Battle of Grunwald

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the road between Grunwald and Łodwigowo, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southwest of the memorial site. Between 2014 and 2019, archaeologists from Scandinavia and Poland investigated an area of approximately 450 hectares (1,100 acres) with metal detectors and located the main battle site according to Ekdahl's predictions. In 2017, the team found approximately 65 crossbow bolts and 20 arrowheads, as well as parts of spurs, stirrups, gauntlets, etc. As of 2020, archaeologists had discovered about 1,500 artifacts of which about 150 are linked to the battle. Among them are a Teutonic clasp to fasten coat with the Gothic inscription ‘Ave Maria’, a seal with the image of a pelican feeding its young with blood, two well preserved axes, and Teutonic coins.

2754: 1871: 2429: 230: 6560: 2557: 2449: 2334: 2326: 2000: 344: 1887: 1899: 2715: 2206: 1987:, lost the Kraków banner. However, it was soon recaptured and fighting continued. Władysław II Jagiełło deployed his reserves—the second line of his army. Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen then personally led 16 banners, almost a third of the original Teutonic strength, to the right Polish flank, and Władysław II Jagiełło deployed his last reserves, the third line of his army. The melee reached the Polish command and one knight, identified as Lupold or Diepold of Kökeritz, charged directly against King Władysław II Jagiełło. Władysław's secretary, 259: 59: 420: 372: 362: 299: 247: 3534: 323: 271: 199: 1199:, agreed to mediate the dispute. A truce was signed on 8 October 1409 and was set to expire on 24 June 1410. Both sides used this time to prepare for war, gathering troops and engaging in diplomatic maneuvering. Both sides sent letters and envoys accusing each other of various wrongdoings and threats to the Christendom. Wenceslaus, who received a gift of 60,000 florins from the order, declared that Samogitia rightfully belonged to the order and only Dobrzyń Land should be returned to Poland. The order also paid 300,000 187: 553: 1816: 218: 1948:, of a German letter. Written a few years after the battle, it cautioned the new Grand Master to look out for feigned retreats of the kind that had been used in the Great Battle. Stephen Turnbull asserts that the Lithuanian tactical retreat did not quite fit the formula of a feigned retreat; such a retreat was usually staged by one or two units (as opposed to almost an entire army) and was swiftly followed by a counterattack (whereas the Lithuanians had returned late in the battle). 384: 283: 6814: 6823: 560: 1847:). The armies formed opposing lines along a northeast–southwest axis. The Polish–Lithuanian army was positioned in front and east of Ludwigsdorf and Tannenberg. Polish heavy cavalry formed the left flank, Lithuanian light cavalry the right flank and various mercenary troops made up the center. Their men were organized in three lines of wedge-shaped formations about 20 men deep. The Teutonic forces concentrated their elite heavy cavalry, commanded by Grand Marshal 2396:. The museum, which is open during summers, has an exhibition space of 275 square metres (2,960 sq ft) in which it displays archaeological finds from the battlefield, original and reproduced medieval weapons, reconstructed flags from the battle, as well as various maps, drawings, and documents related to the battle. In 2018, the museum was visited by about 140,000 people. Construction of a larger year-round museum at an estimated cost of 30 million 6835: 408: 2074: 1130: 396: 311: 2676: 1701: 1851:, against the Lithuanians. The order, which was the first to organize their army for the battle, hoped to provoke the Poles or Lithuanians into attacking first. Their troops, wearing heavy armor, had to stand in the scorching sun for several hours waiting for an attack. One chronicle suggested that they had dug pits that an attacking army would fall into. They also attempted to use 1957: 2305:, as both Poland and Lithuania were for a long time, the order had difficulties recruiting new volunteer crusaders. The Grand Masters then needed to rely on mercenary troops, which proved an expensive drain on their already depleted budget. The internal conflicts, economic decline, and tax increases led to unrest and the foundation of the 2096:, put total casualties at 8,000 dead "on both sides". However, the wording is vague and it is unclear whether it meant a total of 8,000 or 16,000 dead. A papal bull from 1412 mentioned 18,000 dead Christians. In two letters written immediately after the battle, Władysław II Jagiełło mentioned that Polish casualties were small ( 2387:

granite depicting two faces of knights, a bundle of eleven 30-metre (98 ft)-high flagpoles with emblems of the Polish–Lithuanian army, and a sculptural map depicting the supposed positions of the armies before the battle. Presumed locations where Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas had their main

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described this development as a complete annihilation of the entire Lithuanian army. According to Długosz, the Order assumed that victory was theirs, broke their formation for a disorganized pursuit of the retreating Lithuanians, and gathered much loot before returning to the battlefield to face the

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takes place on 15 July. In 2010, a pageant reenacting the event and commemorating the battle's 600th anniversary was held. It attracted 200,000 spectators who watched 2,200 participants playing the role of knights in a re-enactment of the battle. An additional 3,800 participants played peasants and

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The 2014-2019 surveys have been criticsed due to inconsistent publications and not following scientific techniques established by battlefield archeology. These include preservation of findings, lack of survey maps and inconsistent recording of GPS data. There has also been a lack of funding from

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published his long-held hypothesis that the traditionally accepted location of the battlefield was incorrect. He believed that the surveys near the chapel ruins were actually around the site of the Teutonic Order's camp. According to Ekdahl's theory, the main battlefield was located northeast of

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The siege of Marienburg was lifted on 19 September. The Polish–Lithuanian forces left garrisons in the fortresses they had taken and returned home. However, the order quickly recaptured most of the castles. By the end of October only four Teutonic castles along the border remained in Polish hands.

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In 2014, the Russian Military Historical Society stated that Russian troops and their allies defeated the German knights in the Battle of Grunwald. In July 2017, billboards appeared on the streets of Russian cities with statements that seemed to attribute the victory in the battle of Grunwald to

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in August 1944: "After five, six weeks we shall leave. But by then Warsaw, the capital, the head, the intelligence of this former 16–17 million Polish people will be extinguished, this Volk that has blocked our way to the east for 700 years and has stood in our way ever since the First Battle of

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were carried out in 1958–1960 in the run-up to the 550th anniversary, connected to the construction of the memorial site and museum. The government showed great interest in the excavations and sent helicopters and 160 soldiers to help. Research continued in later decades, but yielded very little

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permanently resolved the territorial disputes. The Poles and Lithuanians were unable to translate the military victory into territorial or diplomatic gains. However, the Peace of Thorn imposed a heavy financial burden on the order from which they never recovered. They had to pay an indemnity in

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The defeat of the Teutonic Order was resounding. According to Teutonic payroll records, only 1,427 men reported back to Marienburg to claim their pay. Of 1,200 men sent from Danzig, only 300 returned. Between 203 and 211 brothers of the Order were killed, out of 270 that participated in battle,

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At that time the reorganized Lithuanians returned to the battle, attacking von Jungingen from the rear. The Teutonic forces were by then becoming outnumbered by the mass of Polish knights and advancing Lithuanian cavalry. As von Jungingen attempted to break through the Lithuanian lines, he was

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for burial on 19 July. The bodies of lower-ranking Teutonic officials and 12 Polish knights were buried at the church in Tannenberg. The rest of the dead were buried in several mass graves. The highest-ranking Teutonic official to escape the battle was Werner von Tettinger, Komtur of Elbing

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While outnumbered, the Teutonic army had advantages in discipline, military training and equipment. They were particularly noted for their heavy cavalry, although only a small percentage of the Order's army at Grunwald were heavily armoured knights. The Teutonic army was also equipped with

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1789:, Władysław II Jagiełło decided against crossing the river at such a strong, defensible position. The army would instead bypass the river crossing by turning east, towards its sources, where no other major rivers separated his army from Marienburg. The march continued east towards Soldau ( 2553:'s summary, almost all accounts of the battle made before the 1960s were more influenced by romantic legends and nationalistic propaganda than by fact. Historians have since made progress towards dispassionate scholarship and reconciliation of the various national accounts of the battle. 1855:, but a light rain dampened their powder and only two cannon shots were fired. As Władysław II Jagiełło delayed, the Grand Master sent messengers with two swords to "assist Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas in battle". The swords were meant as an insult and a provocation. Known as the " 1520:) and artillery units is unknown. Estimates, often biased by political and nationalistic considerations, were produced by various historians. German historians tend to present lower numbers, while Polish historians tend to use higher estimates. The high-end estimates by Polish historian 1870: 2486:

results with the exception of the area around the ruined chapel. Several mass graves were found at the chapel: remains of six people in the vestibule, 30 people next to the southern wall, more than 130 people in three pits adjacent to the chapel, and about 90 people in the

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when he visited the battlefield in 1842, but they have not survived to the present day. The first amateur archeological research was carried out in 1911 in hopes of finding the mass graves mentioned by Jan Długosz at the church of Stębark. The church was surveyed with

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banners, Russians saw the battle as a victory of a Polish–Lithuanian–Russian coalition against invading Germans. However, the ethnic composition of the men under these banners cannot be determined as Smolensk had rebelled against Vytautas in 1404 and 1408. Chronicler

1669:. The overall commander of the joint Polish–Lithuanian force was King Władysław II Jagiełło; however, he did not directly participate in the battle. The Lithuanian units were commanded directly by Grand Duke Vytautas, who was second in command, and helped design the 2052:, a group of knights sympathetic to Poland. According to the order, von Renys lowered his banner, which was taken as a signal of surrender and led to the panicked retreat. The legend that the order was "stabbed in the back" was echoed in the post-World War I 5624: 2576:

The Battle of Grunwald is regarded as one of the most important in the histories of Poland and Lithuania. In Lithuania, the victory is synonymous with the Grand Duchy's political and military peak. It was a source of national pride during the age of

951:(1415–1480). is a comprehensive and detailed account written several decades after the battle. The reliability of this source suffers not only from the long gap since the events, but also from Długosz's alleged biases against Lithuanians. 1975:, the Teutonic forces concentrated on the Polish right flank. Six of von Walenrode's banners did not pursue the retreating Lithuanians, instead joining the attack on the right flank. A particularly valuable target was the royal banner of 757:. The battle is viewed as one of the most important victories in the histories of Poland and Lithuania. It is also commemorated in Ukraine and Belarus. For centuries, it has been re-interpreted in that part of Europe as an inspiration of 1507:

provided the number of banners, the principal unit of each cavalry: 51 for the Teutons, 50 for the Poles and 40 for the Lithuanians. However, it is unclear how many men were under each banner. The structure and number of infantry units

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The river crossing remained secret until Hungarian envoys, who were attempting to negotiate a peace, informed the Grand Master. As soon as Ulrich von Jungingen grasped the Polish–Lithuanian intentions, he left 3,000 men at Schwetz

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started. Lithuania supported it and the order threatened to invade. Poland announced its support for the Lithuanian cause and threatened to invade Prussia in return. As Prussian troops evacuated Samogitia, Teutonic Grand Master

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were found. In 1958–1990, only 28 artefacts were found connected to the battle: ten crossbow bolts, five arrowheads, a javelin head, two sword pieces, two gun bullets, six pieces of gauntlets, and two small arms bullets.

