-14257-1 3496:. March 1, 2017. 3236:. December 2017. 3106:. Muscleprodigy. 3089:978-1-908843-15-9 3014:978-0-203-80945-7 2973:EssentiallySports 2650:978-1-4840-1198-0 2584:. March 7, 2019. 2552:978-1-55490-761-8 2366:(Thesis thesis). 2304:978-1-4840-1198-0 1859:Physical exercise 1854:Muscle dysmorphia 1824:Athletic training 1799:(by analogy with 1718:and increases in 1646:anabolic steroids 1502:protein synthesis 1431: 1430: 1407: 1318:Strength training 1303:between workouts. 1283:Strength training 1183:physical strength 1057:fashion magazines 796:, enacted by the 744:, the 1990s with 726:anabolic steroids 668:New organizations 532:Gustav Frištenský 528:Lionel Strongfort 481:. The winner was 471:Bernarr Macfadden 426:Royal Albert Hall 259:anabolic steroids 188: 187: 16:(Redirected from 6511: 6417: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6331: 6330: 6167:(back of thighs) 5682: 5675: 5668: 5659: 5658: 5640: 5639: 5619:Wheelchair rugby 5536:Beach volleyball 5397:Billiards sports 5385:Precision sports 5215: 5208: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5180: 5179: 5166:Physical fitness 5161:Physical culture 5136:Exercise mimetic 5074:Physical therapy 5044:Circuit training 4938:Distance running 4920:Aerobic exercise 4916: 4915: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4875: 4874: 4864: 4863: 4857: 4849: 4847: 4808: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4736:. 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Archived from 3961: 3955: 3954: 3944: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3894: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3562: 3553: 3552: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3464:Bodybuilding.com 3455: 3449: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3419:Bodybuilding.com 3410: 3404: 3403: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3341: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2918: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2856:Bodybuilding.com 2848: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2771:. May 10, 2009. 2769:Bodybuilding.com 2761: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2536: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2503: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2449:. Archived from 2442: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2335:Bodybuilding.com 2327: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2277:. Archived from 2271: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2255:on June 29, 2012 2245: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2221:Physical Culture 2214: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2194:. May 16, 2018. 2184: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2164:. Archived from 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2135:The Vintage News 2127: 2121: 2120: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2071: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2046:Bodybuilding.com 2038: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1959:Bodybuilding.com 1951: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1898: 1879:Sports nutrition 1864:Physical fitness 1748:Although muscle 1693:biological aging 1687: 1572:biological value 1426: 1425: 1417: 1414: 1408: 1406: 1365: 1330: 1329: 1322: 1027:Classic physique 630:, Reg Park, and 573:food supplements 475:physical culture 473:, the father of 381:Florenz Ziegfeld 329:Farnese Hercules 49: 42: 38: 21: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6494:Weight training 6484:Athletic sports 6464: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6433:Weight training 6418: 6409: 6366: 6358: 6328: 6323: 6296:Weight training 6254: 6235: 6215: 6159: 6109: 6056: 6013: 5969: 5950: 5906: 5882:(front of arms) 5874: 5857:Rear delt raise 5808: 5736: 5692: 5686: 5656: 5651: 5628: 5591: 5514: 5432: 5416:Strength sports 5411: 5380: 5344: 5282: 5224: 5219: 5189: 5184: 5170: 5151:Fitness culture 5141:Exercise trends 5088: 5069:Outdoor fitness 5022: 5016:Weight training 4967: 4907: 4902: 4872: 4867: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4817:(15): 1103–26. 4811:Sports Medicine 4806: 4800: 4796: 4773:10.1002/erv.897 4757: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4701: 4697: 4684: 4682: 4667: 4663: 4640:10.1139/h95-038 4620: 4616: 4577:(3): e2020082. 4563: 4559: 4514: 4510: 4471: 4467: 4422: 4418: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4356: 4340: 4336: 4305: 4301: 4256: 4252: 4229:(12): 1586–92. 