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them. The Wall itself is not a continuous defensive wall but a system of fortifications with many walls not connected towards each other but are supported and reinforced by castles and fortresses. This is a fact that
Genghis Khan recognized, having his scouts keep watch on much of the Wall before he could engage his forces. Having gained intelligence from his scouts, he thus recognized that the least defended portion of the Wall's defensive system was at the Wusha Fortress, which leads to a desert ridge called Yehuling, inhabited by wild foxes hence the name of the area which in Chinese literally means the "Wild Fox Ridge". The ridge of Yehuling is northwest of the
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983:), and block enemy reinforcements. The Khan himself led the main Mongol army to attack Wusha Fortress (烏沙堡) and capture Wuyue Camp (烏月營), thus destroying the Jin army's defence lines. Duji Sizhong was killed in action and most of the Jin army was wiped out. This battle took place between March and the end of June 1211. The Mongols then rested for about a month before moving towards Yehuling and sending an ambassador to meet the Jin imperial court.
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1075:(胡沙虎), who then took control of the city. The Mongols pressed on and besieged Zhongdu for about four years. During the siege, the residents of Zhongdu were forced to resort to cannibalism to survive, before they finally decided to surrender. The Mongols allowed the Jin dynasty to retain control of Zhongdu but forced them to pay a tribute of 500 men, 500 women, and 3,000 horses. In the summer of 1212,
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855:'s quest for world domination. In the past, the Jin dynasty had adopted a divide-and-rule strategy to break up the various Mongol tribes and keep them under control. However, after realising that this strategy no longer worked, they began to actively prepare for war with the aim of eliminating the Mongol threat in a single campaign. Starting in the reign of
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terrain, the
Mongols were unable to deploy their superior cavalry to its full advantage, hence they dismounted and fought on foot. High on morale, the Mongols defeated the central Jin forces and fought their way towards Wanyan Chengyu's main camp. Due to poor communications, the Jin forces on the sides were not able to reinforce the central Jin positions.
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to escalate. In March 1211, the
Mongols rallied 100,000 troops for a campaign against the Jin dynasty, leaving behind only about 2,000 men to guard their base in Mongolia. This meant that well over 90% of the Mongol forces had been mobilized for the campaign. Before embarking, Genghis Khan prayed to the sky deity
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Wanyan
Chengyu managed to rally the scattered Jin forces after the Battle of Huan'erzui and Yehuling and gather at Huihe Fortress (澮河堡). However, they soon came under attack by pursuing Mongol forces around October 1211. The Mongols swiftly surrounded the Jin forces and engaged them in fierce battle
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to lead the Balu Unit (八魯營) to launch a surprise cavalry charge on the enemy via a passage at Huan'erzui (獾兒嘴; lit. "Badger Mouth"). Before the battle, Muqali promised
Genghis Khan, "I will not return alive if I do not defeat the Jin army!" The Mongol army's morale surged. Because of the mountainous
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Mountainous terrain was a challenge for the
Mongolian cavalry. However it was also a difficult area to fight in for the bigger Jin forces. The vast Jin forces were scattered among the mountains and the valley choke points. The difficult terrain and far distances made communication and coordination
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Although the Jin imperial army outnumbered the invading Mongol forces nearly ten times its own, Wanyan Chenyu ordered them to be spread out throughout the Wall in an attempt to block the Mongol approach, meaning in any one place several sections and ramparts of the wall have only a few defenders on
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of the Jin by publicly stating that he was cowardly and unfit to be a leader. He also added, "The emperor should be a man from the sky like me." When the Jin emperor received news of this, he was so enraged that he executed the Mongol ambassador. Tensions between the
Mongols and Jin dynasty started
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in southern China over defending its borders against future Mongol incursions and invasions. This led to increasing enmity between the
Southern Song dynasty and the Jin dynasty. Eventually, the Southern Song dynasty allied with the Mongols against the Jin dynasty and destroyed the latter in 1234.
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Eventually, the Jin army became disorganized, lost its morale, and started to break. The Jin army's field commander, Wanyan Jiujin (完顏九斤), was killed in action. With the collapse of the central Jin forces, the other Jin forces nearby soon routed and a massacre followed. The entire Jin army was
923:. The Great Wall, backed up with numerous castles and towers, was defended by nearly a million Jin imperial soldiers which was composed of 800,000 infantry and 150,000 elite cavalry whom Emperor Xingsheng had earlier sent as a defensive measure to counter the Mongol threat. The Jin general
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for three days. Genghis Khan then personally led 3,000 horsemen on a cavalry charge towards the enemy while the remaining Mongol forces followed behind. The entire Jin army was destroyed while Wanyan
Chengyu barely escaped alive. Wanyan Chengyu was replaced by
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in the
Yehuling Campaign. Roughly ten Jin cities were plundered by the Mongols. While the Jin dynasty managed to retain power for the next two decades or so, its core was severely weakened. In spite of the defeat, the Jin dynasty prioritised conquering the
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descent, to meet Genghis Khan and start peace negotiations. However, Genghis Khan managed to induce Shimo Ming'an to surrender and defect to his side. Shimo Ming'an even provided the Mongols with military intelligence about the Jin army.
