1429:
make a slow retreat when they encountered the enemy. Suleiman ordered his troops to advance and, when they made enough progress, the
Moldavian artillery started to fire, followed by archers and handgunners firing from three different directions. The archers could not see the enemy for the fog, and, instead, had to follow the noise of their footsteps. The Moldavian light cavalry then helped to lure the Ottoman troops into the valley by making hit-and-run attacks. Ottoman cavalry tried to cross the wooden bridge, causing it to collapse. Those Ottoman soldiers who survived the attacks from the artillery and the archers, and who did not get caught in the marshes, had to confront the Moldavian army, together with the Székely soldiers further up the valley. The 5,000 Székely soldiers were successful in repelling 7,000 Ottoman infantrymen. Thereafter, they made a slow retreat, as instructed by Stephen, but were later routed by the Ottoman
1425:, had defeated the Poles in 1450; and where he, at the age of 17, had fought side by side with Vlad 'the Impaler'. The area was ideal for the defenders: the valley was a semi-oval surrounded on all sides by hills covered by forest. Inside the valley, the terrain was marshy, which restricted troop movement. Suleiman had full confidence in his troops and made few efforts to scout the area. On 10 January, on a dark and misty Tuesday morning, the battle began. The weather was frigid, and a dense fog limited vision. The Ottoman troops were exhausted, and the torrent made them look like "plucked chickens". Stephen fortified the bridge, while setting and aiming his cannons at the structure. Peasants and archers were hidden in the forest, together with their Prince and his boyar cavalry.
1161:
to the scene with 7,000 men, and together with the
Hungarian garrison battled the Moldavians and the Turks for eight days. They managed to defend the town, while wounding Stephen in his foot with shrapnel. In 1465, while Vlad was imprisoned in Hungary, Stephen again advanced towards Chilia with a large force and siege weapons; but instead of besieging the fortress, he showed the garrison â who favoured the Polish King â a letter in which the King required them to surrender the fortress. This they did, and Stephen entered the fortress where he found "its two captains, rather tipsy, for they have been to a wedding". Mehmed was furious about the news and claimed Chilia for being a part of Wallachia â which now was a vassal to the
1240:, laying waste to the countryside, and intimidating the new prince into abandoning his Wallachian throne and fleeing to Moldavia. In the spring of 1474, LaiotÄ took the Wallachian throne for the second time; and in June, he made the decision to betray his protĂ©gĂ© by submitting to Mehmet. Stephen then invested his support into a new candidate, named ĆąepeluĆ (little spear), but his reign was even shorter, as it only lasted a few weeks after being defeated by LaiotÄ in battle on 5 October. Two weeks later, Stephen returned to Wallachia and forced LaiotÄ to flee. Mehmed, tired of what transpired in Wallachia, gave Stephen an ultimatum to forfeit Chilia to the Porte, to abolish his aggressive policy in Wallachia, and to come to
1258:
1284:, and from there to advance with additional troops towards Moldavia. For these already exhausted Ottoman troops, who had besieged the city from 17 May to 15 August, the transit from ShkodĂ«r to Moldavia was a month's journey through bad weather and difficult terrain. According to DĆugosz, Suleiman was also ordered that after inflicting defeat on Stephen, he was to advance towards Poland, set camp for the winter, then invade Hungary in spring, and unite his forces with the army of the Sultan. The Ottoman army consisted of
1437:
Ottoman lines started to sound their bugles, and in great confusion some
Ottoman units changed direction to face the sound. When the Moldavian army attacked, Suleiman lost control of his army. He desperately tried to regain control, but eventually was forced to signal a retreat. The battle lasted for four days, with the last three days consisting of the fleeing Ottoman army being pursued by the Moldavian light cavalry and the 2,000-strong Polish cavalry until they reached the town of ObluciĆŁa (now
1152:
civil war as Aron fled to Poland. The new prince continued sending the tribute that his uncle and Mehmed had agreed upon, and in such way, avoided any premature confrontation with his enemy. His first priority was to strengthen the country and to retrieve its lost territory. Because Aron resided in Poland, Stephen made a few incursions in southern Poland. The hostilities ended on 4 April 1459, when in a new treaty between the two countries, Moldavia accepted vassalage and Poland returned
1535:
1069:
1165:â and demanded Stephen to give it over to him. The latter refused, however, and recruited an army, forcing Mehmed â who was not yet ready to wage war â to accept the situation, if only for the time being. The Moldavian prince, realising that a future war with Mehmed could not be avoided, tried to gain time by increasing his tribute to the Porte by 50 percent (to 3,000 ducats); and also sent an envoy to Constantinople with gifts for the sultan. In 1467,
1391:
1203:, began to worry about Stephen's growing influence in the region; and ordered her colonies to do whatever was needed to revenge past mischief from which allegedly, the Genovese had suffered. The colonies in turn persuaded the Tatars to attack Moldavia. Later that year, the Tatars invaded the country from the north, causing great damage to the land and enslaving many. Stephen replied by invading Tatar territory with Polish assistance. In 1472,
1512:, attacked with their cavalry from the north and started to pillage the country. The Moldavians took chase after them, and routed and killed most of them. "The fleeing Tatars discard their weapons, their saddles and clothes, while some, as though crazed, jump into the River Dniepr". Giray wrote to Mehmed that he could not wage more war against Stephen, as he had lost his son and two brothers, and had returned with only one horse.
1220:, reveals that Mehmed had left Constantinople on 13 April and was planning to invade Moldavia from land and sea. Stephen still hoped to make peace with Radu and asked the Polish king to work as mediator. The peace attempts failed and the conflict intensified with three leaders challenging each other for the Wallachian throne: Radu, who was supported by Mehmed; the seemingly loyal
1345:
1177:
1531:, Voivode of Transylvania, gave chase with an army of 30,000. Stephen assembled his army and invaded Wallachia from the north, while Vlad and BĂĄthory invaded from the west. LaiotÄ fled, and in November, Vlad ÈepeÈ was installed on the Wallachian throne. He received 200 loyal knights from Stephen to serve as his loyal bodyguards, but his army remained small.
1157:
countries, it was agreed that no
Moldavian territory should remain under foreign rulership, and if such territory was under foreign rulership, that territory should be regained. Later that year, it is believed that Stephen asked Vlad to return Chilia back to Moldavia â a demand which was most likely refused.