2241:). Only eight castles remained in Teutonic hands. The besiegers of Marienburg expected a speedy capitulation and were not prepared for a long siege, suffering from lack of ammunition, low morale, and an epidemic of 1937:(1399), when the Lithuanian army had been dealt a crushing defeat and Vytautas himself had barely escaped alive. This theory gained wider acceptance after the discovery and publication, in 1963 by Swedish historian 2225:), remaining on the battlefield for three days and then marching an average of only about 15 km (9.3 mi) per day. The main forces did not reach heavily fortified Marienburg until 26 July. This delay gave 5636: 4556:"(Review) Sven Ekdahl, In Search of the Battlefield of Tannenberg (Grunwald) of 1410. New Research with Metal Detectors in 2014–2019, Vilnius 2019, pp. 279. : On the Problems of Battlefield Research" 603: 2742:) have a street named after the battle. In Belarus, interest in the battle began to grow in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In 2010, Belarus issued postage stamps for the 600th anniversary. Since 2008, 1801:). Later, in the self-serving testimonies of the survivors before the Pope, the order claimed that Von Jungingen was so enraged by the alleged atrocities that he swore to defeat the invaders in battle. 2490:. Many remains showed signs of traumatic injuries. Some skeletons showed signs of being burned and moved. Mass burials, including of women and children, were also found in the villages of Gilgenburg ( 2773:

generally saw the Teutonic knights as heroic and noble men who brought Christianity and civilization to the east, although many came to the region with more material motives. In August 1914, during

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Vytautas, supported by the Polish banners, started an assault on the left flank of the Teutonic forces. After more than an hour of heavy fighting, the Lithuanian light cavalry began a full retreat.

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camp followers. The pageant's organisers believe that the event has become the largest re-enactment of medieval combat in Europe. The reenactment attracts about 60,000 to 80,000 visitors annually.

2530: 4639: 1258:). To keep their plans secret and mislead the order, Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas organized several raids into border territories, thus forcing the order to keep their troops in place. 2229:

enough time to organize a defense. Władysław II Jagiełło also sent his troops to other Teutonic fortresses, which often surrendered without resistance, including the major cities of Danzig (

1211:, for mutual military assistance. Sigismund attempted to break the Polish–Lithuanian alliance by offering Vytautas a king's crown; Vytautas' acceptance would have violated the terms of the 5510:

Knoll, Paul W. (1983). "In Search of the Battle of Grunwald. Review of Die Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410, Quellenkritische Untersuchungen, vol. I: Einführung und Quellenlage by S. Ekdahl".

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silver in four annual installments. To meet these payments, the order borrowed heavily, confiscated gold and silver from churches, and increased taxes. Two major Prussian cities, Danzig (

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Under Communist rule over Poland, memory to the battle was monopolized by the state. Memory to the battle was instrumentalized for justifying the new borders, under which Poland annexed

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Polish troops. He made no mention of the Lithuanians, who later returned to the battlefield. Thus Długosz portrayed the battle as a single-handed Polish victory. This view contradicted

1741:. On 24 June, Władysław II Jagiełło and Czech mercenaries arrived in Wolbórz. Three days later the Polish army was already at the meeting place. The Lithuanian army marched out from 2108:) mentioned that only half of the Lithuanians returned, but it is unclear how many of those casualties are attributable to the battle and how many to the later siege of Marienburg. 632: 596: 4927: 1222:

By December 1409, Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas had agreed on a common strategy: their armies would unite into a single massive force and march together towards Marienburg (

6873: 4900: 7808: 7783: 2301:), revolted against the tax increases. The defeat at Grunwald left the Teutonic Order with few forces to defend their remaining territories. Since Samogitia became officially 1381: 1246:), a central location from where troops could respond to an invasion from any direction rather quickly. Sizable garrisons were left in the eastern castles of Ragnit, Rhein ( 2538: 1169:

declared war on the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on 6 August 1409. The order hoped to defeat Poland and Lithuania separately, and began by invading

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was killed. In 1901, a large memorial stone was erected for the fallen Grand Master in the midst of the chapel ruins for the 200th anniversary of the coronation of King

1725:. This maneuver, which required precision and intense coordination among multi-ethnic forces, was accomplished in about a week, from 24 to 30 June. Polish soldiers from 589: 2407:

was erected by the Lithuanians near the monument site to commemorate the 610th anniversary of the battle. The monument was unveiled by Lithuanian and Polish presidents

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on 11 November 1410. Only those who were expected to pay ransom were kept. Considerable ransoms were recorded; for example, the mercenary Holbracht von Loym had to pay

1226:), capital of the Teutonic Order. The order, who took a defensive position, did not expect a joint attack and were preparing for a dual invasion—by the Poles along the 2345:, who had prophesied the downfall of the Teutonic Order, at the location of the battle. When the order regained the territory of the battlefield, the new grand master 2117: 1429: 652: 1848: 1463: 761:(to advance legends or mythology) and national pride, becoming a larger symbol of struggle against foreign invaders. During the 20th century, the battle was used in 2025:

as the killer. Surrounded and leaderless, the Teutonic Order began to retreat. Part of the routed units retreated towards their camp. This move backfired when the

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Soldiers from twenty-two different states and regions, mostly Germanic, joined the Order's army. Teutonic recruits known as guest crusaders included soldiers from

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25 июля – Памятная дата военной истории России. В этот день в 1410 году русские войска и их союзники одержали победу над немецкими рыцарями в Грюнвальдской битве.

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and archaeological excavations in 2014–2017 proved that the actual site was south of Grünfelde (Grunwald). Władysław II Jagiełło referred to the site in Latin as

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decades have historians moved towards a dispassionate, scholarly assessment of the battle, reconciling the previous narratives, which differed widely by nation.

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In 1960, for the 550th anniversary, a museum and monuments were constructed a little northeast of the chapel ruins. The grounds were designed by sculptor

1339: 6747: 1001: 2033:: the camp was surrounded by wagons serving as an improvised fortification. However, the defense was soon broken and the camp was ravaged. According to 1054:. While the border regions became an uninhabited wilderness, the order gained very little territory. The Lithuanians first gave up Samogitia during the 848:

in 1891. The Germans named the battle after Tannenberg ("fir hill" or "pine hill" in German). Thus, there are three commonly used names for the battle:

6790: 2842:. The Teutonic Order was portrayed as the medieval forerunners of Hitler's armies, while the battle itself was seen as the medieval counterpart to the 1797:) and then moved east in parallel with the Polish–Lithuanian army. According to the Order's propaganda, the latter ravaged the village of Gilgenburg ( 6952: 4766: 4363: 7828: 7316: 6477: 5951:

Cronica conflictus Wladislai regis Poloniae cum cruciferi sanno Christi 1410 (Chronicle of the battle, written in 1410–1411, just after the battle)

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praised the Smolensk banners, who fought bravely and, according to him, were the only banners from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania not to retreat. In

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There are few contemporary, reliable sources about the battle, and most were produced by the Polish. The most important and trustworthy source is

6703: 5953: 924:, which was written within a year of the battle by an eyewitness. Its authorship is uncertain, but several candidates have been proposed: Polish 5809:

Tanajewski, Dariusz; Odoj, Romuald; Oszczak, Bartlomiej; Godlewska, Patrycja; Grazawski, Kazimierz; Mockun, Slawomir; Drej, Szymon (June 2014).

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commanded an expeditionary corps and the Moldavian king was so brave that the Polish troops and their king honoured him with a royal sword, the

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The precise number of soldiers involved has proven difficult to establish. None of the contemporary sources provided reliable troop counts.

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In the early morning of 15 July, both armies met in an area covering approximately 4 km (1.5 sq mi) between the villages of

6193: 7823: 6013: 17: 2498:). The massacre in Gilgenburg was known from written sources, but the burial in Faulen was unexpected. In the fields, very few items of 2349:

built a chapel dedicated to Saint Mary and it was consecrated in March 1413. It was destroyed by the Poles when they invaded during the

2144:, were executed by order of Vytautas after the battle. The bodies of von Jungingen and other high-ranking officials were transported to 7638: 6846: 5707: 1137:

between 1260 and 1410; the locations and dates of major battles, including the Battle of Grunwald, are indicated by crossed red swords.

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Ideas about commemorating the battle rose right after the event. Władysław II Jagiełło wanted to build a monastery dedicated to Saint

4908: 2785:(Olsztyn), and framed it as revenge for the Polish–Lithuanian victory 504 years earlier. To cement this symbolism, Germany built the 1267: 6228: 6210: 6348: 6216: 2777:, Germany won a battle against Russia near the site. When the Germans realized its propaganda potential, they named the battle the 2703:

was reduced, but the symbol of Grunwald did not disappear. Until end of the 1980s, July 15 was an important official memorial day.

2365:. The inscription was chiseled in 1960 and the stone was removed from the chapel ruins and placed inscription facing down in 1984. 1109:. The conflict was also motivated by trade considerations: the order controlled the lower reaches of the three largest rivers (the 5180: 4445: 2597:. The Teutonic Order was portrayed as bloodthirsty invaders and Grunwald as a just victory achieved by a small, oppressed nation. 1189:(Bromberg) and sacked several towns. The Poles organized counterattacks and recaptured Bydgoszcz. The Samogitians attacked Memel ( 7552: 7036: 7023: 7008: 6974: 6780: 6740: 6169: 2393: 1886: 988:. An anonymous letter, discovered in 1963 and written between 1411 and 1413, provided important details on Lithuanian maneuvers. 7119: 6969: 6694: 6246: 5227:"Battlefield Archaeology at Grunwald (Tannenberg, Žalgiris): A Polish-Scandinavian Research Project during the period 2014–2017" 1793:), although no attempt was made to capture the town. The Teutonic army followed the Drewenz River north, crossed it near Löbau ( 1141: 7733: 7338: 7321: 7311: 7299: 7252: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7148: 7143: 7013: 6986: 6496: 6483: 6423: 6382: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6314: 6188: 6125: 6006: 4883: 1836: 802: 786: 684: 613: 101: 50: 1971:

While the Lithuanians were retreating, heavy fighting broke out between Polish and Teutonic forces. Commanded by Grand Komtur

1073:. Jogaila converted to Christianity and was crowned King of Poland and became known as Władysław II Jagiełło, thus creating a 6878: 6868: 5919: 5896: 5874: 5830: 5738: 5661: 5563: 5457: 5423: 5395: 5376: 5169: 5125: 5103: 5082: 5008: 2688: 2389: 1898: 7743: 7523: 7041: 6502: 6152: 6098: 6088: 2640: 2466: 2314: 798: 7818: 2696: 2357:

and was demolished in 1720. Over time, the location of the chapel became associated with the location where Grand Master

31: 7771: 7751: 7294: 7097: 7063: 6733: 6708: 6047: 5799: 5757: 5335: 4832: 1055: 552: 5148: 1717:, a designated meeting point about 80 km (50 mi) from the Prussian border, where the joint army crossed the 7838: 7720: 7634: 7604: 7444: 7378: 6675: 6416: 5682: 5555: 2758: 2567:, Poland for the battle's 500th anniversary. It was destroyed during World War II by the Germans and rebuilt in 1976. 191: 6656: 4719: 1082: 7410: 6926: 6458: 6029: 5315: 1749:. They arrived in Czerwińsk on the same day the Poles crossed the river. After the crossing, Masovian troops under 1658: 463: 2753: 2461:

Several artifacts from the battlefield are known from historical record, for example stone balls in the church of

2104:) and Jan Długosz listed only 12 Polish knights who had been killed. A letter by a Teutonic official from Tapiau ( 1988: 1539:

Both armies were composed of troops from several states and lands, including numerous mercenaries, primarily from

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of 39,000 Polish–Lithuanian and 27,000 Teutonic men have been cited in Western literature as "commonly accepted".

