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De Branges's theorem

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had proved the necessary inequalities eight years before, which allowed de Branges to complete his proof. The first version was very long and had some minor mistakes which caused some skepticism about it, but these were corrected with the help of members of the Leningrad seminar on Geometric Function
940: 2460:. This conjecture introduced the key idea of bounding various quadratic functions of the coefficients rather than the coefficients themselves, which is equivalent to bounding norms of elements in certain Hilbert spaces of schlicht functions. 3429: 3174: 3604: 3027: 2872: 3700: 2287: 336: 679: 2429: 1774: 562: 1962: 268: 4364:
Löwner, C. (1917), "Untersuchungen über die Verzerrung bei konformen Abbildungen des Einheitskreises /z/ < 1, die durch Funktionen mit nicht verschwindender Ableitung geliefert werden",
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as a natural generalization of the Bieberbach conjecture. The Littlewood–Paley conjecture easily implies the Bieberbach conjecture using the Cauchy inequality, but it was soon disproved by
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Grinshpan, Arcadii Z. (2002), "Logarithmic Geometry, Exponentiation, and Coefficient Bounds in the Theory of Univalent Functions and Nonoverlapping Domains", in Kuhnau, Reiner (ed.),
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Proceedings of the symposium on the occasion of the proof of the Bieberbach conjecture held at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind., March 11—14, 1985
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verified more of these inequalities by computer for de Branges (proving the Bieberbach conjecture for the first 30 or so coefficients) and then asked
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Bieberbach, L. (1916), "Ăśber die Koeffizienten derjenigen Potenzreihen, welche eine schlichte Abbildung des Einheitskreises vermitteln",
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Liu, Xiaosong; Liu, Taishun; Xu, Qinghua (2015). "A proof of a weak version of the Bieberbach conjecture in several complex variables".
4639: 2195: 4268: 1355: 283: 114:, i.e. a one-to-one holomorphic function that maps the unit disk into the complex plane, normalized as is always possible so that 3039:
that the Milin conjecture (later proved by de Branges) implies the Robertson conjecture and therefore the Bieberbach conjecture.
4629: 3921: 3879: 17: 2351: 1689: 3137:) about odd univalent functions, which in turn was known to imply the Bieberbach conjecture about schlicht functions ( 1888: 196: 3992:, Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, vol. 21, Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, pp. xvi+218, 597: 4188: 4007: 2434:
Robertson observed that his conjecture is still strong enough to imply the Bieberbach conjecture, and proved it for
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De Branges reduced the conjecture to some inequalities for Jacobi polynomials, and verified the first few by hand.
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Littlewood, J.E.; Paley, E. A. C. (1932), "A Proof That An Odd Schlicht Function Has Bounded Coefficients",
3125:. The study of these spaces grew into a sub-field of complex analysis and the spaces have come to be called 4108: 4078:
Garabedian, P. R.; Schiffer, M. (1955). "A Proof of the Bieberbach Conjecture for the Fourth Coefficient".
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The condition of de Branges' theorem is not sufficient to show the function is schlicht, as the function
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Pederson, Roger N. (December 1968). "A proof of the Bieberbach conjecture for the sixth coefficient".
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Pederson, R.; Schiffer, M. (1972). "A proof of the Bieberbach conjecture for the fifth coefficient".
935:{\displaystyle f_{\alpha }(z)={\frac {z}{(1-\alpha z)^{2}}}=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }n\alpha ^{n-1}z^{n}} 3457: 1648: 1596: 1530: 3049: 2588: 2541: 2490: 1473: 1410: 1367: 1208: 3209: 1791: 4048:
FitzGerald, Carl; Pommerenke, Christian (1985), "The de Branges theorem on univalent functions",
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Löwner, C. (1923), "Untersuchungen über schlichte konforme Abbildungen des Einheitskreises. I",
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Bieberbach’s Conjecture, the de Branges and Weinstein Functions and the Askey-Gasper Inequality
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Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, Vol. 1, 2 (Berkeley, Calif., 1986)
3424:{\displaystyle \rho _{n}={\frac {\Gamma (2\nu +n+1)}{\Gamma (n+1)}}(\sigma _{n}-\sigma _{n+1})} 1015: 811: 2105: 2637: 2295: 1058: 948: 773: 568: 348: 150: 117: 3183: 738: 4634: 4428: 4321: 4235: 4198: 4156: 4017: 3981: 3958: 3889: 3849: 3760: 2038: 1967: 181: 86: 47: 4573:"The Bieberbach Conjecture by Paul Zorn; Award: Carl B. Allendoerfer; Year of Award: 1987" 4408: 4206: 2018: 8: 3599:{\displaystyle {\frac {F(z)^{\nu }-z^{\nu }}{\nu }}=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}z^{\nu +n}} 3133:) on logarithmic coefficients. This was already known to imply the Robertson conjecture ( 2437: 43: 1998: 1844: 4608: 4309: 4144: 4095: 4067: 3988:
Drasin, David; Duren, Peter; Marden, Albert, eds. (1986), "The Bieberbach Conjecture",
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states that for each schlicht function on the unit disk, and for all positive integers
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implies the Milin conjecture (and therefore the Bieberbach conjecture). Suppose that
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There were several proofs of the Bieberbach conjecture for certain higher values of
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Grinshpan, Arcadii Z. (1999), "The Bieberbach conjecture and Milin's functionals",
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there can be at most a finite number of exceptions to the Bieberbach conjecture.
