55:-hydrogen mixture, whose sensitivity was regulated by means of a movable piston weighing 2 tons. The liquids at typical operation temperatures around 27 K were placed under overpressure of about 5 standard atmospheres (510 kPa). The piston expansion, synchronized with the charged particle beam crossing the chamber volume, caused a rapid pressure drop; in consequence the liquid reached its boiling point. During each expansion, charged particles ionized the atoms of the liquid as they passed through it and the energy deposited by them initiated boiling along their path, leaving trails of tiny bubbles. These tracks were photographed by the five cameras mounted on top of the chamber. The stereo photographs were subsequently scanned and all events finally evaluated by a team of scientists. After each expansion, the pressure was increased again to stop the boiling. The bubble chamber was then ready again for a new cycle of beam exposure.
124:
conversion. On the other hand, heavy liquid filling is better suited for the detection of gamma rays but the events are harder to interpret. An
External Muon Identifier (EMI) and an External Particle Identifier (EPI) were added to the BEBC in 1979 to respectively identify muons and charged hadrons leaving the chamber. Furthermore, an Internal Picket Fence (IPF) was used to obtain timing signals for events occurring in the bubble chamber, helping to suppress the background. These changes transformed BEBC into a hybrid detector.
20:
1209:
215:. By the end of its active life in 1984, BEBC had delivered a total of 6.3 million photographs to 22 experiments. Around 600 scientists from some fifty laboratories throughout the world had taken part in analyzing the 3000 km of film it had produced. BEBC enabled the discovery of D-mesons and promoted the developments of neutrino and hadron physics, carrying out one of the richest physics programs. It is now on display at CERN's
223:
123:
beams at energies of up to 450 GeV. During 1978, a Track-Sensitive Target (TST) was installed to combine the advantages of hydrogen and heavy liquid bubble chambers. Hydrogen-filled chambers enable the study of particle interactions with free protons but they have a low efficiency for gamma ray
104:
over the sensitive volume of the chamber. Thus, the fast charged particles passing through the chamber were bent in the magnetic field, providing information on their momentum.
128:
1142:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
897:
752:
536:
331:
1233:
713:
654:
987:
1111:
1243:
704:
1174:
1194:
292:
62:
and BEBC was based on know-how acquired through the construction and operation of smaller bubble chambers such as the
1189:
1030:
1035:
1001:
627:
78:
1159:
762:
871:
866:
369:
Bubbles 40: Proceedings of the
Conference on the Bubble Chamber and its Contributions to Particle Physics
63:
1095:
953:
948:
836:
861:
71:
605:
1238:
1121:
982:
743:
387:
116:
1169:
1116:
544:
339:
85:) and installed at CERN in the early 1970s. The chamber body was surrounded by the then-largest
977:
943:
933:
912:
907:
917:
902:
669:
645:
43:. The chamber body, a stainless-steel vessel, was filled with 35 cubic metres of superheated
938:
97:
8:
1050:
1045:
1040:
967:
841:
566:
261:
1055:
1015:
827:
777:
620:
108:
1070:
1025:
723:
684:
288:
1164:
1076:
972:
959:
851:
718:
694:
689:
664:
659:
216:
36:
1065:
1020:
792:
787:
782:
772:
767:
728:
679:
674:
86:
44:
107:
The first images were recorded in 1973 when BEBC first received a beam from the
1179:
1060:
802:
797:
236:
93:
19:
1227:
1212:
733:
613:
413:
100:
superconductor cable. The BEBC coils created a strong magnetic field of 3.5
1154:
1148:
1010:
510:
484:
435:
101:
367:
892:
856:
241:
59:
635:
282:
48:
591:
462:
461:
Battelli, L.; Bianchi-Streit, Marilena; Giacomelli, G. (July 1993).
309:
308:
Battelli, L.; Bianchi-Streit, Marilena; Giacomelli, G. (July 1993).
1137:
262:"Introduction to the Workshop "30 Years of Bubble Chamber Physics""
112:
96:. The magnet coils were fabricated at CERN using copper-reinforced
89:
111:(PS). From 1977 to 1984, the chamber took photos in the West Area
23:
The Big
European Bubble Chamber on display at the Microcosm museum
58:
The conception and construction of giant bubble chambers such as
460:
307:
817:
592:"Golden Jubilee photos - BEBC, the Big European Bubble Chamber"
120:
222:
887:
757:
414:
Bubble chambers, technology and impact on high energy physics
812:
807:
636:
82:
67:
52:
40:
77:
The BEBC project was launched in 1966 by CERN, France (
366:
Harigel, G.G.; Colley, D.C.; Cundy, D.C. (July 1994).