936: 7684: 6931: 6921: 6626: 4975: 4640:"VU rektorius apie Žalgirio mūšį ir istorinį lūžį: regione atsirado nauja valdžia ir galybė – Lietuva ir Lenkija" 2680: 2470: 1824: 932: 696: 449: 2172:. Most of the commoners and mercenaries were released shortly after the battle on condition that they report to 7503: 7425: 5730: 2661: 2250: 2221:

After the battle, the Polish and Lithuanian forces delayed their attack on the Teutonic capital in Marienburg (

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Retreat of Lithuanian light cavalry (battle location and initial army positions according to an 1836 map by

7621: 7415: 7126: 6530: 6524: 6254: 5862: 5811:"Ground Penetrating Radar Data Acquisition and Analyses at the Most Holy Trinity Church in Stebark, Poland" 2165: 2133: 1750: 734:

caused internal conflicts and an economic downturn in the lands controlled by them. The battle shifted the

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of the campaign. Vytautas actively participated in the battle, managing both Lithuanian and Polish units.

1042:, the Teutons conquered and converted the Prussians by the 1280s and shifted their attention to the pagan 627: 7778: 7557: 7527: 7472: 7467: 7018: 4744: 2124:, Grand Treasurer Thomas von Merheim, Marshal of Supply Forces Albrecht von Schwartzburg, and ten of the 1934: 1134: 747: 303: 1991:, saved the king's life, gaining royal favor and becoming one of the most influential people in Poland. 7813: 7756: 7491: 7479: 6800: 6775: 6664: 6093: 2428: 2214: 2196: 715: 642: 400: 5993: 5965: 5950: 7589: 7496: 6905: 6637: 6631: 6583: 6077: 2612:

during a three-day celebration attended by some 150,000 people. About 60 other towns and villages in

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and created Polish-Lithuanian discord. At the same time, Vytautas managed to obtain a truce from the

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camps were marked with artificial mounds and flagpoles. The battle site is one of Poland's national

1521: 1445: 1178: 7584: 7547: 6037: 4928:"Žalgiris, Tannenberg, Grunwald? How to call 1410 Polish–Lithuanian victory against German knights" 2723: 2626: 2613: 2475: 1646: 1208: 1089:, responded by publicly contesting the sincerity of Jogaila's conversion, bringing the charge to a 1043: 1020: 692: 275: 263: 203: 5218:

Das Soldbuch des Deutschen Ordens, Teil. II : Indices mit personengeschichtlichen Kommentaren

2448: 2325: 7833: 7594: 7572: 7562: 7326: 7304: 7286: 7106: 6961: 6858: 6489: 6388: 6294: 5840: 5532: 2556: 2482: 2049: 1630: 1547:. Bohemian mercenaries fought on both sides. The Silesian mercenaries were led in battle by Duke 1458: 1106: 6559: 6162: 4997:

Places of Fighting for Lithuania's Freedom In the Expanse of Nemunas, Vistula and Dauguva rivers

2378: 2021:, Dobiesław of Oleśnica thrust a lance through the Grand Master's neck, while Długosz presented 1093:. The territorial disputes continued over Samogitia, which had been in Teutonic hands since the 977: 7661: 7539: 7264: 7247: 7214: 6362: 6289: 5768: 5692: 5158:"The Battle of Tannenberg-Grunwald-Žalgiris (1410) as reflected in Twentieth-Century monuments" 4704: 2649: 2362: 2354: 2306: 1757:

joined the Polish–Lithuanian army. The massive force began its march north towards Marienburg (

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The first stage of the Grunwald campaign was the gathering of all Polish–Lithuanian troops at

1242:). To counter this perceived threat, Ulrich von Jungingen concentrated his forces in Schwetz ( 7766: 7694: 7577: 7567: 7403: 7131: 6450: 6299: 5724: 5366: 4878:[The implementation of the project "Memorable Dates of Military History" continues]. 2831: 2743: 2269: 2200: 2129: 2057: 2053: 1984: 1682: 1618: 1005:

The Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania within their vassals between 1386 and 1434

840:, meaning "green forest" in German. The Lithuanians followed suit and translated the name as 730:

in 1422. The order, however, never recovered their former power, and the financial burden of

723: 5977: 5844: 5200: 7398: 7269: 6894: 6770: 6684: 6444: 6368: 6114: 5328:

The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union 1385–1569

5226: 5018: 3180: 2843: 2778: 2707: 2578: 2358: 2302: 2246: 2157: 2113: 1678: 1603: 1204: 1166: 1161: 1094: 758: 708: 475: 7728: 7274: 7234: 6374: 6266: 2761:

propaganda poster from 1920 depicts a Teutonic knight threatened by a Pole and a socialist

2280:

during the lifetimes of Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas, although another two wars—the

2037:, more knights died there than on the battlefield. The battle lasted for about ten hours. 1081:

removed the religious rationale for the order's activities in the area. Its grand master,

8: 7368: 6795: 6404: 5970: 2790: 2786: 2714: 2434:

Traditional view of army movements and battlefield location according to descriptions by

2346: 2226: 2093: 2022: 1770: 1689: 1599: 953: 873: 865: 424: 6979: 1212: 974: 969:. Other Polish sources include two letters written by Władysław II Jagiełło to his wife 7628: 7390: 7257: 7242: 7189: 7153: 7046: 6617: 6601: 6518: 6435: 6354: 6320: 6272: 6157: 6120: 6060: 5929: 5889:

Tannenberg and After: Lithuania, Poland and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality

5519: 5498: 5274: 5003:(English ed.). Vilnius: The General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania. 2621: 2265:

on 10 October 1410. Following other brief engagements, both sides agreed to negotiate.

2262: 2261:

Władysław II Jagiełło raised a fresh army and dealt another defeat to the order in the

2169: 2041: 1754: 1039: 1010: 985: 928: 881: 647: 456: 6645: 5815:

14th SGEM GeoConference on Science and Technologies in Geology, Exploration and Mining

2634:), prominently featuring the battle in one of the chapters. In 1960, Polish filmmaker 2408: 2029:

turned against their masters and joined the manhunt. The knights attempted to build a

1925:

in 1909, they proposed that the retreat had been a planned maneuver borrowed from the

7689: 7508: 7484: 7420: 7333: 7224: 6936: 6863: 6589: 6222: 5915: 5892: 5870: 5850: 5826: 5810: 5795: 5774: 5753: 5734: 5678: 5657: 5611: 5586: 5559: 5538: 5502: 5468: 5453: 5419: 5391: 5372: 5353: 5331: 5296: 5279: 5241: 5192: 5165: 5121: 5099: 5078: 5071: 5057: 5034: 5004: 4967: 4948: 4828: 4577: 2730:

commemorated to the 600 anniversary of the battle. At least three cities in Ukraine (

2601: 2560: 2342: 2205: 2089: 2078: 1595: 1145: 1066: 966: 905: 766: 376: 5822: 4875: 2805:

policies as a continuation of the order's historical mission. For example, SS Chief

2156:

Polish and Lithuanian forces took several thousand captives. Among these were Dukes

2048:) banner, and he was beheaded without a trial. He was the founder and leader of the 957:

is a mid-15th-century manuscript with images and Latin descriptions of the Teutonic

234: 58: 7653: 7513: 7452: 7385: 7363: 7343: 7202: 7182: 7051: 6595: 6470: 6429: 6398: 6175: 5818: 5488: 5480: 5445: 5405: 5345: 5269: 4567: 4555: 2806: 1979:. It seemed that the order were gaining the upper hand, and at one point the royal 1922: 1638: 1529: 1397: 1365: 1059: 1028: 889: 826:

in loco conflictus nostri, quem cum Cruciferis de Prusia habuimus, dicto Grunenvelt

499: 489: 479: 7699: 5220:, Veröffentlichungen aus den Archiven Preußischer Kulturbesitz (in German), Böhlau 2672:), and various organizations. 72 streets in Lithuania are named after the battle. 1297: 581: 7704: 7457: 7073: 7056: 6577: 6181: 5957: 5672: 5323: 4903:[Russia's victory in the Battle of Grunwald is a new historical "fact"]. 2814: 2739: 2635: 2605: 2534: 2289: 2183: 1980: 1964: 1930: 1856: 1852: 1828: 1820: 1810: 857: 849: 762: 754: 731: 727: 251: 5998: 5987: 5575:"Archäologische Forschungen auf dem Schlachtfeld von Grunwald/Tannenberg (1410)" 4452:(in Polish). Polish Historical Society and the Historical Magazine "Mówią wieki" 2397: 2273: 1098: 1024: 7462: 4382:"Wmurowano kamień węgielny pod budowę całorocznego Muzeum Bitwy pod Grunwaldem" 2594: 2512: 2439: 2272:

was signed in February 1411. Under its terms, the order ceded the Dobrin Land (

2254: 2210: 2145: 1943: 1877: 1773:

and marched the main force to organize a line of defense on the Drewenz River (

1726: 1722: 1670: 1622: 1216: 1170: 1153: 1074: 1070: 1051: 1016: 897: 819: 797:

Traditionally, the battle's location was thought to be in the territory of the

743: 739: 719: 704: 348: 165: 5701:. Vol. 1. Translated by Leonora B. Lang. New York: Peter Fenelon Collier. 3170: 2827: 2669: 2665: 2435: 2003:

After the Battle of Grunwald: The Solidarity of the Northern Slavs (1924), by

1910: 1815: 1674: 1504: 948: 7802: 5884: 5615: 5590: 5300: 5283: 5245: 5196: 5113: 5061: 5048: 5046:

Burleigh, Michael (June 1985). "The German Knight: Making of A Modern Myth".

5038: 4971: 4581: 4404:"Memorial stone to mark Lithuanian-Polish victory against Teutonic crusaders" 4205: 2770: 2657: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2550: 2491: 2369: 2179: 2026: 2009: 1798: 1761:), capital of Prussia, on 3 July. The Prussian border was crossed on 9 July. 1734: 1413: 1227: 1077:

between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The official

1035: 970: 388: 239: 134: 121: 6725: 5854: 5792:

Myth, Memory, and the First World War in Scotland: The Legacy of Bannockburn

5542: 5357: 4995: 4572: 2313:, in 1441. This in turn led to a series of conflicts that culminated in the 1645:

lands (present-day Belarus and Ukraine). Among them were three banners from

922:

Cronica conflictus Wladislai regis Poloniae cum Cruciferis anno Christi 1410

7616: 7373: 7114: 6410: 6240: 5484: 5181:"The Turning Point in the Battle of Tannenberg (Grunwald/Žalgiris) in 1410" 4770: 4464: 2810: 2796: 2653: 2412: 2004: 1960: 1926: 1654: 1239: 958: 943:

did not survive, a short summary from the 16th century has been preserved.

291: 287: 5696: 2616:

also erected Grunwald monuments for the anniversary. About the same time,

2454:

Proposed army movements and battlefield locations according to Sven Ekdahl

1844: 1790: 1778: 1686: 810: 105: 7518: 6813: 6606: 6536: 5778: 5429: 3354: 3264: 2774: 2617: 2353:

of 1414, but it was quickly rebuilt. The chapel fell to ruins during the

1786: 1533: 1235: 1177:, catching the Poles by surprise. The order burned the castle at Dobrin ( 1090: 711:. Most of the Teutonic Order's leadership was killed or taken prisoner. 429: 69: 6822: 5523: 2522:

the Polish government for reliable research of the entire battlefield.

