427:, blame is systematically used in the micro-politics of institutions, with three latent functions: explaining disasters, justifying allegiances, and stabilizing existing institutional regimes. Within a politically stable regime, blame tends to be asserted on the weak or unlucky one, but in a less stable regime, blame shifting may involve a battle between rival factions. Douglas was interested in how blame stabilizes existing power structures within institutions or social groups. She devised a two-dimensional typology of institutions, the first attribute being named "group", which is the strength of boundaries and social cohesion, the second "grid", the degree and strength of the hierarchy. According to Douglas, blame will fall on different entities depending on the institutional type. For markets, blame is used in power struggles between potential leaders. In
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blame-averse, and where the management of societal risks (the threats to society) and institutional risks (threats to the organizations managing the societal risks) are not aligned, there may be organizational pressures to prioritize the management of institutional risks at the expense of societal risks. Furthermore, "blame-avoidance behaviour at the expense of delivering core business is a well-documented organizational rationality". The willingness of maintaining one's reputation may be a key factor explaining the relationship between accountability and blame avoidance. This may produce a "risk colonization", where institutional risks are transferred to societal risks, as a strategy of
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in order to assign negative status to normative humans. When innocent people are blamed fraudulently for nonexistent psychological states and nonexistent behaviors, and there is no qualifying deviance for the blaming behaviors, the intention is to create a negative valuation of innocent humans to
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Our adult brains have dedicated circuits devoted to the assessment of intentionality and harm, and to the calculation of blame based on those two assessments, using intent as the main driver and harm only as a tiebreaker. Part of those blaming circuits lie in a region called the temporoparietal
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The requirement of accountability and transparency, assumed to be key for good governance, worsen the behaviors of blame avoidance, both at the individual and institutional levels, as is observed in various domains such as politics and healthcare. Indeed, institutions tend to be risk-averse and
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is crucial to encourage accident reporting. This makes it less likely that weak and/or long-term indicators of safety threats get picked up, thus preventing the organization from taking adequate measures to prevent minor problems from escalating into uncontrollable situations. Several issues
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within the victim. While the belief that one had control during the abuse (past control) is associated with greater psychological distress, the belief that one has more control during the recovery process (present control) is associated with less distress, less withdrawal, and more cognitive
391:. Blame flowing downwards, from management to staff, or laterally between professionals or partner organizations, indicates organizational failure. In a blame culture, problem-solving is replaced by blame-avoidance. Blame coming from the top generates "fear, malaise, errors, accidents, and
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Blaming provides a way of devaluing others, with the result that the blamer feels superior, seeing others as less worthwhile and/or making the blamer "perfect". Off-loading blame means putting the other person down by emphasizing their flaws.
439:, to suppress dissidence and strengthen the group's ties. In the 4th type, isolation, the individuals are facing the competitive pressures of the marketplace alone; in other words, there is a condition of fragmentation with a loss of
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accounts for blame by postulating that when intentional actors act out to continuously blame an individual for nonexistent psychological traits and for nonexistent variables, those actors aim to induce irrational
81:. In contrast to physical or intellectual concepts, reactive attitudes are formed from the point of view of an active participant regarding objects. This is to be distinguished from the objective standpoint.
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blame their immediate subordinate, and this propagates down a hierarchy until the lowest rung (the "dog"). A 2009 experimental study has shown that blaming can be contagious even for uninvolved onlookers.
399:. Employees have expressed that organizational blame culture made them fear prosecution for errors and/or accidents and thus unemployment, which may make them more reluctant to report accidents, since
447:, and this type was renamed by various other authors into "donkey jobs". It is suggested that the progressive changes in managerial practices in healthcare is leading to an increase in donkey jobs.
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In complex international organizations, such as enforcers of national and supranational policies and regulations, the blame is usually attributed to the last echelon, the implementing actors.
192:– undeserved blame based on character. Victims who experience characterological self-blame feel there is something inherently wrong with them which has caused them to deserve to be victimized.
