641:
709:
send an army into
England on behalf of the king would be to break the Solemn League and Covenant, and that it offered no guarantee of a lasting Presbyterian church in England; the Kirk went so far as to issue a declaration on 5 May 1648 condemning the Engagement as a breach of God's law. After a protracted political struggle, the Engagers gained a majority in the Scottish Parliament, by which time war had again broken out in England between Royalists and Parliamentarians. The Scots sent an army under the command of the
46:
1707:
670:, and ceded much of Charles's secular authority as King of England to the English Parliament. The Scots spent some months trying to persuade Charles to agree to these terms, but he refused to do so. Under pressure from the English to withdraw their forces now the war was over, the Scots handed Charles over to the English Parliamentary forces in exchange for a financial settlement and left England on 3 February 1647.
662:, in which the English Parliament agreed to reform the English church along similar lines to the Scottish Kirk in return for the Scots' military assistance. After four years of war the Royalists were defeated and Charles surrendered to the Scots on 5 May 1646. The Scots agreed with the English Parliament on a peace settlement which would be put before the king. Known as the
1785:. "There are four accounts of this by eye-witnesses, still accessible: Cromwell's account in these Two Letters; a Captain Hodgson's rough brief recollections written afterwards; and on the other side, Sir Marmaduke Langdale's Letter in vindication of his conduct there; and lastly the deliberate Narrative of Sir James Turner."
708:
its terms. Its supporters, who became known as the
Engagers, argued that it offered the best chance the Scots would get of acceptance of the Covenant across the three kingdoms, and that rejecting it risked pushing Charles to accept the Heads of Proposals. It was opposed by those who believed that to
773:
and thousands of experienced officers and men declined to serve. The leadership of the Duke of
Hamilton proved to be a poor substitute for that of Leslie. Hamilton's army, too, was so ill provided that as soon as England was invaded it began to plunder the countryside for the bare means of
827:
on 11 July, and had marched off, with his men unpaid, ragged and shoeless, at full speed through the
Midlands. Rains and storms delayed his march, but he knew that Hamilton in the broken ground of Westmorland was still worse off. Shoes from
987:. There, pressed furiously in rear by Cromwell's horse and held up in front by the militia of the midlands, the remnant of the Scottish army laid down its arms on 25 August. Various attempts were made to raise the Royalist standard in
944:. It is not clear whether he reported Cromwell's advance, but, if he did, Hamilton ignored the report, for on 17 August Monro was half a day's march to the north, Langdale east of Preston, and the main army strung out on the road to
823:. All the restless energy of Langdale's horse was unable to dislodge Lambert from the passes or to find out what was behind that impenetrable cavalry screen. The crisis was now at hand. Cromwell had received the surrender of
933:, and withal were slightly outnumbered, having only 8,600 men against perhaps 9,000 of Hamilton's command. However the latter were scattered for convenience of supply along the road from Lancaster, through Preston, towards
745:
in the north. On 11 July, Pembroke fell and
Colchester followed on 28 August. Elsewhere, however, the rebellion, which had been put down by rapidity of action rather than sheer weight of numbers, still smouldered.
673:
Charles now engaged in separate negotiations with different factions. Presbyterian
English Parliamentarians and the Scots wanted him to accept a modified version of the Newcastle Propositions, but in June 1647,
297:
666:, it would have required all the king's subjects in Scotland, England and Ireland to sign the Solemn League and Covenant, brought the church in each kingdom into accordance with the Covenant and with
761:
As the
English Royalist uprisings were close to collapse, it was on the adventures of the Engager Scottish army that the interest of the war centred. It was by no means the veteran army of the
290:
975:
bridges on the Wigan road, but
Cromwell had forced his way across both before nightfall. Pursuit was at once undertaken, and not relaxed until Hamilton had been driven through Wigan and
1807:
283:
701:
in both kingdoms, and to accept
Presbyterianism in England, but only for a trial period of three years, in return for the Scots' assistance in regaining his throne in England.
693:, a less demanding set of terms which, crucially, did not require a Presbyterian reformation of the church. He rejected these as well and instead signed an offer known as the
205:
886:
On 13 August, while
Cromwell was marching to join Lambert at Otley, the Scottish leaders were still disputing whether they should make for Pontefract or continue through
917:
with full knowledge of the enemy's dispositions and full determination to attack him. They had with them horse and foot not only of the Army, but also of the militia of
964:, passively shared in, without directing, the Battle of Preston, and, though Langdale's men fought magnificently, they were, after four hours' struggle, driven to the
2792:
572:
956:, sent Baillie across the Ribble to follow the main body just as Langdale, with 3,000 foot and 500 horse only, met the first shock of Cromwell's attack on
940:
Langdale called in his advanced parties, perhaps with a view to resuming the duties of advanced guard, on the night of 13 August, and collected them near
2695:
1002:. When the English Parliament decreed a day of thanksgiving for the victory, it was announced that Cromwell's army had "one hundred at the most" killed.
