1269:"Alexander historians give Ariobarzanes a large army (40,000 infantry and 700 cavalry in Arrian, Anabasis 3.18.2; 25,000 infantry in Curtius 5.3.17 and Diodorus 17.68.1; the latter adds 300 horsemen), and their modern successors follow them unreservedly (e.g., Th. Doge, Alexander, Boston and New York, 1890, p. 401; J. F. C. Fuller, The Generalship of Alexander the Great, London, 1958, pp. 228ff.; N. G. L. Hammond, *Alexander the Great: King, Commander and Statesman, London, 1981, p. 185). However, Greek estimates for the Persian infantry were generally valueless (C. Hignett, Xerxes’ Invasion of Greece, Oxford, 1962, pp. 350f.), and Ariobarzanes could hardly have mustered more troops than he had taken to Gaugamela. Arrian's 700 can thus be interpreted as indicating the total strength of Ariobarzanes. Against them, Alexander led an army of well over 10,000 men, for having sent Parmenion with the baggage train and heavier-armed troops down the carriage road, he himself took the Macedonian infantry, the lancers and archers through the mountainous track (Arrian, Anabasis 3.18.1; Curtius 5.3.16f.; Diodorus 17.68.1; Stein, op. cit., pp. 19f.)"
1006:'s version reports that Ariobarzanes escaped to the north, where he finally surrendered to Alexander with his companions. Modern historian J. Prevas maintains that Ariobarzanes and his forces retreated to Persepolis, where they found the city gates closed by Tiridates, a Persian noble and guardian of the royal treasury under Darius III, who had been in secret contact with Alexander the Great. Tiridates considered resisting Alexander's forces to be futile, and so allowed Alexander to massacre Ariobarzanes and his troops right outside the city walls rather than fight. This is in agreement with Curtius' account which states that the Persian force, after both inflicting and suffering heavy casualties in the ensuing battle, broke through the Macedonian forces and retreated to Persepolis, but were denied entrance into the capital, at which point they returned to fight Alexander's army to the death.
1038:
men and enslave all its women, perhaps as a way to fulfill the expectations of his army and the Greek citizens, or perhaps as a final act of vengeance towards the
Persians. This destruction of the city can be viewed as unusual, as its inhabitants had surrendered without a fight and Alexander had earlier left Persian cities he conquered, such as Susa, relatively untouched. In May 330 BC, Alexander ordered the terrace of Persepolis, including its palaces and royal audience halls, to be burned before he left to find Darius III. Sources disagree as to why he ordered the destruction: it could have been a deliberate act of revenge for the
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hold off the invading
Persian forces. Here, on Alexander's campaign to exact revenge for the Persian invasion of Greece, he faced the same situation from the Persians. There are also accounts that an Iranian shepherd led Alexander's forces around the Persian defenses, just as a local Greek showed the Persian forces a secret path around the pass at Thermopylae.
937:
making the terrain particularly treacherous, thus well suited for
Ariobarzanes's purposes. According to the historian Arrian, Ariobarzanes had a force of 40,000 infantry and 700 cavalry and faced a Macedonian force of over 10,000. However, some modern historians have claimed these figures for the Achaemenid force to be grossly exaggerated and implausible.
961:
initially suffered heavy casualties, losing entire platoons at a time. The
Macedonians attempted to withdraw, but the terrain and their still-advancing rear guard made an orderly retreat impossible. Alexander was forced to leave his dead behind to save the rest of his army—a great mark of disgrace to the
1025:
and the
Persian Gates have been recognized by ancient and modern authors. The Persian Gates played the role "of a Persian Thermopylae and like Thermopylae it fell." The Battle of the Persian Gates served as a kind of reversal of the Battle of Thermopylae, fought in Greece in 480 BC in an attempt to
1037:
as successor of
Ariobarzanes. Alexander seized the treasury of Persepolis, which at the time held the largest concentration of wealth in the world, and guaranteed himself financial independence from the Greek states. Four months later, Alexander allowed the troops to loot Persepolis, kill all its
984:
and broke through the
Persian defenses. Alexander and his elite contingent then attacked Ariobarzanes from above in a surprise attack until the Persians could no longer block the pass. Accounts of how he did so vary widely. Curtius and Arrian both report that prisoners of war led Alexander through
936:
The valley leading up to the
Persian Gate is wide, allowing the Macedonian army to enter the mountains at a full march. Ariobarzanes occupied a position near the modern-day village of Cheshmeh Chenar. The road curves to the southeast (to face the rising sun) and narrows considerably at that point,
960:
The
Persian Gate was only a couple of meters wide at the ambush point. Once the Macedonian army had advanced far enough into the narrow pass, the Persians rained down boulders on them from the northern slopes. From the southern slope, Persian archers launched their projectiles. Alexander's army
997:
Diodorus and
Plutarch generally concur with this assessment, although their numbers vary widely. Modern historians W. Heckel and Stein also lend credence to this argument. Although precise figures are unavailable, some historians say that this engagement cost Alexander his greatest losses in his
972:
Ariobarzanes had some reason to believe that success here could change the course of the war. Preventing Alexander's passage through the Persian Gates would force the Macedonian army to use other routes to invade Persia proper, all of which would allow Darius more time to field another army and
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that had demanded the same tribute from him they used to receive from the Persian kings for safe passage. As he passed into the Persian Gates, he met with no resistance. Believing that he would not encounter any more enemy forces during his march, Alexander neglected to send scouts ahead of his
1001:
According to some accounts, Ariobarzanes and his surviving companions were trapped, but rather than surrender, they charged straight into the Macedonian lines. One account states that Ariobarzanes was killed in the last charge, while
943:
suggests defenders, as few as 700, and no more than 2000, based on the maximum number of troops likely at Ariobarzanes' disposal, but it notes that most modern historians follow Arrian, Curtius, and Diodorus unreservedly.