1517:. His work was used by most later attempts, and is also applied in the theory of 1463: 4337: 4275: 3905: 3784: 3768: 970: 966: 342: 4604: 4399: 4357: 4227: 4623: 4467: 4450: 4305: 4242: 4091: 4041: 3833: 3807: 3794: 3165: 3118: 1777: 81: 55: 3856:
Baernstein, Albert; Drasin, David; Duren, Peter; et al., eds. (1986),
3968:(1987), "Underlying concepts in the proof of the Bieberbach conjecture", 1992: 180:. That is, we consider a function defined on the open unit disk which is 4436:
Nevanlinna, R. (1921), "Ăśber die konforme Abbildung von Sterngebieten",
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Littlewood, J. E. (1925), "On Inequalities in the Theory of Functions",
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Hayman, W. K. (1955), "The asymptotic behaviour of p-valent functions",
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whether he knew of any similar inequalities. Askey pointed out that
3022:{\displaystyle \log(f(z)/z)=2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\gamma _{n}z^{n}.} 2867:{\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{n}(n-k+1)(k|\gamma _{k}|^{2}-1/k)\leq 0} 3695:{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }(\nu +n)\sigma _{n}|a_{n}|^{2}} 1622:
Several authors later reduced the constant in the inequality below
1593:, showing that the Bieberbach conjecture is true up to a factor of 4280:"Ludwig Bieberbach's conjecture and its proof by Louis de Branges" 4249:, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, vol. 110 (2nd ed.), 27:
Statement in complex analysis; formerly the Bieberbach conjecture
3810:; Gasper, George (1976), "Positive Jacobi polynomial sums. II", 4577:
Writing Awards, Mathematical Association of America (maa.org)
4028:(1933), "Eine Bemerkung Ăśber Ungerade Schlichte Funktionen", 2282:{\displaystyle \phi (z)=b_{1}z+b_{3}z^{3}+b_{5}z^{5}+\cdots } 2709:
is a Koebe function. In particular this showed that for any
571:: starting with an arbitrary injective holomorphic function 331:{\displaystyle |a_{n}|\leq n\quad {\text{for all }}n\geq 2.} 3855: 3755:
A simplified version of the proof was published in 1985 by
4451:"On the Bieberbach conjecture for the sixth coefficient" 1205:
shows: it is holomorphic on the unit disc and satisfies
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Leningrad Department of Steklov Mathematical Institute
3711: 3618: 3504: 3460: 3440: 3319: 3296: 3276: 3249: 3212: 3186: 3129:. De Branges proved the stronger Milin conjecture ( 3095: 3052: 2936: 2913: 2886: 2765: 2742: 2715: 2695: 2675: 2640: 2591: 2544: 2493: 2469: 2440: 2354: 2331: 2298: 2198: 2164: 2144: 2108: 2088: 2068: 2041: 2021: 2001: 1970: 1891: 1867: 1847: 1827: 1794: 1692: 1651: 1628: 1599: 1579: 1533: 1476: 1413: 1370: 1274: 1254: 1211: 1113: 1087: 1061: 1018: 998: 978: 951: 822: 776: 741: 721: 690: 600: 577: 501: 435: 404: 384: 351: 286: 199: 153: 120: 89: 4047: 3764: 2424:{\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{n}|b_{2k+1}|^{2}\leq n.} 1885:, who showed there is an odd schlicht function with 1769:{\displaystyle \varphi (z)=z(f(z^{2})/z^{2})^{1/2}} 4077: 3744: 3694: 3598: 3487: 3446: 3423: 3302: 3282: 3262: 3235: 3198: 3180:De Branges proved the following result, which for 3101: 3081: 3021: 2919: 2899: 2866: 2748: 2721: 2701: 2681: 2661: 2620: 2573: 2522: 2484: 2475: 2452: 2423: 2337: 2317: 2292:is an odd schlicht function in the unit disk with 2281: 2170: 2150: 2130: 2094: 2074: 2054: 2027: 2007: 1983: 1956: 1873: 1853: 1833: 1813: 1768: 1678: 1634: 1614: 1585: 1565: 1505: 1442: 1399: 1338: 1260: 1240: 1194: 1093: 1073: 1047: 1004: 984: 957: 934: 802: 762: 727: 696: 673: 583: 556: 481: 410: 390: 370: 330: 262: 172: 139: 102: 3987: 1964:, and that this is the maximum possible value of 1957:{\displaystyle b_{5}=1/2+\exp(-2/3)=1.013\ldots } 263:{\displaystyle f(z)=z+\sum _{n\geq 2}a_{n}z^{n}.} 4621: 4496: 3933:(1985), "A proof of the Bieberbach conjecture", 2582: 2158:). So the limit is always less than or equal to 674:{\displaystyle f(z)={\frac {g(z)-g(0)}{g'(0)}}.} 4343: 3898:Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Phys-Math. Kl. 3434:is non-negative, non-increasing, and has limit 1788:) showed that its Taylor coefficients satisfy 1785: 4216:Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 557:{\displaystyle f(0)=0\ {\text{and}}\ f'(0)=1.} 482:{\displaystyle a_{0}=0\ {\text{and}}\ a_{1}=1} 4525:Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 4167:, Handbook of Complex Analysis, vol. 1, 704:are of interest because they appear in the 1195:{\displaystyle f(z)=z+z^{2}=(z+1/2)^{2}-1/4} 4499:Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 4478:Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 4417:Univalent functions and orthonormal systems 4023: 3806: 3169: 1882: 810:. A family of schlicht functions are the 4435: 4327: 4080:Journal of Rational Mechanics and Analysis 3964: 3929: 3895: 3138: 3043: 1524: 1455: 1361: 591:defined on the open unit disk and setting 74: 66: 4537: 4517: 4466: 4432:(Translation of the 1971 Russian edition) 4398: 4162: 4124: 4061: 3997: 3948: 3869: 3454:. Then for all Riemann mapping functions 3134: 2669:exists, and has absolute value less than 2179: 4590: 4545: 4520:"A remark on the odd schlicht functions" 4475: 4274: 4106: 3772: 2535: 1458:independently proved the conjecture for 3270:are real numbers for positive integers 2102:is not a Koebe function (for which the 14: 4622: 4376: 4363: 4241: 4213: 3904: 3767:), and an even shorter description by 2631: 1467: 1451: 61:to the complex plane. It was posed by 4448: 4414: 3130: 3112: 3032: 2531: 2035:, and Hayman showed that the numbers 421: 4366:Ber. Verh. Sachs. Ges. Wiss. Leipzig 3910:Functions of One Complex Variable II 1354:A survey of the history is given by 345:(see below) is a function for which 3177:) when de Branges visited in 1984. 