283:
841:, opting to cause the death of a sibling based on environmental conditions. The A-chick, which hatches first, will kill the younger B-chick if a food shortage exists. The initial size disparity between the A-chick and B-chick is retained for at least the first two months of life. During lean times, the A-chick may attack the B-chick by pecking at its younger sibling vigorously, or it may simply drag its younger sibling by the neck and oust it from the nest. Experiments in which the necks of chicks were taped to inhibit food ingestion showed that sibling aggression increased sharply when the weight of the A-chicks dropped below 20-25% of their potential. A steep increase in pecking occurred below that threshold, indicating that siblicide is, in part, triggered by the dominant chick's weight, and not simply by the size difference between the siblings. Younger broods (those less than six weeks old) had three times the rate of pecking than older broods. This is perhaps due to the relative inability of young B-chicks to defend themselves against an A-chick attack.
882:, a species in which siblicide is obligate due to the ease in which older siblings can eject younger chicks from their flat nests. When blue-footed booby nests were experimentally flattened, parents restored them to their original steepness. Blue-footed booby chicks that were placed in masked booby nests were more likely to engage in siblicide, which reveals that parental care somehow affects the level of siblicide. Parents also appear to respond more frequently to chicks that are in poorer body conditions during periods of food deprivation. Egg-mass analysis shows that in clutches produced at the beginning of the breeding season, the second egg in a nest were, on average, 1.5% heavier than the first. Since heavier eggs give rise to heavier chicks that have greater fitness, this evidence indicates that parents may try to rectify any disadvantages that accompany a late hatching date by investing more into the second egg. Hormonal analysis of eggs also shows that no parental favoritism seems to exist in regards to
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425:
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610:. Therefore, males tend to display higher attentiveness and parental care to larger eggs, since those eggs were produced by a female with apparent good genetic quality. Smaller, duller eggs garnered less paternal care. Female foot color is also observed as an indication of perceived female condition. In one experiment, the color of eggs was muted by researchers, males were willing to exercise similar care for both large eggs and small eggs if their mate had brightly colored feet, whereas males paired with dull-footed females only incubated larger eggs. Researchers also found that males did not increase their care when females exhibited both bright feet and high-quality offspring.
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brain from enormous pressure. Prey are usually eaten while the birds are still under water. Individuals prefer to eat on their own instead of with their hunting group, usually in the early morning or late afternoon. Males and females fish differently, which may contribute to why blue-foots, unlike other boobies, raise more than one young. The male is smaller and has a proportionally larger tail, which enables the male to fish in shallow areas and deep waters. The female is larger and can carry more food. Both the male and female feed the chicks through regurgitation.
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partners had laid a first egg in the nest had their feet dulled by makeup. The female partners laid smaller second eggs a few days later. As duller feet usually indicate a decrease in health and possibly genetic quality, it is adaptive for these females to decrease their investment in the second egg. The smaller second eggs contained less yolk concentration, which could influence embryo development, hatching success, and subsequent chick growth and survival. In addition, they contained less yolk
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described in the flexible investment hypothesis, which states that a female adjusts the allocation of resources to maximize her lifetime reproductive success. This was shown in an experiment in which females had their flight feathers trimmed, so that they had to expend more energy during flights to obtain food for their broods. Female chicks of such mothers were more strongly affected than their brothers, in that they had lower masses and shorter wing lengths.
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671:. The blue-footed booby hunts by diving into the ocean after prey, sometimes from a great height, and can also swim underwater in pursuit of its prey. It can hunt singly, in pairs, or in larger flocks. Boobies travel in parties of about 12 to areas of water with large schools of small fish. When the lead bird sees a fish shoal in the water, it signals to the rest of the group and they all dive in unison, pointing their bodies down like arrows.
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49:
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597:. As androgen plays an important role in chick survival, the experiment suggested female blue-footed boobies use the attractiveness and perceived genetic quality of their mates to determine how much resources they should allocate to their eggs. This supports the differential allocation theory, which predicts that parents care more for their offspring when paired with attractive mates.
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periods of food shortages. This hypothesis suggests that the elder chicks reduce food intake moderately, just enough so that the younger sibling does not starve. Although this system works during short-term food shortages, it is unsustainable during prolonged periods of dearth. In this latter case, the elder sibling usually becomes aggressive and siblicidal.
480: lb), with the female being slightly larger than the male. Its wings are long, pointed, and brown in color. The neck and head of the blue-footed booby are light brown with white streaks, while the belly and underside exhibit pure white plumage. Its eyes are placed on either side of its bill and oriented towards the front, enabling excellent
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when deciding which chick to feed, as both chicks beg in equal amounts. This level of passivity towards the very possible death of their younger offspring may be an indication that brood reduction is advantageous for the parents. The "insurance egg hypothesis" views the second egg and resulting chick
674:
Plunge diving can be done from heights of 10–30.5 m (33–100 ft) and even up to 100 m (330 ft). These birds hit the water around 97 km/h (27 m/s) and can go to depths of 25 m (80 ft) below the water surface. Their skulls contain special air sacs that protect the
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The elder sibling also may harm the younger one by controlling access to the food delivered by the parents. A-chicks always receive food before B-chicks. Although subordinate chicks beg just as much as their dominant siblings, the older chicks are able to divert the parents' attention to themselves,
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However, another experiment showed that booby chicks do not operate exclusively by the "leftovers hypothesis", where younger chicks are fed only after the elder ones are completely satiated. Instead, researchers identified a certain degree of tolerance towards the younger sibling during short-term
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in asynchronously hatched siblings. Although asynchronous hatching is not vital for the formation of brood hierarchies (the experimentally synchronous broods established them, as well), it does aid in efficient brood reduction when food levels are low. Subordinate chicks in asynchronous broods die
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The blue-footed booby lays one to three eggs in one nest at a time, although 80% of nests only contain two eggs. Eggs are laid five days apart. After the first egg is laid, it is immediately incubated, which results in a difference in chick hatching times. The first chick hatches four days before
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experiment, foot color reflects paternal contribution to raising chicks; chicks raised by foster fathers with brighter feet grew faster than chicks raised by foster males with duller feet. Females continuously evaluate their partners' condition based on foot color. In one experiment, males whose
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The blue-footed booby usually lays one to three eggs at a time. The species practices asynchronous hatching, in contrast to many other species whereby incubation begins when the last egg is laid and all chicks hatch together. This results in a growth inequality and size disparity between siblings,
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Concerns of a decline in the booby population of the Galápagos
Islands prompted a research project in its cause. The project, completed in April 2014, confirmed the population decline. The blue-footed booby population appears to be having trouble breeding, thus is slowly declining. The decline is
761:
birds, female blue-footed boobies usually favor the smaller sex during times of food scarcity. Booby chicks do not show clear differences in size based on sex, but females do grow faster than males, which means they require greater parental investment. Blue-footed boobies display behavior that is
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A dominant-subordinate relationship always exists between chicks in a brood. Although dominant A-chicks grow faster and survive past infancy more often than subordinate B-chicks, no difference in reproductive success is seen between the two types of siblings during adulthood. In one longitudinal
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Blue-footed booby parents are passive spectators of this intrabrood conflict. They do not intervene in their offspring's struggles, even at the point of siblicide. Booby parents even appear to facilitate the demise of the younger sibling by creating and maintaining the inequality between the two
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to impress the female. The male begins by showing his feet, strutting in front of the female. Then, he presents nest materials and finishes the mating ritual with a final display of his feet. The dance also includes "sky-pointing", which involves the male pointing his head and bill up to the sky
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occurs, meaning that young pairs do not move far from their original natal nests for their own first reproduction, leading to the congregation of hundreds of boobies in dense colonies. The benefit of limited dispersal is that by staying close to their parents' nesting sites, the boobies are more
515:
A booby may use and defend two or three nesting sites, which consist of bare black lava in small divots in the ground, until they develop a preference for one a few weeks before the eggs are laid. These nests are created as parts of large colonies. While nesting, the female turns to face the sun
499:
Since the blue-footed booby preys on fish by diving headlong into the water, its nostrils are permanently closed, and it has to breathe through the corners of its mouth. Its most notable characteristic is its blue-colored feet, which can range in color from a pale turquoise to a deep aquamarine.