198:
1722:
1834:
844:, where he arrived on 8 August, having gained six days in advance of the time he had allowed himself for the march. He then called up artillery from
395:
617:
to bring it into line with English religious practices. Charles was not successful in these endeavours, and the ensuing settlement established the
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
136:
1481:
Kenyon, John & Ohlmeyer, Jane (2002). "The Background to the Civil Wars in the Stuart Kingdoms". In John Kenyon & Jane Ohlmeyer (eds.).
994:
Cromwell estimated the Royalist losses at 2,000 killed and 9,000 captured. Those among the prisoners who had served voluntarily were bound for
640:
2090:
697:, which had been thrashed out with the Scottish delegation, on 26 December 1647. Charles agreed to confirm the Solemn League and Covenant by
191:
2095:
1798:
2110:
629:
the authority to approve all the king's councillors in Scotland. After years of rising tensions the relationship between Charles and his
1727:
2762:
2690:
2685:
307:
952:
with a body of foot, the rear of the column, being still in Preston. Hamilton, yielding to the importunity of his lieutenant-general,
2352:
807:
surrendered to the Scots on 31 July, whereat Lambert, who was still hanging on to the flank of the Scottish advance, fell back from
879:
and the Carlisle Royalists (organized as a separate command owing to friction between Monro and the generals of the main army) at
1995:
1519:
MacKenzie, Kirsteen (2009). "Oliver Cromwell and the Solemn League and Covenant of the Three Kingdoms". In Patrick Little (ed.).
953:
124:
2797:
2772:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
1827:
1756:
1687:
1646:
1627:
1605:
1586:
1547:
1528:
1490:
1471:
1452:
1430:
1411:
1392:
1365:
1291:
663:
128:
2713:
2649:
1975:
1665:
710:
120:
2787:
2767:
1980:
762:
725:
in support of the English Royalist, the military situation was well defined. For the Parliamentarians, Cromwell besieged
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
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2487:
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2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
1272:
461:
1748:
2080:
1310:
2120:
2075:
2054:
1820:
754:, however, understood each other perfectly, while the Scottish commanders quarrelled with each other and with Sir
2276:
2133:
2010:
1990:
770:
2397:
2336:
2138:
2367:
2020:
1887:
704:
When the delegation returned to Edinburgh with the Engagement, the Scots were bitterly divided on whether to
621:' hold on Scottish government, requiring all civil office-holders, parliamentarians and clerics to sign the
2271:
1949:
1892:
872:
742:
848:, exchanged his local levies for the regulars who were besieging Pontefract, and set off to meet Lambert.
801:, too weak to fight and having only skilful leading and rapidity of movement to enable them to gain time.
2777:
2178:
2173:
1944:
1844:
891:
425:
380:
2782:
2244:
2198:
1239:
659:
2757:
2234:
2030:
2015:
2000:
949:
812:
722:
483:
478:
473:
415:
370:
326:
244:
132:
1812:
1443:& Reeves, Wiley (2002). "Sieges and Fortifications". In John Kenyon & Jane Ohlmeyer (eds.).
2752:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2617:
2227:
2188:
2128:
2070:
2005:
1985:
1934:
1882:
580:
444:
432:
375:
215:
37:
20:
2612:
2310:
2292:
2085:
1966:
1877:
634:
596:
498:
493:
338:
1795:
1402:
Furgol, Edward (2002). "The Civil Wars in Scotland". In John Kenyon & Jane Ohlmeyer (eds.).
2557:
2266:
2261:
2239:
2183:
2163:
2025:
1897:
1538:
Ohlmeyer, Jane (2002). "The Civil Wars in Ireland". In John Kenyon & Jane Ohlmeyer (eds.).
786:
751:
626:
613:. These had arisen from the Scots' refusal to accept Charles's attempts to reform the Scottish
360:
145:
1780:
1763:
Sir Marmaduke Langdale's letter (26 August 1648) and an account of his capture extracted from
2105:
1929:
1907:
1421:
Gentles, Ian (2002). "The Civil Wars in England". In John Kenyon & Jane Ohlmeyer (eds.).