2161: 1862: 1255: 1190: 7003: 6998: 6144: 6138: 5982: 5493: 2801: 2700: 2350: 2285: 2281: 2073: 2030: 1685:, commanded the Polish army, but that is highly doubtful. More likely, 1634: 1571: 1548: 1326: 1182: 1149: 1046:. For about 100 years, the order raided Lithuanian lands, particularly 833: 6834: 4690: 4340: 3221: 2542: 2462: 2045: 1840: 1766: 1738: 1251: 1243: 1129: 806: 5891:(Revised ed.). Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. 2839: 2735: 2722:

The battle is also commemorated in Ukraine and Belarus. In 2010, the

2499: 2277: 2242: 2105: 1714: 1662: 1650: 1186: 1047: 332: 5787: 5625:"W sprawie okupu za jeńców krzyżackich z Wielkiej Wojny (1409–1411)" 2609: 2564: 2294: 2238: 2230: 2173: 2150: 1976: 1774: 1730: 1231: 813:, Ludwikowice) to the south. However, research by Swedish historian 7761: 6713: 5390:. Vilnius: National Museum Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. 2822: 2487: 2040:

The Teutonic Order attributed the defeat to treason on the part of

1782: 1642: 1626: 1591: 1556: 1517: 1032: 981: 925: 845: 770: 700: 5413: 4705:

The holiday of Hriunvaldska vulytsia (Свято Грюнвальдської вулиці)

2834:, the Battle of Grunwald was styled as an ethnic struggle between 2298: 2234: 6889: 4901:"Победа России в Грюнвальдской битве — новый исторический «факт»" 4876:"Продолжается реализация проекта «Памятные даты военной истории»" 2782: 2727: 2384: 2222: 1758: 1742: 1718: 1666: 1610: 1587: 1579: 1544: 1540: 1513: 1509: 1223: 1174: 1118: 1114: 1097:

in 1404. Poland also had territorial claims against the order in

996: 327: 109: 2675: 1700: 4932: 4643: 4229: 3809: 2141: 2125: 1956: 1794: 1746: 1614: 1583: 1575: 1102: 1065:

In 1385, Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania agreed to marry Queen

984:. German sources include a concise account in the chronicle of 872:. Its names in the languages of other involved peoples include 5808: 5708:"Jan Žižka at Grunwald: from mercenary to Czech national hero" 5534:

The Great War with the Teutonic Knights in the years 1409–1411

5469:"Analysis of Visitor Attendance at Polish Tourism Attractions" 4470: 4195: 4193: 3461: 3371: 3369: 4841: 4595: 2835: 2747: 2692: 2652:

which commemorated the battle and was later installed in the

2404: 1200: 1110: 962: 5978:

Account by Jan Dlugosz, written sixty years after the battle

5311:

Tabards on, visors down: fans relive 1410 Battle of Grunwald

4014: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 2539:

1st Infantry Regiment of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas

2465:(Tannenberg) and a metal helmet with holes in the church of 2187:, amounting to more than 30 kg (66 lb) of silver. 1880:

and contradicted by archaeological excavations in 2014–2017)

5352:(in Lithuanian). Rome: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija. 5120:. Vol. I (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. 4488: 4190: 3366: 2731: 2137: 1552: 27:

1410 battle between the Teutonic Order and Poland–Lithuania

5788:"Medieval Battlefields and National Narratives, 1830–1918" 5444: 5118:

God's Playground. A History of Poland. The Origins to 1795

4364:"Frekwencja w atrakcjach turystycznych w latach 2016–2018" 4253: 4211: 3507: 3505: 3360: 3293: 3291: 3270: 3227: 2988: 2986: 2478:

in 2013 but little evidence of the mass graves was found.

1951: 1105:), but the two states had been largely at peace since the 6874:

Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis

4323: 4321: 4319: 4094: 4033: 4031: 4029: 3995: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3884: 3848: 3836: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3758: 3756: 3714: 3680: 3678: 3641: 3639: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3386: 3384: 3344: 3342: 3097: 2683:(left) during the annual recreation of the battle in 2003 1247: 1193:). However, neither side was ready for a full-scale war. 4858: 4856: 4369:(in Polish). Polska Organizacja Turystyczna. p. 69. 4304: 3860: 3726: 3597: 3546: 3315: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2927: 2925: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2781:, despite it having actually taken place much closer to 2718:

Belarusian stamp for the 600th anniversary of the battle

2660:. The battle has lent its name to military decorations ( 5418:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai. 5137:"Die Flucht der Litauer in der Schlacht bei Tannenberg" 4777: 4282: 4280: 4142: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3502: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3413: 3411: 3288: 3003: 3001: 2983: 2746:

is hosted by a private museum of medieval culture near

2112:

including much of the Teutonic leadership—Grand Master

1994: 750:

as the dominant regional political and military force.

726:, with other territorial disputes continuing until the 5552:

Making a great ruler: Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania

4672: 4619: 4607: 4533:"Two axes from the Battle of 1410 found near Grunwald" 4512: 4500: 4316: 4241: 4217: 4166: 4154: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4043: 4026: 3983: 3949: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3826: 3824: 3797: 3768: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3702: 3675: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3563: 3561: 3517: 3485: 3381: 3339: 3276: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3153: 3151: 3013: 2942: 2940: 2889: 2887: 2600:

In 1910, to mark the 500th anniversary of the battle,

2392:, as designated on 4 October 2010, and tracked by the 1859:", they became one of the national symbols of Poland. 5674:

Multinational Lithuania: History of Ethnic Minorities

4853: 4824:

Warsaw 1944: Hitler, Himmler, and the Warsaw Uprising

4265: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3211: 3209: 3138: 3136: 3109: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3070: 3068: 3048: 3025: 2964: 2952: 2922: 2899: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 1863:

Battle begins: Lithuanian attack and retreat maneuver

4789: 4446:"Z dziejów badań archeologicznych pól grunwaldzkich" 4277: 4178: 4118: 4106: 3966: 3785: 3663: 3651: 3573: 3423: 3408: 3303: 3252: 2998: 1963:

fights a Teutonic knight (detail from a painting by

714:

Although defeated, the Teutonic Order withstood the

4660: 4476: 4414: 4343:(in Polish). Muzeum Bitwy pod Grunwaldem w Stębarku 4292: 4130: 4082: 4055: 3896: 3872: 3821: 3738: 3690: 3621: 3609: 3585: 3558: 3473: 3396: 3327: 3233: 3194: 3148: 2937: 2884: 2245:. The order appealed to their allies for help, and 801:, on the plains between three villages: Grünfelde ( 611: 5869:. Campaign Series. Vol. 122. London: Osprey. 5867:Tannenberg 1410: Disaster for the Teutonic Knights 5748:Sužiedėlis, Saulius (2011). "Battle of Grunwald". 5448:; Kiaupienė, Jūratė; Kuncevičius, Albinas (2000). 5262:Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi 5070: 4554:Strzyż, Piotr; Wrzosek, Jakub (13 December 2021). 3440: 3206: 3133: 3121: 3080: 3065: 2859: 2799:later exploited the sentiment by portraying their 2541:during commemoration of the battle of Žalgiris in 1785:. On 11 July, after meeting with his eight-member 1602:, brought 200 men for the Order, but support from 1050:, as it separated the order in Prussia from their 769:campaigns before and during World War II. Only in 6028: 5656:(in Russian). Vol. 2. Издательство Полигон. 4341:"Historia Muzeum Bitwy pod Grunwaldem w Stębarku" 2276:) to Poland and agreed to resign their claims to 1555:, who was supported by knights from the Silesian 828:. Later, Polish chroniclers interpreted the word 7800: 4767:"Our Grunwald Festival to be held for 10th time" 4691:The holiday of the street (Свято вулиці (відео)) 4650: 2077:The battle as depicted in the Berner Chronik of 1745:on 3 June and joined the Ruthenian regiments in 1617:produced two full banners, under the command of 980:and letters sent by Jastrzębiec to Poles in the 6704:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 5839: 5600:"Žalgirio mūšis ir lietuvių istorinė tradicija" 5095:Commemorations and the shaping of modern Poland 3467: 722:and suffered minimal territorial losses at the 7085:Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland 6791:Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 5350:Lietuvos istorija iki Vytauto Didžiojo mirties 2217:for two months by the Polish–Lithuanian forces 1918:and has been challenged by modern historians. 1704:Map of army movements in the Grunwald campaign 1124: 997:Lithuanian Crusade and Polish–Lithuanian union 790:The most important source about the battle is 7809:Battles of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 6755: 6741: 6014: 4553: 2789:, which became the tomb of the national hero 2418: 2190: 1148:fighting with Teutonic knights (14th-century 597: 5846:An Introduction to Medieval Europe, 300–1500 5452:. Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. 5068: 4907:(in Ukrainian). 16 July 2017. Archived from 4637: 4235: 4199: 3375: 2213:, which served as the Teutonic capital, was 961:captured during the battle and displayed in 540: 532: 488:Grand Marshal Friedrich von Wallenrode 7081:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537) 7069:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522) 5368:Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends 5017: 4953:"Žalgirio mūšis Lietuvos istorikų darbuose" 4947: 4847: 4530: 4020: 4008: 3842: 2400:(6.5 million euros) started in April 2019. 2257:promised financial aid and reinforcements. 2044:(Mikołaj of Ryńsk), commander of the Culm ( 6927:Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60) 6748: 6734: 6311:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War (1600–1629) 6021: 6007: 5934:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5766: 5747: 5670: 5597: 5549: 4827:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 242. 4717: 4259: 3854: 3603: 3103: 2403:In July 2020, a large stone with engraved 2329:Memorials at the battlefield built in 1960 2068: 1692:commanded the Polish troops in the field. 604: 590: 559: 6932:Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88) 6922:First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41) 5767:Sužiedėlis, Simas, ed. (1976). "Tatars". 5530: 5492: 5273: 5162:The Military Orders: History and Heritage 5091: 4925: 4601: 4571: 3321: 3115: 2638:used the book as the basis for his film, 1781:). The river crossing was fortified with 1268:List of banners in the Battle of Grunwald 7220:War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588) 5974:, a catalog of captured Teutonic banners 5861: 5794:. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press. 5773:. Vol. V. Boston: Juozas Kapočius. 5344: 5330:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 5164:. Vol. 3. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 5045: 4811:Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2004, p. 121. 4783: 4745:"Grunwald, the Great Belarusian Victory" 4531:Boguszewski, Marcin (2 September 2020). 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4223: 4212:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000 4172: 4160: 4148: 4076: 4037: 3989: 3960: 3943: 3926: 3914: 3890: 3803: 3779: 3762: 3720: 3708: 3684: 3645: 3528: 3511: 3496: 3390: 3361:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000 3348: 3297: 3282: 3271:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000 3228:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000 3019: 2931: 2916: 2752: 2713: 2674: 2555: 2529: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2204: 2072: 1998: 1955: 1814: 1699: 1621:. Serving among the Czechs was possibly 1140: 1128: 1000: 991: 785: 683:, was fought on 15 July 1410 during the 7829:History of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship 6781:History of Polish intelligence services 6525:War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession 6261:War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession 5905: 5705: 5691: 5654:История военного искусства VI – XVI вв. 5466: 5364: 5215: 5178: 4886:from the original on 18 November 2014. 4678: 4361: 3878: 3591: 3540: 3479: 3169: 3059: 3042: 2958: 2571: 2481:The first more thorough archaeological 2394:National Institute of Cultural Heritage 2383:. The monuments included an obelisk of 1952:Battle continues: Polish–Teutonic fight 1695: 1649:led by Władysław II Jagiełło's brother 14: 7801: 7734:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5994:600th anniversary celebrations in 2010 5726:The Polish-Lithuanian state, 1386–1795 5622: 5404: 5307: 5252: 5224: 5155: 5134: 5112: 4993: 4862: 4820: 4742: 4666: 4625: 4613: 4518: 4506: 4494: 4327: 4310: 4271: 4100: 3815: 3455: 3215: 3091: 3007: 2946: 2821:Due to the participation of the three 1804: 844:. The name Žalgiris was first used by 7127:Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570) 6729: 6002: 5883: 5785: 5722: 5651: 5509: 5415:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės 5385: 5322: 5290: 4795: 4721:Грунвальд у беларускай гістарыяграфіі 4638:Pumprickaitė, Nemira (15 July 2020). 4426: 4286: 4247: 4184: 4136: 4124: 4112: 4088: 4064: 4049: 3977: 3902: 3866: 3830: 3791: 3747: 3732: 3696: 3669: 3657: 3630: 3615: 3579: 3567: 3552: 3434: 3417: 3402: 3333: 3309: 3258: 3246: 3200: 3157: 3142: 3127: 3074: 2992: 2977: 2893: 2878: 2765: 1892:Right-flank Polish–Lithuanian assault 1708: 1657:under the command of the future Khan 1273:Various estimates of opposing forces 1079:Lithuanian conversion to Christianity 753:The battle was one of the largest in 585: 572:Battle site on a map of modern Poland 7317:Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671) 6970:Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) 6247:Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory 6084:Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372) 5572: 5450:The History of Lithuania Before 1795 4482: 4443: 4420: 4379: 4298: 1995:Battle ends: Teutonic Order defeated 809:) to the northeast and Ludwigsdorf ( 799:monastic state of the Teutonic Order 776: 7553:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919) 6478:Polish–Lithuanian–Cossack–Tatar War 5849:. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 5843:; Johnson, Edgar Nathaniel (1937). 5160:. In Mallia-Milanes, Victor (ed.). 4926:Balčiūnas, Andrius (15 July 2020). 2084:A note sent in August by envoys of 1162:uprising in Teutonic-held Samogitia 537:203–211 out of 270 brothers killed 32:Battle of Grunwald (disambiguation) 24: 7824:Battles involving the Golden Horde 5750:Historical Dictionary of Lithuania 5579:Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae 5467:Kruczek, Zygmunt (November 2015). 5275:10.33077/uw.25448730.zbkh.2019.157 4743:Čajčyc, Alexander (15 July 2010). 4560:Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae 2288:of 1422—would be waged before the 1261: 1207:, who had ambitions regarding the 25: 7850: 6571:Lithuania partitioned (1795–1918) 5944: 5752:(2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. 5556:Central European University Press 5308:Fowler, Jonathan (17 July 2010), 2750:and includes battle reenactment. 1904:Polish heavy-cavalry breakthrough 1038:. With support from the pope and 703:, decisively defeated the German 7339:War of the Holy League 1683–1699 7042:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) 6833: 6821: 6812: 6558: 6503:Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702) 6153:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) 6099:Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392) 6089:Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384) 5983:Museum of the Battle of Grunwald 5537:. Ministry of National Defence. 5291:Evans, Geoffrey Charles (1970). 5023:"Žalgiris: neatsakyti klausimai" 4893: 4868: 4814: 4801: 4759: 4736: 4711: 4708:. Zakhidny Kuryer. 15 July 2010. 4696: 4684: 4631: 4547: 4524: 4396: 4373: 4355: 4333: 2447: 2427: 1897: 1885: 1869: 1637:. Vytautas gathered troops from 1609:Poland brought mercenaries from 1532:that could shoot lead and stone 1234:) and the Lithuanians along the 1185:after a 14-day siege, conquered 558: 551: 418: 406: 394: 382: 370: 360: 354:Vassals, allies and mercenaries: 342: 321: 309: 297: 281: 269: 257: 245: 228: 216: 210:Vassals, allies and mercenaries: 197: 185: 57: 7322:Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676 7312:Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634 7300:Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621 7253:Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618 7171:Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629 7166:Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625 7161:Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618 7149:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611 7144:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629 7037:Władysław the White's rebellion 7024:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521) 7009:Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435) 6975:Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) 6627:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 6349:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War 6189:Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) 5988:Battle of Grunwald re-enactment 5410:"Didysis karas su Kryžiuočiais" 5077:(2nd ed.). Penguin Books. 4918: 3163: 2581:and inspired resistance to the 2471:Frederick William IV of Prussia 2337:Ruins of the Chapel of St. Mary 7504:Greater Poland uprising (1848) 7295:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) 7064:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) 6709:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 6295:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish wars 6170:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 6126:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 5817:. Vol. Book 1, volume 1. 5731:University of Washington Press 5531:Kuczynski, Stephen M. (1960). 5092:Dabrowski, Patrice M. (2004). 