1143:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
372:. Geneva, Switzerland: North-Holland. p. 197.
365:
1225:
463:Particle physics with bubble chamber photographs
310:Particle physics with bubble chamber photographs
411:
567:List of publications covering BEBC experiments
564:
621:
35:) is a large detector formerly used to study
361:
359:
357:
276:
274:
637:European Organization for Nuclear Research
628:
614:
511:"Experimental Physics Facilities Division"
485:"Experimental Physics Facilities Division"
436:"Experimental Physics Facilities Division"
381:
379:
354:
271:
221:
18:
1226:
280:
16:Particle detector used at CERN 1973–84
1112:High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider
609:
388:"In the tracks of the bubble chamber"
385:
376:
287:. World Scientific. pp. 32–33.
1175:The Globe of Science and Innovation
537:"Big European Bubble Chamber, BEBC"
332:"Big European Bubble Chamber, BEBC"
13:
284:CERN: How we found the Higgs Boson
14:
1255:
1234:Bubble chambers operated at CERN
1208:
1207:
705:Large Electron–Positron Collider
584:
558:
529:
503:
477:
66:, which came into operation at
454:
428:
412:Gert G. Harigel (March 2003).
405:
324:
301:
254:
1:
1195:Scientific committees of CERN
247:
1160:Worldwide LHC Computing Grid
465:(Report). CERN. pp. 3–4
312:(Report). CERN. pp. 3–4
7:
1244:Particle physics facilities
1089:Non-accelerator experiments
872:81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber
416:(Report). CERN. p. 351
401:(6). IOP Publishing: 26–29.
230:
127:The BEBC experiments were:
29:Big European Bubble Chamber
10:
1260:
1203:
1190:Directors-general of CERN
1130:
1104:
1088:
1000:
926:
880:
826:
742:
703:
644:
572:(Report). CERN. p. 1
491:(1979). CERN: 72–73. 1980
442:(1978). CERN: 74–75. 1979
1122:Future Circular Collider
744:Super Proton Synchrotron
281:Krause, Michael (2014).
117:Super Proton Synchrotron
1117:Compact Linear Collider
753:List of SPS experiments
714:List of LEP experiments
655:List of LHC experiments
565:Harigel, G. G. (1985).
517:(1981). CERN: 56. 1982
227:
64:30 cm hydrogen chamber
24:
646:Large Hadron Collider
225:
94:Helmholtz arrangement
22:
1165:Microcosm exhibition
867:30 cm Bubble Chamber
596:CERN Document Server
72:2 m hydrogen chamber
881:Linear accelerators
342:on 17 November 2010
1184:(2013 documentary)
927:Other accelerators
862:2 m Bubble Chamber
828:Proton Synchrotron
386:Wenninger, Horst.
228:
109:Proton Synchrotron
92:of two coils in a
74:four years later.
25:
1221:
1220:
973:LPI (LIL and EPA)
115:beam line of the
70:in 1960, and the
1251:
1211:
1210:
1185:
1131:Related articles
1079:
991:
962:
939:AC (part of AAC)
934:AA (part of AAC)
630:
623:
616:
607:
606:
600:
599:
588:
582:
581:
579:
577:
571:
562:
556:
555:
553:
552:
543:. Archived from
533:
527:
526:
524:
522:
507:
501:
500:
498:
496:
481:
475:
474:
472:
470:
458:
452:
451:
449:
447:
432:
426:
425:
423:
421:
409:
403:
402:
392:
383:
374:
373:
363:
352:
351:
349:
347:
338:. Archived from
328:
322:
321:
319:
317:
305:
299:
298:
278:
269:
268:
267:. 18 March 2003.
266:
258:
217:Microcosm Museum
98:niobium–titanium
81:), and Germany (
37:particle physics
1259:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1239:CERN facilities
1224:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1199:
1183:
1170:Streets in CERN
1126:
1105:Future projects
1100:
1084:
1075:
996:
989:
958:
922:
876:
822:
738:
699:
640:
634:
604:
603:
590:
589:
585:
575:
573:
569:
563:
559:
550:
548:
535:
534:
530:
520:
518:
509:
508:
504:
494:
492:
483:
482:
478:
468:
466:
459:
455:
445:
443:
434:
433:
429:
419:
417:
410:
406:
390:
384:
377:
364:
355:
345:
343:
330:
329:
325:
315:
313:
306:
302:
295:
279:
272:
264:
260:
259:
255:
250:
233:
90:solenoid magnet
87:superconducting
45:liquid hydrogen
17:
12:
11:
5:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1181:Particle Fever
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1005:
998:
997:
995:
994:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
964:
963:
951:
946:
941:
936:
930:
928:
924:
923:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
884:
882:
878:
877:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
833:
831:
824:
823:
821:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
749:
747:
740:
739:
737:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
710:
708:
701:
700:
698:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
651:
649:
642:
641:
633:
632:
625:
618:
610:
602:
601:
598:. 17 May 2004.