991:
and elsewhere, but Preston was the death-blow to the Royalist hopes in the Second Civil War.
984:
747:
630:
576:
527:
515:
405:
350:
275:
249:
2537:
2331:
2193:
2115:
1939:
1924:
1558:
1376:
602:
488:
420:
410:
365:
937:, Langdale's corps having thus become the left flank guard instead of the advanced guard.
765:, which had long been disbanded. For the most part it consisted of raw levies and, as the
8:
2597:
2567:
2547:
2321:
2297:
2203:
1872:
1862:
1615:
957:
914:
798:
730:
686:
548:
508:
439:
254:
239:
229:
103:
71:
2592:
2587:
2552:
2168:
1341:
999:
961:
880:
868:
845:
755:
690:
614:
385:
345:
2562:
1917:
1752:
1683:
1661:
1642:
1623:
1601:
1582:
1543:
1524:
1508:
1505:
The History of England – From the Restoration to the Death of William III (1660–1702)
1486:
1467:
1448:
1426:
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1306:
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1268:
1251:
995:
976:
778:
726:
698:
622:
522:
454:
400:
331:
264:
234:
2577:
2542:
2303:
1639:
Parliament's Generals: Supreme Command and Politics During the British Wars 1642–51
1333:
790:
610:
592:
390:
2582:
2372:
2255:
2100:
1867:
1802:
1768:
1675:
922:
824:
734:
667:
560:
503:
468:
141:
2326:
926:
808:
804:
682:
606:
556:
544:
998:
in the New World, and when there was no more demand there, for service in the
2746:
2728:
2715:
1718:
1713:
1540:
The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland 1638–1660
1500:
1483:
The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland 1638–1660
1445:
The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland 1638–1660
1440:
1423:
The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland 1638–1660
1404:
The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland 1638–1660
1385:
The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland 1638–1660
1380:
1255:
1247:
675:
355:
1512:
2622:
2249:
1777:
Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches: with Elucidations by Thomas Carlyle
1353:
972:
965:
910:
705:
678:
320:
183:
1912:
1902:
829:
816:
618:
45:
905:
On 14 August 1648 Cromwell and Lambert were at Skipton, on 15 August at
2316:
1345:
930:
887:
837:
820:
766:
738:
658:
and the Scots. In 1643 the latter pair formed an alliance bound by the
552:
2607:
2602:
1842:
980:
941:
918:
841:
655:
564:
108:
82:
1337:
1321:
2158:
1265:
God's Fury, England's Fire" A New History of the English Civil Wars
864:
852:
833:
694:
651:
568:
99:
1712:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1658:
The Irish and British Wars 1637-1654: Triumph, Tragedy and Failure
1045:
2632:
2627:
2377:
2362:
906:
860:
777:
On 8 July the Scots, with Langdale as advanced guard, were about
2357:
876:
794:
782:
1021:
305:
2572:
988:
945:
934:
856:
840:, and, gathering up the local levies as he went, he made for
750:, with the fleet cruised along the Essex coast. Cromwell and
721:
On 8 July 1648, when the Scottish Engager army crossed the
1129:
1081:
1069:
1117:
1105:
1033:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1093:
1057:
1447:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 195–233.
1425:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 103–154.
1387:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 234–271.
909:
and on 16 August they marched down the valley of the
1579:
Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1638–1660
1542:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 73–102.
1165:
1141:
758:(the English Royalist commander in the north west).
1406:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 41–72.
19:For the battle of the Jacobite rising of 1715, see
1485:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–40.
1375:Edwards, Peter (2002). "Logistics and Supply". In
605:, who was king of both Scotland and England in a
2744:
1598:Oliver Cromwell: King In All But Name, 1653–1658
819:against any attempt of the invaders to march on
609:, went to war with his Scottish subjects in the
2793:Massacres during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1779:. Vol. 1 of 3. Chapman and Hall. pp.
1322:"British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies"
1005:
1480:
1051:
1027:
1828:
1284:Cassell's Battlefields of Britain and Ireland
1153:
713:into England to fight on behalf of the king.
654:, were opposed by the combined forces of the
291:
199:
1731:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1439:
213:
1303:Bloody Preston: The Battle of Preston, 1648
2353:BAE Systems Military Air & Information
1835:
1821:
971:Baillie attempted to cover the Ribble and
309:Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
298:
284:
206:
192:
1765:Memoirs Of The Life Of Colonel Hutchinson
1518:
1717:
1674:
1595:
1537:
1300:
1262:
1222:
1210:
1198:
1186:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
769:had refused to sanction the Engagement,
639:
1808:The Battle of Winwick Pass, 19 Aug 1648
1655:
1636:
1614:
1420:
1374:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1039:
954:James Livingston, 1st Earl of Callendar
543:(17–19 August 1648), fought largely at
2745:
1641:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.