562:
and stimulants for the blue-footed booby's immune function, suggesting that carotenoid pigmentation is an indicator of an individual's immunological state. Blue feet also indicate the current health condition of a booby. Boobies that were experimentally food-deprived for 48 hours experienced a
263:
trait and a product of their diet. Males display their feet in an elaborate mating ritual by lifting them up and down while strutting before the female. The female is slightly larger than the male and can measure up to 90 cm (35 in) long with a wingspan up to 1.5 m (5 ft).
886:
allocation. This may simply be because the species has evolved simpler ways to manipulate asymmetries and maximize parental reproductive output. What may at first appear to be parental cooperation with the elder chick may in fact mask a genetic parent-offspring conflict.
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there, which also prefer sardines, but can breed using other prey. In 2012–13, roughly only half of prey items in the boobies' diet were sardines. No evidence was seen of other possible causes for the decline, such as effects of humans, introduced predators, or disease.
571:
that are used to absorb and transport carotenoids. Thus, the feet are rapid and honest indicators of a booby's current level of nourishment. As blue feet are signals that reliably indicate the immunological and health condition of a booby, coloration is favored through
557:
pigments obtained from its diet of fresh fish. The collagens are arranged in a manner that makes the skin appear blue. The underlying color is a "flat, purplish blue". That color is modified by carotenoids to aquamarine in healthy birds. Carotenoids also act as
904:
Blue-footed boobies make raucous or polysyllabic grunts or shouts and thin whistling noises. The males of the species have been known to throw up their heads and whistle at a passing, flying female. These ritual displays are also a form of communication.
931:
had successful breeding in blue-footed boobies that have access to sardines, in which case their diet consists essentially wholly of sardines. However, sardines have been largely absent from the Española area since 1997, as has been shown from
401:. The two species likely split from each other recently due to their shared ecological and biological characteristics. A 2011 study of multiple genes calculated the two species diverged between 1.1 and 0.8 million years ago.
737:
The female blue-footed booby lays two or three eggs, about four to five days apart. Both male and female take turns incubating the eggs, while the nonsitting bird keeps watch. Since the blue-footed booby does not have a
605:
Males also assess their partner's reproductive value and adjust their investment in the brood according to their partner's condition. Females that lay larger and brighter eggs are in better condition and have greater
495:
The
Peruvian booby is similar in appearance, but has grey feet, whiter head and neck, and white spots on its wing coverts. The ranges of the two species overlap in the waters of northern Peru and southern Ecuador.
1489:
Velando, Alberto; Beamonte-Barrientos, Rene; Torres, Roxana (2006). "Pigment-based skin colour in the Blue-footed Booby: an honest signal of current condition used by females to adjust reproductive investment".
484:. Its eyes are a distinctive yellow, with the male having more yellow in its irises than the female. Blue-footed booby chicks have black beaks and feet and are clad in a layer of soft white down. The subspecies
500:
Males and younger birds have lighter feet than females. Its blue feet play a key role in courtship rituals and breeding, with the male visually displaying his feet to attract mates during the breeding season.
908:
Mates can recognize each other by their calls. Although calls differed between sexes, unique individual signatures were present. Both males and females can discriminate the calls of their mates from others.
2423:
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Fledglings are more likely to become reproductive adults when one parent is old and the other young. The reason for this is unknown, but nestlings with different aged parents are least infected by ticks.
824:. Experimentally manipulated synchronous broods produced more aggressive chicks; chicks in asynchronous broods were less violent. This pattern of behavior arguably occurs through a clearly established
754:
fish in the adult's mouth. If the parent blue-footed booby does not have enough food for all of the chicks, it will only feed the biggest chick, ensuring that at least one will survive.
512:
to the Galápagos
Islands south into Peru. It is strictly a marine bird. Its only need for land is to breed and rear young, which it does along the rocky coasts of the eastern Pacific.
408:("stupid", "foolish", or "clown") because the blue-footed booby is, like other seabirds, clumsy on land. They are also regarded as foolish for their apparent fearlessness of humans.
529:
likely to have a high-quality nest. Since their parents had successfully raised chicks to reproductive age, their nest site must have been effective, either by providing cover from
896:
study, no long-term effects of dominance hierarchies were apparent; in fact, subordinate chicks were often observed producing nests of their own before their dominant siblings.
750:. The male provides food for the young in the first part of their lives because of his specialized diving. The female takes over when the demand is higher. Chicks feed off the
866:
chicks. They reinforce the brood hierarchy by feeding the dominant chick more often than the subordinate one. Thus, they respond to the brood hierarchy and not to the level of
279:. Its diet mainly consists of fish, which it obtains by diving and sometimes swimming under water in search of its prey. It sometimes hunts alone, but usually hunts in groups.
1628:
Detressangle, Fabrice; Boeck, Lordes; Torres, Roxana (2008). "Maternal investment in eggs is affected by male feet color and breeding conditions in the Blue-Footed Booby,
2273:
Drummond, Hugh; Rodriguez, Cristina; Schwabl, Hubert (2008). "Do mothers regulate facultative and obligate siblicide by differentially provisioning eggs with hormones?".