1339:{\displaystyle f(-1/2+z)=f(-1/2-z)} 715:is defined as an analytic function 24: 4584: 3765:FitzGerald & Pommerenke (1985) 3705:is achieved by the Koebe function 3635: 3565: 3365: 3336: 2991: 898: 567:This can always be obtained by an 25: 4651: 4640:Conjectures that have been proved 4449:Ozawa, Mitsuru (1 January 1969). 4285:The American Mathematical Monthly 4128:The American Mathematical Monthly 1407:, and stated the conjecture that 735:that is one-to-one and satisfies 190:) with Taylor series of the form 3495:univalent in the unit disk with 2485:Garabedian & Schiffer (1955) 1268:, but it is not injective since 277:. The theorem then states that 4539:10.1090/S0002-9904-1936-06300-7 4245:(1994), "De Branges' Theorem", 3813:American Journal of Mathematics 3157:on exponentiated power series. 2325:then for all positive integers 313: 4567:10.1080/0025570X.1986.11977236 4438:Ofvers. Finska Vet. Soc. Forh. 3733: 3720: 3682: 3666: 3652: 3640: 3518: 3511: 3488:{\displaystyle F(z)=z+\cdots } 3470: 3464: 3418: 3386: 3380: 3368: 3360: 3339: 3069: 3054: 2966: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2855: 2831: 2815: 2808: 2805: 2787: 2608: 2593: 2583:Pederson & Schiffer (1972) 2561: 2546: 2510: 2495: 2402: 2377: 2208: 2202: 1942: 1925: 1776:is an odd schlicht function. 1749: 1730: 1717: 1711: 1702: 1696: 1679:{\displaystyle f(z)=z+\cdots } 1661: 1655: 1615:{\displaystyle e=2.718\ldots } 1566:{\displaystyle |a_{n}|\leq en} 1550: 1535: 1493: 1478: 1430: 1415: 1387: 1372: 1333: 1310: 1301: 1278: 1228: 1213: 1169: 1148: 1123: 1117: 1035: 1020: 867: 851: 839: 833: 791: 785: 751: 745: 662: 656: 643: 637: 628: 622: 610: 604: 545: 539: 511: 505: 303: 288: 209: 203: 13: 1: 4421:American Mathematical Society 4181:10.1016/S1874-5709(02)80012-9 3974:American Mathematical Society 3862:American Mathematical Society 3800: 3082:{\displaystyle |a_{n}|\leq n} 2621:{\displaystyle |a_{5}|\leq 5} 2574:{\displaystyle |a_{6}|\leq 6} 2523:{\displaystyle |a_{4}|\leq 4} 1506:{\displaystyle |a_{3}|\leq 3} 1443:{\displaystyle |a_{n}|\leq n} 1400:{\displaystyle |a_{2}|\leq 2} 1241:{\displaystyle |a_{n}|\leq n} 1101:is a rotated Koebe function. 4630:Theorems in complex analysis 3236:{\displaystyle \nu >-3/2} 1814:{\displaystyle b_{k}\leq 14} 1686:is a schlicht function then 42:, is a theorem that gives a 7: 4548:"The Bieberbach Conjecture" 4114:Encyclopedia of Mathematics 3778: 3745:{\displaystyle z/(1-z)^{2}} 3263:{\displaystyle \sigma _{n}} 2900:{\displaystyle \gamma _{n}} 1012:is a schlicht function and 80:The statement concerns the 50:in order for it to map the 10: 4656: 4455:Kodai Mathematical Journal 4251:Cambridge University Press 1527:, theorem 20) proved that 1349: 273:Such functions are called 4605:10.1007/s11425-015-5016-2 4593:Science China Mathematics 4518:Robertson, M. S. (1936), 4165:Geometric Function Theory 3858:The Bieberbach conjecture 3170:Askey & Gasper (1976) 3117:The proof uses a type of 2634:proved that the limit of 1883:Fekete & SzegĹ‘ (1933) 1519:Schramm–Loewner evolution 1048:{\displaystyle |a_{n}|=n} 4338:10.1112/plms/s2-23.1.481 4107:Goluzina, E.G. (2001) , 3155:Lebedev–Milin inequality 3037:Lebedev–Milin inequality 2879:logarithmic coefficients 2131:{\displaystyle b_{2k+1}} 1841:. They conjectured that 69:) and finally proven by 4358:10.1112/jlms/s1-7.3.167 4330:Proc. London Math. Soc. 4266:Koepf, Wolfram (2007), 4228:10.1112/plms/s3-5.3.257 4109:"Bieberbach conjecture" 4050:Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 3790:Fekete–SzegĹ‘ inequality 3147:Askey–Gasper inequality 2662:{\displaystyle a_{n}/n} 2318:{\displaystyle b_{1}=1} 2062:have a limit less than 1074:{\displaystyle n\geq 2} 958:{\displaystyle \alpha } 812:rotated Koebe functions 803:{\displaystyle f'(0)=1} 706:Riemann mapping theorem 371:{\displaystyle a_{n}=n} 173:{\displaystyle a_{1}=1} 140:{\displaystyle a_{0}=0} 4468:10.2996/kmj/1138845834 4042:10.1112/jlms/s1-8.2.85 3746: 3696: 3639: 3609:the maximum value of 3600: 3569: 3489: 3448: 3425: 3304: 3284: 3264: 3237: 3200: 3199:{\displaystyle \nu =0} 3141:). His proof uses the 3103: 3083: 3023: 2995: 2921: 2901: 2868: 2786: 2750: 2723: 2703: 2683: 2663: 2622: 2575: 2524: 2477: 2454: 2425: 2375: 2339: 2319: 2283: 2172: 2152: 2132: 2096: 2076: 2056: 2029: 2009: 1985: 1958: 1875: 1855: 1835: 1815: 1770: 1680: 1636: 1616: 1587: 1567: 1507: 1444: 1401: 1340: 1262: 1242: 1196: 1095: 1075: 1049: 1006: 