1461:
1401:
1352:
1319:
1305:. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing Ltd.
1281:
1238:
1147:
16:Battle of the Second English Civil War
1816:
1747:. Vol. II. READ BOOKS. pp.
1576:
1499:
1464:The Restoration: England in the 1660s
1286:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
650:In England Charles's supporters, the
279:
187:
159:(Not all were engaged in the battle.)
1320:Butler, James Davie (October 1896).
1682:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1622:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1523:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
13:
1843:Culture and infrastructure of the
1736:
1620:Rethinking the Scottish Revolution
1301:Bull, Stephen; Seed, Mike (1998).
14:
2809:
2763:Battles of the English Civil Wars
1789:
1556:
1521:Oliver Cromwell: New Perspectives
1360:. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd.
1358:The Stuart Age: England 1603–1714
1159:
855:, Lambert with horse and foot at
729:in South Wales, Fairfax besieged
2055:University of Central Lancashire
1705:
579:victory presaged the end of the
555:, resulted in a victory for the
44:
2277:Preston Tithebarn redevelopment
1680:Britain in Revolution 1625–1660
1600:. New York: St Martin's Press.
2368:Horrockses, Crewdson & Co.
2337:Greatest Hits Radio Lancashire
462:Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)
1:
2798:Scottish invasions of England
1775:Carlyle, Thomas, ed. (1846).
1656:Wheeler, James Scott (2002).
1596:Sherwood, Roy Edward (1997).
851:On 12 August Cromwell was at
586:
2773:Battles involving Lancashire
1950:Whittingham Hospital Railway
1893:Preston Corporation Tramways
1559:"The Preston Campaign, 1648"
1557:Plant, David (27 May 2009).
1015:
1006:Notes, citations and sources
960:. Hamilton, like Charles at
894:and the Cheshire Royalists.
748:Charles, the Prince of Wales
601:In 1639, and again in 1640,
7:
2179:Preston Mountaineering Club
2174:Preston Grasshoppers R.F.C.
1945:United Electric Car Company
716:
10:
2814:
2788:17th century in Lancashire
2768:Battles involving Scotland
2199:Pro Championship Wrestling
1796:1648: The Second Civil War
1745:Memorials of the Civil War
1326:American Historical Review
1263:Braddick, Michael (2009).
1231:
1052:Kenyon & Ohlmeyer 2002
1028:Kenyon & Ohlmeyer 2002
781:, and reinforcements from
689:pressed him to accept the
660:Solemn League and Covenant
590:
18:
2641:
2533:
2393:
2386:
2345:
2285:
2235:County Borough of Preston
2212:
2151:
2063:
2050:
2043:
1958:
1858:
1851:
1637:Wanklyn, Malcolm (2019).
900:
633:broke down, starting the
317:
225:
167:
151:
114:
93:
54:
43:
35:
30:
2272:Preston strike of 1853–4
2189:Preston North End W.F.C.
1878:John Fishwick & Sons
1282:Brooks, Richard (2005).
1010:
685:seized Charles, and the
581:Second English Civil War
433:Second English Civil War
217:Second English Civil War
38:Second English Civil War
21:Battle of Preston (1715)
2311:Lancashire Evening Post
1728:Encyclopædia Britannica
1577:Royle, Trevor (2005) .
1507:, New York: Greenwood,
635:First English Civil War
597:First English Civil War
339:First English Civil War
2696:Wyre and Preston North
2267:Preston Strike of 1842
2262:Preston Rural District
2240:Fulwood Urban District
2184:Preston North End F.C.
2164:Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C.
1801:21 August 2006 at the
1743:Bell, Robert (2008) .
1462:Keeble, N. H. (2002).
1223:Bull & Seed (1998)
1199:Bull & Seed (1998)
733:in Essex, and Colonel
664:Newcastle Propositions
647:
115:Commanders and leaders
50:Battle of Preston 1648
1660:. London: Routledge.
1466:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1054:, pp. 26–28, 32.
785:were expected daily.
643:
559:under the command of
168:Casualties and losses
2194:Preston Zingari F.C.
