Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy

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took a number of enforcement actions against several (primarily Internet-based) pharmacies that were producing compounded BHT and in 2008, banned the use of estriol in the US. The FDA stated that it did not take these regulatory actions against compounded bioidentical hormones in response to Wyeth's request, since that is not the purpose of a citizen petition. They said that they had an ongoing investigation when they received the petition. The FDA ordered pharmacies to discontinue use of estriol. The agency's Assistant Director of the Office of Compliance stated that the use of estriol would require a permit for research and a new drug application. The FDA also stated that it has not approved any drug containing estriol and that no information had been submitted to the FDA regarding its safety and effectiveness. The FDA's concerns over the marketing and use of bioidentical hormones were supported by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. In response to the FDA's actions, the International Academy of Compounding Pharmacists began a letter-writing campaign to the FDA to reverse this action, citing Wyeth's attempt as a "self-serving, and at times duplicitous, campaign to restrict patients' access to alternatives to its own products".

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hormones to asymptomatic women may result in greater risks to the patient. Analysis of the material used to promote BHT suggests that rather than basing hormone doses on saliva results, practitioners are adjusting dosage based on symptoms. Different bioidentical preparations result in mixtures with different strengths, and practitioners using compounded formulations may be unaware of the total dose of hormones their patients receive. In a 2001 test of compounded bioidentical hormone products, the FDA found that 10 out of 29 products failed their quality tests; nine out of ten failed potency tests (comparable rates for drug manufacturers were less than 2% and 0.13%, respectively). A 2006 test found potency levels ranging from 67.5% to 268.4% of the potency specified on the label; some samples were mixtures of different hormones with some being above, and others below, the specified potency. The failure of potency testing could be problematic and dangerous for progesterone products, where specific levels of progesterone are required to protect the endometrium against precancerous hyperplasia.

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additional risks related to compounding. A major safety concern in compounded BHT is that there is no requirement to include package inserts, despite the potential for serious adverse effects (including life-threatening adverse effects) associated with HRT, which can harm consumers as they are misled into believing that any hormone-related problems and dangers are exclusively related to non-bioidentical hormones, and that compounded BHT is safe and has no side effects. In reality, the risks of bioidentical hormones have not been studied to the extent of non-bioidentical hormones, so the risks are not well-understood. Regulatory bodies require pharmacies to include important safety information with conventional hormone replacement therapy (CHRT) via package inserts.

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any benefit to either of these practices. Although promoters of BHT claim that saliva testing can be used to customize hormone levels for individuals, and tests are used to determine which hormones are supposed to be deficient and require supplementation, there is no scientific basis to support the use of saliva testing. Estrogens are secreted in pulses within and over days, resulting in varying levels in saliva. Certain compounding formulations also attempt to use a single profile for all women, with no evidence that a specific profile is beneficial in all cases and no recognition that women differ in their sensitivity to hormones and metabolic rate. Testing-based customizing also does not account for much of the effects, and synthesis of hormones occurs within

1087:"Cardiovascular benefit has not been proven with micronized progesterone in observational or experimental research...a multicenter, case-control study was conducted in postmenopausal women aged 45–70 years to examine potential differences in cardiovascular risk between the subtypes of synthetic progestins and micronized progesterone...Micronized progesterone and pregnane derivatives were not associated with an increased venous thromboembolism risk, whereas norpregnane derivatives...were associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism...Thus, certain progestins are associated with increased cardiovascular risk, whereas pregnane derivatives and micronized progesterone neither increase nor decrease cardiovascular risk in the doses studied" 1269:

Prempro. Its early termination and the subsequent publicity about these previously unappreciated risks led to a decline in prescriptions for CHRT. The results from the study were used by BHT prescribers to promote bioidentical hormones as safer than the FDA-regulated preparations despite a lack of evidence; according to the FDA, the results found by the study apply to all estrogens. BHT has since been strongly promoted as a natural alternative with fewer risks than CHRT, though there is no evidence to support this claim. BHT practitioners recommend compounded products due to their claim that they more closely mimic the composition and ratio of circulating hormones in a woman's body than do commercially manufactured products.

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disease, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, endometrial and breast cancer; fewer side effects; and custom blending to uniquely address individuals. There is no credible evidence to support these claims. Bioidentical hormones and compounded BHT are expected to have the same risks and benefits as CHRT; the latter benefits from years of study and regulation, while compounded BHT has no scientific data to support claims of superior safety or efficacy. The following specific claims have been made for the efficacy of bioidentical hormones and compounded BHT, with varying evidence to support or contradict them:

911:. Some advocates of compounding have also claimed that customized compounding provides customized results, but the claim is weak since compounding is aimed at producing a single hormone profile with absolute blood or saliva levels—which has not been demonstrated to be better than CHRT—and does not consider the rate at which individuals will differ in the activity, metabolism and excretion of the hormones. There have been no clinical trials directly comparing the effectiveness or efficacy of bioidentical versus non-bioidentical compounds. 675:

produce a substantially higher risk of heart attack or stroke. There are potentially serious adverse effects and important safety information that is required to be given with FDA approved HRT as package inserts; however, they are typically not given (or required) with compounded bioidentical preparations, which has caused consumers to falsely assume that bioidenticals are safer than FDA-approved hormones or lack any adverse effects—one of the concerns expressed about the hormones. BHT has also been associated with

553:, is frequently compounded into bioidentical preparations in the United States. While some think it to be a weaker estrogen, with a more limited period of effectiveness than estradiol, it has been demonstrated to be a stronger estrogen in certain ways. Though initial research in the 1970s suggested possible use, follow-up studies have failed to confirm this potential. Estriol is not found in any FDA-approved drug, and its safety and effectiveness as a hormone supplement is unknown. 521:(DHEA), either individually or combined. They are promoted as natural, safer and (in some cases) more efficacious than CHT; however, there are no scientific studies to support claims of superiority of BHT over CHRT. Estimates from sales of bulk hormones for compounding suggest that more than one million women may be using compounded BHT in the United States. Bioidentical hormones are expected to have the same risks as conventional hormones made with the same categories of hormones. 979:

FDA-approved formulations or that they carry less risk. The hormones are expected to carry the same risks as their conventional counterparts, while the risks of including estriol—a hormone normally produced in large amounts only in pregnant women—have not been studied. The United States FDA warned that claims about compounded BHT products are unsupported by medical evidence. Bioidentical hormones have been described as a form of marketing; the chief medical editor of

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progesterone did not increase the incidence of breast cancer, while a comparison of estradiol plus different types of progestins found a reduced risk of invasive breast cancer with micronized progesterone. Christine Derzko stated that the evidence supported the use of bioidentical estrogen plus progesterone, but since the trial was an observational cohort study rather than a

108:. There is little evidence to support these incremental claims; the hormones are expected to have the same risks and benefits as comparable approved drugs for which there is evidence based on extensive research and regulation, except for progesterone, which may have an improved safety profile than artificial progestogens, though direct comparisons with 1652: 938:. There are also no studies that link symptoms with blood or saliva hormone levels. The FDA recommends adjusting hormone therapy to the symptoms of the patient, and that there is no reason to adjust the dosing or monitor patients receiving BHT. BHT skeptics have also pointed out that there is no certainty regarding hormone levels in the body. The 227:. It was based on an unpublished study whose conclusions did account for how estrogens are processed and excreted in the body—particularly how the liver processes oral estrogens, converting most of them to estrone. No follow-up was performed by Wright to replicate these observations. Wright may have been the first proponent of BHT to use the term 585:

estrogen. It is more reliable in treating menopausal sleep disorders than synthetic progestins. Transdermal progesterone is often used as a component of compounded BHT but has not been clinically proven to prevent endometrial hyperplasia, as oral progesterone has. The editors-in-chief of the scientific journal

1662: 239:'s reports on the unappreciated risks of equine estrogens were released, many prescribers of BHT used Wright's assertions (and his terminology) to proclaim the superiority of bioidentical molecules despite a lack of scientifically supported evidence. Following the publication of a popular book written by 1130:

book may have increased awareness of the existence of BHT for a growing number of menopausal women, but also may have caused confusion by making unsubstantiated claims for BHT and referring to bioidentical hormones as non-drug products with fewer risks. Bioidentical hormones have also been discussed on

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issued a position statement that bioidentical hormones carry essentially the same risks and benefits as non-bioidentical molecules. In February 2009 the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists reiterated its position (from November 2005) that there are no proven benefits in regard to the

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study (WHI) that was designed to demonstrate additional benefits of conventional hormone therapy (study participants were given Prempro or a placebo) was terminated prematurely after preliminary data indicated small increases in the risks of breast cancer, heart attack and stroke in older women using

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Although promoted as a way of customizing treatment, hormone therapy does not require customization; the use of testing to determine the number of hormones administered could result in the dose being higher than the minimum recommended level to alleviate symptoms, or the administration of unnecessary

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BHT benefits and adverse effects are expected to be the same for bioidentical and synthetic hormones. Dosages used in BHT can be as high as ten times the oral dose provided by comparable HRT regimens; the hormones used are known to adversely impact biological markers of cardiovascular disease and may

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have not been made. Risks associated with the less-controlled process of compounding bioidentical hormones are not clearly understood. In addition, the accuracy and efficacy of saliva testing have not been definitively proven, and the long-term effects of using blood testing to reach target levels of

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Compounded BHT is used almost exclusively in the United States, and many FDA-approved formulations that are wholly or partially made of bioidentical hormones are available. Topical hormone preparations such as progesterone, estrogen and DHEA creams can be purchased in stores or over the internet and

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to create the final product. "Natural" is also used to promote the idea of being unmodified, and containing the "goodness" of a pure substance. However, this argument simultaneously draws upon a scientific discourse and methodology; even hormones called "bioidentical" have been heavily processed and