986: 959: 936: 902: 804: 764: 763:{\displaystyle f(0)=0} 729: 698: 675: 585: 558: 483: 412: 392: 372: 332: 264: 174: 141: 104: 4415:Milin, I. M. (1977), 4247:Multivalent functions 3747: 3697: 3619: 3601: 3549: 3490: 3449: 3426: 3305: 3285: 3265: 3238: 3201: 3104: 3084: 3024: 2975: 2922: 2902: 2869: 2766: 2751: 2724: 2704: 2684: 2664: 2623: 2576: 2525: 2478: 2455: 2426: 2355: 2340: 2320: 2284: 2173: 2153: 2133: 2097: 2077: 2057: 2055:{\displaystyle b_{k}} 2030: 2010: 1986: 1984:{\displaystyle b_{5}} 1959: 1876: 1856: 1836: 1816: 1771: 1681: 1637: 1617: 1588: 1568: 1508: 1445: 1402: 1341: 1263: 1243: 1197: 1096: 1076: 1050: 1007: 987: 960: 937: 882: 805: 765: 730: 699: 676: 586: 569:affine transformation 559: 484: 413: 393: 373: 333: 265: 175: 142: 105: 103:{\displaystyle a_{n}} 63:Ludwig Bieberbach 40:Bieberbach conjecture 18:Bieberbach conjecture 4555:Mathematics Magazine 4419:, Providence, R.I.: 4346:J. London Math. Soc. 4175:, pp. 273–332, 4030:J. London Math. Soc. 3972:, Providence, R.I.: 3912:, Berlin, New York: 3864:, pp. xvi+218, 3761:Christian Pommerenke 3709: 3616: 3502: 3458: 3438: 3317: 3294: 3274: 3247: 3210: 3184: 3093: 3050: 2934: 2911: 2884: 2763: 2740: 2713: 2693: 2673: 2638: 2589: 2542: 2491: 2467: 2438: 2352: 2329: 2296: 2196: 2187:Robertson conjecture 2162: 2142: 2106: 2086: 2066: 2039: 2028:{\displaystyle 1.14} 2019: 1999: 1968: 1889: 1865: 1845: 1825: 1792: 1690: 1649: 1626: 1597: 1577: 1531: 1474: 1411: 1368: 1272: 1252: 1209: 1111: 1085: 1059: 1016: 996: 976: 949: 820: 774: 739: 719: 688: 598: 575: 499: 433: 402: 382: 349: 284: 197: 151: 118: 87: 71:Louis de Branges 48:holomorphic function 36:de Branges's theorem 2453:{\displaystyle n=3} 2015:can be replaced by 1861:can be replaced by 426:The normalizations 82:Taylor coefficients 44:necessary condition 4511:10.1007/BF00281531 4490:10.1007/BF00251415 4400:10338.dmlcz/125927 4391:10.1007/BF01448091 4332:, s2-23: 481–519, 3976:, pp. 25–42, 3950:10.1007/BF02392821 3742: 3692: 3596: 3485: 3444: 3421: 3300: 3280: 3260: 3233: 3196: 3151:Jacobi polynomials 3113:De Branges's proof 3099: 3079: 3019: 2917: 2897: 2864: 2746: 2719: 2699: 2679: 2659: 2618: 2571: 2520: 2473: 2450: 2421: 2335: 2315: 2279: 2168: 2148: 2128: 2092: 2072: 2052: 2025: 2008:{\displaystyle 14} 2005: 1995:later showed that 1981: 1954: 1871: 1854:{\displaystyle 14} 1851: 1831: 1811: 1766: 1676: 1632: 1612: 1583: 1563: 1503: 1460:starlike functions 1440: 1397: 1336: 1258: 1238: 1192: 1091: 1071: 1045: 1002: 982: 955: 932: 800: 760: 725: 694: 671: 581: 554: 479: 422:Schlicht functions 408: 388: 368: 328: 260: 236: 170: 137: 112:univalent function 100: 4599:(12): 2531–2540. 4546:Zorn, P. (1986). 3966:de Branges, Louis 3931:de Branges, Louis 3923:978-0-387-94460-9 3881:978-0-8218-1521-2 3544: 3447:{\displaystyle 0} 3384: 3303:{\displaystyle 0} 3283:{\displaystyle n} 3127:de Branges spaces 3102:{\displaystyle n} 3044:de Branges (1987) 3035:showed using the 2920:{\displaystyle f} 2749:{\displaystyle n} 2722:{\displaystyle f} 2702:{\displaystyle f} 2682:{\displaystyle 1} 2476:{\displaystyle n} 2338:{\displaystyle n} 2171:{\displaystyle 1} 2151:{\displaystyle 1} 2095:{\displaystyle f} 2075:{\displaystyle 1} 1874:{\displaystyle 1} 1834:{\displaystyle k} 1635:{\displaystyle e} 1586:{\displaystyle n} 1456:Nevanlinna (1921) 1362:Bieberbach (1916) 1261:{\displaystyle n} 1094:{\displaystyle f} 1005:{\displaystyle f} 985:{\displaystyle 1} 877: 728:{\displaystyle f} 713:schlicht function 697:{\displaystyle g} 666: 584:{\displaystyle g} 530: 526: 522: 462: 458: 454: 411:{\displaystyle n} 391:{\displaystyle n} 317: 221: 16:(Redirected from 4647: 4616: 4580: 4570: 4552: 4542: 4541: 4514: 4493: 4472: 4470: 4445: 4431: 4411: 4402: 4373: 4360: 4340: 4324: 4263: 4238: 4218:, Third Series, 4209: 4159: 4121: 4103: 4074: 4065: 4044: 4020: 4001: 3999:10.1090/surv/021 3984: 3961: 3952: 3936:Acta Mathematica 3926: 3901: 3892: 3873: 3871:10.1090/surv/021 3852: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3719: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3638: 3633: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3579: 3578: 3568: 3563: 3545: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3526: 3525: 3506: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3416: 3398: 3397: 3385: 3383: 3363: 3334: 3329: 3328: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3258: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3205: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3143:Loewner equation 3123:entire functions 3108: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3057: 3028: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3014: 3005: 3004: 2994: 2989: 2962: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2906: 2904: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2851: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2818: 2785: 2780: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2734:Milin conjecture 2728: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2708: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2668: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2627: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2611: 