2121:Preston Muslim Girls
1976:Barton and Broughton
1940:Transport in Preston
1873:Dick, Kerr & Co.
875:with the Scots from
2725: /
2598:Preston Rural North
2322:Preston is My Paris
2298:106.5 Central Radio
2219:Battles of Preston
1616:Stewart, Laura A.M.
1244:Cromwell's Generals
1138:, pp. 258–261.
1126:, pp. 258–259.
1114:, pp. 144–150.
1090:, pp. 340–349.
1078:, pp. 329–330.
1042:, pp. 124–125.
832:and stockings from
627:Scottish Parliament
72:Preston, Lancashire
2778:History of Preston
2593:Preston Rural East
2169:Preston (speedway)
1581:. London: Abacus.
1000:Republic of Venice
867:. Hamilton was at
756:Marmaduke Langdale
691:Heads of Proposals
648:
631:English Parliament
516:Glencairn's rising
137:Marmaduke Langdale
2783:Conflicts in 1648
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2398:Council elections
2147:
2146:
2116:Preston's College
2071:Archbishop Temple
2039:
2038:
1918:Ribble Link Trust
1888:Longridge Railway
1758:978-1-4097-6468-7
1689:978-0-19-820081-9
1648:978-1-47389-836-3
1629:978-0-19-871844-4
1607:978-0-7509-1066-8
1588:978-0-349-11564-1
1549:978-0-19-280278-1
1530:978-0-230-57421-2
1492:978-0-19-280278-1
1473:978-0-631-19574-0
1454:978-0-19-280278-1
1432:978-0-19-280278-1
1413:978-0-19-280278-1
1394:978-0-19-280278-1
1367:978-0-582-77251-9
1293:978-0-304-36333-9
1030:, pp. 15–16.
789:'s horse were at
699:Act of Parliament
625:, and giving the
623:National Covenant
571:commanded by the
541:Battle of Preston
536:
535:
426:Rhunahaorine Moss
273:
272:
182:
181:
160:
129:Earl of Middleton
125:Earl of Callendar
89:
88:
62:17–19 August 1648
31:Battle of Preston
2805:
2758:1648 in Scotland
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2729:53.759°N 2.699°W
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2391:
2390:
2304:Farmers Guardian
2129:Catholic College
2048:
2047:
1972:Disused stations
1963:Railway stations
1856:
1855:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1784:
1762:
1732:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1693:
1676:Woolrych, Austin
1671:
1667:978-0-415-221320
1652:
1633:
1611:
1592:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1553:
1534:
1515:
1496:
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1436:
1417:
1398:
1371:
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1297:
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1220:
1214:
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1103:
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1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
948:, Major-General
711:Duke of Hamilton
656:Parliamentarians
573:Duke of Hamilton
312:
310:
300:
293:
286:
277:
276:
220:
218:
208:
201:
194:
185:
184:
178:under 100 killed
158:
121:Duke of Hamilton
109:Parliamentarians
56:
55:
48:
28:
27:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
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2753:1648 in England
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2618:St Matthew's
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1566:. Retrieved
1562:
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1384:
1357:
1332:(1): 12–33.
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1136:Stewart 2016
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1124:Stewart 2016
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1112:Gentles 2002
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1040:Stewart 2016
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958:Preston Moor
939:
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885:
873:George Monro
850:
836:met him, at
803:
776:
774:sustenance.
771:David Leslie
760:
752:John Lambert
720:
703:
687:army council
679:George Joyce
672:
649:
600:
540:
538:
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513:
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459:
449:
431:
430:
416:2nd Aberdeen
371:1st Aberdeen
361:Marston Moor
337:
336:
321:Bishops Wars
319:
259:
173:2,000 killed
146:John Lambert
94:Belligerents
36:Part of the
25:
2732: /
2628:Town Centre
2613:St George's
1913:Ribble Link
1903:Preston Bus
1883:Guild Wheel
1863:Bus station
1699:Attribution
1563:BCW Project
1377:John Kenyon
1148:Furgol 2002
830:Northampton
817:Wensleydale
743:Scarborough
619:Covenanters
528:Dalnaspidal
406:Philiphaugh
351:Boldon Hill
327:Brig of Dee
250:Y Dalar Hir
163:8,600-9,000
2747:Categories
2717:53°45′32″N
2568:Greyfriars
2548:Brookfield
2317:Preston FM
2204:West Cliff
2111:Our Lady's
1930:Stagecoach
1908:Ribble Bus
1246:. London:
931:Lancashire
892:Lord Byron
888:Lancashire
871:, and Sir
838:Nottingham
821:Pontefract
767:Kirk Party
739:Pontefract
731:Colchester
695:Engagement
587:Background
567:and Scots
553:Lancashire
489:Carbisdale
421:Lagganmore
411:Annan Moor
381:Inverlochy
366:Tippermuir
255:Colchester
230:St. Fagans
2720:2°41′56″W
2608:Riversway
2603:Ribbleton
2588:Moor Park
2346:Companies
2106:Moor Park
2081:Broughton
2044:Education
2031:Ribbleton
2016:Maudlands
2001:Grimsargh
1981:Broughton
1852:Transport
1256:557043110
1016:Citations
985:Ashbourne
981:Uttoxeter
942:Longridge
919:Yorkshire
869:Lancaster
842:Doncaster
799:Newcastle
737:besieged
652:Royalists
645:Charles I
637:in 1642.