537:, or by its suitability for taking off and landing. Bigamy has been observed in the species, and cases are known where two females and one male all share a single nest.
878:. Blue-footed booby parents make steep-sided nests that serve to deter the early ejection of the younger chick by the older sibling. This is in direct contrast to the
2346:
Dentressangle, F.; Aubin, T.; Mathevon, N. (2012). "Males use time whereas females prefer harmony: individual call recognition in the dimorphic Blue-footed Booby".
1898:"Differential body condition regulation by males and females in response to experimental manipulations of brood size and parental effort in the blue-footed booby"
282:
2427:
1835:"Experimental manipulation of maternal effort produces differential effects in sons and daughters: implications for adaptive sex ratios in the Blue-footed Booby"
2431:
1557:
718:
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1035:
623:
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5120:
1675:
Morales, Judith; Torres, Roxana; Velando, Alberto (2012). "Safe betting: males help dull females only when they raise high-quality offspring".
267:
The natural breeding habitats of the blue-footed booby are the tropical and subtropical islands of the
Pacific Ocean. It can be found from the
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period is 41–45 days. Usually, one or two chicks are hatched from the two or three eggs originally laid. The male and female share parental
5291:
5326:
2303:
Drummond, Hugh; Torres, Roxana; Krishnana, V.V. (2003). "Buffered development: resilience after aggressive subordination in infancy".
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more quickly, thus relieving the parents of the burden of feeding both offspring when resources are insufficient to properly do so.
5084:
2197:
Villasenor, Emma; Drummond, Hugh (2007). "Honest begging in the Blue-footed Booby: signaling food deprivation and body condition".
921:
Food problems may be the cause of an observed failure of the birds to even try to breed. This is related to a decline in sardines (
607:
1781:
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584:
The brightness of the feet decreases with age, so females tend to mate with younger males with brighter feet, which have higher
1453:
Castillo-Guerrero, Jose
Alfredo; Mellink, Eric; Aguilar, Aaron (2005). "Bigamy in the Blue-footed Booby and the Brown Booby?".
524:
Females start breeding when they are 1 to 6 years old, while males start breeding when they are 2 to 6 years old. Very limited
1581:"Male reproductive senescence: the price of immune-induced oxidative damage on sexual attractiveness in the blue-footed booby"
5198:
1177:
5138:
1312:
4128:
1269:
Patterson, S.A.; Morris-Pocock, J.A.; Friesen, V.L (2011). "A multilocus phylogeny of the
Sulidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes)".
1163:
1735:"Differential responses of boobies and other seabirds in the Galápagos to the 1986–87 El Nino- Southern Oscillation event"
918:
feared to be long-term, but annual data collection is needed for a firm conclusion that this is not a normal fluctuation.
424:
2035:
Drummond, Hugh; Chavelas, Cecilia Garcia (1989). "Food shortage influences sibling aggression in the Blue-footed Booby".
553:
The blue color of the blue-footed booby's webbed feet comes from structures of aligned collagens in the skin modified by
17:
1866:
Ramos, A.G.; Drummond, H. (2018). "Ectoparasite burden of Blue-footed Booby chicks depends on combined parental ages".
2070:
Anderson, David J.; Ricklefs, R. E. (1995). "Evidence of kin-selected tolerance by nestlings in a siblicidal bird".
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However, booby parents may not be as indifferent as they seem. The parental behavior described above may be masking
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5164:
1942:
Drummond, Hugh; Gonzalez, Edda; Osorno, Jose Luis (1986). "Parent-offspring cooperation in the Blue-footed Booby (
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Drummond, Hugh; Gonzalez, Edda; Osorno, Jose Luis (1986). "Parent-Offspring
Cooperation in the Blue-footed Booby (
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The blue-footed booby is one of only two species of booby that raises more than one chick in a breeding cycle.
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as insurance for the parent in case the first egg does not hatch, or if food levels are higher than expected.
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food. In addition, it reduces the chance that parents will suffer total brood loss to predators such as the
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1989:
Osorno, Jose Luis; Drummond, Hugh (1995). "The function of hatching asynchrony in the Blue-footed Booby".
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The blue-footed booby is distributed among the continental coasts of the eastern
Pacific Ocean from
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Loughweed, Lynn W. (1999). "Parent Blue-footed
Boobies suppress siblicidal behavior of offspring".
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Harris, M. 2001. "Sula nebouxii" (On-line), Animal
Diversity Web. Accessed September 22, 2013 at
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the other, so it receives a four-day head start in growth compared to its younger sibling. This
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259:– known as boobies. It is easily recognizable by its distinctive bright blue feet, which is a
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2383:"Chronic lack of breeding by Galápagos Blue-footed Boobies and associated population decline"
2242:"Seasonal egg-mass variation and laying sequence in a bird with facultative brood reductions"
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The blue-footed booby is a specialized fish eater, feeding on small schooling fish such as
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The blue-footed booby is on average 81 cm (32 in) long and weighs 1.5 kg (
65:
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2002:
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Zavalaga, Carlos B.; Benvenuti, Silvano; Dall'Antonia, Luigi; Emslie, Steven D. (2007).
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2018:
1975:
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1135:(1882). "Recherches sur la faune des régions Australes: Chapitre VII - Totipalmes".
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Clearly showing the white underparts unlike the dark brown wings and the blue legs
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hatching serves many purposes. First, it spaces out the difficult time period in
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of the blue-footed booby consists of the male flaunting his blue feet and
428:
Neck and head of a blue-footed booby showing distinctive coloring and beak
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as their large size and conspicuousness serve as more effective stimuli.
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246:
2239:
2115:"The Role of parents in siblicidal brood reduction of two Booby Species"
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and greater ability to provide paternal care than older males. In a
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3494:
3466:
3356:
3320:
3312:
3294:
3189:
3174:
3158:
2905:
2868:
2701:
2456:
2316:
883:
656:
132:
39:
5063:
4996:
4727:
4528:
4462:
4439:
4285:
4257:
4191:
3842:
3695:
3574:
3459:
3425:
3363:
3184:
3038:
3030:
2723:
2595:
2580:
652:
648:
162:
5203:
4403:
2034:
1488:
1426:"Natal dispersal and deferred breeding in the Blue-Footed Booby"
563:
decrease in foot brightness due to a reduction in the amount of
454:
and slightly lighter feet and is smaller in size than the female
271:
south along the western coasts of Central and South America to
4453:
4404:
4362:
3972:
3911:
3687:
3679:
3608:
3548:
3432:
3370:
3253:
2920:
2915:
2793:
2470:
795:
295:
in times of food scarcity. This makes the blue-footed booby an
122:
1423:
5045:
4659:
4517:
4428:
4412:
4299:
4274:
4180:
4163:
3858:
3645:
3208:
1722:
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Sula_nebouxii/
1550:"On Galapagos, Revealing the Blue-Footed Booby's True Colors"
1378:
in northern Peru in relation to sex, body size and prey type"
1345:
DĂaz, Hernández; JosĂ© Alfredo; Erika Nathalia Salazar GĂłmez.