2606: 2605: 2596: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2549: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2513: 2508: 2507: 2498: 2483:, in particular 2482: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2459: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2430: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2380: 2374: 2369: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2324: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2308: 2307: 2288: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2272: 2271: 2262: 2261: 2249: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2223: 2222: 2180:Robertson (1936) 2177: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2137: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2126: 2101: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2081: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2061: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2050: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2014: 2012: 2011: 2006: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1979: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1938: 1912: 1901: 1900: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1840: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1820: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1804: 1803: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1747: 1746: 1737: 1729: 1728: 1685: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1641: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1621: 1619: 1618: 1613: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1538: 1525:Littlewood (1925 1512: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1481: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1433: 1428: 1427: 1418: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1375: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1323: 1291: 1267: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1247: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1231: 1226: 1225: 1216: 1201: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1177: 1176: 1164: 1144: 1143: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1023: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1003: 991: 989: 988: 983: 964: 962: 961: 956: 941: 939: 938: 933: 931: 930: 921: 920: 901: 896: 878: 876: 875: 874: 846: 832: 831: 809: 807: 806: 801: 784: 769: 767: 766: 761: 734: 732: 731: 726: 703: 701: 700: 695: 680: 678: 677: 672: 667: 665: 655: 646: 617: 590: 588: 587: 582: 563: 561: 560: 555: 538: 528: 527: 524: 520: 488: 486: 485: 480: 472: 471: 460: 459: 456: 452: 445: 444: 418:th coefficient. 417: 415: 414: 409: 397: 395: 394: 389: 377: 375: 374: 369: 361: 360: 337: 335: 334: 329: 318: 315: 306: 301: 300: 291: 269: 267: 266: 261: 256: 255: 246: 245: 235: 179: 177: 176: 171: 163: 162: 146: 144: 143: 138: 130: 129: 109: 107: 106: 101: 99: 98: 32:complex analysis 21: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4620: 4619: 4587: 4585:Further reading 4571: 4550: 4298:10.2307/2323021 4276:Korevaar, Jacob 4261: 4191: 4141:10.2307/2589676 4063:10.2307/2000306 4010: 3924: 3914:Springer-Verlag 3906:Conway, John B. 3882: 3826:10.2307/2373813 3803: 3781: 3773:Korevaar (1986) 3757:Carl FitzGerald 3736: 3732: 3715: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3686: 3681: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3634: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3553: 3534: 3530: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3406: 3402: 3393: 3389: 3364: 3335: 3333: 3324: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3254: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3225: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3162:Walter Gautschi 3139:Bieberbach 1916 3115: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3068: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2979: 2958: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2891: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2847: 2835: 2830: 2829: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2781: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2651: 2645: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2607: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2560: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2536:Pederson (1968) 2509: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2406: 2401: 2400: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2370: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2303: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2230: 2218: 2214: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2189:states that if 2163: 2160: 2159: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1934: 1908: 1896: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1724: 1720: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1549: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1515:Löwner equation 1492: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1464:Charles Loewner 