809:
Rittberger, Berthold; Schwarzenbeck, Helena; Zangl, Bernhard (July 2017). "Where Does the Buck Stop? Explaining Public
Responsibility Attributions in Complex International Institutions".
65:. There are other senses of praise and blame that are not ethically relevant. One may praise someone's good dress sense, and blame their own sense of style for their own dress sense.
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Based on converging behavioral and neural evidence, we demonstrate that there is no single underlying mechanism. Instead, two distinct mechanisms together generate the asymmetry.
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drives ascriptions of intentionality for negative consequences, while the consideration of statistical norms leads to the denial of intentionality for positive consequences.
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for doing something wrong, their action is blameworthy. By contrast, when someone is morally responsible for doing something right, it may be said that their action is
53:, holding responsible, or making negative statements about an individual or group that their actions or inaction are socially or morally irresponsible, the opposite of
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Frazier, P.A.; Mortensen, H.; Steward, J. (2005). "Coping
Strategies as Mediators of the Relations Among Perceived Control and Distress in Sexual Assault Survivors".
147:. The psychological profile of victimization includes a pervasive sense of helplessness, passivity, loss of control, pessimism, negative thinking, strong feelings of
186:– undeserved blame based on actions. Victims who experience behavioral self-blame feel that they should have done something differently, and therefore feel at fault.
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Davis, Courtney; Abraham, John (August 2011). "A comparative analysis of risk management strategies in
European Union and United States pharmaceutical regulation".
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people, groups, and nations, typically negatively influencing the intended subjects of propaganda, compromising their objectivity. Blame is utilized as a
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Branscombe, N.R.; Wohl, M.J.A.; Owen, S.; Allison, J.A.; N'gbala, A. (2003). Counterfactual
Thinking, Blame Assignment, and Well-Being in Rape Victims.
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about other people. The psychological criteria for judging others may be partly ingrained, negative, and rigid, indicating some degree of
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Milch, Vibeke; Laumann, Karin (February 2016). "Interorganizational complexity and organizational accident risk: A literature review".
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concept explains how people tend to blame negative behavior more on the victims traits than the situation at the time of the event.
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Ngo, Lawrence; Kelly, Meagan; Coutlee, Christopher G; Carter, R McKell; Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter; Huettel, Scott A (2015).
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frequently feel responsible for causing negative feelings in the manipulator/abuser towards them and the resultant
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McGivern, Gerry; Fischer, Michael (2010). "Medical regulation, spectacular transparency and the blame business".
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McLendon, J.; Weinberg, G.M. (July 1996). "Beyond blaming: congruence in large systems development projects".
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Rothstein, Henry (September 2006). "The institutional origins of risk: A new agenda for risk research".
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is the tendency of a group or society to hold the individual responsible for their situation, whereas
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has been found to contribute when we blame others, but not when we respond to their positive actions.
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Strawson, P. F. (1962). "Freedom and
Resentment" Proceedings of the British Academy 48:187-211.
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to influence public perceptions of various other governments, as well as to induce feelings of
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Hood, Christopher (June 2007). "What happens when transparency meets blame-avoidance?".
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Matsushita-Arao, Y. (1997). Self-blame and depression among forcible rape survivors.
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Coping With
Infuriating, Mean, Critical People – The Destructive Narcissistic Pattern
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Manning, Louise; Luning, Pieternel A; Wallace, Carol A (19 September 2019).
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986:"Anticipatory and reactive forms of blame avoidance: of foxes and lions"
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Hood, Christopher (28 March 2014). "The Risk Game and the Blame Game".
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Counseling responses found helpful in reducing self-blame include:
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Who's
Pulling Your Strings? How to Break The Cycle of Manipulation
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may be a primary indicator of that organization's robustness and
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identified in organizations with a blame culture contradict the
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conclusion from them that is less influenced by shame or guilt.