1232:, where the latter suffered his second defeat at the hands of the Moldavian "warlike" prince. A few days later, on 28 November, the Ottomans intervened with an army consisting of 12,000 Ottomans and 6,000 Wallachians, but "they incurred heavy losses and fled across the Danube". After capturing the castle of
1428:
The
Moldavians made the first move by sending musicians to the middle of the valley. The sound of drums and bugles made Suleiman think that the entire Moldavian army awaited him there. Instead, the centre of the valley held the Székely forces and the Moldavian professional army, which were ordered to
1083:
had previously made attempts to control the region, but had failed; and for the
Ottomans, "the control of these two ports and of Caffa was as much an economic as a political necessity", as it would also enhance their control of Moldavia and serve as a valuable strategic point from which naval attacks
1436:
Suleiman tried to reinforce his offensive, not knowing what had happened in the valley, but then
Stephen, with the full support of his boyars, ordered a major attack. All his troops, together with peasants and heavy cavalry, attacked from all sides. Simultaneously, Moldavian buglers concealed behind
1160:
On 22 June, when Vlad was fighting Mehmed, Stephen allied himself with the Sultan and with some
Turkish assistance, he launched an attack on Chilia. The fortress, defended by tall stone walls and 12 cannons, was among the strongest fortifications along the Danube at that time. The Wallachians rushed
1680:
Kronika Polska mentions 40,000 Moldavian troops; Gentis SilesiĂŠ Annales mentions 30,000 Ottoman troops and "no more than" 40,000 Moldavian troops; the letter of
Stephen addressed to the Christian countries, sent on 25 January 1475, mentions 30,000 Ottoman troops; see also The Annals of Jan DĆugosz,
1670:
Kronika Polska mentions 40,000 Moldavian troops; Gentis SilesiĂŠ Annales mentions 30,000 Ottoman troops and "no more than" 40,000 Moldavian troops; the letter of
Stephen addressed to the Christian countries, sent on 25 January 1475, mentions 30,000 Ottoman troops; see also The Annals of Jan DĆugosz,
1448:
The Wallachians fled the field without joining battle and LaiotÄ now turned his sword against the Turks, who had hoped for a safe passage in Wallachia; on 20 January, he exited his castle and confronted some of the Turks that were lurking on his land. Thereafter, he took one of their flags and sent
1211:
invaded the Ottoman Empire from the east, causing a great crisis to the empire. He was defeated the following year, but this unexpected event, as it is explained in a contemporary source, encouraged Venice and Hungary to renew their war on the Ottomans, and Moldavia to free herself from any Ottoman
1151:
was dethroned and slain, as Vlad ÈepeÈ took possession of the Wallachian throne; and as such, Chilia became a shared Wallachian-Hungarian possession. In April 1457, Vlad ÈepeÈ supported Stephen with 6,000 horsemen, which the latter used to invade Moldavia and occupy the Moldavian throne, ending the
1486:, asking for support. In response, "the arrogant Matthias writes to the Pope, the Emperor and other kings and princes, telling them that he has defeated a large Turkish army with his own forces under the Voivode of Wallachia". The Pope's reply to Stephen denied him help, but awarded him with the "
1156:
back to Moldavia; the latter also assumed the obligation to support Moldavia in retrieving Chilia and Cetatea AlbÄ. It was also in the interest of Poland to have the area belonging to Moldavia, as it would increase their commerce in the region. On 2 March 1462, in a renewed treaty between the two
1588:
to commemorate the victory at Vaslui; "the exterior walls â including a representation of the Last Judgment on the west wall â were painted in 1547 with a background of vivid cerulean blue. This is so vibrant that art historians refer to VoroneĆŁ blue the same way they do Titian red." In 1490, he
1503:
Stephen tried to create a new coalition with the European powers, arguing that Mehmed's best troops were lost at Vaslui. Upon hearing about the devastating defeat, Mehmed refused for several days to give audience to anyone; his other plans of expansion were put to rest as he planned revenge on
1088:. This is confirmed by a German chronicle which explains that Mehmet wanted to turn Moldavia into "some kind of fortress", and from there, to launch attacks against Poland and Hungary. The Ottomans also feared the strategic position of Moldavia, whence it would only take 15 to 20 days to reach
1312:
peasants were also included in the army; their main tasks were to clear the way for the rest of the army by building bridges over waters and removing snow from the roads, and to drive supply wagons. In total, the Ottoman cavalry numbered 30,000. In September 1474, the Ottoman army gathered in
50:
1333:
1498:
Praiseworthy hero, in no respect inferior to other hero soldiers we admire. He was the first contemporary among the rulers of the world to score a decisive victory against the Turks. To my mind, he is the worthiest to lead a coalition of the Christian Europe against the
1135:, at the court of Hunyadi. Even though Hungary had made peace with the Turks in 1451, Hunyadi wanted to transform Wallachia and Moldavia into a barrier that would protect the kingdom from Ottoman expansion. In the fall of 1453, after the Ottoman capture of
1378:â and professional foot soldiers. The army reached a strength of up to 40,000, of whom 10,000 to 15,000 comprised the standing army. The remainder consisted of 30,000 peasants armed with maces, bows, and other home-made weapons. They were recruited into
1147:. With both Wallachia and Moldavia conducting a pro-Ottoman policy, the plan to install Vlad ÈepeÈ as prince of Wallachia began to take shape. Sometime between April and July 1456, with the support of a few Hungarian troops and Wallachian boyars, Prince
1357:
Stephen was hoping to gain support from the West, and more specifically from the Pope. However, the help that he received was modest in numbers. The Hungarian Kingdom sent 1,800 Hungarians, while Poland sent 2,000 horsemen. Stephen recruited 5,000
1490:", while King Casimir pleaded "poverty both in money and men" and did nothing; his own men then accused him of sloth, and advised him to change his shameful behaviour or hand over his rule to someone else. Chronicler
1481:
in Poland", and implored him to provide troops and money to support the Moldavians in the struggle against the Ottomans. He also sent letters and a few prisoners and Turkish standards to the Pope and Hungarian King
847:
1713:
mentions 30,000 Ottoman troops and "no more than" 40,000 Moldavian troops; the letter of Stephen addressed to the Christian countries, sent on 25 January 1475, mentions 30,000 Ottoman troops; see also
1169:
of Hungary launched an expedition against Moldavia in order to punish Stephen for annexing the region. The invasion ended in a disaster for the Hungarians as they suffered a bitter defeat at the
1554:
near Bucharest in December 1476. LaiotÄ again occupied the Wallachian throne, which urged Stephen to make another return to Wallachia and dethrone LaiotÄ for the fifth and last time, while a
1228:âwho would gain the support of Stephen after LaiotÄ's betrayal. A series of "absurd" clashes followed, starting with another confrontation between Stephen and Radu on 18â20 November, at
3244:
521:
250:
630:
2549:. Originally published London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1882. Electronic text archive on the site of the Center for Advanced Research Technology in the Arts and Humanities,
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3742:
1413:, and the Ottomans headed for that region. The winter made it difficult to set camp, which forced the Ottomans to move quickly and head for the Moldavian capital,
775:
1504:
Stephen. In the following year, Mehmed invaded the country with an army of 150,000, which was joined by 10,000 Wallachians under LaiotÄ and 30,000 Tatars under
1421:. The bridge was made of wood and not suitable for heavy transportation of troops. Stephen chose that area for the battle â the same location where his father,
2635:
1244:
with his delayed homage. The Prince refused and in November 1474, he wrote to the Pope to warn him of further Ottoman expansion, and to ask him for support.
1173:, where Corvinus was thrice wounded by arrows and had to be "carried from the battlefield on a stretcher, to avoid him falling into the hands of the enemy".
2683:
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726:
514:
243:
4703:
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872:
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Nevill Forbes; Arnold J. Toynbee; D. Mitrany, D.G. Hogarth. The Balkans: A History of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey, 2004. ISO-8859-1.