1429: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1386: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1352: 1319: 1287: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1227: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1184: 1172: 1168: 1160: 1139: 1135: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1034: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1013: 997: 994: 993: 977: 974: 973: 950: 947: 946: 926: 922: 910: 906: 897: 886: 870: 866: 850: 845: 827: 823: 821: 818: 817: 777: 775: 772: 771: 740: 737: 736: 720: 717: 716: 689: 686: 685: 684:Such functions 648: 647: 618: 616: 599: 596: 595: 576: 573: 572: 531: 523: 500: 497: 496: 467: 463: 455: 440: 436: 434: 431: 430: 424: 403: 400: 399: 383: 380: 379: 356: 352: 350: 347: 346: 314: 302: 296: 292: 287: 285: 282: 281: 251: 247: 241: 237: 225: 198: 195: 194: 184:and injective ( 158: 154: 152: 149: 148: 125: 121: 119: 116: 115: 94: 90: 88: 85: 84: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4653: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4618: 4617: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4561:(3): 131–148. 4543: 4532:(6): 366–370, 4515: 4505:(3): 161–193. 4494: 4484:(5): 331–351. 4473: 4446: 4433: 4412: 4374: 4361: 4352:(3): 167–169, 4341: 4325: 4292:(7): 505–514, 4272: 4264: 4259: 4239: 4222:(3): 257–284, 4211: 4189: 4160: 4135:(3): 203–214, 4122: 4104: 4075: 4045: 4021: 4008: 3985: 3962: 3943:(1): 137–152, 3927: 3922: 3902: 3893: 3880: 3853: 3820:(3): 709–737, 3808:Askey, Richard 3802: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3785:Grunsky matrix 3780: 3777: 3769:Jacob Korevaar 3739: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3703: 3702: 3689: 3684: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3607: 3606: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3443: 3432: 3431: 3420: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3310:and such that 3299: 3279: 3257: 3253: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3135:Robertson 1936 3114: 3111: 3098: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3030: 3029: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2916: 2894: 2890: 2875: 2874: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2745: 2718: 2698: 2678: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2644: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2472: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2432: 2431: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2334: 2314: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2290: 2289: 2278: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2167: 2147: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2091: 2071: 2049: 2045: 2024: 2004: 1978: 1974: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1870: 1850: 1830: 1810: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1631: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1582: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1351: 1348: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1257: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1203: 1202: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1090: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1001: 981: 971:absolute value 967:complex number 954: 943: 942: 929: 925: 919: 916: 913: 909: 905: 900: 895: 892: 889: 885: 881: 873: 869: 865: 862: 859: 856: 853: 849: 844: 841: 838: 835: 830: 826: 799: 796: 793: 790: 787: 783: 780: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 724: 693: 682: 681: 670: 664: 661: 658: 654: 651: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 580: 565: 564: 553: 550: 547: 544: 541: 537: 534: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 490: 489: 478: 475: 470: 466: 451: 448: 443: 439: 423: 420: 407: 387: 367: 364: 359: 355: 343:Koebe function 339: 338: 327: 324: 321: 312: 309: 305: 299: 295: 290: 271: 270: 259: 254: 250: 244: 240: 234: 231: 228: 224: 220: 217: 214: 211: 208: 205: 202: 169: 166: 161: 157: 136: 133: 128: 124: 97: 93: 52:open unit disk 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4652: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4588: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4461:(1): 97–128. 4460: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4262: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4243:Hayman, W. K. 4240: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4190:0-444-82845-1 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4173:North-Holland 4170: 4166: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4009:0-8218-1521-0 4005: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3796: 3795:Schwarz lemma 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3737: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3716: 3712: 3687: 3675: 3671: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3514: 3508: 3498: 3497: 3496: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3441: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3297: 3277: 3255: 3251: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3178: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3166:Richard