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Michael Cirigliano and Judi Chervenak have stated in reviews of the literature on BHT that large-scale, peer-reviewed studies should be used to establish the safety, efficacy and beliefs about the use of bioidentical hormones. Two 2008 studies conducted in France found that estradiol plus micronized

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BHT is frequently associated with the testing of saliva to establish a baseline hormone level and compounding of the substances by pharmacists (according to a doctor's advice) to produce preparations (and blood levels) of hormones that are specific to each patient. There is no research demonstrating

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On July 18, 2008, a US Appeals Court issued a ruling stating that new drug approval processes should not be applied to compounded drugs that complied with established guidelines, and also that provisions of the regulations relevant to the use of estriol were still in effect, preventing the FDA from

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Pharmaceuticals, a manufacturer of both FDA-approved bioidentical and non-bioidentical HRT preparations, filed a citizen petition with the FDA asking for enforcement action against compounding pharmacies that dispensed BHT and to investigate labelling and advertising guidelines. Soon after, the FDA

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endorsing the use of bioidentical hormones. The book was criticized by a group of doctors who (though generally supportive of BHT) state that more research is required, and object to protocols mentioned in the book—because of their potential danger and the promoters' lack of qualifications. Somers'

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called compounded BHT a "marketing concept" with no scientific backing, and the FDA warned that pharmacies use these terms to imply that the drugs are natural and have the same effects as endogenous hormones. Other claims include compounded BHT's ability to prevent or treat conditions such as heart

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Compounding pharmacies use commercially available bulk drugs to create new formulations which differ in form or dosage from those manufactured on a large scale by pharmaceutical companies. Custom-compounded BHT is almost wholly restricted to the United States, where pharmacy compounding is governed

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are permitted to adjust dose and delivery method according to the prescription. However, the FDA does have authority over the compounded product. In 2001 the FDA surveyed a limited number of compounded preparations, including eight hormone compounds. All three estradiol products passed every test;

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implies that the hormones are molecularly identical to those found within the body. However, BHT is unnatural as it opposes the biologically determined declining levels of fertility hormones in aging women and medicalizes a stage of human life that is probably normal. Most of the conjugated equine

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Physicians John R. Lee and Jonathan Wright were pioneers in the field of BHT. Lee authored several popular books on BHT and promoted custom-compounded BHT, with the goal of achieving what he called a "natural hormone balance". He based this goal on the clinical testing of saliva to establish where

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Proponents to claim that bioidentical hormones, in addition to the demonstrated benefit of improving bone-mineral density, protecting the eyes and skin from drying out, regulating the menstrual cycle, improving mental function, improving blood cholesterol and reducing hot flashes and night sweats

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produced by the body is estradiol (produced primarily in the ovaries), while in postmenopausal women estrone (produced in fat cells) is the type of primary estrogen present; however, the body is able to convert one type of estrogen into another to a certain extent. Because of the limited research

267:(though not all allegedly bioidentical hormones sold by custom-compounding pharmacies are necessarily molecularly identical to endogenous humans). The FDA considers BHT as currently used by BHT advocates to be a marketing term, not a scientific term, and does not recognize its use. The meaning of 1260:

Bioidentical hormones are expected to carry the same risks and benefits as their non-bioidentical counterparts, but there have been no studies that directly compare compounded bioidentical hormones with their non-bioidentical counterparts. Hormones—as used in CHRT—have been studied for years and

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and most of it is converted to estrone; estrogen bypassing the digestive tract and liver via the skin is not converted to a new form before entering the bloodstream. Creams and gels applied to the skin also enter the blood directly and without modification but absorption of the gels, creams, and

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have released statements that there is a lack of evidence that the benefits and risks of bioidentical hormones differ from well-studied non-bioidentical counterparts; until such evidence is produced the risks should be treated as if they are similar; and that compounded hormone products may have

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has stated that compounded bioidentical hormones have not been approved by the FDA; there is no guarantee of purity, potency, efficacy or safety, and they may contain unknown contaminants. The Australian Menopause Society has similarly stated that there is no evidence that bioidentical hormones

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There is no published evidence (derived from controlled research) supporting the claims of superior beneficial effects for bioidentical hormones as compared to conventional hormone therapy. Risk data have been published for conventional hormone therapy, and CHRT is not recommended to manage any

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is used both orally and transdermally. Oral progesterone is micronized (ground) to increase availability and is approved by the FDA to treat endometrial hyperplasia when used in opposition to estrogen. It has also been approved to relieve menopausal symptoms, either alone or in combination with

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that compared different types of hormones head-to-head, more data was required before concluding bioidentical hormones were safer and preferred. Derzko concluded that there was weak (but promising) preliminary evidence that bioidentical hormones may present equal (or possibly lower) risks than

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and general health tonic for many health conditions, basing his claims on anecdotal data rather than peer-reviewed research, which has not been supported by any clinical trials. Wright also authored a popular book on BHT. Compared to previous bioidentical formulas that only used estradiol, he

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adopted a policy urging the FDA to survey compounded BHT products for purity and dosage; to maintain a registry and require mandatory adverse event reporting by manufacturers and compounding pharmacies related to bioidentical hormones; to mandate the inclusion of uniform patient information,

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Deborah Moskowitz published an article suggesting that some forms of bioidentical hormones may be safer than non-bioidentical hormones in safety and effectiveness, though this review was criticized for " to demonstrate that BHT has a good safety profile, but the data presented only serve to

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are any safer than their approved counterparts. The International Menopause Society has stated "There are no medical or scientific reasons to recommend unregistered 'bioidentical hormones'. The measurement of hormone levels in the saliva is not clinically useful. These 'customized' hormonal

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by private practitioners who sell bioidentical preparations suggest benefits and advantages of BHT over its conventional counterpart, but there is skepticism over claims made about BHT; there is no peer-reviewed evidence that compounded bioidentical hormones are safer or more effective than

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Advocates for BHT have claimed that commonly compounded BHT preparations are not commercially available, but there are many FDA-approved hormone preparations containing bioidentical molecules available both as proprietary or generic brands. The exception is estriol, used in the compounded

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estrogens extracted from pregnant horse urine (such as Premarin) are converted to human estrogens once they enter the body. However, not all are converted, and BHT advocates allege that the small amount that is not converted may have some harmful effects. This is still being studied.

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is also used incorrectly in two ways: to refer to the process used to manufacture all estrogens, including bioidentical estrogens, and to compounds that interact with estrogen receptors similarly to estrogen molecules but are not found in nature. Examples of the latter two include

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rather than in the blood, so blood or saliva hormone levels may not necessarily reflect the actual biological activity. Other concerns include lack of evidence that samples are stable during storage and transportation, poor replication of results and considerable variation among

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before FDA approval was needed for its use. Its approval was grandfathered in by the FDA until 2008 when the agency banned its use, stating that manufacturers of estriol would have to create a new application and estriol would be treated as a new drug. Its use is not approved by

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study "Etude Epidemiologique aupres de femmes de l'Education Nationale" suggested micronized progesterone may offer a reduced risk of breast cancer compared to other progestins, though large-scale clinical trials have not been conducted. A 2012 practice advisory published by

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or incorporated into compounded preparations in the United States. In the body, it can be converted into testosterone then estrogen; there are no consistent scientific findings or safety information supporting its use. High levels of DHEA have been linked to breast cancer.

1165:" conspiracy to suppress bioidentical prescribing, the extra and unnecessary cost of the products that are often not covered by insurance plans, and the inaccurate depiction of bioidentical prescribing as "cutting edge science" rather than unproven alternative medicine. 291:, and other proponents as safer and more effective than CHRT, though there is no evidence to support these claims. Compounded BHT has been marketed on the internet by pharmacies that make unfounded claims for its safety and its effectiveness for a variety of conditions. 607:

in breast epithelial cells. These compounds have not been directly compared with each other in appropriate scientific tests, though as of 2010 trials had begun. Progesterone is approved for use by both the FDA and Health Canada as a brand-name oral preparation. The

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converted in a pharmaceutical lab. Premarin (conjugated estrogens extracted from the urine of pregnant horses) contains the only truly "natural" hormones—natural in the sense of being completely unmodified beyond blending the estrogens to achieve a specific ratio.

889:, vaginal rings and tablets, and transdermal patches. Although all preparations of a given type of estrogen may be molecularly identical before their introduction into the human body, estrogens administered orally are modified by the liver before entering the 641:; compounding pharmacies are the main source of testosterone-only preparations for women. A testosterone patch has been approved for use in the United Kingdom and European Union, but in Canada and the United States there is no long-term safety data on it. 5832: 1310:

adopted a policy requesting that the FDA better monitor and regulate bioidentical hormones, releasing an editorial stating that compounded bioidentical molecules were expected to have the same risks as conventional hormones until proven otherwise.

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patients during child-bearing years. Some evidence exists supporting a link between hormonal treatment for infertility and a reduced risk of breast cancer, but these benefits may not translate to women seeking relief from the symptoms of menopause

1161:. Rosenthal has also described problematic issues with BHT including patients receiving information from popular books while lacking the scientific literacy to separate rhetoric from evidence about hormone replacement, illegitimate claims of a " 1145:

conventional HRT; however, there was no data supporting the use of compounding. Derzko recommended following evidence-based medicine and cited concerns over BHT by numerous medical organizations—requirements for oversight over compounding,

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Saliva testing has not been shown to accurately measure blood-bound hormone levels. The FDA recommends the lowest dose of hormones that effectively relieve symptoms and does not recommend custom compounding, blood or saliva testing.

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Curcio, J. J.; Wollner, D. A.; Schmidt, J. W.; Kim, L. S. (2006). "Is Bio-Identical Hormone Replacement Therapy Safer than Traditional Hormone Replacement Therapy?: A Critical Appraisal of Cardiovascular Risks in Menopausal Women".