1268:
691:, with the breeding cycle occurring every 8 to 9 months. The
668:
664:
564:
492:
and has lighter plumage especially around the neck and head.
451:
315:
The blue-footed booby was described by the French naturalist
255:
172:
4136:
1895:
516:
throughout the day, so the nest is surrounded by excrement.
3834:
3201:
3164:
3134:
2548:
2514:
2381:
Anchundia, D.; Huyvaert, K.P. & Anderson, D.J. (2014).
1469:
10.1675/1524-4695(2005)028[0399:bitbba]2.0.co;2
946:
927:), an important part of the boobies' diet. Earlier work on
440:
272:
142:
4499:
2345:
2259:
10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[643:sevals]2.0.co;2
2240:
D'Alba, Liliana; Torres, Roxana; Bortolotti, G.R. (2007).
330:
was chosen to honor the surgeon, naturalist, and explorer
249:
native to subtropical and tropical regions of the eastern
4256:
3956:
2813:
2575:
687:, although it has the potential to be bigamous. It is an
2196:
1198:"Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans, boobies & cormorants"
488:
that breeds on the Galápagos Islands is larger than the
2069:
1865:
1578:
952:
4873:
809:
during which newborn chicks are too feeble to accept
4683:
1988:
1168:. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p.
635:
Sequence showing plunge-diving from beginning to end
3105:
1235:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
890:
1946:): social roles in infanticidal brood reduction".
1424:Osorio-Beristain, Marcela; Drummond, Hugh (1993).
1089:): Social Roles in Infanticidal Brood Reduction".
978:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696683A132588719.en
5283:
2030:
2028:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1896:Velando, Alberto; Carlos Alonso-Alvarez (2003).
1891:
1889:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1231:"A new booby and a new Ibis from South America"
275:. About half of all breeding pairs nest on the
742:, it uses its feet to keep the eggs warm. The
4122:
2499:
2025:
1930:
1131:
852:
370:Pacific coast of Southern and Middle America
3013:
1886:
1475:
1165:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
796:Brood hierarchy due to asynchronous hatching
643:Blue-footed boobies fishing in a large group
334:(1806–1844). There are two recognized
1192:
724:Another way of displaying by raising a foot
503:
404:The name booby comes from the Spanish word
4129:
4115:
2506:
2492:
1340:
1338:
220:
74:
47:
2400:
2257:
2153:
2130:
1921:
1850:
1758:
1604:
1579:Torres, Roxana; Velando, Alberto (2007).
1448:
1446:
1401:
1256:Handbook of the Birds of the World Vol. 1
1137:Annales des sciences naturelles, Zoologie
976:
700:while keeping the wings and tail raised.
2112:
1732:
1374:"Diving behavior of Blue-footed Boobies
1069:Handbook of the Birds of the World Vol 1
1030:
1028:
856:
832:
638:
630:
622:
544:
457:
445:
431:
423:
415:
281:
253:. It is one of six species of the genus
2513:
2424:"Blue-footed Booby Population Analysis"
2374:
1832:
1335:
1161:
613:
14:
5337:Western Central American coastal fauna
5284:
2298:
2296:
1547:
1443:
1221:
1219:
820:Asynchronous hatching may also reduce
618:
4924:
4923:
4498:
4402:
4255:
4153:
4110:
2998:
2487:
1716:
1714:
1271:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1250:
1248:
1204:. International Ornithologists' Union
1025:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
912:
5332:Taxa named by Alphonse Milne-Edwards
4826:(imperial cormorant, blue-eyed shag)
4065:
1225:
1080:
1078:
1063:
1061:
540:
5292:IUCN Red List least concern species
4089:
2293:
2199:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2156:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2072:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1991:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1948:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1677:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1634:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1313:"Blue-footed Booby - Sula nebouxii"
1258:. Lynx Edicions. 1992. p. 312.
1216:
1091:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
964:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
579:
24:
1782:"Blue-footed Booby, Sula nebouxii"
1711:
1560:from the original on June 22, 2022
1245:
1186:
992:
837:Blue-footed booby chicks practice
519:
25:
5348:
2967:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
2449:
1548:Angier, Natalie (March 6, 2017).
1075:
1058:
600:
4907:
4895:
4883:
4088:
4076:
4064:
4053:
4052:
3943:(New World vultures and condors)
2469:
2455:
2408:
2287:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04365.x
1923:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00756.x
1766:
1606:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01282.x
1533:
1409:
899:
891:Long-term effects of hierarchies
783:
771:
729:
717:
705:
462:Showcasing different feet shades
375:
355:
99:
5327:Galápagos Islands coastal fauna
2416:
2339:
2266:
2233:
2190:
2147:
2106:
2063:
1982:
1859:
1826:
1804:
1774:
1726:
1668:
1621:
1572:
1541:
1417:
1365:
1305:
1262:
1196:; Donsker, David, eds. (2016).
953:BirdLife International (2018).
2999:
2388:Avian Conservation and Ecology
1739:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1382:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1155:
1125:
411:
13:
1:
2360:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.05.012
940:
4225:Christmas Island frigatebird
2049:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90065-1
1011:Galapagos Conservation Trust
397:Its closest relative is the
7:
4526:
4437:
4283:
4189:
4007:(woodpeckers and relatives)
2113:Anderson, David J. (1995).
1733:Anderson, David J. (1989).
1291:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.021
1202:World Bird List Version 6.3
678:
310:
56:A blue-footed booby at the
10:
5353:
3869:(cormorants and relatives)
2962:Extinct species since 1500
1353:. Neotropical Birds Online
1162:Jobling, James A. (2010).