898:. Ariobarzanes was charged with preventing the Macedonian advance into Persis. He relied heavily on the terrain Alexander needed to pass through. There were only a few possible routes through the
1335:
Quintis Curtius Rufus:Delphi Complete Works of Quintus Curtius Rufus - History of Alexander (Illustrated) (Delphi Ancient Classics Book 75), Delphi Classics, Ltd., Hastings and East Sussex, 2017
993:"...Fought a memorable fight... Unarmed as they were, they seized the armed men in their embrace, and dragging them down to the ground... Stabbed most of them with their own weapons."
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338:
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The defeat of Ariobarzanes' forces at the Persian Gate removed the last military obstacle between Alexander and Persepolis. Upon his arrival at the city of
1046:, an impulsive, drunken act, or it could have been out of Alexander's supposed anger over not being recognized as the legitimate successor to Darius III.
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found a path around to flank the Persian troops from the rear, allowing him to capture half of Persia proper in another decisive victory against the
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Mehrdad Kia: "The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia : A Historical Encyclopedia", ABC-CLIO, LLC, Santa Barbara and Denver, 2016, pp. 97
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the mountains to the rear of the Persian position, while a token force remained in the Macedonian camp under the command of
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Bill Yenne: "Alexander the Great: Lessons from History's Undefeated General", St. Martin's Press, New York, 2010, pp. 90
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A few historians regard the Battle of the Persian Gate as the most serious challenge to Alexander's conquest of Persia.
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has called the battle decisive and A. B. Bosworth refers to it as a "complete and decisive victory for Alexander".
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CAIS "The Battle of the Persian Gate and the Martyrdom of General Ariobarzan and his defending regiment"
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Speck, Henry (2002). "Alexander at the Persian Gates. A Study in Historiography and Topography".
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Ariobarzanes held the pass for a month, but Alexander succeeded in encircling the Persians in a
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Henry Speck, "Alexander at the Persian Gates. A Study in Historiography and Topography" in:
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for approximately a month. However, through captured prisoners of war or a local shepherd,
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Arrian's History of the Expedition of Alexander the Great, and Conquest of Persia
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890:, and was the natural avenue for Alexander's continued campaign. Meanwhile, King
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In the Footsteps of Alexander the Great: A Journey from Greece to Asia
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Envy of the Gods: Alexander the Great's Ill-Fated Journey across Asia
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Envy of the Gods: Alexander the Great's Ill-fated Journey Across Asia
1225:. Berkeley and London: University of California Press. pp. 72f.
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1687:: ARIOBARZANES, Greek form of an Old Iranian proper name AÚrya-bráza
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Quintus Curtius Rufus: Life and exploits of Alexander the Great
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suffered a series of defeats against the Macedonian forces at
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1094:, University of California Press, Berkeley and London, 1978,
862:(331 BC), and by the end of 331 BC Alexander had advanced to
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Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army
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Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army
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led a last stand with his outnumbered Persian army at the
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Rufus, Quintus Curtius; Crosby, William Henry (1858).
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Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great
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vanguard and thus walked into Ariobarzanes' ambush.
902:, which were made more hazardous by winter's onset.
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Berve, Das Alexanderreich II, p. 61; A. B. Bosworth
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973:possibly stop the Macedonian invasion altogether.