870:, a Mongol tribe helping the Jin dynasty guard its northern border. At the same time, Genghis Khan also formed an alliance with the Ongud by marrying his daughter to the Ongud chief's son. The Mongols controlled the area north of the
967:(獨吉思忠), led the bulk of the Jin army to the northwestern frontline. The Jin could not match the numbers of Mongol horsemen, and had only 30,000–50,000 troops. The chancellor sent troops to reinforce the defenses along the
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and started stockpiling resources in preparation for a military campaign against the Jin dynasty. Moreover, the Mongols had also been actively luring and inducing some Jurchens to defect or surrender. The Jin emperor
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underestimated the Mongol threat and had been gradually neglecting the defences against the Mongols. He was also delusional in his belief that the Jin dynasty was far more powerful than the Mongols.
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994:(完顏承裕), who succeeded Duji Sizhong as chancellor, was put in charge of the Jin army. He ordered his men to abandon the three cities of Hengzhou (恆州; in present-day
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The battle was fought in three stages between March and October 1211, as soon as the Mongol army went past through the Great Wall with little opposition.
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Jin defensive walls along the northern frontier, won the decisive battle at Yehuling, and finally seized Zhongdu after several rounds of siege
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took place in Jin China between August and October 1211 at Yehuling (野狐嶺; lit. "Wild Fox Ridge"). The battle was between the
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destroyed, leaving dead corpses for over a hundred miles. This battle took place in August 1211.
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1190:"Destruction of the Three Capitals: A History of Siege During the Mongol Conquest of the Jin"
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The General Theory of Eco-Social Science: The Theory and Road Map for Comprehensive Reform
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and prevent the Mongols from advancing further south. Genghis Khan ordered his third son,
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to lead a separate force to attack the Jin western capital, Xijing (西京; present-day
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to bless the Mongols with victory, and made a symbolic vow to avenge his ancestor,
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Jin, Jianfang (2010). "VII - The Principle of Transformation".
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Decisive engagement in the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
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Mongol Warrior 1200–1350 Publisher: Osprey Publishing
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under his rule and received the title "Genghis Khan". The
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Sverdrup, Carl (2010). "Numbers in Mongol Warfare".
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1192:[隳三都: 蒙古灭金围城史].
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969:Jin dynasty's Great Wall
955:Battle of Wusha Fortress
903:in 1146 at the order of
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1452:Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka
1361:1194 Yellow River flood
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1501:History of Zhangjiakou
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297:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
1097:Southern Song dynasty
1055:(徒單鎰) as chancellor.
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310:August – October 1211
1243:"China 7 BC To 1279"
907:of the Jin dynasty.
791:, also known as the
526:Rise of Genghis Khan
453:800,000 infantry and
450:400,000 at Yehuling
447:90,000 elite cavalry
99:"Battle of Yehuling"
84:improve this article
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82:Please help
77:verification
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1419:Wanyan clan
1386:Sanfengshan
1376:Dachangyuan
1169:. DeepLogic
933:Juyong Pass
901:crucifixion
849:Jin dynasty
821:Zhangjiakou
809:Jin dynasty
687:Sanfengshan
672:Dachangyuan
592:Kalka River
555:Qara Khitai
543:Jin dynasty
538:Western Xia
409:Zhuhu Gaoqi
368:Jin Dynasty
329:Zhangjiakou
256: /
244:114°43′01″E
1475:Categories
1199:2024-03-28
1104:References
961:chancellor
917:Great Wall
891:along the
831:Background
560:Khwarazmia
531:Chakirmaut
459:Great Wall
319:Yehuling,
241:41°06′13″N
195:March 2024
140:March 2024
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1059:Aftermath
1053:Tushan Yi
877:Xingsheng
835:In 1206,
795:, or the
570:Samarkand
426:Tushan Yi
321:Jin China
45:talk page
1426:Jiaochao
1407:See also
1381:Daohuigu
1371:Yehuling
1339:Yancheng
1324:Timeline
1314:Military
1252:30 March
959:The Jin
947:Campaign
897:Ambaghai
803:and the
682:Daohuigu
652:Yehuling
548:Yehuling
442:Strength
315:Location
1441:Zhongdu
1396:Caizhou
1391:Kaifeng
1344:Tangdao
1302:History
1173:16 June
1081:Kaifeng
1073:Hushahu
1069:Beijing
941:Beijing
937:Zhongdu
911:Prelude
845:Jurchen
837:Temüjin
805:Jurchen
697:Caizhou
692:Kaifeng
677:Weizhou
667:Zhongdu
662:Zhenyou
657:Huailai
565:Bukhara
470:Minimal
420:†
413:Hushahu
396:Subutai
124:scholar
1349:Caishi
1296:topics
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1035:Muqali
1027:Khitan
981:Shanxi
977:Datong
973:Ögedei
889:Tengri
580:Parwan
473:Heavy
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392:Ögedei
384:Muqali
345:Result
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1085:Henan
1008:Hebei
868:Ongud
847:-led
807:-led
741:野狐岭战役
727:野狐嶺戰役
585:Indus
337:China
131:JSTOR
117:books
1254:2013
1222:ISBN
1175:2020
1144:ISBN
787:The
575:Merv
388:Jebe
307:Date
103:news
863:".
295:by
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