853:Parental role in siblicide
450:Male (left) has a smaller
319:in 1882 under the current
4932:
4765:
4745:
4725:
4695:
4657:
4616:
4540:
4525:
4516:
4512:
4494:
4451:
4436:
4427:
4423:
4398:
4360:
4342:
4297:
4282:
4273:
4269:
4251:
4203:
4188:
4179:
4175:
4149:
4048:
3999:(kingfishers and rollers)
3931:
3886:
3853:(albatrosses and petrels)
3825:
3796:
3767:
3746:
3737:(swifts and hummingbirds)
3719:(nightjars and relatives)
3707:
3670:
3661:
3628:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3569:
3543:(pheasants and relatives)
3518:
3442:
3401:
3339:
3311:
3287:
3263:
3236:
3157:
3144:
3101:
3074:
3070:
3009:
3005:
2994:
2990:
2929:
2832:
2732:
2682:
2609:
2539:
2526:
2219:10.1007/s00265-006-0346-2
1902:Journal of Animal Ecology
1833:Velando, Alberto (2002).
1697:10.1007/s00265-011-1261-8
1654:10.1007/s00265-008-0620-6
1585:Journal of Animal Ecology
1512:10.1007/s00442-006-0457-5
971:: e.T22696683A132588719.
876:parent-offspring conflict
712:Displaying (sky-pointing)
683:The blue-footed booby is
301:parent–offspring conflict
228:
219:
201:
194:
96:Scientific classification
94:
72:
63:
55:
46:
34:
4707:Double-crested cormorant
4602:White-breasted cormorant
3898:(seriemas and relatives)
3877:(pelicans and relatives)
2402:10.5751/ACE-00650-090106
2275:Journal of Avian Biology
504:Distribution and habitat
286:On the Galápagos Islands
229:Range shown by red area
5297:Birds described in 1882
4650:(long-tailed cormorant)
4215:Magnificent frigatebird
3991:(hornbills and hoopoes)
3906:(falcons and relatives)
2305:The American Naturalist
1852:10.1093/beheco/13.4.443
1133:Milne-Edwards, Alphonse
759:sexually size-dimorphic
4779:(Magellanic cormorant)
4609:(Temminck's cormorant)
4582:Little black cormorant
4144:(Phalacrocoraciformes)
3975:(trogons and quetzals)
3787:(cranes and relatives)
3057:(emus and cassowaries)
2947:Glossary of bird terms
2759:Confuciusornithiformes
1071:. Lynx Edicions. 1992.
862:
778:With egg and new young
644:
636:
628:
550:
549:Detail of leg and feet
463:
455:
443:
429:
421:
317:Alphonse Milne-Edwards
287:
5225:Paleobiology Database
4788:New Zealand king shag
4643:Little pied cormorant
4577:Black-faced cormorant
4220:Ascension frigatebird
3816:(kagu and sunbittern)
3779:(gulls and relatives)
2784:Songlingornithiformes
2749:Omnivoropterygiformes
2428:Galapagos Conservancy
2176:10.1007/s002650050535
860:
839:facultative siblicide
833:Facultative siblicide
689:opportunistic breeder
642:
634:
627:Feeding of a juvenile
626:
548:
461:
449:
435:
427:
419:
293:facultative siblicide
285:
4757:Red-legged cormorant
4717:Flightless cormorant
4687:Spectacled cormorant
4507:: Phalacrocoracidae)
4411:: Anhingidae ·
4162:: Fregatidae ·
3638:Phoenicopteriformes
2480:at Wikimedia Commons
1792:on December 20, 2012
1347:"Blue-footed Booby (
663:. It will also take
614:Behavior and ecology
332:Adolphe-Simon Neboux
4712:Neotropic cormorant
4679:Red-faced cormorant
4478:Australasian darter
4382:Australasian gannet
4258:Gannets and boobies
3609:Mesitornithiformes
3603:(doves and pigeons)
2937:Families and orders
2799:Ichthyornithiformes
2774:Patagopterygiformes
2434:on October 22, 2017
2211:2007BEcoS..61.1133V
2168:1999BEcoS..45...11L
2084:1995BEcoS..37..163A
2003:1995BEcoS..37..265O
1960:1986BEcoS..19..365D
1914:2003JAnEc..72..846V
1812:"Blue-footed Booby"
1751:1989MEPS...52..209A
1689:2012BEcoS..66..135M
1646:2008BEcoS..62.1899D
1597:2007JAnEc..76.1161T
1504:2006Oecol.149..535V
1394:2007MEPS..336..291Z
1283:2011MolPE..58..181P
1103:1986BEcoS..19..365D
1046:on January 22, 2010
1040:National Geographic
1036:"Blue-Footed Booby"
1007:"Blue-footed booby"
619:Hunting and feeding
490:nominate subspecies
366:Milne-Edwards, 1882
66:Conservation status
18:Blue-footed boobies
4855:South Georgia shag
4790:(rough-faced shag)
4669:Brandt's cormorant
4607:Japanese cormorant
4235:Lesser frigatebird
3951:(eagles and hawks)
3851:Procellariiformes
3756:Opisthocomiformes
3725:Steatornithiformes
2952:List by population
2789:Hongshanornithidae
2714:Evolution of birds
2092:10.1007/bf00176713
2011:10.1007/bf00177406
1968:10.1007/bf00295710
1839:Behavioral Ecology
1760:10.3354/meps052209
1554:The New York Times
1403:10.3354/meps336291
1111:10.1007/bf00295710
913:Population decline
863:
645:
637:
629:
608:reproductive value
551:
464:
456:
444:
430:
422:
391:Galápagos Islands
288:
269:Gulf of California
5302:Birds of Colombia
5279:
5278:
5212:Open Tree of Life
5100:blue-footed-booby
4926:Taxon identifiers
4871:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4830:Heard Island shag
4674:Pelagic cormorant
4628:Crowned cormorant
4552:Socotra cormorant
4536:
4535:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4447:
4446:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4309:Blue-footed booby
4293:
4292:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4230:Great frigatebird
4199:
4198:
4104:
4103:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
3837:(loons or divers)
3806:Phaethontiformes
3798:Phaethontimorphae
3748:Opisthocomiformes
3717:Caprimulgiformes
3657:
3656:
3646:Podicipediformes
3565:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3283:
3282:
3066:
3065:
3023:Struthioniformes
2891:Waterfowl hunting
2824:Gastornithiformes
2819:Aepyornithiformes
2809:Lithornithiformes
2474:Media related to
1880:10.1111/ibi.12624
1640:(12): 1899–1908.
1227:Todd, W. E. Clyde
1179:978-1-4081-2501-4
1139:. 6 (in French).