583:
557:
528:
502:
476:
453:
427:
404:
375:
353:
323:
300:
294:978-9814623551
293:
270:
252:
251:
249:
246:
245:
244:
239:
237:Bubble chamber
232:
229:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1256:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1003:
999:
993:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
961:
957:
956:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
929:
925:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
883:
879:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
832:
829:
825:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
748:
745:
741:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
709:
706:
702:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
650:
647:
643:
638:
631:
626:
624:
619:
617:
612:
611:
608:
597:
593:
587:
568:
561:
547:on 2010-11-17
546:
542:
538:
532:
516:
515:Annual Report
512:
506:
490:
489:Annual Report
486:
480:
464:
457:
441:
440:Annual Report
437:
431:
415:
408:
400:
396:
389:
382:
380:
371:
370:
362:
360:
358:
341:
337:
333:
327:
311:
304:
296:
290:
286:
285:
277:
275:
263:
257:
253:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
224:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
122:
119:(SPS) and in
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
1180:
1155:CERN openlab
1149:CERN Courier
1147:
1011:CERN-MEDICIS
846:
778:NA58/COMPASS
595:
586:
574:. Retrieved
560:
549:. Retrieved
545:the original
541:CERN Archive
540:
531:
519:. Retrieved
514:
505:
493:. Retrieved
488:
479:
467:. Retrieved
456:
444:. Retrieved
439:
430:
418:. Retrieved
407:
398:
395:CERN Courier
394:
368:
344:. Retrieved
340:the original
336:CERN Archive
335:
326:
314:. Retrieved
303:
283:
256:
126:
106:
76:
57:
32:
28:
26:
852:PS215/CLOUD
346:19 December
1228:Categories
857:Gargamelle
788:NA61/SHINE
551:2007-12-19
248:References
242:Gargamelle
226:The piston
60:Gargamelle
49:deuterium
47:, liquid
1213:Category
1138:LHC@home
1051:Miniball
1046:LUCRECIA
1041:ISOLTRAP
1004:facility
231:See also
129:T225/231
113:neutrino
1056:MIRACLS
1016:COLLAPS
913:Linac 3
908:Linac 2
576:29 June
469:23 June
420:23 June
316:23 June
51:, or a
1071:WISArD
1026:EC-SLI
1002:ISOLDE
918:Linac4
818:HOLEBC
724:DELPHI
685:MoEDAL
639:(CERN)
521:4 July
495:4 July
446:4 July
291:
211:, and
121:hadron
79:Saclay
1077:WITCH
978:n-TOF
960:PS210
903:Linac
898:CLEAR
888:AWAKE
758:AWAKE
746:(SPS)
719:ALEPH
707:(LEP)
695:FASER
690:TOTEM
665:ATLAS
660:ALICE
648:(LHC)
570:(PDF)
391:(PDF)
265:(PDF)
213:PS180
1096:CAST
1066:VITO
1021:CRIS
968:LEIR
954:LEAR
893:CTF3
847:BEBC
842:LEIR
830:(PS)
813:LEBC
808:BIBC
793:NA62
783:NA60
773:NA49
768:NA48
763:CNGS
729:OPAL
680:LHCf
675:LHCb
578:2016
523:2016
497:2016
471:2016
448:2016
422:2016
348:2007
318:2016
289:ISBN
209:WA73
205:WA66
201:WA59
197:WA52
193:WA51
189:WA47
185:WA32
181:WA31
177:WA30
173:WA28
169:WA27
165:WA26
161:WA25
153:WA22
149:WA21
145:WA20
141:WA19
137:WA17
133:T243
83:DESY
68:CERN
53:neon
41:CERN
33:BEBC
27:The
1061:SEC
1036:ISS
1031:IDS
949:ISR
837:PSB
803:UA2
798:UA1
670:CMS
157:W24
39:at
1230::
988:Sp
983:SC
944:AD
734:L3
594:.
539:.
513:.
487:.
438:.
399:44
397:.
393:.
378:^
356:^
334:.
273:^
219:.
207:,
203:,
199:,
195:,
191:,
187:,
183:,
179:,
175:,
171:,
167:,
163:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
147:,
143:,
139:,
135:,
131:,
992:S
990:p
629:e
622:t
615:v
580:.
554:.
525:.
499:.
473:.
450:.
424:.
350:.
320:.
297:.
102:T
31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