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recommends against the use of bioidentical hormones due to lack of quality control over compounding, posing the same risks as conventional hormones, the use of unnecessary saliva testing, and including the non-FDA-approved hormone

3844:"Statement of Steven K. Galson, M.D., M.P.H., Director, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration before Senate Special committee on Aging, "Bio-Identical Hormones: Sound Science or Bad Medicine"" 1330:, the site's owner, concludes his review with: "The bottom line for consumers is very simple: Steer clear of anyone who prescribes "bioidentical" hormones or recommends saliva testing as the basis for evaluating hormone status." 1280:

states that there is no evidence that pharmacy-compounded BHT is safer or more effective than conventional hormone replacement, and that some bioidentical hormones are already available in certain FDA-approved products. The

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developed a method to extract an orally active estrogen from the urine of pregnant women and marketed it as the active agent in a product called Emmenin. It was supplanted on the market when its manufacturer, Ayerst (later

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also stated that "natural" and "bioidentical" hormones present the same risks as synthetic hormone replacement therapy such as heart disease, blood clots, strokes and an increased risk of breast cancer with long-term use.

565:; estriol is not available as a pharmaceutical preparation in Canada or the United States, but is a commonly prescribed conventional treatment in other countries and is available as a cream or vaginal suppository in the 942:

has supported warnings about the potential harm BHT could cause, as it unnecessarily compounds drugs that are already FDA-approved in ways that lack an evidence base of safety or harm. The warnings are supported by the

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BHT is used to reduce the symptoms of menopause. It is also promoted by some practitioners for anti-aging purposes providing benefits beyond menopausal symptom relief, such as improving quality of life, though there is

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to obtain hormones in an effort to reach a targeted level of hormones in the body. A number of claims by some proponents of BHT have not been confirmed through scientific testing. Specific hormones used in BHT include

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at the state level while the FDA has regulatory authority over the compounded product. Some internet-based compounding pharmacies understate harm and claim benefits of compounded BHT beyond what can be proven by

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can be applied to all products where the principal ingredient originates from an animal, plant, or mineral source, and both bioidentical and non-bioidentical hormones can be produced from the same plant sources.

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Program for Bioethics and Patients' Rights, has stated that she believes BHT is an experimental therapy that is often prescribed by practitioners who sell the products, and are thus in an unethical position of

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can be used to suggest or emphasize a variety of different ideas—similarity with endogenous hormones, extraction from a plant-based source, and that the hormones are not manufactured or synthesized.

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into potency, delivery methods, and conversion of the various estrogens, a valid scientific understanding of compounded estrogen products has not been achieved. Synthetic estradiol, taken orally,

1389:. Its goal is to produce serum levels of estradiol and progesterone that are identical to those of a young woman with a normal menstrual cycle. It has been criticized for a variety of reasons. 767:

Estradiol only recommended for use for the shortest period of time and at the lowest effective dose due to its adverse-effects profile. There is the potential for a range of adverse effects in

3042: 259:; it is generally used to refer to 17β-estradiol, but other uses include plant-based or compounded estrogen products that blend estradiol with estriol and sometimes with estrone. A 3254: 2065: 1979: 275:, and it may also mean that the hormones are "natural"; throughout the 1990s plant-derived, compounded hormones were referred to as "natural hormone therapy". However, the term 194:) recommended oral bioidentical progesterone as an option when side effects from synthetic progestogens otherwise mandated discontinuing treatment. In May 1998 the FDA approved 287:, saliva testing, and an emphasis on countering the effects of aging rather than relieving the symptoms of menopause. This compounded BHT package has been promoted by Somers, 3900:"The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) strongly supports the FDA in its concerns regarding the marketing and use of so called Bio-identical Hormones" 3602: 3084:

Pastner, B (2008). "Pharmacy Compounding of Bioidentical Hormone Replacement Therapy (BHT): A Proposed New Approach to Justify FDA Regulation of These Prescription Drugs".

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activate other receptors with a variety of effects. The editors suggested that progesterone may have neutral to positive effects on the cardiovascular system, and induce

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with the idea that the hormones are derived from plant sources. However, both bioidentical and non-bioidentical hormones are sourced from the same plants, generally

1521: 3963: 3924: 3506:"Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial" 3654: 1276:

safety or efficacy of compounded bioidentical hormones, nor are there any benefits in salivary testing of hormone levels or customized dosing of hormones. The

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American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Gynecologic Practice; American Society for Reproductive Medicine Practice Committee (2012).

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In the 1970s, research and reports indicating risks from synthetic conjugated estrogens began to appear. Investigations determined that the addition of a

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When prescribed by a licensed practitioner, the compounding of bioidentical hormones is controlled by the state pharmacy boards rather than the FDA, and

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Pines A, Sturdee DW, Birkhäuser MH, Schneider HP, Gambacciani M, Panay N (June 2007). "IMS updated recommendations on postmenopausal hormone therapy".

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Bioidentical hormones fit precisely into human hormone receptors while conventional hormones fit "cockeyed"; this mismatch causes serious side effects

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There are a variety of FDA-approved products, made using bioidentical estrogens and micronized progesterone, used to treat the symptoms of menopause:

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concluded that "here is no acceptable evidence that 'bioidentical' hormones are safe or effective. Patients should be discouraged from taking them."

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Whelan, A. M.; Jurgens, T. M.; Trinacty, M. (2012). "Bioidentical Progesterone Cream for Menopause-Related Vasomotor Symptoms: Is it Effective?".

5067: 1240:, and that it can be used to indicate any product with an animal, plant, or mineral source—including hormones that are not bioidentical (such as 591:

state that the greatest difference in function between bioidentical and synthetic hormones may be found in progesterone's behavior compared with

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and endogenous progesterone have different binding affinities for different receptors, depending on the model and animal used; these differing

2914:"Bioidentical Hormone Therapy: What Is It, Might It Have Advantages, and What We Simply Don't Know! Expert Interview With Dr. James A. Simon" 648:

that lacks FDA and Health Canada approval for use in women, and is not available in Canada as a pharmaceutical preparation; it is sold as an

3847: 3223:"Menopausal hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 2394: 2234: 1983: 1943: 1290: 1244:), as well as the molecules extracted from soybean and yam sources used in many bioidentical and non-bioidentical commercial preparations. 916: 2877: 3510: 1293:

has warned several pharmacies about making unsubstantiated claims about the safety and effectiveness of compounded hormone products. The

6726: 5532: 5060: 5036: 4618: 3899: 2076: 133: 4038: 1987: 5673: 5632: 4075: 3776:"A comprehensive review of the safety and efficacy of bioidentical hormones for the management of menopause and related health risks" 2524: 1398: 338:

Vaginal cream for vaginal symptoms only; sourced from plants; estradiol is bioidentical until ingested and converted in the liver to

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Burrell BA (September 2009). "The replacement of the replacement in menopause: hormone therapy, controversies, truth and risk".

231:—the word he coined to describe unpatentable, plant-derived molecules he believed were identical to human hormones. However, no 4609: 1116:

Pharmacists use their expertise regarding bioidentical hormones to meet the needs of their clients and improve health outcomes

637:. Commercial sources for testosterone for women in the United States are limited and include the estrogen-testosterone mixture 210:

state that blood and saliva testing is unreliable and biologically meaningless. Lee also believed that progesterone acted as a

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gained more prominence in popular consciousness as a "poorly understood new adjective" regarding hormone replacement therapy.

6716: 6683: 5599: 5026: 4993: 3843: 2861: 5852: 3440:"Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: July 2008 position statement of The North American Menopause Society" 6721: 5666: 5642: 5637: 5031: 4432: 4068: 6731: 5941: 1552: 3872:

Romero, M (2002). "Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy. Customizing care for perimenopausal and menopausal women".

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Compounded BHT may be more expensive than conventional, FDA-approved HRT, and is often not covered by health insurance.

3925:"Senators Join Thousands of Patients, Doctors, Pharmacists in Supporting Women's Access to Critical Hormone Treatments" 3170: 1084:

The side effects reported in the Women's Health Initiative study were due to the synthetic nature of the hormones used

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concluded "there is no convincing evidence that bioidentical hormones are safer or more effective than synthetic HRT".

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Compounding is a legitimate practice, but there is no evidence that clearly illustrates the benefits and risks of BHT

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evidence has been used to support the idea that these molecules are identical to endogenous human hormones. When the

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Manufacturing: both bioidentical and non-bioidentical hormones are synthesized using the same chemical precursors;

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Watt PJ, Hughes RB, Rettew LB, Adams R (2003). "A holistic programmatic approach to natural hormone replacement".

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Bioidentical hormones are frequently marketed as being "natural", or more natural than conventional HRT. The term

796: 5961: 5706: 5484: 3956:"Court rules compounded products are neither uniformly exempt from nor subject to new drug approval requirements" 3557: 3439: 4309: 4285: 2332:

Boothby LA, Doering PL (August 2008). "Bioidentical hormone therapy: a panacea that lacks supportive evidence".

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Hormones can be administered in a variety of ways, including percutaneous skin and vaginal creams, oral pills,

873:. A review of clinical trials studying bioidentical progesterone use found that it was ineffective in managing 2654:"Counseling postmenopausal women about bioidentical hormones: ten discussion points for practicing physicians" 693:

Less common (but serious) side effects of all post-menopausal estrogens include increased risk or severity of

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BHT is often used to refer to a set of diagnostic, prescribing, preparation and marketing practices including

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Smith NL, Heckbert SR, Lemaitre RN, Reiner AP, Lumley T, Weiss NS, Larson EB, Rosendaal FR, Psaty BM (2004).

2039: 4044: 3148: 762: 157:

Bioidentical hormones were first used for menopausal symptom relief in the 1930s, after Canadian researcher

6628: 6220: 5212: 4927: 4560: 4314: 3753: 3728: 2830: 1359: 1347:

however, two out of five progesterone products failed at least one test of potency, content or uniformity.