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After the battle, Stephen sent "four of the captured Turkish commanders, together with thirty-six of their standards and much splendid booty, to
507:
1469:. Another Polish chronicler reported that on the spot of the battle rested huge piles of bones upon each other, next to three immured crosses.
236:
1317:, and from there, Suleiman marched towards Moldavia by crossing the frozen Danube on foot. His first stop was Wallachia, which he entered via
90:
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758:
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influence. In 1473, Stephen stopped paying the annual tribute to the Porte and as a reaction to this, an Italian letter, dated from 1473 to
926:
171:
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1037:, it had become an integral part of Moldavia and was successfully defended in 1420 against the first Ottoman attempt to capture castle
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Matei, Mircea D.; CĂąrciumaru, Radu. Studii Noi Despre Probleme Vechi â Din Istoria Evului Mediu RomĂąnesc. Editura Cetatea de Scaun.
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troops numbered up to 30,000 or 120,000, facing about 40,000 Moldavian troops, plus smaller numbers of allied and mercenary troops.
4698:
3806:
842:
819:
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Historical discourse about the origin of the 'magnanimous szekler nation' : military and civil institutes in the past times.
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960:, told a Venetian envoy that the invasion had been the worst ever defeat for the Ottomans. Stephen was later awarded the title
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814:
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harassed the advancing Ottomans. The population and livestock were evacuated to the north of the country into the mountains.
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for forty days on bread and water and forbade anyone to attribute the victory to him, insisting that credit be given only to
557:
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Pippidi, Andrei. Noi Izvoare Italiene despre Vlad ĆąepeĆ Ći Ćtefan cel Mare; Studies and Materials of Medium History XX/2002.
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3389:
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Ferencz KĂĄllay (1850). Historiai brtekezĂ©s a' nemes szĂ©kely nemzet' eredetĂ©rĆl: hadi Ă©s polgĂĄri intĂ©zeteirĆl a rĂ©gi idĆkben
1191:, the halfbrother of Vlad ÈepeÈ ruled â from Ottoman dominion. In 1470, he invaded the country and burned down the town of
3605:
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Denize, Eugen. SemnificaĆŁia Haracului Ăźn relaĆŁiile Moldo-Otomane din vremea lui Ćtefan cel Mare â CĂąteva ConsideraĆŁii.
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Ghyka, Matila. A Documented Chronology of Roumanian History â from prehistoric times to the present day, Oxford 1941.
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it to a Hungarian friend as proof of his bravery. The Ottoman casualties were reported as 45,000, including four
1398:
The invading army entered Moldavia in December 1474. To fatigue the Ottomans, Stephen had instituted a policy of
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CĂąndea, Virgil. Saint Stephen the Great in his contemporary Europe (Respublica Christiana), Balkan Studies 2004.
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To secure his southern frontier from Ottoman threats, Stephen wanted to liberate Wallachia â where the hostile
143:
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1143:; two years later, on 5 October 1455, Aron sent the first Moldavian tribute to the Porte: a payment of 2,000
1524:
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4193:
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1325:. His army rested in Wallachia for two weeks, and was later met by a Wallachian contingent of 17,000 under
1236:, Stephen put LaiotÄ on the throne, but on 31 December, a new Ottoman army of 17,000 set camp around river
1195:
and in 1471, Stephen and Radu confronted each other in Moldavia, where the latter was defeated. Meanwhile,
2048:
Noi Izvoare Italiene despre Vlad ĆąepeĆ Ći Ćtefan cel Mare; Studies and Materials of Medium History XX/2002
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1461:", and their corpses burned. Only one was spared â the only son of the Ottoman general Isaac Bey, of the
1417:. To reach Vaslui, where the Moldavian army had its main camp, they needed to cross Podul Ănalt over the
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Orudj bin Adil and Ćemseddin Ahmed bin Suleiman Kemal paĆa-zade. The Chronicles of the Ottoman Dynasty.
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SemnificaĆŁia Haracului Ăźn relaĆŁiile Moldo-Otomane din vremea lui Ćtefan cel Mare â CĂąteva ConsideraĆŁii
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Historiai Ă©rtekezĂ©s a' nemes szĂ©kely nemzet' eredetĂ©rĆl: hadi Ă©s polgĂĄri intĂ©zeteirĆl a rĂ©gi idĆkben
606:
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664:
382:
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Florescu, R. Radu; McNally, T. Raymond. Dracula: Prince of many faces â His life and his times.
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36:
32:
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The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
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388:
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3119:
2876:
2842:
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2600:
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1382:(the Great Army), into which all able-bodied free men over the age of 14 were conscripted.
1217:
1026:
714:
588:
436:
4149:
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2904:
2854:
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8:
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Panaite, Viorel. The Ottoman Law of War and PeaceâThe Ottoman Empire and Tribute Payers.
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41:
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A Documented Chronology of Roumanian History â from prehistoric times to the present day
827:
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1034:
914:
659:
647:
617:
584:
201:
164:
3778:
1528:
1326:
1221:
1123:, the country fell into civil war as two pretenders fought for the throne: Aron and
953:
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The Ottoman Threat and Crusading on the Eastern Border of Christendom during Vaslui
1466:
1213:
1000:
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Stephen inflicted a decisive defeat on the Ottomans, with casualties according to
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Iorga, Nicolae. Istoria lui Ćtefan cel Mare, 1904 (new edition 1966), Bucharest.
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fortress, while LaiotÄ was forced to retreat back to Wallachia when Vlad and
1509:
1371:
1162:
1140:
929:. The battle took place at Podul Ănalt ("the High Bridge"), near the town of
105:
92:
1409:
Ottoman scouts reported to Suleiman that there were untouched villages near
1124:
2679:
Short essay about Stephen the Great with a description of the Vaslui battle
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Pasha, LĂŒtfi. The Chronicles of the House of Osman (Tevarih-i al-i Osman).
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Saint Stephen the Great in his contemporary Europe (Respublica Christiana)
2669:
Detailed article describing the strategy and the units used in the battle
1816:
Studii Noi Despre Probleme Vechi â Din Istoria Evului Mediu RomĂąnesc
1515:
In July 1476, after killing 30,000 Ottomans, Stephen was defeated at the
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228:
2575:
Bonfinius, Antonius. Historia Pannonica ab Origine Gentis AD Annum 1495.
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1458:
1309:
1208:
1120:
675:
651:
613:
2638:. RelaĆŁiile internaĆŁionale ale Moldovei Ăźn vremea lui Ćtefan cel Mare.
2037:
The Ottoman Law of War and PeaceâThe Ottoman Empire and Tribute Payers
1867:
The Ottoman Law of War and PeaceâThe Ottoman Empire and Tribute Payers
1433:, while the remaining Ottoman infantry attacked the Moldavian flanks.
1273:
743:
1918:
Studii Noi Despre Probleme Vechi â Din Istoria Evului Mediu RomĂąnesc,
1649:
1581:, leaving Moldavia a landlocked principality for many years to come.