541:Foot pigmentation
395:
394:
277:Galápagos Islands
261:sexually selected
237:blue-footed booby
233:
232:
89:
58:Galápagos Islands
35:Blue-footed booby
16:(Redirected from
5344:
5307:Birds of Ecuador
5272:
5271:
5259:
5258:
5246:
5245:
5233:
5232:
5220:
5219:
5207:
5206:
5194:
5193:
5181:
5180:
5168:
5167:
5155:
5154:
5142:
5141:
5129:
5128:
5116:
5115:
5103:
5102:
5093:
5092:
5080:
5079:
5067:
5066:
5054:
5053:
5041:
5040:
5028:
5027:
5018:
5017:
5005:
5004:
5002:649F85B5CED953D5
4992:
4991:
4979:
4978:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4921:
4920:
4912:
4911:
4900:
4899:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4879:
4783:Guanay cormorant
4685:
4633:Little cormorant
4587:Indian cormorant
4523:
4522:
4514:
4513:
4496:
4495:
4434:
4433:
4425:
4424:
4400:
4399:
4329:Red-footed booby
4280:
4279:
4271:
4270:
4253:
4252:
4186:
4185:
4177:
4176:
4151:
4150:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4108:
4107:
4092:
4091:
4080:
4068:
4067:
4056:
4055:
4008:
4000:
3992:
3984:
3981:Leptosomiformes
3976:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3949:Accipitriformes
3944:
3923:
3922:(perching birds)
3915:
3907:
3899:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3843:Sphenisciformes
3838:
3817:
3809:
3788:
3780:
3777:Charadriiformes
3759:
3738:
3720:
3699:
3691:
3688:Musophagiformes
3683:
3668:
3667:
3649:
3641:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3589:
3588:
3580:
3579:
3571:
3570:
3544:
3531:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3298:
3211:
3204:
3168:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3072:
3071:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2859:Bird collections
2814:Dinornithiformes
2719:Darwin's finches
2709:Origin of flight
2649:Seabird breeding
2639:Sexual selection
2508:
2501:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2473:
2460:Data related to
2459:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2430:. Archived from
2420:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2348:Animal Behaviour
2343:
2337:
2336:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2205:(7): 1133–1142.
2194:
2188:
2187:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2037:Animal Behaviour
2032:
2023:
2022:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1939:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1788:. Archived from
1778:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1591:(6): 1161–1168.
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1486:
1473:
1472:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1323:on 19 March 2013
1319:. Archived from
1309:
1303:
1302:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1042:. Archived from
1032:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1003:
990:
989:
987:
985:
980:
950:
787:
775:
748:responsibilities
721:
709:
580:Female selection
574:sexual selection
482:binocular vision
479:
478:
474:
471:
379:
367:
359:
341:
340:
328:specific epithet
224:
207:
187:S. nebouxii
104:
103:
83:
78:
77:
51:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5312:Birds of Mexico
5282:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5267:
5262:
5254:
5249:
5241:
5236:
5228:
5223:
5215:
5210:
5202:
5197:
5189:
5186:Observation.org
5184:
5176:
5171:
5163:
5158:
5150:
5145:
5137:
5132:
5124:
5119:
5111:
5106:
5098:
5096:
5088:
5083:
5075:
5070:
5062:
5057:
5049:
5044:
5036:
5031:
5023:
5021:
5013:
5008:
5000:
4995:
4987:
4982:
4976:
4971:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4928:
4918:
4906:
4894:
4884:
4882:
4874:
4872:
4859:
4761:
4741:
4721:
4691:
4653:
4638:Pygmy cormorant
4612:
4597:Great cormorant
4532:
4508:
4482:
4468:Oriental darter
4443:
4419:
4386:
4372:Northern gannet
4356:
4338:
4289:
4265:
4239:
4195:
4171:
4145:
4135:
4105:
4100:
4012:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3989:Bucerotiformes
3983:(cuckoo-roller)
3982:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3941:Cathartiformes
3927:
3921:
3913:
3912:Psittaciformes
3905:
3897:
3882:
3876:
3875:Pelecaniformes
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3821:
3815:
3814:Eurypygiformes
3807:
3792:
3786:
3778:
3763:
3757:
3742:
3736:
3718:
3703:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3653:
3647:
3639:
3624:
3618:
3617:Pterocliformes
3610:
3602:
3553:
3542:
3529:
3514:
3438:
3397:
3335:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3291:
3279:
3259:
3232:
3209:
3202:
3162:
3161:
3149:
3148:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3062:
3056:
3055:Casuariiformes
3048:
3047:Apterygiformes
3040:
3032:
3024:
3001:
2986:
2957:Lists by region
2925:
2835:
2828:
2769:Chaoyangiformes
2754:Jeholornithidae
2728:
2692:Origin of birds
2678:
2659:Brood parasites
2605:
2535:
2522:
2512:
2452:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2379:
2375:
2344:
2340:
2301:
2294:
2271:
2267:
2238:
2234:
2195:
2191:
2152:
2148:
2132:10.2307/4089018
2111:
2107:
2068:
2064:
2033:
2026:
1987:
1983:
1940:
1931:
1894:
1887:
1864:
1860:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1814:. Oiseaux-birds
1810:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1712:
1673:
1669:
1626:
1622:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1487:
1476:
1451:
1444:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1343:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1224:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1160:
1156:
1130:
1126:
1083:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1005:
1004:
993:
983:
981:
951:
947:
943:
929:Española Island
924:Sardinops sagax
915:
902:
893:
855:
835:
826:brood hierarchy
822:sibling rivalry
798:
791:
788:
779:
776:
732:
725:
722:
713:
710:
681:
621:
616:
603:
590:cross-fostering
582:
543:
526:natal dispersal
522:
520:Natal dispersal
506:
476:
472:
469:
467:
414:
365:
313:
305:sibling rivalry
297:important model
215:
209:
203:
190:
98:
90:
79:
75:
68:
42:
36:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5350:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5260:
5247:
5234:
5221:
5208:
5195:
5182:
5169:
5156:
5143:
5130:
5117:
5104:
5094:
5081:
5068:
5055:
5042:
5029:
5019:
5006:
4993:
4980:
4969:
4954:
4938:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4917:
4916:
4904:
4892:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4850:Macquarie shag
4847:
4845:Kerguelen shag
4842:
4840:Antarctic shag
4837:
4832:
4827:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4780:
4773:
4771:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4648:Reed cormorant
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4592:Cape cormorant
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4572:Pied cormorant
4569:
4564:
4559:
4557:Bank cormorant
4554:
4548:
4546:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4520:
4510:
4509:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4473:African darter
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4431:
4421:
4420:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4352:Abbott's booby
4348:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4314:Peruvian booby
4311:
4305:
4303:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4183:
4173:
4172:
4147:
4146:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4086:
4074:
4062:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4002:
3997:Coraciiformes
3994:
3986:
3978:
3973:Trogoniformes
3970:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:Passeriformes
3917:
3909:
3904:Falconiformes
3901:
3896:Cariamiformes
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3872:
3864:
3859:Ciconiiformes
3856:
3848:
3840:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3811:
3802:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3782:
3773:
3771:
3769:Cursorimorphae
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3676:
3674:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3634:
3632:
3630:Mirandornithes
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3601:Columbiformes
3597:
3595:
3593:Columbimorphae
3586:
3577:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3538:
3533:
3528:Meleagridinae
3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3446:
3444:Odontophoridae
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3223:Stictonettinae
3220:
3218:Dendrocygninae
3215:
3214:
3213:
3206:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3171:
3169:
3152:
3139:
3096:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3019:
3017:
3003:
3002:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2971:Notable birds
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2921:Egg collecting
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2804:Hesperornithes
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2779:Ambiortiformes
2776:
2771:
2766:
2764:Enantiornithes
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2467:
2466:at Wikispecies
2451:
2450:External links
2448:
2446:
2445:
2415:
2373:
2354:(2): 413–420.