2759:German National People's Party 2726:released a jubilee coin of 20 2662:Order of the Cross of Grunwald 2483:excavations of the battlefield 2251:Wenceslaus, King of the Romans 1653:, the Tatar contingent of the 1197:Wenceslaus, King of the Romans 1085:, supported by Hungarian King 1083:Conrad Zöllner von Rothenstein 1056:Lithuanian Civil War (1381–84) 1027:(Kulmerland) and launched the 689:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 685:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 51:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 13: 1: 7411:Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667 7379:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633) 7052:1444 war against the Ottomans 6879:German–Polish War (1028–1031) 6869:German–Polish War (1003–1018) 6786:List of wars involving Poland 6497:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6484:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6424:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6417:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633) 6383:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6341:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War 6335:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War 6329:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War 6315:Polish-Lithuanian–Swedish War 6056:Mongol invasions of Lithuania 6030:Lithuanian wars and conflicts 5706:Richter, Jan (16 July 2010). 5671:Potashenko, Grigoriĭ (2008). 5598:Petrauskas, Rimvydas (2010). 5179:Ekdahl, Sven (Summer 2010a). 4809:Der Warschauer Aufstand 1944. 2853: 2679:A re-enactor dressed as King 2641:Knights of the Teutonic Order 7421:War of the Bar Confederation 7416:War of the Polish Succession 6531:War of the Bar Confederation 6235:5th Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6229:4th Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6217:3rd Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6211:2nd Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6194:1st Muscovite–Lithuanian War 5914:] (in Russian). Moscow. 5141:Zeitschrift für Ostforschung 5098:. Indiana University Press. 4718:Saganovich, Gennady (2002). 3181:Jagiellonian Digital Library 2689:a quarter of pre-war Germany 2063: 1921:Starting with an article by 1677:stated that the low-ranking 498:Kuno von Lichtenstein 7: 7779:Russian invasion of Ukraine 7672:Częstochowa Ghetto uprising 7468:War of the Fourth Coalition 7120:campaign of Stephen Báthory 6459:Russo-Polish–Lithuanian War 5823:10.5593/SGEM2014/B11/S5.063 5550:Mickūnaitė, Giedrė (2006). 5371:. Oxford University Press. 5216:Ekdahl, Sven, ed. (2010b), 5069:Christiansen, Eric (1997). 5027:Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos 3468:Thompson & Johnson 1937 2809:told Nazi Germany's leader 2697:new government in the 1970s 2438:and map first published by 2136:) and Heinrich Schaumburg, 1935:Battle of the Vorskla River 1135:State of the Teutonic Order 1125:War, truce and preparations 1121:) in Poland and Lithuania. 805:) to the west, Tannenberg ( 746:and marked the rise of the 695:, led respectively by King 18:Battle of Tannenberg (1410) 10: 7855: 7819:Battles involving Moldavia 7757:Operation Uphold Democracy 7492:War of the Sixth Coalition 7480:War of the Fifth Coalition 7426:Polish–Russian War of 1792 6801:Warfare in Medieval Poland 6776:History of the Polish Army 6665:June Uprising in Lithuania 6094:Battle of the Vikhra River 5386:Jučas, Mečislovas (2009). 4821:Richie, Alexandra (2013). 4726:Беларускі Гістарычны Агляд 2646:1939 New York World's Fair 2506:In 2009 Swedish historian 2419:Archaeological excavations 2197:Siege of Marienburg (1410) 2194: 2191:Further campaign and peace 2060:of the battle until 1945. 1808: 1625:, future commander of the 1265: 1008: 915: 699:(Jogaila), and Grand Duke 681:First Battle of Tannenberg 401:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia 383: 361: 310: 298: 270: 258: 229: 217: 198: 186: 29: 7742: 7719: 7680: 7667:Białystok Ghetto uprising 7652: 7612: 7603: 7538: 7497:French invasion of Russia 7443: 7356: 7285: 7198: 7178:Northern War of 1655–1660 7105: 7096: 7032: 6960: 6951: 6914: 6854: 6845: 6807: 6763: 6757:Polish wars and conflicts 6693: 6674: 6655: 6616: 6584:French invasion of Russia 6570: 6553: 6511: 6282: 6255:Northern Seven Years' War 6203: 6107: 6070: 6046: 6036: 4657:Schöningh|pages=296-297}} 4535:. PAP – Science in Poland 4362:Kruczek, Zygmunt (2019). 3818:, pp. 243, 256, 257. 2525: 2311:Alliance against Lordship 2132:, Komtur of Brandenburg ( 2086:King Sigismund of Hungary 1594:). Two Hungarian nobles, 1493: 1480: 1467: 1449: 1356: 1343: 1330: 1317: 893: 885: 877: 623: 546: 525: 512: 439: 175: 154:Polish–Lithuanian victory 76: 56: 48: 43: 7839:Battles involving Poland 7585:Second Silesian Uprising 6902:1156 war against Germany 6899:1146 war against Germany 6038:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 5956:10 November 2021 at the 5907: 5841:Thompson, James Westfall 5790:. In Plain, Gill (ed.). 5653: 5623:Pelech, Markian (1987). 5604:Naujasis Židinys – Aidai 5365:Johnson, Lonnie (1996). 4720: 2813:on the first day of the 2724:National Bank of Ukraine 2627:The Knights of the Cross 2476:ground-penetrating radar 2118:Friedrich von Wallenrode 1819:Teutonic Order presents 1209:Principality of Moldavia 1044:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 781: 693:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 7784:Military aid to Ukraine 7595:Third Silesian Uprising 7563:First Silesian Uprising 7558:Polish–Czechoslovak War 7327:Battle of Chocim (1673) 7305:Battle of Chocim (1621) 6490:Battle of Khotyn (1673) 6389:Battle of Khotyn (1621) 5990:(every year on 15 July) 5693:Rambaud, Alfred Nicolas 4807:Wlodzimierz Borodziej: 4693:. News.IF. 28 July 2010 4573:10.23858/FAH34.2021.012 2648:, Poland exhibited the 2215:unsuccessfully besieged 2069:Casualties and captives 1849:Frederic von Wallenrode 1631:Alexander I of Moldavia 1464:Edgar Nathaniel Johnson 1459:James Westfall Thompson 1107:Treaty of Kalisz (1343) 854:Schlacht bei Tannenberg 748:Polish–Lithuanian union 541:Casualties and captives 533:Casualties and captives 108:(Ludwigsdorf), western 7662:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 7605:World War II in Poland 7265:Zebrzydowski rebellion 7248:Moldavian Magnate Wars 7215:Siege of Danzig (1577) 6363:Zebrzydowski rebellion 6290:Moldavian Magnate Wars 5906:Gumilev, Lev (2024). 5770:Encyclopedia Lituanica 5723:Stone, Daniel (2001). 5652:Разин, Е. А. (1999). 5573:Odoj, Romuald (2014). 5485:10.2478/tour-2014-0019 5388:The Battle of Grünwald 4994:Batūra, Romas (2010). 4471:Tanajewski et al. 2014 4384:(in Polish). Dzieje.pl 2762: 2719: 2684: 2650:King Jagiello Monument 2568: 2546: 2363:Frederick I of Prussia 2355:Protestant Reformation 2338: 2330: 2307:Prussian Confederation 2218: 2209:After the battle, the 2081: 2013: 1968: 1832: 1705: 1477:Alfred Nicolas Rambaud 1157: 1138: 1087:Sigismund of Luxemburg 1006: 910:Bătălia de la Grünwald 909: 901: 869: 861: 853: 794: 707:, led by Grand Master 687:. The alliance of the 459:, Lithuanian commander 440:Commanders and leaders 413:Bishopric of Pomesania 84:15 July 1410 7767:2003 invasion of Iraq 7695:Operation Ostra Brama 7590:Polish–Lithuanian War 7404:Battle of Berestechko 7132:War against Sigismund 6906:Galicia–Volhynia Wars 6638:Polish–Lithuanian War 6632:Lithuanian–Soviet War 6451:Battle of Berestechko 6300:War against Sigismund 6078:Galicia–Volhynia Wars 5786:Symes, Carol (2016). 5314:, AFP, archived from 5293:Tannenberg, 1410–1914 5253:Ekdahl, Sven (2019). 5225:Ekdahl, Sven (2018). 5156:Ekdahl, Sven (2008). 5135:Ekdahl, Sven (1963). 5073:The Northern Crusades 5019:Bumblauskas, Alfredas 4444:Drej, Szymon (2015). 4380:Libudzka, Agnieszka. 2832:Soviet historiography 2756: 2744:Our Grunwald Festival 2717: 2681:Władysław II Jagiełło 2678: 2559: 2533: 2336: 2328: 2321:Battlefield memorials 2208: 2201:Peace of Thorn (1411) 2130:Marquard von Salzbach 2122:Kuno von Lichtenstein 2076: 2058:German historiography 2054:stab-in-the-back myth 2017:killed. According to 2002: 1985:Marcin of Wrocimowice 1973:Kuno von Lichtenstein 1959: 1933:had been used in the 1825:Władysław II Jagiełło 1818: 1703: 1683:Zyndram of Maszkowice 1619:John Sokol of Lamberg 1565:Hans von Motschelnitz 1561:Dietrich von Kottulin 1266:Further information: 1144: 1132: 1004: 992:Historical background 939:. While the original 933:Władysław II Jagiełło 878:Бітва пад Грунвальдам 792:Cronica conflictus... 789: 724:Peace of Thorn (1411) 697:Władysław II Jagiełło 526:Casualties and losses 450:Władysław II Jagiełło 135:53.48611°N 20.12472°E 7548:Polish–Ukrainian War 7399:Khmelnytsky Uprising 6962:Polish–Teutonic wars 6771:Early modern warfare 6685:Lithuanian partisans 6445:Khmelnytsky Uprising 6115:Samogitian uprisings 5639:on 28 September 2011 5635:(52). Archived from 5234:Przegląd Historyczny 5147:(12). Archived from 4497:, pp. 241, 246. 2844:Battle of Stalingrad 2779:Battle of Tannenberg 2579:Romantic nationalism 2572:Poland and Lithuania 2469:which was gifted to 2390:Historical Monuments 2359:Ulrich von Jungingen 2247:Sigismund of Hungary 2114:Ulrich von Jungingen 1696:Course of the battle 1687:marshal of the Crown 1665:cavalry troops from 1604:Sigismund of Hungary 1205:Sigismund of Hungary 1167:Ulrich von Jungingen 978:Wojciech Jastrzębiec 947:by Polish historian 862:bitwa pod Grunwaldem 709:Ulrich von Jungingen 569:class=notpageimage| 476:Ulrich von Jungingen 100:Between villages of 30:For other uses, see 7645:during World War II 7431:Kościuszko Uprising 7395:1644 Tatar Invasion 7369:Fedorovych uprising 7360:1624 Tatar Invasion 7287:Polish–Ottoman wars 7239:1593 Tatar Invasion 7231:1589 Tatar Invasion 7208:Battle of Lubieszów 7137:Battle of Stångebro 7107:Polish–Swedish wars 7014:Thirteen Years' War 6884:Miecław's Rebellion 6859:Polish–Veletian War 6796:Polish Armed Forces 6764:General and related 6542:Kościuszko Uprising 6441:1644 Tatar Invasion 6405:Fedorovych uprising 6395:1624 Tatar Invasion 6305:Battle of Stångebro 6163:Battle of Pabaiskas 5971:Banderia Prutenorum 5629:Zapiski Historyczne 4604:, pp. 164–165. 4238:, pp. 228–230. 4214:, pp. 142–144. 4103:, pp. 105–107. 3869:, pp. 152–153. 3735:, pp. 148–149. 3555:, pp. 485–486. 3176:Banderia Prutenorum 2995:, pp. 106–107. 2791:Paul von Hindenburg 2787:Tannenberg Memorial 2708:battle re-enactment 2691:, while losing the 2347:Heinrich von Plauen 2315:Thirteen Years' War 2227:Heinrich von Plauen 2094:Stibor of Stiboricz 2023:Mszczuj of Skrzynno 1843:) and Ludwigsdorf ( 1805:Battle preparations 1771:Heinrich von Plauen 1690:Zbigniew of Brzezia 1606:was disappointing. 1600:Stibor of Stiboricz 1274: 954:Banderia Prutenorum 945:Historiae Polonicae 894:Грюнвальдская битва 886:Грюнвальдська битва 614:Polish–Lithuanian– 452:, supreme commander 432:from Western Europe 425:Bishopric of Sambia 131: / 7772:Occupation of Iraq 7752:War in Afghanistan 7629:Invasion of Poland 7524:fighting in Poland 7445:Poland partitioned 7391:Ostryanyn uprising 7243:Nalyvaiko Uprising 7190:Great Northern War 7154:Battle of Kircholm 7047:Battle of Grotniki 7019:War of the Priests 6992:Battle of Grunwald 6695:Restored Lithuania 6618:Interwar Lithuania 6602:Revolution of 1905 6519:Great Northern War 6436:Ostryanyn uprising 6355:Battle of Klushino 6321:Battle of Kircholm 6273:Nalyvaiko Uprising 6132:Battle of Grunwald 6121:Lithuanian Crusade 6061:Lithuanian Crusade 5912:from Rus to Russia 5677:. Kaunas: Šviesa. 4949:Baranauskas, Tomas 2766:Germany and Russia 2763: 2720: 2685: 2622:Henryk Sienkiewicz 2569: 2547: 2339: 2331: 2263:Battle of Koronowo 2219: 2082: 2042:Nicholas von Renys 2035:Cronica conflictus 2019:Cronica conflictus 2014: 1989:Zbigniew Oleśnicki 1969: 1916:Cronica conflictus 1833: 1709:March into Prussia 1706: 1272: 1158: 1139: 1040:Holy Roman Emperor 1011:Lithuanian Crusade 1007: 986:Johann von Posilge 967:Vilnius Cathedrals 941:Cronica conflictus 937:Zbigniew Oleśnicki 832:("green field" in 795: 677:Battle of Žalgiris 673:Battle of Grunwald 462:Mercenary Captain 457:Vytautas the Great 140:53.48611; 20.12472 65:Battle of Grunwald 44:Battle of Grunwald 7814:Conflicts in 1410 7794: 7793: 7729:Racibórz Conflict 7721:People's Republic 7715: 7714: 7690:Operation Tempest 7568:Polish–Soviet War 7509:November Uprising 7485:Austro-Polish War 7473:Prussian campaign 7439: 7438: 7334:Great Turkish War 7275:Battle of Humenné 7270:Thirty Years' War 7258:Battle of Kłuszyn 7235:Kosiński uprising 7225:Battle of Byczyna 7092: 7091: 7004:Gollub War (1422) 6999:Hunger War (1414) 6947: 6946: 6937:Battle of Legnica 6888:1072 war against 6864:Battle of Cedynia 6723: 6722: 6676:Soviet occupation 6590:November Uprising 6551: 6550: 6375:Battle of Humenné 6369:Thirty Years' War 6267:Kosiński uprising 6223:Glinski rebellion 5921:978-5-17-153493-6 5898:978-0-929700-25-0 5876:978-1-84176-561-7 5863:Turnbull, Stephen 5832:978-619-7105-07-0 5740:978-0-295-98093-5 5698:History of Russia 5663:978-5-89173-041-0 5606:(in Lithuanian). 