4215: 4211: 4180: 4176: 4139: 4135: 4096: 4092: 4055: 4051: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3985: 3981: 3962: 3958: 3921: 3917: 3908: 3904: 3888: 3887: 3880: 3878: 3867: 3863: 3828:Sports Medicine 3824: 3820: 3813: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3768: 3764: 3729:Pflügers Archiv 3724: 3720: 3689: 3685: 3658: 3654: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3564: 3563: 3556: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3456: 3452: 3443: 3439: 3429: 3427: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3359: 3355: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3261:Sports Medicine 3257: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3136:on May 16, 2019 3128: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3015: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2936: 2932: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2792: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2707: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2681: 2677: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2553: 2537: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2505: 2504: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2305: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2171: 2169: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2103: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2072: 2065: 2055: 2053: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1968: 1966: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1938: 1936: 1926: 1922: 1912: 1910: 1899: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1874:Sports medicine 1819: 1772: 1766: 1746: 1738: 1732: 1712:metallothionein 1685: 1642: 1630: 1624: 1603: 1530: 1509:polysaccharides 1487: 1462: 1435:weight training 1427: 1423: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1366: 1351: 1347:primary sources 1331: 1327: 1320: 1314:Weight training 1312:Main articles: 1310: 1308:Weight training 1272: 1264: 1251: 1206: 1200: 1195: 1173:In contrast to 1131: 1048: 1042: 1029: 1020: 1000: 994: 985: 979: 974: 942: 933: 892:in October 2009 879: 838:of that year's 832:cross-promotion 812: 806: 722: 670: 665: 632:Mickey Hargitay 556: 520:William Bankier 504:Zishe Breitbart 500: 422: 362: 320: 315: 309: 89:Characteristics 81:First developed 55: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6517: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6453:CrossFit Games 6450: 6448:Highland games 6445: 6440: 6438:Power training 6435: 6430: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6357: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6334: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6245: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6226: 6224: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6170: 6168: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6120: 6118: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6070: 6068: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6048: 6045:Hyperextension 6042: 6036: 6030: 6023: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5980: 5978: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5960: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5917: 5915: 5914:(back of arms) 5908: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5885: 5883: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5866: 5863:Shoulder press 5860: 5854: 5848: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5819: 5817: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5791:Shoulder shrug 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5751: 5749: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5703: 5701: 5694: 5693: 5685: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5662: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5610: 5605: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5551:Indoor cycling 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5500: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5456:Canoe marathon 5453: 5452: 5451: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5294:Beach handball 5290: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5243: 5238: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5195: 5186: 5185: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5054:Cross-training 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4901: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4878: 4871: 4870:External links 4868: 4866: 4865: 4794: 4751: 4720: 4714:978-1107019065 4713: 4695: 4661: 4634:(4): 480–486. 4614: 4557: 4508: 4465: 4416: 4373: 4354: 4334: 4299: 4250: 4209: 4190:(8): 1008–11. 4174: 4153:(6): 1316–21. 4133: 4090: 4049: 4008: 4001: 3979: 3956: 3915: 3913:, January 2005 3902: 3861: 3818: 3811: 3789: 3762: 3735:(6): 1129–40. 3718: 3683: 3652: 3609: 3583: 3554: 3511: 3481: 3450: 3437: 3405: 3353: 3303: 3294: 3251: 3219: 3172: 3147: 3121: 3095: 3088: 3064: 3041: 3032: 3013: 2985: 2959: 2930: 2873: 2843: 2813: 2786: 2753: 2723: 2701: 2675: 2656: 2649: 2629: 2599: 2566: 2551: 2528: 2495: 2464: 2445:Theunissen S. 2437: 2407: 2381: 2352: 2322: 2303: 2284: 2266: 2240: 2209: 2179: 2152: 2122: 2116:978-0684857213 2115: 2097: 2063: 2033: 2008: 1990:Livestrong.com 1976: 1946: 1920: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1869:Power training 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1849:Lean body mass 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1806:An article by 1768:Main article: 1765: 1762: 1745: 1742: 1734:Main article: 1731: 1728: 1724:type IIb fiber 1705:cardiovascular 1662:hepatotoxicity 1641: 1638: 1626:Main article: 1623: 1620: 1602: 1599: 1587:phytoestrogens 1529: 1526: 1486: 1483: 1461: 1458: 1429: 1428: 1421: 1419: 1372:"Bodybuilding" 1334: 1332: 1325: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1293: 1286: 1271: 1268: 1263: 1260: 1250: 1247: 1204:Weight cycling 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1130: 1127: 1100:Caesars Palace 1044:Main