874:connected Susa (the first Persian capital city in
41:Highway 78 through the Persian Gate in modern-day
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1669:: The name of two places in Persia and Sogdiana.
1657:, The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2006.
905:After the conquest of Susa, Alexander split the
2509:History of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province
1257:Alexander the Great: A Very Short Introduction
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1663:: A Research Article on Darius-III Codomannus
1554:W. Heckel, "Alexander at the Persian Gates",
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1405:. Cambridge University Press. p. 91.
1371:. University of California Press. p.
1021:Similarities between the battle fought at
924:During his advance, Alexander subdued the
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16:Part of the Wars of Alexander the Great
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1033:, Alexander appointed a general named
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1447:Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy
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909:into two parts. Alexander's general,
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1259:. New York: Oxford University Press.
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878:) with the more eastern capitals of
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1584:American Journal of Ancient History
1184:American Journal of Ancient History
921:that lent itself easily to ambush.
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2337:Persepolis Administrative Archives
1040:burning of the Acropolis of Athens
894:was trying to raise a new army at
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1159:. Warszawa: Bellona. p. 14.
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306:Show map of West and Central Asia
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1651:: An Article by Jona Lendering.
1516:. Da Capo Press. pp. 38–.
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1136:. Methuen & Company Limited
1130:Robinson, Cyril Edward (1929).
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1444:Sarathi Bose, Partha (2003).
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2024:Conquest of the Indus Valley
1985:Battle of the Persian Border
1682:: Photos of the battlefield.
1616:Arrian; Rooke, John (1812).
1571:(USA: Da Capo Press, 2004),
1179:For the identification, see
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998:campaign to conquer Persia.
208:700–2,000 (modern estimates)
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2185:Wars of Alexander the Great
814:. In the winter of 330 BC,
812:Wars of Alexander the Great
29:Wars of Alexander the Great
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1882:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
1591:Old Routes of Western Iran
1155:Piekarski, Michał (2019).
810:took place as part of the
808:Battle of the Persian Gate
136:over half of Persia proper
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2332:Districts of the Empire
2134:Battle of the Eurymedon
2052:Siege of Naxos (499 BC)
2029:First conquest of Egypt
1450:. Gotham. p. 134.
1399:Bosworth, A.B. (1993).
956:Map of the Persian Gate
2447:Seven Achaemenid clans
2219:Siege of Tyre (332 BC)
2205:Siege of Halicarnassus
2191:Battle of the Granicus
1586:n.s. 1.1 (2002) 15-234
1551:, Harmondsworth, 1973.
1363:Wood, Michael (1997).
1221:Engels, D. W. (1978).
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196:17,000 picked fighters
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166:Commanders and leaders
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2094:Destruction of Athens
2080:Battle of Thermopylae
1931:Old Persian cuneiform
1510:Prevas, John (2005).
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1255:Bowden, Hugh (2014).
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215:Casualties and losses
92:30.70833°N 51.59861°E
2473:Cappadocian calendar
2087:Battle of Artemisium
1992:Lydian-Persian Wars
1941:Behistun Inscription
1753:History of democracy
1603:. D. Appleton and Co
1434:(Burn, 1973, p. 121)
1072:Encyclopedia Iranica
940:Encyclopædia Iranica
826:, and held back the
800: current battle
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2233:Battle of Gaugamela
1842:Gate of All Nations
1133:A History of Greece
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2123:Babylonian revolts
2073:Battle of Marathon
2039:Greco-Persian Wars
1788:Achaemenid coinage
1678:2016-03-04 at the
1647:2013-09-23 at the
1207:2009-04-18 at the
1157:Hydaspes 326 p.n.e
1102:, pp. 72f. (fn. 7)
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97:30.70833; 51.59861
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1729:Achaemenid Empire
1412:978-0-521-40679-6
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2019:Battle of Opis
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20:
2239:
1821:Architecture
1642:Ariobarzanes
1624:. Retrieved
1618:
1605:. Retrieved
1599:
1590:
1583:
1568:
1558:
1555:
1548:
1547:A. R. Burn,
1527:. Retrieved
1512:
1505:
1484:
1475:
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1446:
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1401:
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1222:
1216:
1191:(1): 7–208.