5565:978-963-7326-58-5 5512:The Polish Review 5459:978-9986-810-13-1 5446:Kiaupa, Zigmantas 5425:978-9986-9216-9-1 5406:Kiaupa, Zigmantas 5397:978-609-95074-5-3 5378:978-0-19-510071-6 5346:Ivinskis, Zenonas 5203:on 15 August 2016 5171:978-0-7546-6290-7 5127:978-0-19-925339-5 5105:978-0-253-34429-8 5084:978-0-14-026653-5 5029:(in Lithuanian). 5010:978-9955-423-91-1 4962:(in Lithuanian). 4850:, pp. 82–83. 4728:(in Belarusian). 4702:Ivasiv, Natalia. 4642:(in Lithuanian). 4450:jandlugosz.edu.pl 4313:, pp. 45–46. 4250:, pp. 17–19. 4236:Christiansen 1997 4200:Christiansen 1997 4052:, pp. 85–86. 4023:, pp. 74–75. 3893:, pp. 48–49. 3723:, pp. 36–37. 3376:Christiansen 1997 2980:, pp. 57–58. 2664:), sports teams ( 2561:Grunwald Monument 2374:Witold Cęckiewicz 2343:Bridget of Sweden 2146:Marienburg Castle 2090:Nicholas II Garai 2079:Diebold Schilling 1777:) near Kauernik ( 1733:, and those from 1613:and Bohemia. The 1596:Nicholas II Garai 1501: 1500: 1179:Dobrzyń nad Wisłą 1133:Territory of the 1067:Jadwiga of Poland 1052:branch in Livonia 926:deputy chancellor 902:Bitva u Grunvaldu 777:Names and sources 767:Soviet propaganda 666: 665: 580: 579: 521:11,000–27,000 men 518:16,000–39,000 men 377:Pomerania-Stettin 171: 170: 16:(Redirected from 7846: 7685:Italian Campaign 7654:Ghetto uprisings 7641:, and 7610: 7609: 7573:Battle of Warsaw 7514:January Uprising 7453:Denisko uprising 7386:Pavlyuk uprising 7364:Zhmaylo uprising 7344:Battle of Vienna 7203:Danzig rebellion 7103: 7102: 6980:Battle of Płowce 6958: 6957: 6953:Jagiellon Poland 6915:Mongol invasions 6852: 6851: 6837: 6825: 6816: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6727: 6726: 6596:January Uprising 6562: 6430:Pavlyuk uprising 6399:Zhmaylo uprising 6176:Crusade of Varna 6158:Battle of Ašmena 6044: 6043: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6000: 5999: 5964: 5939: 5933: 5925: 5908:от Руси к России 5902: 5880: 5858: 5836: 5805: 5782: 5763: 5744: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5702: 5688: 5667: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5619: 5594: 5569: 5546: 5527: 5506: 5496: 5463: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5428:. Archived from 5401: 5382: 5361: 5341: 5319: 5304: 5287: 5277: 5259: 5249: 5231: 5221: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5199:. Archived from 5175: 5152: 5151:on 18 July 2011. 5131: 5109: 5088: 5076: 5065: 5042: 5014: 5002: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4980: 4974:. Archived from 4957: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4913: 4912: 4911:on 24 June 2018. 4897: 4891: 4890: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4851: 4848:Bumblauskas 2010 4845: 4839: 4838: 4818: 4812: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4747:. Belarus Digest 4740: 4734: 4733: 4715: 4709: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4575: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4441: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4024: 4021:Bumblauskas 2010 4018: 4012: 4009:Bumblauskas 2010 4006: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3964: 3958: 3947: 3941: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3843:Baranauskas 2011 3840: 3834: 3828: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3766: 3760: 3751: 3745: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3634: 3628: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3515: 3509: 3500: 3494: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3438: 3432: 3421: 3415: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3379: 3373: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3146: 3140: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3078: 3072: 3063: 3057: 3046: 3040: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2996: 2990: 2981: 2975: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2935: 2929: 2920: 2914: 2897: 2891: 2882: 2876: 2807:Heinrich Himmler 2624:wrote the novel 2608:was unveiled in 2589:policies of the 2545:on 15 July 1930. 2516: 2451: 2431: 2382: 2284:of 1414 and the 2116:, Grand Marshal 2056:and preoccupied 1947: 1923:Vaclaw Lastowski 1901: 1889: 1873: 1823:as gift to King 1522:Stefan Kuczyński 1446:Stefan Kuczyński 1398:Zigmantas Kiaupa 1366:Andrzej Nadolski 1275: 1271: 1238:towards Ragnit ( 1230:towards Danzig ( 1213:Ostrów Agreement 1160:In May 1409, an 1060:Treaty of Dubysa 1029:Prussian Crusade 975:Bishop of Poznań 895: 887: 879: 823: 736:balance of power 716:subsequent siege 618: 606: 599: 592: 583: 582: 562: 561: 555: 504: 494: 484: 423: 422: 421: 411: 410: 409: 399: 398: 397: 387: 386: 385: 375: 374: 373: 365: 364: 363: 347: 346: 345: 326: 325: 324: 314: 313: 312: 302: 301: 300: 286: 285: 284: 274: 273: 272: 262: 261: 260: 250: 249: 248: 233: 232: 231: 221: 220: 219: 202: 201: 200: 190: 189: 188: 146: 145: 143: 142: 141: 136: 132: 129: 128: 127: 124: 104:(Grünfelde) and 91: 89: 78: 77: 61: 41: 40: 21: 7854: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7790: 7738: 7711: 7705:Warsaw Uprising 7676: 7648: 7599: 7540:Second Republic 7534: 7458:Napoleonic Wars 7435: 7352: 7281: 7194: 7088: 7074:Battle of Orsha 7057:Battle of Varna 7028: 6943: 6910: 6895:Siege of Głogów 6841: 6840: 6829: 6805: 6759: 6754: 6724: 6719: 6689: 6670: 6651: 6646:Klaipėda Revolt 6612: 6578:Napoleonic Wars 6566: 6565: 6547: 6507: 6278: 6199: 6182:Battle of Varna 6103: 6066: 6032: 6027: 5962: 5958:Wayback Machine 5947: 5942: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5909: 5899: 5877: 5833: 5802: 5760: 5741: 5713: 5711: 5685: 5664: 5655: 5642: 5640: 5566: 5460: 5435: 5433: 5432:on 3 March 2008 5426: 5398: 5379: 5338: 5318:on 21 July 2010 5257: 5229: 5206: 5204: 5172: 5128: 5106: 5085: 5011: 5000: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4955: 4938: 4936: 4921: 4916: 4905:Republic.com.ua 4899: 4898: 4894: 4882:. 3 July 2014. 4874: 4873: 4869: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4819: 4815: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4773:. 20 July 2018. 4765: 4764: 4760: 4750: 4748: 4741: 4737: 4732:(1–2): 152–168. 4722: 4716: 4712: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4651: 4636: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4584: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4442: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4260:Petrauskas 2010 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4007: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3967: 3959: 3950: 3942: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3855:Sužiedėlis 1976 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3769: 3761: 3754: 3746: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3683: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3604:Potashenko 2008 3602: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3527: 3518: 3510: 3503: 3495: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3441: 3433: 3424: 3416: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3382: 3374: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3104:Sužiedėlis 2011 3102: 3098: 3090: 3081: 3073: 3066: 3058: 3049: 3041: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 2999: 2991: 2984: 2976: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2938: 2930: 2923: 2915: 2900: 2892: 2885: 2877: 2860: 2856: 2815:Warsaw Uprising 2768: 2740:Ivano-Frankivsk 2636:Aleksander Ford 2606:Antoni Wiwulski 2595:Russian Empires 2574: 2563:was erected in 2535:Military parade 2528: 2510: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2444: 2443: 2432: 2421: 2409:Gitanas Nausėda 2376: 2323: 2290:Treaty of Melno 2237:), and Elbing ( 2203: 2195:Main articles: 2193: 2184:Prague groschen 2120:, Grand Komtur 2071: 2066: 1997: 1981:standard-bearer 1965:Wojciech Kossak 1954: 1941: 1931:feigned retreat 1905: 1902: 1893: 1890: 1881: 1874: 1865: 1857:Grunwald Swords 1853:field artillery 1829:Wojciech Kossak 1821:Grunwald Swords 1813: 1811:Grunwald Swords 1807: 1711: 1698: 1590:, and Stettin ( 1462: 1340:Jerzy Ochmański 1296: 1270: 1264: 1262:Opposing forces 1250:) near Lötzen ( 1127: 1095:Peace of Raciąż 1013: 999: 994: 918: 817: 784: 779: 755:medieval Europe 732:war reparations 728:Treaty of Melno 669: 668: 667: 662: 619: 615: 612: 610: 576: 575: 574: 573: 571: 565: 564: 563: 538: 508: 500: 490: 480: 468: 435: 419: 417: 407: 405: 395: 393: 381: 371: 369: 366:Guest crusaders 359: 351: 343: 341: 337: 322: 320: 308: 296: 282: 280: 268: 256: 252:Pomerania-Stolp 246: 244: 227: 215: 196: 184: 160: 139: 137: 133: 130: 125: 122: 120: 118: 117: 116: 87: 85: 62: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7852: 7842: 7841: 7836: 7834:1410 in Europe 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7759: 7754: 7748: 7746: 7744:Third Republic 7740: 7739: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7725: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7687: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7658: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7631: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7578:Kiev offensive 7575: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7544: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7530: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7489: 7488: 7487: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7465: 7463:Peninsular War 7460: 7455: 7449: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7396: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7297: 7291: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7267: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7237: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7217: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7141: 7140: 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Radio Prague 5703: 5689: 5683: 5668: 5662: 5649: 5620: 5595: 5570: 5564: 5547: 5528: 5507: 5464: 5458: 5442: 5424: 5402: 5396: 5383: 5377: 5362: 5342: 5337:978-0198208693 5336: 5320: 5305: 5288: 5250: 5222: 5213: 5176: 5170: 5153: 5132: 5126: 5114:Davies, Norman 5110: 5104: 5089: 5083: 5066: 5043: 5015: 5009: 4991: 4981:on 4 June 2019 4945: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4892: 4867: 4852: 4840: 4834:978-1466848474 4833: 4813: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4758: 4735: 4710: 4695: 4683: 4671: 4659: 4649: 4630: 4628:, p. 183. 4618: 4616:, p. 179. 4606: 4602:Dabrowski 2004 4594: 4546: 4523: 4521:, p. 258. 4511: 4509:, p. 265. 4499: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4425: 4413: 4410:. 29 May 2020. 4395: 4372: 4354: 4332: 4330:, p. 186. 4315: 4303: 4291: 4276: 4264: 4262:, p. 224. 4252: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4204: 4202:, p. 228. 4189: 4187:, p. 166. 4177: 4165: 4153: 4151:, p. 342. 4141: 4129: 4127:, p. 164. 4117: 4115:, p. 162. 4105: 4093: 4081: 4069: 4054: 4042: 4025: 4013: 3994: 3982: 3980:, p. 168. 3965: 3948: 3931: 3919: 3907: 3895: 3883: 3871: 3859: 3857:, p. 337. 3847: 3835: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3794:, p. 149. 3784: 3767: 3752: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3689: 3674: 3672:, p. 142. 3662: 3660:, p. 141. 3650: 3635: 3620: 3608: 3596: 3584: 3582:, p. 139. 3572: 3557: 3545: 3533: 3516: 3514:, p. 338. 3501: 3484: 3472: 3470:, p. 940. 3460: 3439: 3437:, p. 486. 3422: 3420:, p. 106. 3407: 3395: 3380: 3378:, p. 227. 3365: 3363:, p. 139. 3353: 3338: 3326: 3324:, p. 614. 3322:Kuczynski 1960 3314: 3312:, p. 130. 3302: 3300:, p. 336. 3287: 3275: 3273:, p. 137. 3263: 3261:, p. 132. 3251: 3232: 3220: 3205: 3193: 3162: 3147: 3132: 3120: 3116:Balčiūnas 2020 3108: 3106:, p. 123. 3096: 3079: 3064: 3047: 3024: 3012: 3010:, p. 175. 2997: 2982: 2963: 2961:, p. 292. 2951: 2936: 2921: 2898: 2896:, p. 138. 