Askey 3163: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3119:Hilbert space 3110: 3096: 3076: 3073: 3063: 3059: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2927:are given by 2914: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2836: 2824: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2782: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2758: 2757: 2743: 2735: 2730: 2716: 2696: 2676: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2642: 2633: 2632:Hayman (1955) 2629: 2615: 2612: 2602: 2598: 2584: 2568: 2565: 2555: 2551: 2537: 2533: 2517: 2514: 2504: 2500: 2486: 2470: 2461: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2407: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2371: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2332: 2312: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2276: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2165: 2145: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2089: 2069: 2047: 2043: 2022: 2002: 1994: 1976: 1972: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1884: 1868: 1848: 1828: 1808: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1787: 1783: 1780: and 1779: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1725: 1721: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1643: 1629: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1580: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1544: 1540: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1500: 1497: 1487: 1483: 1469: 1468:Löwner (1923) 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1452:Löwner (1917) 1437: 1434: 1424: 1420: 1394: 1391: 1381: 1377: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1347: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1255: 1235: 1232: 1222: 1218: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1173: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1120: 1114: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1088: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1042: 1039: 1029: 1025: 999: 979: 972: 968: 952: 927: 923: 917: 914: 911: 907: 903: 893: 890: 887: 883: 879: 871: 863: 860: 857: 854: 847: 842: 836: 828: 824: 816: 815: 814: 813: 797: 794: 788: 781: 778: 757: 754: 748: 742: 722: 714: 709: 707: 691: 668: 659: 652: 649: 640: 634: 631: 625: 619: 613: 607: 601: 594: 593: 592: 578: 570: 551: 548: 542: 535: 532: 517: 514: 508: 502: 495: 494: 493: 476: 473: 468: 464: 449: 446: 441: 437: 429: 428: 427: 419: 405: 385: 365: 362: 357: 353: 344: 325: 322: 319: 316:for all  310: 307: 297: 293: 280: 279: 278: 276: 257: 252: 248: 242: 238: 232: 229: 226: 222: 218: 215: 212: 206: 200: 193: 192: 191: 189: 188: 183: 167: 164: 159: 155: 134: 131: 126: 122: 113: 95: 91: 83: 78: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 57: 56:complex plane 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4596: 4592: 4576: 4558: 4554: 4529: 4523: 4502: 4498: 4481: 4477: 4458: 4454: 4441: 4437: 4416: 4382: 4378: 4369: 4365: 4349: 4345: 4329: 4289: 4283: 4267: 4246: 4219: 4215: 4164: 4132: 4126: 4112: 4083: 4079: 4053: 4049: 4036:(2): 85–89, 4033: 4029: 4024:Fekete, M.; 3989: 3969: 3940: 3934: 3909: 3897: 3857: 3817: 3811: 3754: 3704: 3608: 3433: 3179: 3159: 3116: 3041: 3033:Milin (1977) 3031: 2878: 2876: 2733: 2731: 2630: 2532:Ozawa (1969) 2462: 2433: 2291: 2186: 2184: 1644: 1523: 1513:, using the 1360: 1356:Koepf (2007) 1353: 1204: 1103: 944: 712: 710: 683: 566: 491: 425: 340: 274: 272: 185: 79: 39: 35: 29: 4635:Conjectures 4385:: 103–121, 4086:: 427–465. 3290:with limit 3153:, and the 1993:Isaak Milin 182:holomorphic 59:injectively 4624:Categories 4409:49.0714.01 4379:Math. Ann. 4260:0521460263 4207:1083.30017 4056:(2): 683, 3801:References 3131:Milin 1977 2877:where the 1782:Littlewood 1055:for some 492:mean that 4613:122080390 4306:0002-9890 4169:Amsterdam 4119:EMS Press 4092:1943-5282 4026:SzegĹ‘, G. 3900:: 940–955 3834:0002-9327 3727:− 3657:σ 3644:ν 3636:∞ 3621:∑ 3586:ν 3566:∞ 3551:∑ 3542:ν 3536:ν 3528:− 3523:ν 3483:⋯ 3404:σ 3400:− 3391:σ 3366:Γ 3346:ν 3337:Γ 3322:ρ 3252:σ 3220:− 3214:ν 3188:ν 3074:≤ 2998:γ 2992:∞ 2977:∑ 2941:⁡ 2889:γ 2859:≤ 2842:− 2821:γ 2794:− 2768:∑ 2613:≤ 2566:≤ 2515:≤ 2413:≤ 2357:∑ 2277:⋯ 2200:ϕ 1952:… 1929:− 1923:⁡ 1806:≤ 1694:φ 1674:⋯ 1610:… 1555:≤ 1498:≤ 1470:) proved 1435:≤ 1392:≤ 1328:− 1314:− 1282:− 1233:≤ 1179:− 1066:≥ 953:α 915:− 908:α 899:∞ 884:∑ 861:α 858:− 829:α 632:− 323:≥ 308:≤ 230:≥ 223:∑ 187:univalent 38:, or the 4372:: 89–106 4278:(1986), 4100:24900366 3908:(1995), 3779:See also 3173:Theory ( 3089:for all 3042:Finally 2138:are all 1821:for all 1573:for all 1248:for all 782:′ 653:′ 536:′ 378:for all 275:schlicht 4429:0369684 4322:0856290 4314:2323021 4236:0071536 4199:1966197 4157:1682341 4149:2589676 4072:2000306 4018:0875226 3982:0934213 3959:0772434 3890:0875226 3850:0430358 3842:2373813 3046:proved 2689:unless 2585:proved 2538:proved 2487:proved 1784: ( 1462:. Then 1364:proved 1350:History 1081:, then 73: ( 65: ( 54:of the 4611:  4444:: 1–21 4427:  4407:  4320:  4312:  4304:  4257:  4234:  4205:  4197:  4187:  4155:  4147:  4098:  4090:  4070:  4016:  4006:  3980:  3957:  3920:  3888:  3878:  3848:  3840:  3832:  3149:about 3145:, the 2581:, and 529:  521:  461:  453:  4609:S2CID 4551:(PDF) 4310:JSTOR 4145:JSTOR 4096:JSTOR 4068:JSTOR 3838:JSTOR 1949:1.013 1778:Paley 1607:2.718 1454:and 992:. If 945:with 110:of a 46:on a 4350:s1-7 4302:ISSN 4255:ISBN 4185:ISBN 4088:ISSN 4034:s1-8 4004:ISBN 3918:ISBN 3876:ISBN 3830:ISSN 3759:and 3243:and 3217:> 2732:The 2534:and 2185:The 2023:1.14 1786:1932 770:and 341:The 147:and 75:1985 67:1916 4601:doi 4563:doi 4534:doi 4507:doi 4486:doi 4463:doi 4405:JFM 4395:hdl 4387:doi 4354:doi 4334:doi 4294:doi 4224:doi 4203:Zbl 4177:doi 4137:doi 4133:106 4058:doi 4054:290 4038:doi 3994:doi 3945:doi 3941:154 3866:doi 3822:doi 3775:). 