1188:
1182:
1175:
1156:
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1132:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1091:
1086:
1075:. Retrieved
1071:
1028:
1020:
1011:Michael Wood
1008:
1000:
996:
975:
971:
959:
938:
935:
923:
904:
845:
820:Persian Gate
807:
805:
634:Persian Gate
467:Sogdian Rock
443:Persian Gate
442:
437:Uxian Defile
370:Mount Haemus
349:Campaigns of
289:Persian Gate
248:Persian Gate
145:Belligerents
67:Persian Gate
27:Part of the
2524:Last stands
2391:Mithridatic
1936:Old Persian
1743:Family tree
1655:Pharnabazus
1042:during the
1035:Phrasaortes
1023:Thermopylae
963:Macedonians
930:hill people
917:, a narrow
223:Entire army
127:Territorial
95: /
2488:Categories
2411:Cappadocia
2405:Ariarathid
2381:Achaemenid
2342:Royal Road
2289:Pasargadae
1893:Harpy Tomb
1829:Persepolis
1622:. J. Davis
1589:A. Stein,
1542:References
1077:2022-02-11
1031:Persepolis
928:, a local
892:Darius III
884:Pasargadae
880:Persepolis
872:Royal Road
854:(334 BC),
842:Background
824:Persepolis
678:Alexandria
83:51°35′55″E
80:30°42′30″N
71:Persepolis
2386:Pharnacid
2374:Dynasties
2318:Satrapies
2284:Capitals
2252:Diplomacy
1951:Ganjnameh
1565:J. Prevas
1556:Athenaeum
1500:Prevas 33
1488:Prevas 27
1479:Prevas 23
1470:Prevas 19
1387:decusuve.
1308:Prevas 18
1294:Prevas 17
1197:0362-8914
1017:Aftermath
911:Parmenion
860:Gaugamela
832:Alexander
661:Gaugamela
617:Cyropolis
449:Cyropolis
431:Gaugamela
302:West Asia
2419:Lygdamid
2355:Angarium
2296:Ecbatana
1748:Timeline
1676:Archived
1645:Archived
1205:Archived
987:Craterus
896:Ecbatana
852:Granicus
763:Granicus
583:Hydaspes
544:820miles
502:(326 BC)
496:(326 BC)
494:Hydaspes
490:(326 BC)
484:(327 BC)
469:(327 BC)
463:(328 BC)
457:(329 BC)
455:Jaxartes
451:(329 BC)
445:(330 BC)
439:(331 BC)
433:(331 BC)
427:(332 BC)
421:(332 BC)
415:(333 BC)
409:(334 BC)
403:(334 BC)
397:(334 BC)
395:Granicus
384:(335 BC)
378:(335 BC)
372:(335 BC)
191:Strength
176:Craterus
62:Location
2456:Related
2439:Armenia
2433:Orontid
2362:Angarum
2324:Armenia
2303:Babylon
1965:Warfare
1919:Culture
1849:Tachara
1835:Apadana
1736:History
1626:7 April
1607:7 April
1561:, 1980.
1529:7 April
1202:more...
1187:. n.s.
1140:7 April
982:Ptolemy
864:Babylon
822:, near
746:Miletus
566:Malavas
549:Babylon
401:Miletus
363:Balkans
180:Ptolemy
129:changes
69:, near
2504:330 BC
2397:Pontus
1801:Danake
1575:
1520:
1454:
1409:
1379:
1229:
1195:
1163:
1098:
1004:Arrian
967:Greeks
948:Battle
888:Persis
798:
644:Uxians
600:Cophen
542:1200km
488:Aornos
482:Cophen
389:Persia
382:Thebes
376:Pelium
203:Arrian
108:Result
57:330 BC
45:, 2012
2425:Caria
1808:Daric
1667:Gabae
1050:Notes
980:with
856:Issus
780:Pella
729:Issus
461:Gabai
413:Issus
2310:Susa
1628:2013
1609:2013
1573:ISBN
1531:2013
1518:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1407:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1193:ISSN
1161:ISBN
1142:2013
1096:ISBN
926:Uxii
882:and
876:Elam
870:. A
868:Susa
866:and
846:The
806:The
712:Tyre
695:Gaza
425:Gaza
419:Tyre
261:Iran
54:Date
43:Iran
1771:Art
1373:108
886:in
2490::
1567:,
1559:58
1493:^
1385:.
1375:.
1299:^
1285:^
1070:.
1058:^
989:.
838:.
639:10
622:11
605:12
588:13
571:14
554:15
1714:e
1707:t
1700:v
1630:.
1611:.
1579:.
1533:.
1460:.
1415:.
1235:.
1211:.
1199:.
1189:1
1169:.
1144:.
1080:.
785:1
768:2
751:3
734:4
717:5
700:6
683:7
666:8
649:9
340:e
333:t
326:v
205:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