1307: 1265: 1162: 870: 539: 236: 137: 1261:

their risk, benefit, and effectiveness profiles are known and demonstrated through considerable research.

894:

patches can vary from application to application, depending on the temperature and condition of the skin.

688: 6636: 6161: 5915: 5740: 5222: 5207: 5182: 5041: 4931: 4052: 1141: 215:

promoted a triple-estrogen formula called Triest, which combined three estrogens found in human females:

3334: 1363:

including warnings and precautions regarding bioidentical products; and to prohibit the use of the term

6586: 5820: 4331: 738: 557: 479: 6401: 5795: 5770: 5129: 4143: 2710: 1212: 866: 630: 618: 581: 514: 510: 427: 78: 74: 6412: 3721: 2278: 5991: 5816: 5382: 5095: 5083: 4338: 3989: 1895:"Misconception and Concerns about Bioidentical Hormones Used for Custom-Compounded Hormone Therapy" 1074: 954:

Boothby, Doering, and Kipersztok summarize the issue as being a poor effort to apply principles of

634: 595:. Laboratory studies have suggested that bioidentical progesterone binds primarily to progesterone 92:

Custom-compounded BHT is a practice almost wholly restricted to the United States and is a form of

6688: 5862: 5812: 5604: 4998: 4503: 4481: 4265: 4261: 3606: 3503: 3011: 1939: 1282: 663: 596: 141: 5996: 5902: 5808: 5804: 5745: 5377: 5237: 5167: 4498: 4275: 4228: 3330: 2888: 2273: 2035: 1229: 1153: 1132: 1066: 784: 776: 506: 325: 70: 6620: 6281: 5560: 5247: 5177: 5110: 4915: 4299: 4293: 4223: 4193: 4103: 4091: 3437: 2072: 1272: 1216: 1033: 853:, and cardiac or renal dysfunction. Psychiatric reactions can include emotional instability, 838: 649: 645: 587: 403: 125: 3903: 3300: 6632: 6440: 6331: 5926: 5911: 5887: 5780: 5765: 5417: 5279: 5232: 5202: 4923: 4420: 4368: 4304: 4280: 4253: 4218: 4203: 3749: 3395:

MacLennan AH, Sturdee DW (February 2006). "The 'bioidentical/bioequivalent' hormone scam".

3222: 2884: 1158: 1149:

for all bioidentical products, and the establishment of mandatory adverse-events registry.

1018: 904: 780: 93: 2531: 633:

supplementation can improve libido in postmenopausal women, but can also reduce levels of

8: 6665: 6624: 6528: 6474: 6456: 6316: 6291: 6286: 6268: 6257: 6211: 5931: 5568: 5362: 5294: 5284: 5192: 5187: 4975: 4919: 4843: 4737: 4569: 4249: 4245: 4178: 3798: 2826: 2635: 2478:

Panay N, Fenton A (February 2010). "Bioidentical hormones: what is all the hype about?".

726: 722: 3819: 3171:"Esterified estrogens and conjugated equine estrogens and the risk of venous thrombosis" 2758: 2264:

Boothby, LA; Doering PL; Kipersztok S (2004). "Bioidentical hormone therapy: a review".

6762: 6570: 6532: 6001: 5936: 5892: 5882: 5857: 5785: 5760: 5550: 5197: 5172: 4427: 4373: 4257: 4241: 4198: 4151: 3700: 3579: 3552: 3467: 3420: 3305: 2987: 2808: 2724: 2705: 2681: 2503: 2357: 2299: 2287: 2205: 2159: 1836: 1811: 1769: 1448: 1423: 830: 772: 676: 459: 211: 97: 1303:

preparations have not been tested in studies and their purity and risks are unknown."

6640: 6464: 6321: 6311: 6249: 5755: 5721: 5242: 5227: 4935: 4748: 4598: 4289: 4237: 4112: 3881: 3790: 3692: 3584: 3529: 3472: 3412: 3377: 3373: 3278: 3273: 3256: 3237: 3203: 3093: 3061: 2979: 2857: 2800: 2796: 2754: 2729: 2686: 2585: 2495: 2457: 2403: 2349: 2291: 2209: 2197: 2151: 2147: 1916: 1841: 1761: 1757: 1723: 1626: 1592: 1544: 1453: 1403: 1146: 975: 390: 5052: 3704: 3424: 2991: 2812: 2452: 2435: 2361: 2303: 2163: 2106: 1773: 573:. Estradiol is available as brand-name products in both oral and transdermal forms. 6582: 6513: 5836: 5500: 5492: 5266: 4810: 4798: 4410: 4326: 4139: 3684: 3574: 3566: 3519: 3462: 3454: 3404: 3369: 3268: 3195: 3185: 2971: 2792: 2719: 2676: 2668: 2575: 2487: 2447: 2341: 2283: 2189: 2143: 1906: 1875: 1831: 1823: 1753: 1713: 1582: 1536: 1443: 1435: 1041: 1006: 955: 930: 903:

bioidentical preparations Triest and Biest—in 2008, the FDA banned estriol until a

854: 734: 463: 199: 3851: 2507: 6606: 6171: 6081: 5966: 5523: 5508: 5162: 5087: 4894: 4830: 4518: 4471: 4348: 3815: 3458: 2851: 2827:"Pharmacy Compounding/Compounding of Bio-identical Hormone Replacement Therapies" 2672: 2345: 2193: 1657: 1327: 1201: 1070: 1027: 970:

Bioidentical hormones have been advertised, marketed and promoted as a risk-free

750: 742: 232: 3603:"Breast Cancer: Early Detection - The importance of finding breast cancer early" 3043:"ACOG News Release: ACOG Reiterates Stance on So-Called "Bioidentical" Hormones" 6694: 6590: 6552: 6540: 6499: 6336: 6145: 6137: 6129: 6101: 6086: 6031: 5847: 5610: 5454: 5449: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5372: 5329: 5144: 5004: 4867: 4855: 4488: 4170: 3902:. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2008-01-23. Archived from 1879: 1380: 1299: 1032:

Oral progesterone is no more effective than placebo at alleviating symptoms of

822: 802: 702: 698: 570: 566: 240: 57: 5658: 4060: 3930:. International Academy of Compounding Pharmacists. 2008-06-16. Archived from 3688: 3408: 2491: 1827: 1192:

Plant-derived: Women who purchase compounded BHT are more likely to associate

177:; by 1992, Premarin was the most widely prescribed drug in the United States. 6746: 6071: 5504: 5347: 4454: 3985: 3548: 3190: 3119: 2913: 2580: 2563: 1106: 908: 810: 694: 562: 535: 424: 322: 288: 3553:"Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women" 2856:. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecol. 15 Feb 2008. p. 299. 2653: 1812:"Bioidentical Hormones for Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Variation on a Theme" 1718: 1701: 6596: 6484: 6391: 6376: 6366: 6361: 6351: 6306: 6301: 6240: 6207: 6193: 6179: 6091: 6056: 6021: 6011: 5976: 5921: 5872: 5867: 5693: 5581: 5576: 5545: 5474: 5459: 5434: 5392: 5387: 5311: 5306: 5259: 5252: 5134: 4877: 4814: 4753: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4647: 4642: 4589: 4556: 4536: 4530: 4526: 4385: 4380: 4174: 4155: 4095: 4011:"A Real Somers Storm: At war over Suzanne Somers's book on 'bioidenticals'" 3986:"Suzanne Somers: Super Saleswoman: Has Somers Found the Fountain of Youth?" 3885: 3794: 3722:"American Medical Association Women Physicians Congress: Policy Compendium" 3696: 3588: 3533: 3524: 3505: 3476: 3416: 3381: 3282: 3241: 3207: 3097: 2983: 2804: 2733: 2690: 2589: 2499: 2461: 2407: 2353: 2295: 2201: 2180:

Rosenthal, MS (2008). "The Wiley Protocol: an analysis of ethical issues".

2155: 1920: 1845: 1765: 1727: 1630: 1548: 1457: 886: 806: 710: 612: 158: 105: 5942:

Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate (trenbolone cyclohexylmethylcarbonate)

3570: 3546: 2525:"Understanding the Controversy: Hormone Testing and Bioidentical Hormones" 2134:

McBane, SE (2008). "Easing vasomotor symptoms: Besides HRT, what works?".

1596: 1587: 1570: 1540: 1439: 6616: 6600: 6548: 6544: 6536: 6521: 6494: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6386: 6346: 6201: 6141: 6125: 6051: 6046: 6016: 5981: 5971: 5956: 5951: 5877: 5824: 5429: 5367: 5352: 5334: 5301: 5289: 5149: 4911: 4884: 4863: 4859: 4851: 4836: 4826: 4778: 4717: 4712: 4662: 4550: 4493: 4319: 4269: 4188: 4129: 3015: 1911: 1894: 1386: 1339:

are not regulated by the FDA, as they are generally considered cosmetic.

1277: 1056: 745:) of the uterus; a spotty darkening of the skin, especially on the face ( 714: 666:, and many of their claims exceed those made by other BHT practitioners. 284: 181: 145: 61: 4039:

Senate Hearings on Bioidentical Hormones: Sound Science or Bad Medicine?

3655:"2003 November 29 - Bioidentical hormones (troches) advice to consumers" 2844: 6610: 6566: 6489: 6469: 6381: 6356: 6326: 6133: 6116: 6076: 6061: 6041: 5790: 5775: 5496: 5488: 5464: 5444: 5412: 5109: 4960: 4901: 4783: 4768: 4727: 4702: 4692: 4687: 4657: 4632: 4476: 4442: 4415: 4405: 4400: 4390: 4363: 4358: 4213: 4208: 3823: 3633:"2003 November 29 - Bioidentical hormones (troches) advice for doctors" 1371:

taking action against pharmacies using estriol in compounded products.

1343: 1318: 1079:

The use of micronized progesterone does not affect cardiovascular risk

862: 826: 518: 195: 82: 3504:

Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators (2002).