1551:
1422:
1322:
1305:
1285:
1233:
1112:
1022:
1010:
730:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
1947:
Studii Noi Despre Probleme Vechi â Din Istoria Evului Mediu RomĂąnesc
1906:
Studii Noi Despre Probleme Vechi â Din Istoria Evului Mediu RomĂąnesc
1891:
Studii Noi Despre Probleme Vechi â Din Istoria Evului Mediu RomĂąnesc
1879:
Studii Noi Despre Probleme Vechi â Din Istoria Evului Mediu RomĂąnesc
1855:
Studii Noi Despre Probleme Vechi â Din Istoria Evului Mediu RomĂąnesc
1843:
Studii Noi Despre Probleme Vechi â Din Istoria Evului Mediu RomĂąnesc
1828:
Studii Noi Despre Probleme Vechi â Din Istoria Evului Mediu RomĂąnesc
1390:
1237:
1192:
2621:
Spinei, Victor. Moldavia in the 11thâ14th Centuries, Romania, 1986.
2023:
RelaĆŁiile internaĆŁionale ale Moldovei Ăźn vremea lui Ćtefan cel Mare
1593:. These monasteries served as cultural centres; today, they are on
1457:
writes that "all but the most eminent of the Turkish prisoners are
957:
934:
699:
546:
139:
2513:
Inalcik, Halil. The Ottoman Empire â The Classical Age 1300â1600.
1049:) were essential for Moldavian commerce. The old trade route from
2085:
1520:
1442:
1438:
1414:
1336:
Stephen the Great â detail of a dedication miniature in the 1473
1277:
1127:. Bogdan's son, Stephen, fled Moldavia together with his cousin,
1080:
1062:
1054:
1029:
and was possibly annexed to Moldavia in the late 14th century by
1013:
worsened when both laid their claims to the historical region of
938:
84:
1519:. However, the Ottomans were unsuccessful in their siege of the
1344:
1268:
Mehmed ordered his general, Suleiman Pasha, to end the siege of
1176:
1139:, Moldavia received an ultimatum to start paying tribute to the
2718:
1594:
1578:
1430:
1410:
1403:
1367:
1296:
1290:
1153:
1144:
1108:
1018:
1014:
984:
952:
and Polish records reaching beyond 40,000 on the Ottoman side.
949:
930:
76:
49:
1374:(CÄlÄraĆi); elite, heavy cavalry â named Viteji, Curteni, and
1332:
1288:
and heavy infantry, which were supported by the heavy cavalry
1450:
1375:
1318:
1314:
1301:
1281:
1196:
1050:
1610:
1058:
1935:
Vlad Dracul: Prince of many faces â His life and his times
1107:, effectively ceding control of the strategic area on the
1577:
and incorporate it into their empire under the name of
1402:
and poisoned waters. Troops who specialised in setting
1348:
Letter of Stephen to European leaders, 29 November 1474
1131:âwho had sought protection at the Moldavian court â to
1995:
1993:
983:, Stephen did not celebrate his victory; instead, he
2674:
Brief history of Moldavia covering the Vaslui battle
2614:
Kronika Polska, Litewska, ƻmudzka i wszystkiej Rusi
1589:extended his work by building another monastery of
1025:, but later succumbed to Moldavian influence under
1990:
1584:Between May and September 1488, Stephen built the
2658:and Costin, Nicolae. LetopiseĆŁul, ĆąÄrĂźi Moldovei.
2644:Turnbull, Stephen. The Ottoman Empire 1326â1699.
2581:DĆugosz, Jan. Historiae Polonicae, Leipzig, 1712.
2408:Diary of Ladislav, servant of Vlad; 7 August 1476
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
1689:
1687:
4630:
1009:The conflict between Stephen and Ottoman Sultan
1780:The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300â1600
2431:
2378:, libri XIII, vol. II, note 528, Leipzig 1712.
2154:
1684:
1637:
1616:
1494:hailed Stephen for his victory in the battle:
1329:, who had changed sides to join the Ottomans.
976:("the true defender of the Christian faith").
2704:
2606:Stephen the Great; letter of 25 January 1475.
2432:KĂĄrmĂĄn, GĂĄbor; KunÄevic, Lovro, eds. (2013).
2399:Letter of Giray to Mehmed, 10â19 October 1476
2278:
2276:
1224:, who at first was supported by Stephen; and
759:
515:
244:
2317:
2315:
4596:List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
1562:, was established as ruler of the country.
971:
2711:
2697:
2353:. U.S. Library of Congress. Archived from
2273:
2082:Letter of Stephen, Vaslui 29 November 1474
1300:), who would scout ahead. There were also
1199:, which possessed several colonies in the
766:
752:
529:
522:
508:
258:
251:
237:
2312:
2144:
2142:
2140:
1972:
1970:
1957:
1955:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1901:
1899:
1838:
1836:
1652:, Hungary: Fiedler Gottfried. p. 247
956:(Mara Hatun), the former younger wife of
913:) was fought on 10 January 1475, between
16:1475 battle of the Moldavian-Ottoman Wars
2603:. Crown of Histories (Tadj al-tawarikh).
2578:Curius, Joachim. Gentis SilesiĂŠ Annales.
2475:Catholic Encyclopedia, Rumania (source:
2455:, Amintirile unui Pelerin (documentary).
2235:
2233:
2208:
2206:
2051:
2032:
2030:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1533:
1389:
1343:
1331:
1256:
1175:
1115:, to Hungary. With the assassination of
1067:
208:30,000 Ottomans (Gentis SilesiĂŠ Annales)
2193:
2191:
2189:
2042:
1631:
1247:
773:
4631:
4605:List of Ottoman battles in World War I
2137:
1981:
1967:
1952:
1923:
1896:
1848:
1833:
1453:killed and a hundred standards taken.
1308:) from vassal states. Twenty thousand
1304:cavalry and other troops (such as the
1053:, Akkerman, and Chilia passed through
200:60,000â120,000 Ottomans (according to
4704:Battles of the OttomanâHungarian Wars
4591:For 20th-century battles before 1914
2692:
2230:
2203:
2099:The Chronicles of the Ottoman Dynasty
2027:
1940:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1720:
1550:went to battle and was killed by the
1465:family, whose father had fought with
747:
503:
232:
4649:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
2461:. Mehmed the Conqueror and his time
2186:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1821:
1809:
4600:For the battles during World War I
2684:Short article describing the battle
1756:Moldavia in the 11thâ14th Centuries
979:According to the Polish chronicler
13:
1709:mentions 40,000 Moldavian troops;
14:
4720:
2662:
2347:"Romania - The Ottoman Invasions"
2071:Mehmed the Conqueror and his time
2005:
1987:The Annals of Jan DĆugosz, p. 566
973:"verus christianae fidei athleta"
1693:Liviu Pilat and Ovidiu Cristea,
1086:Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania
48:
4699:Battles of Mehmed the Conqueror
2564:SfĂąntul Voievod Ćtefan cel Mare
2425:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2339:
2327:
2300:
2288:
2257:
2245:
2218:
2174:
2126:
2114:
2103:
2076:
1911:
1796:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1542:, painted outside the monastery
1508:. The Tatars, who called for a
196:40,000 (Gentis SilesiĂŠ Annales)
2587:Murianus, Mathaeus. Letter to
2558:Artistic Route Through Romania
2418:Artistic Route Through Romania
1737:
1700:
1674:
1664:
1622:
1084:could be launched against the
1017:, now known under the name of
1:
2591:, written on 7 December 1502.