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in themselves. This self-blame often becomes a major feature of
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353:. For centuries, governments have used blaming in the form of
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Blaming appears to relate to include brain activity in the
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psychoeducational responses (for example, learning about
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Legal blame: How jurors think and talk about accidents
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at an unconscious level. Blame in this case becomes a
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Comprehensive
Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
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The
Punisher's Brain: The Evolution of Judge and Jury
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Behavioral self-blame is associated with feelings of
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Humans—consciously and unconsciously—constantly make
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Hood, Christopher; Rothstein, Henry (26 July 2016).
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163:. This way of thinking can lead to hopelessness and
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1227:"The Reputational Basis of Public Accountability"
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361:in the public. Blame can
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383:The flow of blame in an
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597:amygdala has been found
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379:Blame in organizations
349:induce fear, by using
33:Blame (disambiguation)
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930:Rudge, Trudy (2016).
184:behavioral self-blame
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728:. 57(9-B). p. 5925.
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59:morally responsible
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393:passive-aggressive
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1671:Storytelling
1591:Intelligence
1471:Architecture
1388:
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1351:(1): 15–37.
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1198:(1): 21–53.
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1117:cite journal
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862:(4): 33–42.
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583:
577:. Retrieved
562:
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532:Scapegoating
449:
425:Mary Douglas
422:
385:organization
382:
355:demonization
327:
324:Scapegoating
313:
304:kick the dog
301:
294:Buck passing
282:system blame
275:
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174:
138:
122:manipulation
119:
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104:
88:
72:
63:praiseworthy
46:
45:
1641:Performance
1566:Engineering
1546:Diagnostics
1541:Development
1455:Aspects of
791:LiveScience
485:Culpability
408:adopted by
369:technique.
359:nationalism
262:responsible
120:Victims of
111:grandiosity
93:(TPJ). The
79:forgiveness
1763:Categories
1651:Resilience
1646:Psychology
1616:Narcissism
1606:Life cycle
1521:Complexity
1511:Commitment
1312:(Review).
1275:(Review).
1234:Governance
892:(Review).
579:2014-05-22
539:References
338:propaganda
292:See also:
177:self-blame
171:Self-blame
161:depression
141:self-image
69:Philosophy
1676:Structure
1626:Ombudsman
1581:Hierarchy
1418:, in the
1365:143397032
1254:143427109
1212:154316481
1170:143932088
1109:146426570
1039:154987310
841:157749185
620:: 17390.
480:Causality
459:" adage.
437:treachery
389:integrity
363:objectify
346:hyperbole
342:innuendos
308:hierarchy
107:judgments
85:Neurology
51:censuring
1779:Behavior
1695:See also
1686:Workshop
1631:Patterns
1601:Learning
1526:Conflict
1476:Behavior
1330:71466498
1295:33336962
1074:21155435
896:: 9–17.
652:26634909
495:Fall guy
463:See also
445:fatalism
254:accident
95:amygdala
1596:Justice
1556:Ecology
1551:Dissent
1531:Culture
1506:Climate
1486:Capital
1402:Blaming
658:Emotion
643:4669441
622:Bibcode
258:abusive
232:logical
179:exist:
165:despair
157:remorse
130:anxiety
1681:Theory
1661:Safety
1571:Ethics
1536:Design
1464:Topics
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1107:
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967:
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688:(2006)
675:(2006)
650:
640:
570:
510:Praise
490:Denial
344:, and
55:praise
18:Blamed
1666:Space
1576:Field
1496:Chart
1491:Cells
1481:Blame
1361:S2CID
1326:S2CID
1250:S2CID
1230:(PDF)
1208:S2CID
1188:(PDF)
1166:S2CID
1146:(PDF)
1105:S2CID
1035:S2CID
837:S2CID
401:trust
334:guilt
252:, an
250:crime
198:guilt
153:shame
149:guilt
126:abuse
47:Blame
1291:PMID
1123:link
1070:PMID
965:ISBN
938:ISBN
767:ISBN
648:PMID
568:ISBN
526:ROWE
433:clan
296:and
124:and
1353:doi
1318:doi
1281:doi
1242:doi
1200:doi
1158:doi
1097:doi
1062:doi
1027:doi
998:doi
906:hdl
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864:doi
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638:PMC
630:doi
226:or
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