2883: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2767: 2764: 2699:, anti-German 2573: 2570: 2527: 2524: 2494:) and Faulen ( 2453: 2446: 2445: 2440:Johannes Voigt 2433: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2372:and architect 2322: 2319: 2270:Peace of Thorn 2255:Livonian Order 2211:Malbork Castle 2192: 2189: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2027:camp followers 1996: 1993: 1953: 1950: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1884: 1882: 1878:Johannes Voigt 1875: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1839:, Tannenberg ( 1806: 1803: 1727:Greater Poland 1723:pontoon bridge 1710: 1707: 1697: 1694: 1681:of the Crown, 1671:grand strategy 1551:the White, of 1499: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1408:15,000–21,000 1406: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1360:12,000–15,000 1358: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1263: 1260: 1217:Livonian Order 1171:Greater Poland 1154:Malbork Castle 1126: 1123: 1075:personal union 1071:Union of Kreva 1036:Prussian clans 1021:military order 1019:, a crusading 1017:Teutonic Order 1009:Main article: 998: 995: 993: 990: 917: 914: 870:Žalgirio mūšis 783: 780: 778: 775: 744:Eastern Europe 720:Malbork Castle 705:Teutonic Order 664: 663: 661: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 624: 621: 620: 609: 608: 601: 594: 586: 578: 577: 567: 566: 557: 556: 550: 549: 548: 547: 544: 543: 535: 528: 527: 523: 522: 519: 515: 514: 510: 509: 507: 506: 496: 486: 471: 469: 467: 466: 460: 453: 445: 442: 441: 437: 436: 434: 433: 427: 415: 403: 391: 379: 367: 349:Teutonic Order 340: 338: 336: 335: 330: 318: 306: 294: 278: 266: 254: 242: 237: 225: 223:Masovia-Warsaw 207: 206: 194: 181: 178: 177: 173: 172: 169: 168: 166:Livonian order 162: 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 99: 97: 93: 92: 82: 74: 73: 54: 53: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7851: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7797: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7741: 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German). 5142: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5049:History Today 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5006: 4999: 4998: 4992: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4923: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4865:, p. 99. 4864: 4859: 4857: 4849: 4844: 4836: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4817: 4810: 4804: 4798:, p. 86. 4797: 4792: 4786:, p. 27. 4785: 4784:Burleigh 1985 4780: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4746: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4714: 4707: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4687: 4681:, p. 52. 4680: 4675: 4668: 4663: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4622: 4615: 4610: 4603: 4598: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4534: 4527: 4520: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4496: 4491: 4485:, p. 62. 4484: 4479: 4472: 4467: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4423:, p. 58. 4422: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4383: 4376: 4365: 4358: 4342: 4336: 4329: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4312: 4307: 4301:, p. 64. 4300: 4295: 4289:, p. 72. 4288: 4283: 4281: 4274:, p. 45. 4273: 4268: 4261: 4256: 4249: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4226:, p. 78. 4225: 4224:Turnbull 2003 4220: 4213: 4208: 4201: 4196: 4194: 4186: 4181: 4175:, p. 74. 4174: 4173:Turnbull 2003 4169: 4163:, p. 75. 4162: 4161:Turnbull 2003 4157: 4150: 4149:Ivinskis 1978 4145: 4139:, p. 17. 4138: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4114: 4109: 4102: 4097: 4091:, p. 88. 4090: 4085: 4079:, p. 69. 4078: 4077:Turnbull 2003 4073: 4067:, p. 87. 4066: 4061: 4059: 4051: 4046: 4040:, p. 68. 4039: 4038:Turnbull 2003 4034: 4032: 4030: 4022: 4017: 4011:, p. 74. 4010: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3992:, p. 79. 3991: 3990:Turnbull 2003 3986: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3963:, p. 66. 3962: 3961:Turnbull 2003 3957: 3955: 3953: 3946:, p. 64. 3945: 3944:Turnbull 2003 3940: 3938: 3936: 3929:, p. 61. 3928: 3927:Turnbull 2003 3923: 3917:, p. 53. 3916: 3915:Turnbull 2003 3911: 3905:, p. 83. 3904: 3899: 3892: 3891:Turnbull 2003 3887: 3880: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3845:, p. 25. 3844: 3839: 3833:, p. 78. 3832: 3827: 3825: 3817: 3812: 3806:, p. 43. 3805: 3804:Turnbull 2003 3800: 3793: 3788: 3782:, p. 45. 3781: 3780:Turnbull 2003 3776: 3774: 3772: 3765:, p. 44. 3764: 3763:Turnbull 2003 3759: 3757: 3750:, p. 77. 3749: 3744: 3742: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3721:Turnbull 2003 3717: 3711:, p. 36. 3710: 3709:Turnbull 2003 3705: 3699:, p. 76. 3698: 3693: 3687:, p. 35. 3686: 3685:Turnbull 2003 3681: 3679: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3648:, p. 33. 3647: 3646:Turnbull 2003 3642: 3640: 3633:, p. 63. 3632: 3627: 3625: 3618:, p. 64. 3617: 3612: 3606:, p. 41. 3605: 3600: 3593: 3588: 3581: 3576: 3570:, p. 56. 3569: 3564: 3562: 3554: 3549: 3542: 3537: 3531:, p. 29. 3530: 3529:Turnbull 2003 3525: 3523: 3521: 3513: 3512:Ivinskis 1978 3508: 3506: 3499:, p. 25. 3498: 3497:Turnbull 2003 3493: 3491: 3489: 3481: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3405:, p. 74. 3404: 3399: 3393:, p. 30. 3392: 3391:Turnbull 2003 3387: 3385: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3362: 3357: 3351:, p. 21. 3350: 3349:Turnbull 2003 3345: 3343: 3336:, p. 51. 3335: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3306: 3299: 3298:Ivinskis 1978 3294: 3292: 3285:, p. 20. 3284: 3283:Turnbull 2003 3279: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3249:, p. 16. 3248: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3229: 3224: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3203:, p. 11. 3202: 3197: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3166: 3160:, p. 10. 3159: 3154: 3152: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3100: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3076: 3071: 3069: 3062:, p. 44. 3061: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3045:, p. 43. 3044: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3022:, p. 92. 3021: 3020:Turnbull 2003 3016: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2979: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2960: 2955: 2949:, p. 98. 2948: 2943: 2941: 2934:, p. 28. 2933: 2932:Turnbull 2003 2928: 2926: 2919:, p. 26. 2918: 2917:Turnbull 2003 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2881:, p. 75. 2880: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2858: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2818:Tannenberg." 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2658:New York City 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587:Russification 2584: 2583:Germanization 2580: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2552: 2551:William Urban 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2450: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2370:Jerzy Bandura 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2327: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2297:) and Thorn ( 2296: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2181: 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1015:In 1230, the 1012: 1003: 989: 987: 983: 979: 976: 972: 971:Anne of Cilli 968: 964: 960: 956: 955: 950: 946: 942: 938: 935:'s secretary 934: 930: 929:Mikołaj Trąba 927: 923: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 891: 883: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 821: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 793: 788: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 712: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 625: 622: 617: 607: 602: 600: 595: 593: 588: 587: 584: 570: 554: 545: 542: 536: 534: 531:Unknown; see 530: 529: 524: 520: 517: 516: 511: 505: 503: 497: 495: 493: 487: 485: 483: 477: 474:Grand Master 473: 472: 470: 465: 461: 458: 454: 451: 447: 446: 444: 443: 438: 431: 428: 426: 416: 414: 404: 402: 392: 390: 389:Duchy of Oels 380: 378: 368: 358: 357: 356: 355: 350: 339: 334: 331: 329: 319: 317: 307: 305: 295: 293: 289: 279: 277: 267: 265: 255: 253: 243: 241: 238: 236: 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Under the 2686: 2654:Central Park 2639: 2631: 2625: 2599: 2575: 2548: 2520: 2505: 2480: 2460: 2413:Andrzej Duda 2402: 2398:Polish złoty 2367: 2340: 2310: 2274:Dobrzyń Land 2267: 2259: 2220: 2177: 2155: 2110: 2101: 2098:paucis valde 2097: 2083: 2050:Lizard Union 2039: 2034: 2018: 2015: 2008: 2005:Alfons Mucha 1970: 1961:Muslim Tatar 1927:Golden Horde 1920: 1915: 1908: 1834: 1763: 1729:gathered in 1712: 1659:Jalal al-Din 1655:Golden Horde 1608: 1569: 1538: 1526: 1502: 1489: 1430:Daniel Stone 1389:8,000–11,000 1314:Eugene Razin 1293:Karl Heveker 1221: 1195: 1181:), captured 1159: 1101:and Gdańsk ( 1099:Dobrzyń Land 1064: 1031:against the 1025:Chełmno Land 1014: 959:battle flags 952: 944: 940: 921: 919: 841: 837: 829: 825: 796: 791: 752: 713: 680: 676: 672: 670: 637: 616:Teutonic War 501: 491: 481: 464:Jalal al-Din 353: 352: 292:Golden Horde 209: 208: 176:Belligerents 63: 49:Part of the 36: 7519:World War I 6716:(2003–2011) 6678:(1944–1990) 6640:(1919–1920) 6634:(1918–1919) 6620:(1918–1940) 6609:(1914–1918) 6607:World War I 6598:(1863–1864) 6592:(1830–1831) 6580:(1803–1815) 6537:War of 1792 6533:(1768–1774) 6527:(1733–1735) 6521:(1700–1721) 6499:(1683–1699) 6480:(1666–1671) 6461:(1654–1667) 6426:(1633–1634) 6343:(1626–1629) 6337:(1621–1625) 6331:(1617–1618) 6275:(1594–1596) 6269:(1591–1593) 6263:(1587–1588) 6257:(1563–1570) 6249:(1577–1582) 6237:(1534–1537) 6231:(1512–1522) 6219:(1507–1508) 6213:(1500–1503) 6196:(1492–1494) 6172:(1431–1435) 6117:(1401–1409) 6080:(1340–1392) 6063:(1283–1422) 5494:11089/18348 4939:21 November 4863:Davies 2005 4667:Fowler 2010 4626:Ekdahl 2008 4614:Ekdahl 2008 4566:: 159–162. 4519:Ekdahl 2018 4507:Ekdahl 2018 4495:Ekdahl 2018 4328:Ekdahl 2008 4311:Ekdahl 2019 4272:Ekdahl 2019 4101:Pelech 1987 3816:Ekdahl 2018 3543:, p. . 3456:Kiaupa 2002 3216:Ekdahl 1963 3092:Ekdahl 2018 3008:Ekdahl 2008 2947:Davies 2005 2828:Jan Długosz 2775:World War I 2670:FK Žalgiris 2666:BC Žalgiris 2618:Nobel Prize 2511: [ 2508:Sven Ekdahl 2436:Jan Długosz 2377: [ 1942: [ 1939:Sven Ekdahl 1911:Jan Długosz 1787:war council 1751:Siemowit IV 1679:swordbearer 1675:Jan Długosz 1534:projectiles 1518:crossbowmen 1505:Jan Długosz 1353:Sven Ekdahl 1236:Neman River 1146:Lithuanians 1091:papal court 1023:, moved to 949:Jan Długosz 818: [ 815:Sven Ekdahl 763:Nazi German 759:romanticism 455:Grand Duke 430:Mercenaries 333:Wallachians 164:Decline of 159:Territorial 138: / 70:Jan Matejko 7803:Categories 7639:resistance 7183:The Deluge 6471:The Deluge 6145:Gollub War 6139:Hunger War 5963:(in Latin) 4796:Symes 2016 4287:Knoll 1983 4248:Stone 2001 4185:Urban 2003 4137:Stone 2001 4125:Urban 2003 4113:Urban 2003 4089:Jučas 2009 4065:Jučas 2009 4050:Jučas 2009 3978:Urban 2003 3903:Jučas 2009 3867:Urban 2003 3831:Jučas 2009 3792:Urban 2003 3748:Jučas 2009 3733:Urban 2003 3697:Jučas 2009 3670:Urban 2003 3658:Urban 2003 3631:Jučas 2009 3616:Jučas 2009 3580:Urban 2003 3568:Jučas 2009 3553:Разин 1999 3435:Разин 1999 3418:Frost 2015 3403:Jučas 2009 3334:Jučas 2009 3310:Urban 2003 3259:Urban 2003 3247:Stone 2001 3201:Jučas 2009 3158:Jučas 2009 3143:Jučas 2009 3128:Evans 1970 3075:Jučas 2009 2993:Frost 2015 2978:Jučas 2009 2894:Urban 2003 2879:Jučas 2009 2854:References 2802:Lebensraum 2783:Allenstein 2706:An annual 2701:propaganda 2602:a monument 2351:Hunger War 2303:christened 2286:Gollub War 2282:Hunger War 2253:, and the 2233:), Thorn ( 2158:Konrad VII 2031:wagon fort 1809:See also: 1639:Lithuanian 1635:Szczerbiec 1572:Westphalia 1559:including 1549:Konrad VII 1327:Max Oehler 1284:Lithuanian 1183:Bobrowniki 1150:bas-relief 874:Belarusian 866:Lithuanian 834:Low German 830:Grunenvelt 643:Marienburg 126:20°07′29″E 123:53°29′10″N 88:1410-07-15 6987:Great War 6040:(to 1795) 5930:cite book 5714:16 August 5616:1392-6845 5591:2719-7069 5503:130962104 5301:468431737 5284:2544-8730 5268:: 41–65. 5246:0033-2186 5197:0024-5089 5062:0018-2753 5039:1392-0448 4972:1392-0456 4880:histrf.ru 4582:2719-7069 4483:Odoj 2014 4421:Odoj 2014 4299:Odoj 2014 2840:Germanics 2736:Drohobych 2644:. 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Battle of Grunwald

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