2488:. The Annals of Jan DĆugosz.
1604:
1352:
1280:), to assemble his troops in
1021:. The region had belonged to
994:
2584:Husein, Kodja. Great Events.
2198:The Ottoman Empire 1326â1699
1806:, written on 7 December 1502
1565:In 1484, the Ottomans under
1472:
558:Khillia and White Fortresses
7:
4669:History of Western Moldavia
4664:Military history of Romania
2560:, The New York Times, 1998.
2283:Istoria lui Ćtefan cel Mare
2240:Istoria lui Ćtefan cel Mare
2213:Istoria lui Ćtefan cel Mare
2181:Istoria lui Ćtefan cel Mare
2149:Istoria lui Ćtefan cel Mare
2121:Istoria lui Ćtefan cel Mare
1732:Istoria lui Ćtefan cel Mare
1252:
10:
4725:
4674:1475 in the Ottoman Empire
4659:Battles of the Middle Ages
4644:Battles involving Moldavia
2570:Angiolello, Giovanni Maria
2566:, Chronicles. (retrieved)
2226:LetopiseĆŁul ĆąÄrĂźi Moldovei
2001:LetopiseĆŁul ĆąÄrĂźi Moldovei
1617:KĂĄrmĂĄn & KunÄevic 2013
1294:and by the light cavalry (
1041:. The ports of Chilia and
998:
966:("Champion of Christ") by
4654:Battles involving Hungary
4615:Ottoman victories are in
4613:
4587:
4503:
4142:
4129:
4077:
3923:
3910:
3798:
3401:
3388:
3287:
3036:
3023:
3003:
2744:
2731:
2543:Roumania Past and Present
2388:The Annals of Jan DĆugosz
2334:The Annals of Jan DĆugosz
2322:The Annals of Jan DĆugosz
2307:The Annals of Jan DĆugosz
2252:Roumania Past and Present
1962:The Annals of Jan DĆugosz
1768:The Annals of Jan DĆugosz
1715:The Annals of Jan DĆugosz
1385:
1226:Basarab ĆąepeluĆ cel TĂąnÄr
970:, who referred to him as
905:(also referred to as the
785:
543:
487:
272:
218:~5,000 killed and wounded
212:
177:
158:
133:
58:
47:
30:
25:
4709:Battles involving Poland
4694:History of Vaslui County
4689:15th century in Moldavia
2551:University of Washington
184:30,000â40,000 Moldavians
2556:Sandberg-Diment, Erik.
2265:Amintirile unui Pelerin
1638:Ferencz KĂĄllay (1829).
1119:in 1451 by his brother
1074:Akkerman (Cetatea AlbÄ)
915:Stephen III of Moldavia
312:War of the South Danube
221:~40,000 dead (disputed)
202:Stephen III of Moldavia
165:Stephen III of Moldavia
1792:Gentis SilesiĂŠ Annales
1711:Gentis SilesiĂŠ Annales
1648:] (in Hungarian).
1591:Saint John the Baptist
1546:When LaiotÄ returned,
1543:
1501:
1395:
1349:
1341:
1265:
1184:
1076:
972:
534:MoldavianâOttoman Wars
263:HungarianâOttoman Wars
159:Commanders and leaders
54:Location of the battle
37:Ottoman-Hungarian Wars
33:Moldavian-Ottoman Wars
2572:. Historia Turchesca.
2297:, Oxford 1941, p. 108
1697:, (Brill, 2006), 149.
1537:
1496:
1393:
1347:
1335:
1260:
1179:
1117:Bogdan II of Moldavia
1111:, with access to the
1071:
937:(now part of eastern
907:Battle of Podul Ănalt
490:OttomanâHabsburg wars
457:HungarianâOttoman War
329:HungarianâOttoman War
306:HungarianâOttoman War
289:HungarianâOttoman War
283:HungarianâOttoman War
277:HungarianâOttoman War
213:Casualties and losses
106:46.60500°N 27.74500°E
2601:Hoca Sadeddin Efendi
1517:Battle of Valea AlbÄ
1366:consisted of twenty
1248:Preparations for war
1218:Republic of Florence
1097:Petru II of Moldavia
927:Hadım Suleiman Pasha
172:Hadım Suleiman Pasha
2610:Stryjkowski, Maciej
2376:Historiae Polonicae
1599:World Heritage List
1569:managed to conquer
1216:, secretary of the
1182:Monastery of Horezu
1031:Roman I of Moldavia
1015:Southern Bessarabia
777:PolishâOttoman Wars
206:17,000 Wallachians
102: /
42:Polish-Ottoman Wars
2636:Papacostea, Èerban
2541:Samuelson, James.
2133:Historia Turchesca
1544:
1396:
1364:The Moldavian army
1350:
1342:
1340:at Humor Monastery
1266:
1185:
1180:LaiotÄ Basarab at
1103:, the governor of
1099:awarded Chilia to
1077:
1061:in Poland (now in
727:Vieniamin Costache
551:Alexander the Good
188:2,000â5,000 Vlachs
148:Kingdom of Hungary
111:46.60500; 27.74500
4684:Stephen the Great
4679:Conflicts in 1475
4624:
4623:
4583:
4582:
4134:(1789–1908)
4125:
4124:
3915:(1700–1789)
3906:
3905:
3393:(1550–1700)
3384:
3383:
3028:(1453–1550)
3019:
3018:
2736:(1299–1453)
2589:Leonardo Loredano
2508:978-0-316-28656-5
2438:. Leiden: Brill.