3480: 3438:

The Board of Trustees of The North American Menopause Society (2008).

2975: 6574: 6556: 6479: 6371: 6296: 6276: 6187: 6183: 6121: 6036: 5750: 5439: 5357: 5100: 4888: 4871: 4847: 4788: 4763: 4697: 4652: 4459: 4447: 4437: 4353: 4343: 4166: 3199: 2231:"FDA Takes Action Against Compounded Menopause Hormone Therapy Drugs" 1208: 1002: 874: 638: 604: 600: 592: 550: 475: 220: 109: 101: 877:

symptoms of menopause, but had mild and self-limiting side effects.

6660: 6562: 6151: 5828: 5701: 5689: 5422: 4970: 4905: 4806: 4637: 4182: 4135: 4015: 4010: 2917: 2066:"The Endocrine Society – Position Statement: Bioidentical Hormones" 1241: 1197: 1181: 958:

to achieve individualized dosing for drugs that do not require it.

846: 842: 814: 801:

Progesterone can cause the emergence (or significant worsening) of

718: 530: 264: 174: 49: 45: 5533: 4619: 1097:

chronic diseases, or for the prevention of cardiovascular disease

6111: 5729: 5324: 5118: 4955: 4508: 2652:

Sood, R.; Shuster, L.; Smith, R.; Vincent, A.; Jatoi, A. (2011).

1323: 1102: 971: 907:

was completed; these preparations are not approved by the FDA or

746: 546: 502: 498: 497:

Compounded preparations of bioidentical hormones usually include

339: 224: 216: 86: 66: 41: 2107:"Compounded hormone therapies: unproven, untested – and popular" 1047:

There is no evidence to support weight loss due to progesterone

206:"deficiencies" existed, though agencies such as the FDA and the 3674: 858: 850: 834: 768: 706: 609: 184:

to estrogen treatment reduced the risks. As early as 1980, the

170: 166:

Pharmaceuticals), began producing the more-easily manufactured

4610: 2530:. North American Menopause Society. 2006-10-11. Archived from 1385:

The Wiley Protocol is a version of compounded BHT endorsed by

1052:"Normal" levels of progesterone protect against breast cancer 4047:

regarding bioidentical hormones with Arlene Weintraub on the

3750:"Bioidentical hormone replacement: Safety requires oversight" 2263: 1980:"Compounded Menopausal Hormone Therapy Questions and Answers" 1866:

Taylor, M (2005). ""Bioidentical" estrogens: Hope or hype?".

1351: 935: 890: 730: 163: 1021:

for synthetic hormones is between five minutes and two days

865:. Adverse effects can also occur in the urinary, central or 5168:

Algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide)

3168: 2936: 818: 5157:

17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (and closely related) derivatives:

1612:"Premarin: The Intriguing History of a Controversial Drug" 1111:

Estriol has been shown to cause breast cancer cell growth

1333: 190: 16:

Type of hormone replacement therapy with unclear efficacy

1522:"Bioidentical hormone therapy: a review of the evidence" 1026:

Lack of progesterone causes irregular or painful, heavy

542:

and delivers bioidentical estradiol to the bloodstream.

198:, an oral bioidentical progesterone product produced by 3551:; Stefanick ML; Manson JE; Gass M; et al. (2009). 2781: 2753: 2651: 2136:

Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants

4895: 4878: 4544: 4537: 4041:

by the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging

3049:. 2009-02-03. Archived from the original on 2014-11-17 2878:"Bioidentical Hormones: Sound Science or Bad Medicine" 2703: 346:

Alora, Climara, Esclim, Estraderm, Vivelle and others

5082: 3145:

Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada

2961: 1743: 945:

Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada

136:, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, 122:

Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada

104:

beyond the medical objective of reducing the risk of

6221: 5848:

Androstanolone (stanolone, dihydrotestosterone, DHT)

4561: 4482:

Methestrol dipropionate (promethestrol dipropionate)

3257:"Compounded bioidentical menopausal hormone therapy" 3047:

American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

2661:

The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine

1809: 1702:"Ethical problems with bioidentical hormone therapy" 1211:

is extracted from soy or yam plants, converted into

1127:

Ageless: The Naked Truth About Bioidentical Hormones

1014:

The body is unable to metabolize synthetic hormones

1009:

have not been associated with specific side effects

208:

American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

118:

American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

100:

for many diseases and for relieving the symptoms of

6087:

Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)

5863:

Drostanolone propionate (dromostanolone propionate)

5707: 2060: 2058: 2056: 1619:

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding

923: 5538:Tooltip Selective progesterone receptor modulators 4624:Tooltip selective estrogen receptor downregulators 2704:Korownyk, C.; Allan, G. M.; McCormack, J. (2012). 1899:Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 4008: 3917: 2853:2008 Compendium of Selected Publications (v. 1 2) 1044:, increase metabolism and decrease abdominal fat 6744: 5977:Metandienone (methandienone, methandrostenolone) 3394: 3220: 3066:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2175: 2173: 2053: 1892: 1367:unless the agency has approved the preparation. 1315:demonstrate similar risks to conventional HRT." 486: 263:is defined as a molecule identical to a hormone 5688: 4448:Mestilbol (diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether) 4090: 3820:"Steer Clear of "Bioidentical" Hormone Therapy" 1676: 385:For vaginal symptoms only; sourced from plants 6029:17α-Alkylated dihydrotestosterone derivatives: 4615:Tooltip selective estrogen receptor modulators 2706:"Bioidentical hormone micronized progesterone" 2564:"Bioidentical hormones for menopausal therapy" 2331: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 965: 6069:17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: 5674: 5561: 5111: 5068: 4438:Dimestrol (diethylstilbestrol dimethyl ether) 4076: 3767: 3652: 3630: 2937:Columbia Laboratories, Inc. (November 2004). 2170: 2129: 2127: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1421: 1168: 797:Progesterone (medication) § Side effects 492: 5888:Metenolone enanthate (methenolone enanthate) 5295:Segesterone acetate (nestorone, elcometrine) 3742: 3716: 3714: 2473: 2471: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2395:The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics 2100: 2098: 2096: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1699: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 917:The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics 6212: 4570: 4443:Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate) 3983: 2759:"ESTRACE TABLETS, (estradiol tablets, USP)" 2621:"Bioidentical Hormone Therapy at Menopause" 2519: 2517: 2477: 2433: 2310: 2248: 1805: 1803: 1415: 255:There is no single definition for the term 130:the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) 60:of hormone levels, and the use of pharmacy 5681: 5667: 5280:Gestonorone caproate (gestronol hexanoate) 5075: 5061: 4083: 4069: 3359: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3079: 3077: 3009: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2436:"Bioidentical hormones for maturing women" 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2124: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1650: 1519: 763:Estradiol (medication) § Side effects 134:United States Food and Drug Administration 6250: 5932:Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate) 5776:Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA) 5722: 5198:Flugestone acetate (flurogestone acetate) 4599: 4364:Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEA) 4113: 3773: 3711: 3578: 3523: 3466: 3272: 3189: 2723: 2680: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2579: 2468: 2451: 2414: 2277: 2179: 2104: 2093: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1910: 1893:Bhavnani, B. R.; Stanczyk, F. Z. (2011). 1852: 1835: 1717: 1586: 1464: 1447: 1399:European Menopause and Andropause Society 689:Estrogen (medication) § Side effects 56:. It may also be combined with blood and 5883:Metenolone acetate (methenolone acetate) 4320:Estropipate (piperazine estrone sulfate) 3294: 3292: 3012:"Bioidentical hormones: Are they safer?" 2561: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2514: 1940:"Bio-Identicals: Sorting Myth from Fact" 1568: 1055:The claim is based on a single study of 257:bioidentical hormone replacement therapy 22:Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy 5949:17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: 3814: 3348: 3083: 3074: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2930: 2740: 2368: 2001: 1927: 1868:Sexuality, Reproduction & Menopause 1780: 529:In premenopausal women the majority of 487:little evidence to support these claims 173:estrogens in 1941 under the brand name 6745: 5962:Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT) 5163:Acetomepregenol (mepregenol diacetate) 4009:Kantrowitz B, Wingert P (2006-11-13). 3871: 3221:Kreatsoulas, C.; Anand, S. S. (2013). 2618: 2597: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2133: 1957: 1865: 1739: 1737: 1334:Regulatory status in the United States 418: 321: 6102:Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone) 5781:Prasterone enanthate (DHEA enanthate) 5662: 5056: 4064: 3319: 3298: 3289: 3230:Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej 2911: 2548: 1609: 116:The International Menopause Society, 6226:Tooltip human chorionic gonadotropin 6109:17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: 4566:Tooltip follicle-stimulating hormone 3892: 3431: 3028: 2998: 2645: 1816:Journal of General Internal Medicine 1152:M. Sarah Rosenthal, Director of the 6732:List of androgens/anabolic steroids 5712:Tooltip anabolic–androgenic steroid 3668: 3595: 2216: 1734: 271:has also been attached to the term 113:hormones have not been researched. 13: 6661:Androvax (androstenedione albumin) 6099:17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: 5982:Methandriol (methylandrostenediol) 5403:Normethandrone (methylestrenolone) 4971:Androvax (androstenedione albumin) 3653:Davis, SR; Kruger J (2003-11-29). 3631:Davis, SR; Kruger J (2008-08-14). 2288:10.1097/01.GME.0000094356.92081.EF 1810:Fugh-Berman, A; Bythrow J (2007). 1422:Files JA, Ko MG, Pruthi S (2011). 1125:In 2006, Somers released the book 669: 14: 6774: 6727:Progestogens and antiprogestogens 6126:ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone) 5786:Prasterone sulfate (DHEA sulfate) 5037:Progestogens and antiprogestogens 4049:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 4032: 2028:"What are bioidentical hormones?" 1374: 1291:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 1065:Progesterone therapy can prevent 974:that is safer than standard HRT. 880: 790: 625: 6007:Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether 5987:Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate 5845:Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: 5633:Progesterone receptor modulators 4433:Diethylstilbestrol esters/ethers 4428:Diethylstilbestrol (stilbestrol) 3984:Sherr L, Ruppel G (2007-02-16). 3960:American Pharmacists Association 3374:10.1111/j.1440-1800.2009.00456.x 3301:"A Battle Over 'Juice of Youth'" 3274:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.06.002 3116:North American Menopause Society 2797:10.2165/00024677-200605060-00005 2148:10.1097/01720610-200804000-00012 1758:10.1097/00003727-200301000-00007 1295:North American Menopause Society 940:North American Menopause Society 924:Salivary testing and compounding 741:, enlargement of benign tumors ( 5900:19-Nortestosterone derivatives: 5342:19-Nortestosterone derivatives: 5274:19-Norprogesterone derivatives: 4002: 3977: 3948: 3865: 3836: 3808: 3646: 3624: 3540: 3497: 3388: 3248: 3214: 3162: 3133: 3104: 2955: 2905: 2870: 2819: 2775: 2697: 2453:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.08.002 1886: 576: 6753:Alternative medical treatments 6666:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin) 6138:norethisterone (norethindrone) 5373:Norethisterone (norethindrone) 5218:Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate 5142:Retroprogesterone derivatives: 4976:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin) 4162:) (via estrogenic metabolites) 3657:. Australian Menopause Society 3635:. Australian Menopause Society 3141:"Bioidentical hormone therapy" 3112:"Bioidentical Hormone Therapy" 2939:"Prochieve (progesterone gel)" 1644: 1603: 1562: 1424:"Bioidentical hormone therapy" 682: 656: 250: 1: 5566:Tooltip Progesterone receptor 5116:Tooltip Progesterone receptor 1409: 897: 6717:Androgen receptor modulators 6629:hydroxyprogesterone caproate 6092:Propetandrol (propethandrol) 6022:Tiomesterone (thiomesterone) 5485:Anabolic–androgenic steroids 5213:Hydroxyprogesterone caproate 5027:Estrogen receptor modulators 4928:hydroxyprogesterone caproate 3962:. 2008-07-31. Archived from 3850:. 2007-04-19. Archived from 3754:American Medical Association 3729:American Medical Association 3609:. 2009-09-22. Archived from 3459:10.1097/gme.0b013e31817b076a 3118:. 2009-10-11. Archived from 3010:Gallenberg, M (2007-08-21). 2887:. 2007-04-19. Archived from 2673:10.3122/jabfm.2011.02.100194 2594:(free subscription required) 2434:Chervenak J (October 2009). 2346:10.1097/GCO.0b013e3283081ae9 2194:10.1097/gme.0b013e318178862e 2075:. 2006-10-01. Archived from 2038:. 2006-08-01. Archived from 2032:Harvard Women's Health Watch 1986:. 2009-09-23. Archived from 1651:McCullough, M (1998-09-03). 1360:American Medical Association 1308:American Medical Association 1236:does not automatically mean 1226:Harvard Women's Health Watch 1040:Progesterone can counteract 914:A 2010 article published in 756: 524: 138:American Medical Association 96:. It has been promoted as a 30:bioidentical hormone therapy 7: 6722:Estrogens and antiestrogens 6658:Androstenedione immunogens: 6637:medroxyprogesterone acetate 6217:Tooltip luteinizing hormone 6162:Medroxyprogesterone acetate 5916:nandrolone phenylpropionate 5821:testosterone ester mixtures 5741:Androstenediol dipropionate 5643:Estrogens and antiestrogens 5638:Androgens and antiandrogens 5223:Medroxyprogesterone acetate 5208:Hydroxyprogesterone acetate 5183:Chlormethenmadinone acetate 5032:Androgens and antiandrogens 4968:Androstenedione immunogens: 4932:medroxyprogesterone acetate 4575:Tooltip luteinizing hormone 4455:Doisynoestrol (fenocycline) 3783:Alternative Medicine Review 3547:Chlebowski, RT; Kuller LH; 2785:Treatments in Endocrinology 2334:Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol 1661:. p. 7. Archived from 1392: 1142:randomized controlled trial 966:Lack of evidence for claims 233:structural crystallographic 54:hormone replacement therapy 10: 6779: 6587:ethinylestradiol sulfonate 4953:Mixed mechanism of action: 4725:Noncompetitive inhibitors: 4477:Methestrol (promethestrol) 4332:Ethinylestradiol sulfonate 1880:10.1016/j.sram.2005.09.003 1378: 1136:, with Somers as a guest. 1118: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1093:associated with menopause 1091: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1064: 1063: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1039: 1038: 1025: 1024: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1000: 997: 996: 794: 760: 686: 558:United States Pharmacopeia 493:Components and compounding 480:Menopausal hormone therapy 473: 414:For vaginal symptoms only 334: 265:produced by the human body 152: 6678: 6650: 6512: 6449: 6411: 6400: 6255:Tooltip Androgen receptor 6248: 6239: 6170: 6159:Progesterone derivatives: 5771:Cloxotestosterone acetate 5738:Testosterone derivatives: 5727:Tooltip Androgen receptor 5720: 5700: 5594: 5559: 5531: 5522: 5472:Spirolactone derivatives: 5319:Testosterone derivatives: 5127:Progesterone derivatives: 5094: 4988: 4945: 4797: 4736: 4710:Exclusively antagonistic: 4604:Tooltip Estrogen receptor 4597: 4588: 4517: 4118:Tooltip Estrogen receptor 4111: 4102: 3689:10.1080/13697130701361657 3409:10.1080/13697130500487166 3327:"The Bioidentical Debate" 2964:Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2711:Canadian Family Physician 2492:10.3109/13697130903550250 2392:"Bioidentical hormones". 1828:10.1007/s11606-007-0141-4 1571:"J. B. Collip, 1893–1965" 1529:Journal of Women's Health 1266:Women's Health Initiative 1255: 1105:can decrease the risk of 989: 635:high-density lipoproteins 619:Canadian Family Physician 423: 316: 237:Women's Health Initiative 6042:Mebolazine (dimethazine) 5992:Methandriol dipropionate 5817:testosterone undecanoate 5383:Norethisterone enanthate 4339:Hydroxyestrone diacetate 4266:estradiol ester mixtures 3191:10.1001/jama.292.13.1581 2912:Simon, JA (2009-06-07). 2634:(6): 1–6. Archived from 2581:10.2217/17455057.4.2.163 1075:high-density lipoprotein 857:, aggression, decreased 556:Estriol was part of the 419:Micronized progesterone 44:that are identical on a 6392:Topilutamide (fluridil) 5813:testosterone propionate 4504:Triphenylchloroethylene 4262:polyestradiol phosphate 3607:American Cancer Society 3299:Ellin, A (2006-10-15). 3261:Fertility and Sterility 2755:Barr Laboratories, Inc. 2562:Sites CK (March 2008). 