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confederacy which also included eleven Velir chieftains apart from the two major rulers and invaded the Chola territory. It is unclear why even the Velir who were generally the allies of the Cholas stood against
Karikala, though Karikala by his brilliant stratagem inflicted a crushing defeat on the alliance in the ensuing encounter at Venni. Following his defeat, the Chera ruler
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Upon the accession of
Karikala, at a young age, there was a civil conflict in the Chola territory. By the time Karikala had succeeded in vanquishing rival claimants and establishing his hold over the territory, the neighboring Chera and Pandya rulers saw their opportunity. The two rulers formed a
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The battle is generally considered historical and dated approximately to 190 CE.
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A History of South India: From
Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar
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Battle between Chola against Pandya and Chera rulers (c.130)
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starved himself to death (suicide by slow starvation).
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256:rulers. Venni is identified with present day
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233:was a military engagement fought by the
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