2351:countrystudies.us
1804:Leonardo Loredano
1586:VoroneĆŁ Monastery
1484:Matthias Corvinus
1394:Map of the battle
1189:Radu the Handsome
1167:Matthias Corvinus
1035:Alexandru cel Bun
896:
895:
740:
739:
648:Michael the Brave
567: (1443-1444)
496:
495:
431:Serbia Expedition
227:
226:
144:Kingdom of Poland
129:
128:
125:Moldavian victory
4716:
4518:2nd Kerch Strait
4140:
4139:
4135:
4107:1st Kerch Strait
3921:
3920:
3916:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3364:Strait of Hormuz
3226:Peñón of Algiers
3034:
3033:
3029:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2690:
2689:
2449:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2357:on 5 August 2011
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2271:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2167:
2152:
2146:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2096:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2025:
2020:
2003:
1997:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1718:
1704:
1698:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1523:citadel and the
1467:Mircea the Elder
1214:Bartolomeo Scala
1079:Both Poland and
1072:The fortress of
1057:in Moldavia and
1001:The Night Attack
975:
911:Battle of Racova
903:Battle of Vaslui
780:
778:
768:
761:
754:
745:
744:
565:Crusade of Varna
538:
537:
535:
524:
517:
510:
501:
500:
352:Crusade of Varna
267:
266:
264:
253:
246:
239:
230:
229:
192:1,800 Hungarians
117:
116:
114:
113:
112:
107:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
81:Western Moldavia
60:
59:
52:
26:Battle of Vaslui
23:
22:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4620:
4609:
4579:
4540:6th Dardanelles
4534:5th Dardanelles
4499:
4133:
4132:
4121:
4073:
3914:
3913:
3902:
3858:4th Dardanelles
3852:3rd Dardanelles
3847:2nd Dardanelles
3841:1st Dardanelles
3794:
3606:2nd ZrĂnyiĂșjvĂĄr
3601:1st ZrĂnyiĂșjvĂĄr
3596:Jurjeve Stijene
3392:
3391:
3380:
3283:
3027:
3026:
3015:
2999:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2717:
2665:
2656:Ureche, Grigore
2459:Babinger, Franz
2446:
2428:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2274:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2155:
2147:
2138:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2006:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1721:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1488:Athleta Christi
1475:
1441:, Romania), in
1388:
1355:
1263:Gentile Bellini
1255:
1250:
1007:
997:
963:Athleta Christi
899:
898:
897:
892:
882:Lipka rebellion
781:
776:
774:
772:
742:
741:
736:
696:Gaspar Graziani
539:
533:
531:
530:
528:
498:
497:
492:
483:
470:
459: (1521â26)
445: (1480â81)
379:
354: (1443â44)
346:
331: (1437â42)
314: (1420â32)
308: (1415â19)
291: (1389â96)
285: (1375â77)
279: (1366â67)
268:
262:
260:
259:
257:
222:
205:
193:
191:
189:
187:
185:
167:
146:
142:
110:
108:
104:
101:
96:
93:
91:
89:
88:
87:
66:10 January 1475
53:
39:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4722:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4639:1475 in Europe
4622:
4621:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4598:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4137:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3927:
3925:
3918:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3893:
3888:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3837:
3832:
3830:Cape Celidonia
3827:
3822:
3815:
3810:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3703:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3627:
3625:Saint Gotthard
3622:
3615:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3574:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3499:AlcĂĄcer Quibir
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3403:
3396:
3390:Transformation
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3031:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2994:Constantinople
2990:
2985:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2845:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2746:
2739:
2729:
2728:
2724:Ottoman Empire
2722:involving the
2716:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2663:External links
2661:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2561:
2554:
2539:
2536:
2525:
2522:
2511:
2500:
2497:
2483:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2390:, pp. 592, 594
2380:
2368:
2338:
2326:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2272:
2256:
2244:
2229:
2217:
2202:
2185:
2183:, pp. 127, 130
2173:
2170:Kronika Polska
2153:
2136:
2125:
2113:
2102:
2084:
2075:
2050:
2041:
2026:
2004:
1989:
1980:
1966:
1951:
1939:
1922:
1910:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1795:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1719:
1707:Kronika Polska
1699:
1683:
1673:
1663:
1630:
1621:
1619:, p. 266.
1608:
1606:
1603:
1529:Stefan BĂĄthory
1474:
1471:
1400:scorched earth
1387:
1384:
1354:
1351:
1327:Basarab LaiotÄ
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1242:Constantinople
1222:Basarab LaiotÄ
1171:Battle of Baia
1137:Constantinople
1090:Constantinople
1005:Battle of Baia
996:
993:
968:Pope Sixtus IV
954:Mara BrankoviÄ
894:
893:
891:
890:
885:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
786:
783:
782:
771:
770:
763:
756:
748:
738:
737:
735:
734:
723:
722:
711:
710:
704:
703:
692:
691:
686:
680:
679:
668:
667:
662:
656:
655:
644:
643:
638:
633:
628:
622:
621:
610:
609:
604:
599:
593:
592:
581:
580:
575:
569:
568:
561:
560:
544:
541:
540:
527:
526:
519:
512:
504:
494:
493:
488:
485:
484:
482:
481:
475:
468:
461:
460:
453:
452:
446:
440:
434:
428:
422:
416:
410:
404:
398:
392:
386:
380:
373:
368:
363:
356:
355:
348:
347:
340:
333:
332:
325:
324:
316:
315:
309:
302:
301:
293:
292:
286:
280:
273:
270:
269:
256:
255:
248:
241:
233:
225:
224:
223:4,000 captured
219:
215:
214:
210:
209:
197:
186:5,000 Székelys
180:
179:
175:
174:
169:
161:
160:
156:
155:
153:Ottoman Empire
150:
136:
135:
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
79:, present-day
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
45:
44:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4721:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4627:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:Naval battles
4502:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4456:Philippopolis
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4131:Modernization
4128:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:Naval battles
4076:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3909:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:Naval battles
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:Naval battles
3286:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3025:Classical Age
3022:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:Naval battles
3002:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2650:1-84176-569-4
2647:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2630:0-88033-461-4
2627:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2533:973-85907-2-8
2530:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2519:1-84212-442-0
2516:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:1-901019-00-4
2491:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2467:0-691-01078-1
2464:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2445:9789004246065
2441:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2270:
2266:
2263:Documentary:
2260:
2254:, Chapter XI.