1719:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901622 1569:Noble RL (April 1966). 1434:(7): 673–80, quiz 680. 1283:American Cancer Society 1247: 1224:The monthly newsletter 871:musculoskeletal systems 785:central nervous systems 664:evidence-based medicine 469: 335:Pill and vaginal cream 186:British Medical Journal 142:American Cancer Society 38:natural hormone therapy 5997:Methandriol propionate 5903:Bolandiol dipropionate 5809:testosterone enanthate 5805:testosterone cypionate 5746:Boldenone undecylenate 5378:Norethisterone acetate 5238:Methenmadinone acetate 4499:Triphenylbromoethylene 4276:Estramustine phosphate 3525:10.1001/jama.288.3.321 3331:The Oprah Winfrey Show 2036:Harvard Medical School 1520:Cirigliano, M (2007). 1358:In November 2006, the 1306:In November 2006, the 1230:Harvard Medical School 1215:and used as a hormone 1154:University of Kentucky 1133:The Oprah Winfrey Show 1067:cardiovascular disease 540:gastrointestinal tract 519:dehydroepiandrosterone 83:dehydroepiandrosterone 6621:chlormadinone acetate 6282:Chlormadinone acetate 5853:Androstanolone esters 5248:Pentagestrone acetate 5178:Chlormadinone acetate 4916:chlormadinone acetate 4300:Estrogenic substances 4294:polyestriol phosphate 4194:Cloxestradiol acetate 3774:Moskowitz, D (2006). 3571:10.1056/NEJMoa0807684 2402:(1339): 43–44. 2010. 2105:Kalvaitis, K (2008). 2073:The Endocrine Society 1700:Rosenthal MS (2008). 1588:10.1530/jrf.0.0110167 1541:10.1089/jwh.2006.0311 1440:10.4065/mcp.2010.0714 1365:bioidentical hormones 1273:The Endocrine Society 1034:premenstrual syndrome 650:over-the-counter drug 538:when absorbed in the 404:Estradiol hemihydrate 200:Solvay Pharmaceutical 126:The Endocrine Society 6758:Endocrine procedures 6633:gestonorone caproate 6441:Saw palmetto extract 6332:Potassium canrenoate 5927:Norclostebol acetate 5912:nandrolone decanoate 5766:Clostebol propionate 5648:List of progestogens 5418:Quingestanol acetate 5233:Melengestrol acetate 5203:Flumedroxone acetate 4924:gestonorone caproate 4738:Aromatase inhibitors 4421:Dienestrol diacetate 4369:Prasterone enanthate 4254:estradiol undecylate 4219:Esterified estrogens 4204:Conjugated estrogens 3880:(11): 47–48, 51–52. 2885:United States Senate 2628:Endocrinology Rounds 1912:10.1210/jc.2011-2492 1746:Fam Community Health 1159:conflict of interest 1019:biological half-life 905:New Drug Application 827:thrombotic disorders 809:, yeast infections, 644:DHEA is an androgen 374:Sourced from plants 363:Sourced from plants 352:Sourced from plants 261:bioidentical hormone 94:alternative medicine 6625:cyproterone acetate 6533:prolactin releasers 6475:Cyproterone acetate 6457:Abiraterone acetate 6317:Nomegestrol acetate 6292:Delmadinone acetate 6287:Cyproterone acetate 6269:Abiraterone acetate 5801:Testosterone esters 5363:Etynodiol diacetate 5285:Nomegestrol acetate 5193:Delmadinone acetate 5188:Cyproterone acetate 4920:cyproterone acetate 4819:testosterone esters 4250:estradiol enanthate 4246:estradiol cypionate 4179:etynodiol diacetate 4148:testosterone esters 3086:Food & Drug L.J 1298:administered using 727:high blood pressure 723:gallbladder disease 332:Estrace and others 6705:Never to phase III 6571:diethylstilbestrol 6198:GnRH (gonadorelin) 6002:Methyltestosterone 5937:Trenbolone acetate 5893:Stenbolone acetate 5858:Bolazine capronate 5761:Clostebol caproate 5621:Never to phase III 5551:Ulipristal acetate 5173:Anagestone acetate 5015:Never to phase III 4850:releasers) (e.g., 4761:Second-generation: 4374:Prasterone sulfate 4258:estradiol valerate 4242:estradiol benzoate 4199:Conjugated estriol 4152:methyltestosterone 4057:, November 8, 2010 3306:The New York Times 2619:Derzko, C (2009). 1706:Int. J. Impot. Res 1610:Vance, DA (2007). 1217:chemical precursor 1184:: this meaning of 1147:black box warnings 976:Literature reviews 867:peripheral nervous 677:endometrial cancer 599:, while synthetic 549:, produced during 460:diethylstilbestrol 243:in 2006, the term 6740: 6739: 6674: 6673: 6641:megestrol acetate 6514:Antigonadotropins 6508: 6507: 6465:Aminoglutethimide 6322:Osaterone acetate 6312:Megestrol acetate 6235: 6234: 5908:Nandrolone esters 5756:Clostebol acetate 5656: 5655: 5590: 5589: 5518: 5517: 5277:17α-Hydroxylated: 5243:Osaterone acetate 5228:Megestrol acetate 5160:17α-Hydroxylated: 5050: 5049: 5042:List of estrogens 4984: 4983: 4936:megestrol acetate 4823:nandrolone esters 4811:anabolic steroids 4799:Antigonadotropins 4776:Third-generation: 4749:Aminoglutethimide 4746:First-generation: 4584: 4583: 4290:estriol succinate 4238:estradiol acetate 4160:nandrolone esters 4140:anabolic steroids 2976:10.1345/aph.1R362 2863:978-1-932328-44-8 1653:"Hormone Options" 1575:J. Reprod. Fertil 1123: 1122: 831:pulmonary embolus 451: 450: 391:Estradiol acetate 28:), also known as 6770: 6607:GnRH antagonists 6583:ethinylestradiol 6579:estradiol esters 6409: 6408: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6227: 6223: 6218: 6214: 6172:Progonadotropins 5837:Testoviron Depot 5728: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5660: 5659: 5567: 5563: 5539: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5524:Antiprogestogens 5267:Haloprogesterone 5117: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5088:antiprogestogens 5077: 5070: 5063: 5054: 5053: 4897: 4880: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4546: 4539: 4519:Progonadotropins 4465:Hexestrol esters 4411:Chlorotrianisene 4327:Ethinylestradiol 4234:Estradiol esters 4119: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4062: 4061: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3797:. Archived from 3780: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3761: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3726: 3718: 3709: 3708: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3640: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3582: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3527: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3485: 3479:. Archived from 3470: 3444: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3357: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3342: 3333:. Archived from 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3313: 3296: 3287: 3286: 3276: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3227: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3193: 3175: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3147:. Archived from 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3081: 3072: 3071: 3065: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3039: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3007: 2996: 2995: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2944:. Archived from 2943: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2924: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2893: 2882: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2751: 2738: 2737: 2727: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2684: 2658: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2625: 2616: 2595: 2593: 2583: 2559: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2542: 2536: 2529: 2521: 2512: 2511: 2475: 2466: 2465: 2455: 2431: 2412: 2411: 2389: 2366: 2365: 2329: 2308: 2307: 2281: 2261: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2227: 2214: 2213: 2177: 2168: 2167: 2131: 2122: 2121: 2111: 2102: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2081: 2070: 2062: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2024: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1995: 1976: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1936: 1925: 1924: 1914: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1863: 1850: 1849: 1839: 1807: 1778: 1777: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1721: 1697: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1633:. Archived from 1616: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1590: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1557: 1551:. Archived from 1526: 1517: 1462: 1461: 1451: 1419: 1350:In October 2005 1169:"Natural" claims 1007:pharmacodynamics 987: 986: 956:pharmacokinetics 777:gastrointestinal 735:high blood sugar 517:, and sometimes 464:ethinylestradiol 360:Transdermal gel 297: 296: 169: 40:, is the use of 6778: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6710: 6695:Clinical trials 6670: 6646: 6525: 6504: 6445: 6403: 6402:Steroidogenesis 6396: 6254: 6231: 6225: 6216: 6166: 6082:Norethandrolone 5967:Fluoxymesterone 5726: 5711: 5704: 5696: 5687: 5657: 5652: 5626: 5611:Clinical trials 5586: 5565: 5555: 5537: 5514: 5509:norethandrolone 5299:17α-Methylated: 5257:17α-Methylated: 5115: 5098: 5090: 5081: 5051: 5046: 5020: 5005:Clinical trials 4980: 4941: 4840: 4831:fluoxymesterone 4793: 4732: 4623: 4614: 4607: 4603: 4580: 4574: 4565: 4513: 4472:Methallenestril 4349:Methylestradiol 4315:Estrone sulfate 4117: 4098: 4089: 4035: 4030: 4021: 4019: 4007: 4003: 3994: 3992: 3982: 3978: 3969: 3967: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3909: 3907: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3874:Adv Nurse Pract 3870: 3866: 3857: 3855: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3778: 3772: 3768: 3759: 3757: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3712: 3673: 3669: 3660: 3658: 3651: 3647: 3638: 3636: 3629: 3625: 3616: 3614: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3545: 3541: 3502: 3498: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3442: 3436: 3432: 3393: 3389: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3338: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3309: 3297: 3290: 3253: 3249: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3154: 3152: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3125: 3123: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3082: 3075: 3059: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3041: 3040: 3029: 3020: 3018: 3008: 2999: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2941: 2935: 2931: 2922: 2920: 2910: 2906: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2834: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2780: 2776: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2752: 2741: 2702: 2698: 2656: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2623: 2617: 2598: 2560: 2549: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2515: 2476: 2469: 2432: 2415: 2391: 2390: 2369: 2330: 2311: 2279:10.1.1.539.6950 2262: 2249: 2240: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2217: 2178: 2171: 2132: 2125: 2114:Endocrine Today 2109: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2054: 2045: 2043: 2026: 2025: 2002: 1993: 1991: 1978: 1977: 1958: 1949: 1947: 1938: 1937: 1928: 1891: 1887: 1864: 1853: 1808: 1781: 1742: 1735: 1698: 1677: 1668: 1666: 1658:Chicago Tribune 1649: 1645: 1637: 1614: 1608: 1604: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1524: 1518: 1465: 1428:Mayo Clin. Proc 1420: 1416: 1412: 1395: 1383: 1377: 1336: 1328:Stephen Barrett 1258: 1250: 1228:, published by 1171: 1071:atherosclerosis 981:Endocrine Today 968: 926: 900: 883: 799: 793: 765: 759: 751:yeast infection 749:); and vaginal 739:fluid retention 691: 685: 672: 670:Adverse effects 659: 628: 613:epidemiological 579: 527: 495: 482: 474:Main articles: 472: 411:Vaginal tablet 253: 167: 155: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6776: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6703: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6614: 6604: 6594: 6591:paroxypropione 6560: 6553:chlorpromazine 6541:metoclopramide 6523: 6518: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6500:Spironolactone 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6417: 6415: 6406: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6340: 6339: 6337:Spironolactone 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6262: 6260: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6205: 6191: 6176: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6146:norgestrienone 6130:levonorgestrel 6119: 6114: 6105: 6104: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6032:Androisoxazole 6025: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5905: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5841: 5840: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5734: 5732: 5715: 5698: 5697: 5686: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5663: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5573: 5571: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5542: 5540: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5478: 5477: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5455:Norelgestromin 5452: 5450:Levonorgestrel 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5408:Norvinisterone 5405: 5400: 5398:Norgestrienone 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5330:Dimethisterone 5327: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5270: 5269: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5145:Dydrogesterone 5138: 5137: 5132: 5123: 5121: 5104: 5092: 5091: 5080: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5057: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4909: 4892: 4875: 4868:chlorpromazine 4856:metoclopramide 4838: 4834: 4803: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4742: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4629: 4627: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4554: 4534: 4523: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4489:Paroxypropione 4486: 4485: 4484: 4474: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4457: 4452: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4430: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4310:Estrone esters 4307: 4302: 4297: 4286:Estriol esters 4283: 4278: 4273: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4171:norethisterone 4163: 4132: 4123: 4121: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4088: 4087: 4080: 4073: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4051:radio program 4042: 4034: 4033:External links 4031: 4029: 4028: 4001: 3976: 3947: 3916: 3891: 3864: 3835: 3818:(2008-01-19). 