article: 1041: 1038: 1034:Chris Bumstead 1028: 1025: 1019: 1018:Men's physique 1016: 996:Main article: 993: 990: 981:Main article: 978: 975: 973: 970: 941: 938: 932: 929: 890:Ronnie Coleman 878: 875: 808:Main article: 805: 802: 750:Ronnie Coleman 721: 718: 689:Franco Columbu 669: 666: 664: 661: 555: 552: 499: 496: 421: 418: 387:-winning 1936 361: 358: 319: 316: 308: 305: 289:Ronnie Coleman 250:dumbbell press 186: 185: 176: 170: 169: 166: 160: 159: 156: 150: 149: 146: 142: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 115: 109: 108: 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 64: 57: 56: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6516: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6424: 6421: 6416: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6390:Lifting stone 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6362: 6355: 6350: 6348: 6343: 6341: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6286:Weightlifting 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6257: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6136:Leg extension 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5996:Russian twist 5994: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5851:Lateral raise 5849: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5755:Bent-over row 5753: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5683: 5678: 5676: 5671: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5608:Flag football 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5586:Weightlifting 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5561:Roller hockey 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5402:Boules sports 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5314:Inline hockey 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5211: 5209: 5204: 5202: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5183: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 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Routledge. 2998: 2997: 2989: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2758: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2712: 2705: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2652: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2633: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2571: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2535: 2533: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2500: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2356: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2326: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2254: 2250: 2244: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2213: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2172:September 24, 2167: 2163: 2156: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2118: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2068: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2022: 2018: 2012: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1980: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1935: 1931: 1924: 1908: 1904: 1897: 1895: 1890: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1781:carbohydrates 1778: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1741: 1737: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1637: 1635: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1539: 1534: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490:Carbohydrates 1485:Carbohydrates 1482: 1480: 1479:carbohydrates 1476: 1472: 1467: 1457: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1447:muscle growth 1444: 1440: 1436: 1420: 1416: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1374: – 1373: 1369: 1368:Find sources: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335:This section 1333: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1277: 1270:Muscle growth 1267: 1262:Dirty bulking 1259: 1257: 1256:Macronutrient 1249:Clean bulking 1246: 1242: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1215: 1214:Most Muscular 1210: 1205: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155:Most Muscular 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135:aesthetically 1126: 1124: 1119: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1090: 1088: 1087:Rachel McLish 1084: 1080: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1047: 1037: 1035: 1024: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1008:lie detectors 1004: 999: 989: 984: 969: 966: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 937: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 909: 907: 903: 899: 891: 888: 883: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 820:Vince McMahon 817: 811: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 786:U.S. Congress 782: 778: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 717: 715: 711: 707: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 678: 674: 660: 658: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620:Clarence Ross 617: 616:Leroy Colbert 613: 609: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 567:, the use of 566: 562: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 536:Ralph Parcaut 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 495: 493: 