2338:
2317:10.1086/375170
2311:(5): 794–807.
2292:
2281:(2): 139–143.
2265:
2252:(2): 643–652.
2232:
2189:
2146:
2125:(4): 860–869.
2105:
2078:(3): 163–168.
2062:
2024:
1997:(4): 265–273.
1981:
1954:(5): 365–372.
1929:
1908:(5): 846–856.
1885:
1874:(4): 914–918.
1858:
1845:(4): 443–449.
1825:
1803:
1773:
1725:
1710:
1683:(1): 135–143.
1667:
1620:
1571:
1540:
1498:(3): 535–542.
1474:
1463:(3): 399–401.
1442:
1416:
1364:
1334:
1304:
1261:
1244:
1215:
1185:
1178:
1154:
1124:
1097:(5): 365–372.
1074:
1057:
1024:
991:
944:
942:
939:
914:
911:
901:
898:
892:
889:
854:
851:
834:
831:
797:
794:
793:
792:
789:
782:
780:
777:
770:
740:brooding patch
731:
728:
727:
726:
723:
716:
714:
711:
704:
680:
677:
620:
617:
615:
612:
602:
601:Male selection
599:
581:
578:
542:
539:
521:
518:
505:
502:
413:
410:
399:Peruvian booby
393:
392:
389:
380:
372:
371:
368:
363:S. n. nebouxii
360:
352:
351:
348:
345:
312:
309:
231:
230:
226:
225:
217:
216:
210:
199:
198:
192:
191:
184:
182:
178:
177:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
92:
91:
73:
70:
69:
64:
61:
60:
53:
52:
44:
43:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5349:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5317:Birds of Peru
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5270:
5269:Sula-nebouxii
5265:
5261:
5257:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5091:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4989:Sula_nebouxii
4985:
4981:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4964:Sula nebouxii
4959:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4934:Sula nebouxii
4931:
4927:
4922:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4891:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4824:Imperial shag
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4814:Campbell shag
4812:
4810:
4809:Auckland shag
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4737:European shag
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4543:Phalacrocorax
4539:
4531:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4442:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4288:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4194:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4127:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4097:
4096:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3957:Strigiformes
3955:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3857:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3808:(tropicbirds)
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3730:Podargiformes
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3680:Cuculiformes
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3378:Macrocephalon
3375:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3265:Anseranatidae
3262:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3039:Tinamiformes
3037:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3015:Palaeognathae
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:Pigeon racing
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2743:Archaeopteryx
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2479:
2478:
2477:Sula nebouxii
2472:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:Sula nebouxii
2458:
2454:
2453:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:Sula nebouxii
1938:
1936:
1934:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1813:
1807:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:Sula nebouxii
1624:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1564:September 26,
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1376:Sula nebouxii
1368:
1352:
1350:
1349:Sula nebouxii
1341:
1339:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:(2): 181–91.
1276:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:Sula nebouxii
1081:
1079:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1012:
1008:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
979:
974:
970:
966:
965:
960:
958:
957:Sula nebouxii
949:
945:
938:
935:
934:Nazca boobies
930:
926:
925:
919:
910:
906:
900:Communication
897:
888:
885:
881:
877:
872:
869:
859:
850:
846:
842:
840:
830:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
786:
781:
774:
769:
768:
767:
763:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
735:
730:Rearing young
720:
715:
708:
703:
702:
701:
698:
694:
690:
686:
676:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
641:
633:
625:
611:
609:
598:
596:
591:
587:
577:
575:
570:
566:
561:
556:
547:
538:
536:
532:
527:
517:
513:
511:
501:
497:
493:
491:
487:
483:
460:
453:
448:
442:
438:
437:Sula nebouxii
434:
426:
418:
409:
407:
402:
400:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
374:
373:
369:
364:
361:
358:
354:
353:
350:Distribution
349:
346:
343:
342:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:Sula nebouxii
322:
321:binomial name
318:
308:
306:
302:
299:for studying
298:
294:
284:
280:
278:
274:
270:
265:
262:
258:
257:
252:
251:Pacific Ocean
248:
244:
243:
242:Sula nebouxii
238:
227:
223:
218:
213:
212:Milne-Edwards
208:
206:
205:Sula nebouxii
200:
197:
196:Binomial name
193:
189:
188:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
102:
97:
93:
87:
82:
81:Least Concern
71:
67:
62:
59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
4933:
4804:Chatham shag
4794:Foveaux shag
4766:
4748:Poikilocarbo
4746:
4726:
4696:
4658:
4617:
4567:Spotted shag
4541:
4527:
4452:
4438:
4415:
4361:
4343:
4319:Masked booby
4308:
4298:
4284:
4204:
4190:
4167:
4156:Frigatebirds
4093:
4081:
4069:
4057:
3967:(mousebirds)
3965:Coliiformes
3835:Gaviiformes
3827:Aequornithes
3735:Apodiformes
3696:Otidiformes
3672:Otidimorphae
3619:(sandgrouse)
3541:Phasianinae
3507:
3500:
3493:
3488:Odontophorus
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3326:Oreophasinae
3272:
3252:
3245:
3150:(waterfowls)
3146:Anseriformes
2896:Cockfighting
2881:Conservation
2876:Bird feeding
2864:Birdwatching
2854:Ornithomancy
2794:Gansuiformes
2741:
2734:Fossil birds
2624:Intelligence
2476:
2462:
2436:. Retrieved
2432:the original
2418:
2392:
2386:
2376:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2308:
2304:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2162:(1): 11–18.