3121:of 2938:log 2907:of 2756:, 2345:, 2082:if 1920:exp 1645:If 969:of 525:and 457:and 77:). 30:In 4626:: 4607:. 4597:58 4595:. 4575:. 4559:59 4557:. 4553:. 4530:42 4528:, 4522:, 4503:45 4501:. 4482:31 4480:. 4459:21 4457:. 4453:. 4442:53 4440:, 4425:MR 4423:, 4403:, 4393:, 4383:89 4381:, 4370:69 4368:, 4348:, 4318:MR 4316:, 4308:, 4300:, 4290:93 4288:, 4282:, 4253:, 4232:MR 4230:, 4201:, 4195:MR 4193:, 4183:, 4171:: 4153:MR 4151:, 4143:, 4131:, 4117:, 4111:, 4094:. 4082:. 4066:, 4052:, 4032:, 4014:MR 4012:, 4002:, 3978:MR 3955:MR 3953:, 3939:, 3916:, 3886:MR 3884:, 3874:, 3846:MR 3844:, 3836:, 3828:, 3818:98 3816:, 3752:. 3109:. 2628:. 2530:, 2182:. 2003:14 1991:. 1849:14 1809:14 1642:. 1521:. 1450:. 1358:. 1346:. 965:a 711:A 708:. 552:1. 326:2. 34:, 4615:. 4603:: 4579:. 4569:. 4565:: 4536:: 4513:. 4509:: 4492:. 4488:: 4471:. 4465:: 4397:: 4389:: 4356:: 4336:: 4296:: 4226:: 4220:5 4210:. 4179:: 4139:: 4102:. 4084:4 4060:: 4040:: 3996:: 3947:: 3868:: 3824:: 3771:( 3763:( 3738:2 3734:) 3730:z 3724:1 3721:( 3717:/ 3713:z 3688:2 3683:| 3676:n 3672:a 3667:| 3661:n 3653:) 3650:n 3647:+ 3641:( 3631:1 3628:= 3625:n 3592:n 3589:+ 3582:z 3576:n 3572:a 3561:1 3558:= 3555:n 3547:= 3532:z 3519:) 3515:z 3512:( 3509:F 3480:+ 3477:z 3474:= 3471:) 3468:z 3465:( 3462:F 3442:0 3419:) 3414:1 3411:+ 3408:n 3395:n 3387:( 3381:) 3378:1 3375:+ 3372:n 3369:( 3361:) 3358:1 3355:+ 3352:n 3349:+ 3343:2 3340:( 3331:= 3326:n 3298:0 3278:n 3256:n 3231:2 3227:/ 3223:3 3194:0 3191:= 3097:n 3077:n 3070:| 3064:n 3060:a 3055:| 3017:. 3012:n 3008:z 3002:n 2987:1 2984:= 2981:n 2973:2 2970:= 2967:) 2964:z 2960:/ 2956:) 2953:z 2950:( 2947:f 2944:( 2915:f 2893:n 2862:0 2856:) 2853:k 2849:/ 2845:1 2837:2 2832:| 2825:k 2816:| 2812:k 2809:( 2806:) 2803:1 2800:+ 2797:k 2791:n 2788:( 2783:n 2778:1 2775:= 2772:k 2744:n 2717:f 2697:f 2677:1 2657:n 2653:/ 2647:n 2643:a 2616:5 2609:| 2603:5 2599:a 2594:| 2569:6 2562:| 2556:6 2552:a 2547:| 2518:4 2511:| 2505:4 2501:a 2496:| 2471:n 2448:3 2445:= 2442:n 2419:. 2416:n 2408:2 2403:| 2396:1 2393:+ 2390:k 2387:2 2383:b 2378:| 2372:n 2367:1 2364:= 2361:k 2333:n 2313:1 2310:= 2305:1 2301:b 2274:+ 2269:5 2265:z 2259:5 2255:b 2251:+ 2246:3 2242:z 2236:3 2232:b 2228:+ 2225:z 2220:1 2216:b 2212:= 2209:) 2206:z 2203:( 2166:1 2146:1 2124:1 2121:+ 2118:k 2115:2 2111:b 2090:f 2070:1 2048:k 2044:b 1977:5 1973:b 1946:= 1943:) 1940:3 1936:/ 1932:2 1926:( 1917:+ 1914:2 1910:/ 1906:1 1903:= 1898:5 1894:b 1869:1 1829:k 1801:k 1797:b 1762:2 1758:/ 1754:1 1750:) 1744:2 1740:z 1735:/ 1731:) 1726:2 1722:z 1718:( 1715:f 1712:( 1709:z 1706:= 1703:) 1700:z 1697:( 1671:+ 1668:z 1665:= 1662:) 1659:z 1656:( 1653:f 1630:e 1604:= 1601:e 1581:n 1561:n 1558:e 1551:| 1545:n 1541:a 1536:| 1501:3 1494:| 1488:3 1484:a 1479:| 1466:( 1438:n 1431:| 1425:n 1421:a 1416:| 1395:2 1388:| 1382:2 1378:a 1373:| 1334:) 1331:z 1325:2 1321:/ 1317:1 1311:( 1308:f 1305:= 1302:) 1299:z 1296:+ 1293:2 1289:/ 1285:1 1279:( 1276:f 1256:n 1236:n 1229:| 1223:n 1219:a 1214:| 1190:4 1186:/ 1182:1 1174:2 1170:) 1166:2 1162:/ 1158:1 1155:+ 1152:z 1149:( 1146:= 1141:2 1137:z 1133:+ 1130:z 1127:= 1124:) 1121:z 1118:( 1115:f 1089:f 1069:2 1063:n 1043:n 1040:= 1036:| 1030:n 1026:a 1021:| 1000:f 980:1 928:n 924:z 918:1 912:n 904:n 894:1 891:= 888:n 880:= 872:2 868:) 864:z 855:1 852:( 848:z 843:= 840:) 837:z 834:( 825:f 798:1 795:= 792:) 789:0 786:( 779:f 758:0 755:= 752:) 749:0 746:( 743:f 723:f 692:g 669:. 663:) 660:0 657:( 650:g 644:) 641:0 638:( 635:g 629:) 626:z 623:( 620:g 614:= 611:) 608:z 605:( 602:f 579:g 549:= 546:) 543:0 540:( 533:f 518:0 515:= 512:) 509:0 506:( 503:f 477:1 474:= 469:1 465:a 450:0 447:= 442:0 438:a 406:n 386:n 366:n 363:= 358:n 354:a 320:n 311:n 304:| 298:n 294:a 289:| 258:. 253:n 249:z 243:n 239:a 233:2 227:n 219:+ 216:z 213:= 210:) 207:z 204:( 201:f 168:1 165:= 160:1 156:a 135:0 132:= 127:0 123:a 96:n 92:a 20:)

Index

Bieberbach conjecture
complex analysis
necessary condition
holomorphic function
open unit disk
complex plane
injectively
Ludwig Bieberbach
1916
Louis de Branges
1985
Taylor coefficients
univalent function
holomorphic
univalent
Koebe function
affine transformation
Riemann mapping theorem
rotated Koebe functions
complex number
absolute value
Koepf (2007)
Bieberbach (1916)
Löwner (1917)
Nevanlinna (1921)
starlike functions
Charles Loewner
Löwner (1923)
Löwner equation
Schramm–Loewner evolution

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