492:Charles Atlas 488: 487:Thomas Edison 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 450: 446: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 417: 415: 414:cabinet cards 411: 407: 403: 397: 395: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 370: 366: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 331: 330: 324: 318:Early history 314: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 283: 279: 276: 271: 269: 264: 260: 251: 246: 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 184: 180: 177: 175: 171: 167: 165: 161: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 138: 135: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 114: 110: 106: 102: 99: 96: 92: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 68: 65: 63: 58: 53: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 6474:Bodybuilding 6400:Powerlifting 6375:Bodybuilding 6374: 6276:Calisthenics 6266:Bodybuilding 6265: 6186:Good-morning 6039:Good-morning 5748:(upper back) 5566:Rugby sevens 5541:Bodybuilding 5540: 5508:Wakeboarding 5503:Water skiing 5476:Orienteering 5437:Trend sports 5423:Powerlifting 5349:Martial arts 5271:Trampolining 5039:Calisthenics 4996:Bodybuilding 4995: 4854:cite journal 4814: 4810: 4797: 4767:(3): 191–8. 4764: 4760: 4754: 4742:. 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Proteins, 1463: 1451: 1432: 1410: 1400: 1393: 1386: 1379: 1367: 1343:verification 1336: 1301:recuperation 1273: 1265: 1252: 1243: 1236: 1219: 1193:Preparations 1179:powerlifting 1172: 1157:(men only), 1151:side triceps 1132: 1120: 1112: 1093: 1091: 1079:Canton, Ohio 1076: 1071:Nikki Fuller 1049: 1030: 1021: 1005: 1001: 986: 962: 943: 940:Social media 934: 925:Eastern Bloc 921:Soviet Union 910: 895: 859:Gary Strydom 856: 848:pay-per-view 843: 813: 793: 774: 770:Pumping Iron 769: 746:Dorian Yates 738:Lou Ferrigno 734:Sergio Oliva 723: 705:Pumping Iron 703: 697:Mike Mentzer 693:Lou Ferrigno 682: 652:Santa Monica 648:Muscle Beach 628:Steve Reeves 624:Jack LaLanne 605: 565:cutting down 557: 548:silent movie 501: 478: 464: 445:Mr. Universe 438:Steve Reeves 423: 398: 391: 389:musical film 377:Eugen Sandow 374: 369:Eugen Sandow 360:Eugen Sandow 335: 327: 297:Steve Reeves 272: 255: 219: 215:calisthenics 211:powerlifting 206: 191:Bodybuilding 190: 189: 104:Team members 40:Bodybuilding 36: 18:Body builder 6291:Plyometrics 6051:Pelvic lift 5869:Upright row 5835:Front raise 5816:(shoulders) 5725:Machine fly 5707:Bench press 5466:Flying disc 5461:Finswimming 5449:Parachuting 5330:Racquetball 5287:Ball sports 5146:Fitness app 5109:Epigenetics 4744:February 8, 3881:February 8, 3504:October 14, 3474:February 8, 3324:(1): 6247. 3244:January 24, 3192:(1): 5–26. 3057:November 2, 2779:January 24, 2746:February 8, 2622:February 8, 2488:January 24, 2056:January 12, 2026:October 15, 1969:January 12, 1939:October 15, 1844:Health club 1750:stimulation 1716:Akt pathway 1658:hypertrophy 1650:prohormones 1454:hypertrophy 1439:microtrauma 1337:needs more 1129:Competition 1108:powerlifter 1104:Bev Francis 1083:Ms. Olympia 913:consumption 887:Mr. Olympia 885:Eight-time 871:USA Network 840:Mr. Olympia 766:Paul Demayo 758:Greg Kovacs 754:Markus Rühl 663:1970s–1990s 601:Mr. Olympia 597:Mr. America 554:1950s–1960s 540:World War I 516:Monte Saldo 512:Frank Saldo 460:Mr. Olympia 452:Mr. Olympia 278:Mr. Olympia 235:vascularity 231:dehydration 207:bodybuilder 203:hypertrophy 174:World Games 6499:Body shape 6468:Categories 6426:See also: 6249:Calf raise 6165:Hamstrings 6115:Quadriceps 6019:Lower back 5964:Wrist curl 5889:Bicep curl 5797:Supine row 5785:Seated row 5471:Lifesaving 5444:Air sports 5428:Tug of war 5366:Kickboxing 5299:Canoe polo 5246:Gymnastics 5241:Dancesport 5079:Stretching 4675:livestrong 3964:Falcon M. 3602:August 27, 3025:October 4, 2978:August 30, 2893:: 79–108. 2732:"IFBB FAQ" 2430:August 13, 2400:October 5, 2259:October 5, 2233:August 16, 1886:References 1834:Body image 1583:estrogenic 1538:supplement 1433:Intensive 1413:March 2022 1383:newspapers 1159:abdominals 1147:side chest 1012:urinalysis 917:recreation 906:Ben Weider 898:Joe Weider 644:Gold's Gym 608:Bill Pearl 585:Ben Weider 571:and other 561:bulking up 483:Al Treloar 456:Frank Zane 434:Nottingham 311:See also: 293:Jay Cutler 261:and other 164:Paralympic 134:Auditorium 6405:Strongman 6221:Adductors 6198:Leg press 6142:Leg press 6092:Leg press 5990:Leg raise 5977:(abdomen) 5939:Push-down 5841:Headstand 5829:Face pull 5803:Face pull 5773:Pull-down 5767:Muscle-up 5746:trapezius 5713:Chest fly 5698:Pectorals 5691:exercises 5581:Triathlon 5576:Taekwondo 5526:Badminton 5309:Floorball 4986:Sprinting 4648:1066-7814 4591:0392-4203 3782:March 11, 3770:King MW. 3678:208050071 3670:1077-5625 3594:. webMd. 3400:128359542 3384:1064-8011 3214:144186372 3206:1012-6902 2952:April 23, 2907:1640-5544 2866:April 23, 2836:April 23, 2806:April 23, 2561:244769018 2374:April 23, 2345:April 23, 2202:April 23, 2145:April 23, 2080:The Hindu 1901:Emery M. 1797:bigorexia 1722:size, in 1595:pituitary 1460:Nutrition 1354:talk page 1232:anabolism 1175:strongman 946:Instagram 896:In 2003, 867:Lex Luger 865:wrestler 818:promoter 814:In 1990, 800:in 1996. 762:Tom Platz 742:Lee Haney 701:docudrama 640:Vic Tanny 542:). 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