603:Charles I
565:Royalists
563:over the
509:Worcester
440:Dunaverty
346:Newcastle
240:Maidstone
100:Royalists
2563:Deepdale
2387:Politics
2159:Deepdale
2134:Larkhill
2068:Schools:
2006:Lea Road
1986:Deepdale
1935:Tramroad
1799:Archived
1678:(2002).
1618:(2016).
1513:59117818
1503:(1969),
1383:(eds.).
1356:(2003).
1242:(1954).
962:Edgehill
913:towards
865:Gargrave
853:Wetherby
834:Coventry
813:Richmond
779:Carlisle
727:Pembroke
717:Campaign
569:Engagers
474:Stirling
386:Auldearn
376:Carlisle
245:St Neots
235:Pembroke
152:Strength
104:Scotland
67:Location
2650:Preston
2633:Tulketh
2578:Larches
2558:College
2378:Skiddle
2363:Edugeek
2332:Rock FM
2293:The Bee
2213:History
2126:Closed:
1967:Preston
1781:359–379
1716::
1346:1833611
1232:Sources
977:Winwick
915:Preston
907:Gisburn
861:Skipton
791:Penrith
787:Lambert
681:of the
549:Preston
523:Tullich
455:Winwick
450:Preston
401:Kilsyth
332:Newburn
265:Winwick
260:Preston
157:11,000
85:victory
2553:Cadley
2543:Ashton
2539:Wards:
2358:Booths
2076:Ashton
2026:Oxheys
1868:Bypass
1755:
1710:
1686:
1664:
1645:
1626:
1604:
1585:
1568:29 May
1546:
1527:
1511:
1489:
1470:
1451:
1429:
1410:
1391:
1379:&
1364:
1344:
1309:
1290:
1271:
1254:
973:Darwen
966:Ribble
923:Durham
911:Ribble
901:Battle
881:Hornby
877:Ulster
795:Hexham
783:Ulster
723:Border
706:ratify
676:Cornet
575:. The
504:Dundee
494:Dunbar
391:Alford
79:Result
2573:Ingol
2286:Media
2152:Sport
1749:60–64
1342:JSTOR
1160:Plant
1011:Notes
989:Wales
946:Wigan
935:Wigan
857:Otley
547:near
396:Fyvie
2679:2000
2659:1929
2448:2000
2403:1945
2228:1715
2223:1648
1753:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1570:2008
1544:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1509:OCLC
1487:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1252:OCLC
983:and
929:and
863:and
846:Hull
797:and
741:and
615:Kirk
595:and
539:The
356:York
59:Date
2583:Lea
1767:by
1725:".
1334:doi
979:to
811:to
551:in
2749::
2674:46
2669:40
2664:36
2657::
2648::
2523:21
2518:19
2513:18
2508:16
2503:15
2498:14
2493:12
2488:11
2483:10
2478:08
2473:07
2468:06
2463:04
2458:03
2453:02
2443:99
2438:98
2433:96
2428:95
2423:50
2418:49
2413:47
2408:46
1974::
1965::
1751:.
1561:.
1340:.
1328:.
1324:.
1250:.
1167:^
968:.
925:,
921:,
883:.
793:,
583:.
1836:e
1829:t
1822:v
1783:.
1771:.
1761:.
1692:.
1670:.
1651:.
1632:.
1610:.
1591:.
1572:.
1552:.
1533:.
1495:.
1476:.
1457:.
1435:.
1416:.
1397:.
1370:.
1348:.
1336::
1330:2
1315:.
1296:.
1277:.
1258:.
1189:.
1162:.
299:e
292:t
285:v
207:e
200:t
193:v
23:.
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