3807: 3804:on 2009-06-11. 3766: 3741: 3710: 3667: 3645: 3623: 3594: 3539: 3518:(3): 321–333. 3496: 3453:(4): 584–603. 3430: 3387: 3347: 3318: 3288: 3267:(2): 308–312. 3247: 3236:(3): 112–117. 3213: 3184:(13): 1581–7. 3161: 3132: 3103: 3073: 3027: 2997: 2970:(1): 112–116. 2954: 2951:on 2009-04-19. 2929: 2904: 2869: 2862: 2843: 2818: 2791:(6): 367–374. 2774: 2757:(March 2008). 2739: 2696: 2667:(2): 202–210. 2644: 2641:on 2011-07-16. 2596: 2568:Women's Health 2547: 2513: 2467: 2413: 2367: 2309: 2247: 2215: 2188:(5): 1014–22. 2169: 2123: 2092: 2052: 2000: 1956: 1926: 1905:(3): 756–759. 1885: 1851: 1779: 1733: 1675: 1643: 1640:on 2011-01-06. 1625:(4): 282–287. 1602: 1581:(2): 167–170. 1561: 1558:on 2011-01-06. 1463: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1404:Women's health 1401: 1394: 1391: 1381:Wiley Protocol 1379:Main article: 1376: 1375:Wiley Protocol 1373: 1335: 1332: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1246: 1232:, states that 1222: 1221: 1205: 1190: 1170: 1167: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1062: 1061: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1037: 1036: 1030: 1023: 1022: 1015: 1011: 1010: 999: 995: 994: 991: 967: 964: 925: 922: 899: 896: 882: 881:Administration 879: 823:conjunctivitis 803:abdominal pain 792: 789: 773:cardiovascular 771:, skin, eyes, 758: 755: 703:uterine cancer 684: 681: 671: 668: 658: 655: 627: 626:Other hormones 624: 578: 575: 571:European Union 567:United Kingdom 526: 523: 494: 491: 471: 468: 449: 448: 446: 443: 439: 438: 436: 433: 430: 421: 420: 416: 415: 412: 409: 406: 400: 399: 396: 393: 387: 386: 383: 380: 376: 375: 372: 371:Topical cream 369: 365: 364: 361: 358: 354: 353: 350: 347: 343: 342: 336: 333: 329: 328: 319: 318: 314: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 252: 249: 241:Suzanne Somers 154: 151: 58:saliva testing 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6775: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6597:GnRH agonists 6595: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6344:Nonsteroidal: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6241:Antiandrogens 6238: 6224: 6215: 6209: 6208:Gonadotropins 6206: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6194:GnRH agonists 6192: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6180:Antiestrogens 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6072:Ethylestrenol 6070: 6067: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5710: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5694:antiandrogens 5691: 5684: 5679: 5677: 5672: 5670: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5510: 5506: 5505:ethylestrenol 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5348:Allylestrenol 5346: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5066: 5064: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4622: 4613: 4602: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4590:Antiestrogens 4587: 4573: 4564: 4558: 4557:Gonadotropins 4555: 4552: 4548: 4547:(gonadorelin) 4541: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4527:Antiandrogens 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4398:Nonsteroidal: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4096:antiestrogens 4093: 4086: 4081: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4067: 4066: 4063: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4005: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3966:on 2011-06-15 3965: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3937:on 2011-07-23 3933: 3926: 3920: 3906:on 2010-05-19 3905: 3901: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3854:on 2007-10-09 3853: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3789:(3): 208–23. 3788: 3784: 3777: 3770: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3730: 3723: 3717: 3715: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3683:(3): 181–94. 3682: 3678: 3671: 3656: 3649: 3634: 3627: 3613:on 2010-02-03 3612: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3565:(6): 573–87. 3564: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3486:on 2010-12-24 3482: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3368:(3): 212–22. 3367: 3363: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3337:on 2009-02-21 3336: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3295: 3293: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3165: 3151:on 2010-01-22 3150: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3122:on 2010-01-17 3121: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3092:(2): 459–91. 3091: 3087: 3080: 3078: 3069: 3063: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3017: 3013: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2947: 2940: 2933: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2894:on 2012-02-25 2890: 2886: 2879: 2873: 2865: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2847: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2648: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2574:(2): 163–71. 2573: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2537:on 2010-12-25 2533: 2526: 2520: 2518: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2472: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2272:(3): 356–67. 2271: 2267: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2174: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2128: 2119: 2115: 2110:(web reprint) 2108: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2082:on 2009-11-28 2078: 2074: 2067: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2042:on 2008-10-10 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1990:on 2009-11-26 1989: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1889: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1822:(7): 1030–4. 1821: 1817: 1813: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1665:on 2013-02-18 1664: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1647: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1613: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1565: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1535:(5): 600–31. 1534: 1530: 1523: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1418: 1414: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1390: 1388: 1382: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1353: 1348: 1345: 1340: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1304: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1264:In 2002, the 1262: 1253: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1176: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1137: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1108: 1107:breast cancer 1104: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1058: 1043: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1020: 1008: 1004: 992: 988: 985: 982: 977: 973: 963: 959: 957: 952: 948: 946: 941: 937: 932: 921: 919: 918: 912: 910: 909:Health Canada 906: 895: 892: 888: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 839:heart attacks 836: 832: 829:resulting in 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 811:breast cancer 808: 804: 798: 788: 786: 782: 781:genitourinary 778: 774: 770: 764: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 690: 680: 678: 667: 665: 654: 651: 647: 642: 640: 636: 632: 623: 621: 620: 614: 611: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 589: 583: 574: 572: 568: 564: 563:Health Canada 559: 554: 552: 548: 543: 541: 537: 532: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 490: 488: 481: 477: 467: 465: 461: 456: 447: 444: 442:Prochieve 4% 441: 440: 437: 434: 431: 429: 426: 422: 417: 413: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 398:Vaginal ring 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 384: 382:Vaginal ring 381: 378: 377: 373: 370: 367: 366: 362: 359: 356: 355: 351: 348: 345: 344: 341: 337: 331: 330: 327: 324: 320: 315: 311: 308: 305: 302: 300:Hormone class 299: 298: 295: 292: 290: 289:Oprah Winfrey 286: 281: 278: 274: 270: 269:plant-derived 266: 262: 258: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 213: 209: 203: 201: 197: 193: 192: 187: 183: 178: 176: 172: 165: 160: 150: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 114: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 90: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 31: 27: 23: 19: 6657: 6617:Progestogens 6485:Ketoconazole 6413:5α-Reductase 6377:Ketoconazole 6367:Enzalutamide 6362:Darolutamide 6352:Bicalutamide 6343: 6307:Medrogestone 6302:Drospirenone 6265: 6158: 6108: 6098: 6068: 6057:Oxymetholone 6028: 6012:Oxymesterone 5948: 5922:Norclostebol 5899: 5873:Mepitiostane 5868:Epitiostanol 5844: 5796:Testosterone 5737: 5582:Mifepristone 5577:Aglepristone 5546:Telapristone 5481: 5475:Drospirenone 5471: 5460:Norgestimate 5435:Etonogestrel 5426: 5393:Norgesterone 5388:Noretynodrel 5344: 5341: 5321: 5318: 5312:Trimegestone 5307:Promegestone 5298: 5276: 5273: 5263: 5260:Medrogestone 5256: 5253:Proligestone 5159: 5156: 5141: 5135:Quingestrone 5130:Progesterone 5126: 5096:Progestogens 5084:Progestogens 4967: 4952: 4912:Progestogens 4815:testosterone 4775: 4760: 4754:Testolactone 4745: 4724: 4709: 4683:Ormeloxifene 4678:Mepitiostane 4673:Lasofoxifene 4668:Epitiostanol 4648:Broparestrol 4643:Bazedoxifene 4531:bicalutamide 4397: 4386:Quinestradol 4381:Promestriene 4175:noretynodrel 4156:metandienone 4144:testosterone 4126: 4053: 4020:. Retrieved 4014: 4004: 3993:. Retrieved 3979: 3968:. Retrieved 3964:the original 3950: 3939:. Retrieved 3932:the original 3919: 3908:. Retrieved 3904:the original 3894: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3856:. Retrieved 3852:the original 3838: 3827:. Retrieved 3810: 3799:the original 3786: 3782: 3769: 3758:. Retrieved 3756:. 2006-12-11 3744: 3733:. Retrieved 3731:. 2007-10-01 3680: 3676: 3670: 3659:. Retrieved 3648: 3637:. Retrieved 3626: 3615:. Retrieved 3611:the original 3597: 3562: 3556: 3542: 3515: 3509: 3499: 3488:. Retrieved 3481:the original 3450: 3446: 3433: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3365: 3361: 3339:. Retrieved 3335:the original 3321: 3310:. Retrieved 3304: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3233: 3229: 3216: 3181: 3177: 3164: 3153:. Retrieved 3149:the original 3135: 3124:. Retrieved 3120:the original 3106: 3089: 3085: 3051:. Retrieved 3019:. Retrieved 2967: 2963: 2957: 2946:the original 2932: 2921:. Retrieved 2907: 2896:. Retrieved 2889:the original 2872: 2852: 2846: 2835:. Retrieved 2833:. 2007-04-19 2821: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2766:. Retrieved 2715: 2709: 2699: 2664: 2660: 2647: 2636:the original 2631: 2627: 2571: 2567: 2539:. Retrieved 2532:the original 2483: 2479: 2443: 2439: 2399: 2393: 2340:(4): 400–7. 2337: 2333: 2269: 2265: 2239:. Retrieved 2237:. 2008-01-09 2185: 2181: 2142:(4): 26–31. 2139: 2135: 2117: 2113: 2084:. Retrieved 2077:the original 2044:. Retrieved 2040:the original 2031: 1992:. Retrieved 1988:the original 1948:. Retrieved 1946:. 2008-04-08 1902: 1898: 1888: 1874:(2): 69–71. 1871: 1867: 1819: 1815: 1752:(1): 53–63. 1749: 1745: 1712:(1): 45–52. 1709: 1705: 1667:. 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