2253:
2248:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2227:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1984:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1677:
1667:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1540:last judgment
1536:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1506:Meñli I Giray
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:light cavalry
1369:
1365:
1361:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1261:Mehmed II by
1259:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:RĂąmnicu SÄrat
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
986:
982:
977:
974:
969:
965:
964:
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
889:
886:
883:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
784:
779:
769:
764:
762:
757:
755:
750:
749:
746:
732:
728:
725:
724:
721:
718:
717:
713:
712:
709:
706:
705:
701:
697:
694:
693:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
677:
673:
670:
669:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
649:
646:
645:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
619:
615:
612:
611:
608:
607:NeamÈ Citadel
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
590:
586:
583:
582:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
566:
563:
562:
559:
556:
555:
554:
552:
548:
542:
536:
525:
520:
518:
513:
511:
506:
505:
502:
491:
486:
479:
476:
473:
469:
466:
463:
462:
458:
455:
454:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
358:
357:
353:
350:
349:
344:
341:
339:
335:
334:
330:
327:
326:
322:
318:
317:
313:
310:
307:
304:
303:
299:
295:
294:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
274:
271:
265:
254:
249:
247:
242:
240:
235:
234:
231:
220:
217:
216:
211:
207:
203:
198:
195:
182:
181:
176:
173:
170:
166:
163:
162:
157:
154:
151:
149:
145:
141:
138:
137:
132:
124:
121:
120:
115:
86:
82:
78:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
51:
46:
43:
38:
34:
29:
24:
19:
4626:
4616:
4601:
4592:
4532:
4510:
4492:
4470:
4428:
4421:
4399:
4327:
4320:
4298:
4286:
4279:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4186:
4159:
4143:Land battles
4084:
4066:
4059:
3997:
3990:
3968:
3961:
3957:2nd Belgrade
3952:Petrovaradin
3944:
3937:
3930:
3924:Land battles
3895:
3883:
3856:
3839:
3817:
3805:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3743:Egri Palanka
3741:
3734:
3717:
3710:
3698:
3676:
3629:
3617:
3610:
3588:
3581:
3569:
3552:
3545:
3523:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3402:Land battles
3373:
3369:Gulf of Oman
3356:
3339:
3327:
3320:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3276:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3144:
3112:
3105:
3100:
3093:
3059:1st Belgrade
3037:Land battles
2992:
2980:
2958:
2941:
2932:Hermannstadt
2924:
2917:
2912:Thessalonica
2910:
2903:
2891:
2864:
2847:
2837:Philadelphia
2835:
2828:
2821:
2816:Sırp SındıÄı
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2753:Kulaca Hisar
2751:
2745:Land battles
2613:
2486:DĆugosz, Jan
2434:
2426:Bibliography
2417:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2355:the original
2350:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2285:, pp. 131â32
2282:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2225:
2220:
2212:
2197:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2148:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2110:Great Events
2109:
2105:
2098:
2078:
2070:
2044:
2036:
2022:
2000:
1983:
1976:
1961:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1798:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1758:, pp. 218â19
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1676:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1645:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1612:
1583:
1575:Cetatea AlbÄ
1564:
1545:
1539:
1514:
1502:
1497:
1479:King Casimir
1476:
1463:Gazi Evrenos
1447:
1435:
1427:
1419:BĂąrlad River
1408:
1397:
1379:
1356:
1337:
1295:
1289:
1272:-controlled
1267:
1186:
1159:
1149:Vladislav II
1133:Transylvania
1129:Vlad Dracula
1105:Transylvania
1101:John Hunyadi
1094:
1078:
1047:Cetatea AlbÄ
1046:
1008:
978:
961:
947:
921:governor of
910:
906:
902:
900:
719:
715:
672:Jan Zamoyski
596:
545:
480: (1526)
474: (1521)
467: (1521)
451: (1493)
449:Krbava Field
439: (1479)
433: (1477)
427: (1475)
424:
421: (1464)
415: (1464)
409: (1459)
403: (1458)
397: (1456)
391: (1454)
385: (1448)
343:Hermannstadt
199:
183:
168:MihĂĄly Fants
134:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
4436:Shipka Pass
4390:BaĆgedikler
4385:Akhaltsikhe
4350:Akhaltsikhe
4194:Mount Tabor
4177:Shubra Khit
4112:2nd Ochakov
4055:2nd Ochakov
4015:Stavunchany
4010:1st Ochakov
3554:Nagykanizsa
3232:Leobersdorf
2324:, pp. 588â9
2224:Grigore U.
1999:Costin, N.
1845:, pp. 92â93
1552:Janissaries
1492:Jan DĆugosz
1455:Jan DĆugosz
1380:Oastea Mare
1286:Janissaries
1205:Uzun Hassan
1045:(Romanian:
1027:Petru MuÈat
981:Jan DĆugosz
733:(1806-1812)
720:(1710-1711)
716:Pruth River
654:(1593-1606)
620:(1484-1499)
618:Stephen III
591:(1473-1479)
585:Stephen III
194:20 cannons
190:2,000 Poles
109: /
4633:Categories
4430:Kızıl Tepe
4306:Dervenakia
4204:Heliopolis
4068:KarĂĄnsebes
3992:Banja Luka
3912:Old Regime
3897:Samothrace
3825:Cape Corvo
3719:Negroponte
3706:2nd MohĂĄcs
3700:Vrtijeljka
3667:2nd Vienna
3652:2nd Khotyn
3637:KrasnobrĂłd
3577:1st Khotyn
3565:Tashiskari
3531:CÄlugÄreni
3478:Gvozdansko
3450:Mostaganem
3329:Formentera
3322:1st Jeddah
3219:1st MohĂĄcs
3184:Mercidabık
3120:Breadfield
3107:Valea AlbÄ
3069:TĂąrgoviÈte
3054:2nd Oranik
2982:2nd Kosovo
2976:1st Oranik
2877:Karanovasa
2843:Dubravnica
2809:Adrianople
2547:Chapter XI
2477:New Advent
2361:8 February
1802:Letter to
1605:References
1567:Bayezid II
1548:Vlad Tepes
1362:soldiers.
1353:Moldavians
1209:Ak Koyunlu
1125:AlexÄndrel
1121:Petru Aron
999:See also:
995:Background
676:Mehmed III
652:Mehmed III
614:Bayezid II