2159:
2155:
2149:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2040:
2036:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1905:
1901:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1806:
1796:December 21,
1794:. Retrieved
1790:the original
1785:
1776:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1553:
1543:
1495:
1491:
1460:
1454:
1436:
1432:
1419:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1348:
1325:. Retrieved
1321:the original
1316:
1307:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1255:
1238:
1234:
1206:. Retrieved
1201:
1188:
1164:
1157:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1068:
1048:. Retrieved
1044:the original
1039:
1015:. Retrieved
1010:
982:. Retrieved
968:
962:
956:
948:
922:
920:
916:
907:
903:
894:
880:masked booby
873:
864:
847:
843:
836:
819:
811:regurgitated
803:asynchronous
799:
764:
756:
752:regurgitated
736:
733:
682:
673:
646:
604:
583:
569:lipoproteins
560:antioxidants
552:
523:
514:
507:
498:
494:
486:S. n. excisa
485:
465:
436:
405:
403:
396:
383:S. n. excisa
382:
362:
323:
314:
289:
266:
254:
241:
240:
236:
234:
204:
202:
186:
185:
173:
29:
5238:SeaLifeBase
5173:Neotropical
5108:iNaturalist
4958:Wikispecies
4835:Crozet shag
4819:Bounty shag
4698:Nannopterum
4377:Cape gannet
4334:Brown booby
4324:Nazca booby
4095:WikiProject
4005:Piciformes
3888:Australaves
3867:Suliformes
3785:Gruiformes
3640:(flamingos)
3549:Tetraoninae
3520:Phasianidae
3509:Rhynchortyx
3474:Dactylortyx
3341:Megapodidae
3331:Penelopinae
3289:Galliformes
3031:Rheiformes
3025:(ostriches)
2975:individuals
2849:Ornithology
2836:interaction
2591:Preen gland
2438:January 26,
2043:: 806–819.
1818:21 December
1745:: 209–216.
1388:: 291–303.
1327:26 November
1317:NatureWorks
1194:Gill, Frank
1050:26 November
984:11 November
757:Like other
661:flying fish
412:Description
291:leading to
247:marine bird
5286:Categories
5264:Xeno-canto
4799:Otago shag
4768:Leucocarbo
4619:Microcarbo
4501:Cormorants
4264:: Sulidae)
4142:Suliformes
3845:(penguins)
3698:(bustards)
3536:Perdicinae
3481:Dendrortyx
3453:Callipepla
3385:Megapodius
3350:Aepypodius
3228:Tadorninae
3210:true geese
3041:(tinamous)
3000:Neornithes
2911:Pheasantry
2886:Aviculture
2654:Incubation
2644:Lek mating
1456:Waterbirds
1357:9 December
941:References
815:milk snake
744:incubation
685:monogamous
555:carotenoid
535:parasitism
510:California
347:Subspecies
336:subspecies
153:Suliformes
4777:Rock shag
4562:Pitt shag
3914:(parrots)
3758:(hoatzin)
3709:Strisores
3690:(turacos)
3682:(cuckoos)
3611:(mesites)
3530:(turkeys)
3502:Philortyx
3419:Agelastes
3412:Acryllium
3403:Numididae
3392:Talegalla
3302:gamebirds
3295:landfowls
3274:Anseranas
3238:Anhimidae
3197:Anserinae
2980:fictional
2702:dinosaurs
2697:Theropoda
2684:Evolution
2629:Migration
2611:Behaviour
1786:MarineBio
1492:Oecologia
861:In flight
693:courtship
653:anchovies
595:androgens
586:fertility
531:predation
181:Species:
119:Kingdom:
113:Eukaryota
5152:22696683
5126:10190428
5064:45509067
5015:22696683
5010:BirdLife
4943:Wikidata
4344:Papasula
4059:Category
3933:Afroaves
3861:(storks)
3663:Passerea
3648:(grebes)
3584:Columbea
3495:Oreortyx
3467:Cyrtonyx
3357:Alectura
3321:Cracinae
3313:Cracidae
3190:Oxyurini
3180:Aythyini
3175:Anatinae
3159:Anatidae
2906:Falconry
2869:big year
2724:Seabirds
2634:Foraging
2581:Feathers
2395:(1): 6.
2368:53159414
2333:24047097
2325:12858285
2184:21985621
2100:19382068
2057:53165189
2019:23498574
1976:36417383
1705:14882787
1662:23627338
1615:17922712
1558:Archived
1528:18852190
1520:16821015
1299:21144905
1229:(1948).
1149:plate 14
1119:36417383
884:androgen
679:Breeding
657:mackerel
649:sardines
311:Taxonomy
159:Family:
133:Chordata
129:Phylum:
123:Animalia
109:Domain:
86:IUCN 3.1
40:Holocene
5322:Boobies
5090:2480978
4997:Avibase
4949:Q457267
4914:Biology
4902:Animals
4876:Portals
4728:Gulosus
4529:Species
4463:Anhinga
4454:Anhinga
4440:Species
4416:Anhinga
4405:Darters
4286:Species
4206:Fregata
4192:Species
4168:Fregata
4071:Commons
3575:Neoaves
3460:Colinus
3426:Guttera
3364:Eulipoa
3185:Mergini
3049:(kiwis)
3033:(rheas)
2844:Ringing
2669:Hybrids
2664:Nesting
2619:Singing
2596:Plumage
2571:Dactyly
2541:Anatomy
2531:Outline
2521:: Aves)
2246:The Auk
2207:Bibcode
2164:Bibcode
2141:4089018
2119:The Auk
2080:Bibcode
1999:Bibcode
1956:Bibcode
1910:Bibcode
1747:Bibcode
1685:Bibcode
1642:Bibcode
1593:Bibcode
1500:Bibcode
1433:The Auk
1390:Bibcode
1279:Bibcode
1208:31 July
1099:Bibcode
1017:25 July
868:begging
807:rearing
697:dancing
475:⁄
245:) is a
169:Genus:
163:Sulidae
149:Order:
139:Class:
84: (
5256:343959
5230:399991
5217:429615
5204:343959
5178:bfoboo
5139:174702
5097:GNAB:
5072:EURING
5051:bfoboo
5025:bfoboo
4977:blfobo
4505:family
4409:family
4262:family
4160:family
4083:Portal
3959:(owls)
3433:Numida
3371:Leipoa
3254:Chauna
3247:Anhima
2942:Genera
2916:Imping
2834:Human
2674:Colony
2601:Vision
2586:Flight
2366:
2331:
2323:
2227:301883
2225:
2182:
2139:
2098:
2055:
2017:
1974:
1703:
1660:
1613:
1526:
1518:
1297:
1176:
1117:
1013:. 2024
659:, and
565:lipids
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