602:Valea AlbÄ
437:Breadfield
97:27°44âČ42âłE
94:46°36âČ18âłN
83:, eastern
4488:Velestino
4483:Al Wajbah
4407:Eupatoria
4395:Kurekdere
4355:Kulevicha
4311:Karpenisi
4281:DrÄgÄÈani
4045:Kozludzha
3981:YeghevÄrd
3885:Oinousses
3749:Slankamen
3662:Trembowla
3612:Novi Zrin
3547:Keresztes
3541:2nd Brest
3506:1st Brest
3278:Sokhoista
3266:Esztergom
3191:Han Yunus
3135:CÄtlÄbuga
3095:Otlukbeli
3074:2nd Mokra
3011:Gallipoli
2966:1st Mokra
2926:Novo Brdo
2893:Nicopolis
2872:Kırkdilim
2795:Gallipoli
2781:Pelekanon
1920:pp. 95â96
1717:, p. 588;
1656:9 October
1650:Nagyenyed
1473:Aftermath
1423:Bogdan II
1323:Nicopolis
1310:Bulgarian
1306:Timariots
1234:Bucharest
1113:Black Sea
1095:In 1448,
1023:Wallachia
1011:Mehmed II
888:1683â1699
878:1672â1676
873:1666â1671
868:1633â1634
863:1620â1621
858:1615â1616
838:1593â1606
820:1502â1510
815:1485â1503
810:1443â1444
805:1437â1442
800:1415â1419
795:1389â1396
790:1375â1377
731:Mahmud II
636:CÄtlÄbuga
589:Mehmed II
407:Smederevo
298:Nicopolis
4570:Navarino
4565:Gerontas
4528:Kaliakra
4461:TaĆkesen
4451:4th Kars
4417:3rd Kars
4412:Chernaya
4401:OlteniÈa
4365:2nd Acre
4340:2nd Kars
4329:Phaleron
4322:Kamatero
4316:Arachova
4294:Vasilika
4265:Valtetsi
4229:Al-Safra
4224:Slobozia
4214:Arpachai
4188:1st Acre
4182:Pyramids
4117:Fidonisi
4030:Aspindza
4025:Khresili
4020:1st Kars
3879:Mytilene
3835:Focchies
3765:Moulouya
3759:Ustechko
3725:BatoÄina
3642:NiemirĂłw
3590:KöbölkĂșt
3417:TemesvĂĄr
3347:Girolata
3310:Balearic
3198:Ridanieh
3178:Koçhisar
3165:Turnadag
3158:Ăaldıran
3064:Albulena
3049:Krusevac
3044:Leskovac
2954:Torvioll
2949:Kunovica
2943:Zlatitsa
2788:Demotika
2453:Antena 1
2336:, p. 589
2309:, p. 588
2269:Antena 1
2242:, p. 130
2215:, p. 129
2151:, p. 128
2073:, p. 339
2039:, p. 165
1964:, p. 552
1937:, p. 149
1908:, p. 134
1869:, p. 164
1782:, p. 129
1770:, p. 449
1746:, p. 141
1734:, p. 133
1510:Holy War
1404:ambushes
1276:(now in
1270:Venetian
1253:Ottomans
1043:Akkerman
1033:. Under
989:the Lord
958:Murad II
950:Venetian
935:Moldavia
917:and the
700:Osman II
665:ÈelimbÄr
631:Akkerman
547:Mehmed I
465:Belgrade
395:Belgrade
389:KruĆĄevac
371:Kunovica
366:Zlatitsa
338:Belgrade
178:Strength
140:Moldavia
71:Location
40:and the
4617:italics
4555:Nauplia
4550:Algiers
4494:Domokos
4478:Mouzaki
4466:NovĆĄiÄe
4446:Aladzha
4423:Al-Hasa
4360:Algiers
4288:Sculeni
4270:Doliana
4260:Erzurum
4249:Alamana
4161:Giurgiu
4150:FocÈani
4092:Matapan
4061:Mehadia
4050:Kinburn
4005:Perekop
3970:Samarra
3963:Kurijan
3874:Algiers
3869:Algiers
3864:Algiers
3813:Lepanto
3736:Zernest
3730:2nd NiĆĄ
3689:Eperjes
3672:PĂĄrkĂĄny
3647:Komarno
3631:ĆadyĆŒyn
3560:Sufiyan
3536:Giurgiu
3492:Torches
3464:Szigeth
3443:Tlemcen
3410:Tlemcen
3352:AlborĂĄn
3341:Preveza
3296:Zonchio
3272:Karagak
3252:Algiers
3245:Baghdad
3238:Gorjani
3212:Tlemcen
3172:Algiers
3114:Shkodra
2971:Otonetë
2937:1st NiĆĄ
2919:Golubac
2905:Ăamurlu
2855:PloÄnik
2830:Maritsa
2823:Samokov
2802:Ihtiman
2760:Bapheus
2720:Battles
2200:, p. 42
2123:, p.127
1949:, p. 97
1893:, p. 96
1881:, p. 94
1857:, p. 91
1830:, p. 93
1818:, p. 92
1681:p. 588;
1671:p. 588;
1560:ĆąepeluĆ
1556:DÄneĆti
1521:Suceava
1459:impaled
1443:Dobruja
1439:Isaccea
1415:Suceava
1360:Székely
1291:sipahis
1278:Albania
1274:Shkodër
1081:Hungary
1063:Ukraine
1055:Suceava
943:Ottoman
941:). The
939:Romania
923:Rumelia
919:Ottoman
909:or the
689:Suceava
660:Giurgiu
443:Otranto
419:Zvornik
321:Golubac
85:Romania
4523:Tendra
4512:Andros
4472:Ulcinj
4441:Plevna
4255:Gravia
4235:Jeddah
4199:Abukir
4167:Izmail
4155:Rymnik
4102:Patras
4086:Imbros
3999:Grocka
3976:Kirkuk
3932:Chelif
3891:Andros
3807:Cyprus
3712:Crimea
3583:Candia
3571:Cecora
3485:Ăıldır
3424:Palast
3375:Djerba
3152:Dubica
3146:Krbava
3140:Vrpile
3101:Vaslui
3084:Vaikal
2899:Ankara
2882:Rovine
2866:Kosovo
2860:BileÄa
2774:Nicaea
2767:Dimbos
2726:by era
2648:
2628:
2531:
2517:
2506:
2492:
2465:
2442:
1595:UNESCO
1579:Budjak
1571:Chilia
1499:Turks.
1451:Pashas
1431:sipahi
1411:Vaslui
1386:Battle
1376:Boyars
1368:cannon
1338:Gospel
1297:akinci
1238:BĂąrlad
1201:Crimea
1193:BrÄila
1145:ducats
1109:Danube
1039:Chilia
1019:Budjak
985:fasted
931:Vaslui
708:Cecora
702:(1620)
684:Cecora
678:(1595)
641:Scheia
626:Chilia
597:Vaslui
553:(1420)
478:MohĂĄcs
425:Vaslui
383:Kosovo
122:Result
77:Vaslui
4575:Sinop
4560:Samos
4545:Athos
4380:Nezib
4375:Konya
4345:Varna
4335:Petra
4275:Lalas
4242:Äegar
4219:Batin
4209:Derna
4172:MÄcin
4097:ĂeĆme
4040:Kagul
4035:Larga
3986:Ganja
3946:Pruth
3819:Tunis
3790:Zenta
3772:Lugos
3754:HodĂłw
3694:Kassa
3619:Jijel
3525:Banat
3519:Sisak
3513:BihaÄ
3457:Krupa
3437:Tadla
3358:Ponza
3335:Tunis
3303:Modon
3205:Jajce
3130:Adana
3089:Meçad
3079:Ohrid
2988:Polog
2960:Varna
2887:Ohrid
2849:Savra
1644:[
1525:NeamĆŁ
1319:Vidin
1315:Sofia
1302:Tatar
1282:Sofia
1197:Genoa
1163:Porte
1154:Hotin
1141:Porte
1051:Caffa
933:, in
578:Varna
472:Ć abac
413:Jajce
401:UĆŸice
376:VĂĄrna
75:Near
4370:Hims
4300:Peta
3939:Oran
3785:Azov
3779:UlaĆ
3678:Buda
3657:LwĂłw
3259:Pest
2733:Rise
2646:ISBN
2626:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2515:ISBN
2504:ISBN
2490:ISBN
2463:ISBN
2440:ISBN
2363:2023
1658:2010
1573:and
1538:The
1321:and
1059:Lwow
1003:and
901:The
853:1612
848:1607
843:1595
833:1561
828:1526
824:1524
729:and
698:and
674:and
650:and
616:and
587:and
573:Nish
549:and
361:Nish
63:Date
4602:see
4593:see
3684:VĂĄc
3471:Fez
3431:Fez
3316:Diu
3125:Una
1597:'s
1207:of
1065:).
4635::
2612:.
2545:,
2479:).
2349:.
2314:^
2275:^
2267:,
2232:^
2205:^
2188:^
2156:^
2139:^
2087:^
2053:^
2029:^
2007:^
1992:^
1969:^
1954:^
1925:^
1898:^
1835:^
1722:^
1686:^
1601:.
1558:,
1445:.
1370:;
1092:.
991:.
925:,
4619:.
2712:e
2705:t
2698:v
2652:.
2632:.
2616:.
2553:.
2535:.
2521:.
2510:.
2496:.
2469:.
2448:.
2365:.
1660:.
884:)
880:(
767:e
760:t
753:v
523:e
516:t
509:v
378:)
359:(
345:)
336:(
323:)
319:(
300:)
296:(
252:e
245:t
238:v
204:)
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